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Martine, Christopher, Symon David E., and Evans Elizabeth C. "A new cryptically dioecious species of bush tomato (Solanum) from the Northern Territory, Australia." PhytoKeys 30 (November 27, 2013): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.30.6003.
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A new species of dioecious <i>Solanum</i> from the Australian “Dioicum Complex” of <i>Solanum</i> subgenus <i>Leptostemonum</i> is described. <i>Solanum cowiei</i> Martine <b>sp. nov.</b>, is allied with other members of this problematic lineage, but differs in its slender leaves, limited armature and diminutive habit. The species was first segregated by botanists at the Northern Territory Herbarium as <i>Solanum</i> sp. Litchfield (<i>I.D. Cowie 1428)</i>; and specimens representing this species have also been referred to by Symon as <i>Solanum</i> sp. Fitzmaurice River. Collections suggest that this is an endemic of the sub-arid tropical zone of the Northern Territory. SEM images support initial assumptions that the new species is cryptically dioecious via production of inaperturate pollen grains in morphologically hermaphrodite flowers.
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SHRIKANT CHITALE, S.K. SARAWGI, ALOK TIWARI, and J.S. URKURKAR. "Assessment of productivity and profitability of different rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems in Chhattisgarh plains." Indian Journal of Agronomy 56, no. 4 (2001): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v56i4.4707.
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Experiments were conducted for 6 years (from 2003-04 to 2008-09) at Raipur to evaluate the production poten- tial, economic viability and competence of 7 rice ( Oryza sativa L.) based cropping systems under Chhattisgarh plains agro-climatic conditions. The cropping systems were rice-wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori and Paol]- fallow; rice-mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss]- green manure (GM); rice-coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) - green gram [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ]; rice- table pea ( Pisum sativum L.)- maize ( Zea mays L.) (fodder); rice brinjal ( Solanum melongena L.) - green manure; rice- onion ( Allium cepa L.)- green manure and rice potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Sunhemp ( Crotolaria juncea) was grown as green manure. The highest total productivity was obtained under ricepotatocowpea system (22.29 t/ ha) while rice-brinjal-GM gave the highest net return (` 98,252 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.40).However, the rice- potato-cowpea cropping sequence provided most employment (554 days). Least number of irrigations (12) with lowest quantity of water was required under rice-onion-GM, however, maximum irrigation water use efficiency was recorded under rice-brinjal-GM (235.46 kg/ha/cm water). Rice-wheat-fallow and rice-onion-GM recorded the high- est sustainability index (0.84). Rice-potato-cowpea sequence was found to be most appropriate system in terms of profit as well as sustainability over the years.
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A.K. PATRA, L.M. GARNAYAK, B.B. BEHERA, D. SWAIN, and R.K. PAIKARAY. "Productivity, resource use efficiency and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)-based bio-intensive cropping systems in western Odisha." Indian Journal of Agronomy 66, no. 2 (2001): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v66i2.2851.
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A field experiment was conducted at Chiplima, Odisha, under irrigated medium-land condition during 201314 to 201617, to evaluate the production potential and economics of 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based bio-intensive cropping systems. Ricepotato (Solanum tubersum L.) + radish [Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin]pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) + amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.), ricemaize (Zea mays L.) + coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) + amaranth and ricemaize + radishokra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) + amaranth cropping systems recorded significantly higher average rice-equivalent yields (REY) (22.72, 20.73 and 19.65 t/ha respectively) than the other rice-based cropping systems, the increase being 143, 122 and 110% over the existing ricegroundnut (Arachis hypogaea) system. Ricetomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) + amaranthwatermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] + amaranth system had the highest land- use efficiency (97%). Ricepotato + radishpumpkin + amaranth revealed the highest irrigation water-use effi- ciency of 239 kg REY/ha-cm. The highest apparent nutrient-use productivity was realized with the ricemaize + co- riandercowpea + amaranth (46.6 kg REY/kg NPK applied). This system also recorded the highest energy-use ef- ficiency (5.04) and energy productivity (0.41 kg REY/MJ). Ricetomato + fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)cowpea + amaranth (635 man-days) and ricemaize + radishokra + amaranth (625 man-days) created higher employment opportunity. Ricemaize + coriandercowpea + amaranth recorded the highest net returns (`136,544) followed by ricemaize + radishokra + amaranth (`116,803) and ricepotato + radishpumpkin + amaranth (`111,890). These 3 cropping systems also recorded the highest system profitability and crop profitability with higher benefit: cost ratio.
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DINESH KUMAR SINGH and PURUSHOTTAM KUMAR. "Influence of diversification of rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) system on productivity, energetics and profitability under on-farm conditions." Indian Journal of Agronomy 59, no. 2 (2001): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v59i2.4564.
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A field experiment was conducted at farmers fields in the district of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, during 200910 and 201011, to find out the alternate efficient cropping systems for rice ( Or yza sativa L.)wheat [ Tr iticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] in western Himalayas. Five cropping systems including the existing ricewheat system were tested at 12 farmers fields as researcher designed farmer managed trials. The wheat equivalent yield under the ricepotato ( Solanum tuberosum L.)greengram [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], ricepotatoveg- etable cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and ricevegetable pea ( Pisum sativum L.)vegetable Frenchbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was 135, 124 and 105% higher than the ricewheat system. The ricepotatogreengram cropping system recorded highest net returns ( 1,61,928/ha), followed by ricevegetable peavegetable Frenchbean ( 1,58,192/ha) and ricepotatovegetable cowpea cropping systems ( 1,52,415/ha). The highest benefit: cost ratio (1.93) was recorded with the ricevegetable peavegetable Frenchbean cropping system owing to its lower cost of cultivation and higher returns.
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DILEEP KACHROO, N.P. THAKUR, MANPREET KAUR, PARSHOTAM KUMAR, and ROHIT SHARMA. "Productivity and energetic of rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems under sub-tropical condition of Jammu." Indian Journal of Agronomy 57, no. 2 (2001): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v57i2.4622.
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A field experiment was conducted at Chatha, Jammu during 2006 to 2008 to find out energy-efficient rice based cropping system among different crop sequences. The best sequence crops performed in the system were mainly rice ( Or yza sativa. L.) var. 'IET-1410', 'PC-19', garlic ( Allium sativum L.) var. local, Cowpea ( Vigna unguicculatta L.) var. 'Pusa Komal', potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) var. 'Kufri Badasah', onion ( Allium cepa L.) var. 'N-53', marigold ( Tagetes erecta. L) var. 'Pusa Narangi', Frenchbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. contender, maize ( Zea mays L.) var. 'Kanchan', greengram ( Vigna radiata L.) var. 'SML-818'. Out of ten crop sequences, rice-garlic-cowpea recorded the highest average rice equivalent yield (46.37 t/ha) with B:C ratio of 2.59 followed by rice-potato-onion (33.96 t/ha) and rice-marigold-frenchbean (29.31 t/ha). Rice-potato-maize+greengram re- quired higher energy input (62,887 MJ/ha) and specific energy (2.59 MJ/kg), whereas energy output and aver- age energy use efficiency was recorded the highest in existing rice-wheat system (2,66,188/MJ/ha) and rice- barseem for fodder-last cut for seed (11.46), respectively. However, average energy productivity was recorded highest in rice-garlic-cowpea (1.29 kg/MJ) followed by rice-marigold-frenchbean (0.83 kg/MJ).
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Awojide, Shola H., T. Mercy Ajayi, Kehinde Adenike Oyewole, et al. "Phytotoxicity activities and chemical composition of the seed essential oil of Monodora myristica." CTU Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 15, no. 3 (2023): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22144/ctujoisd.2023.050.
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The phytotoxic effect of essential oil from African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) seeds on growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L)., maize (Zea mays), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was examined. Essential oil from the seeds of M. myristica was extracted by hydrodistillation. The essential oil’s composition was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytotoxicity of the essential oil formulation at different concentrations for five days was evaluated on the leaves and roots. The activity was ascertained by estimating the shoots’ and the roots’ lenght. The result of GC-MS showed α–phellandrene (43.2%) as the essential oil's main constituent. The essential oil reduced the growth of the root and shoot of tomato, maize, and cowpea. At 4 mL/L treatment, the percentage inhibition of roots ranged from 63.8 to 75.4% after five days, while that of the shoot was 100% after three days. A varying toxicity was reported on the leaves of the seedlings of the plants after 24 hours. Phytotoxic was more potent on the leaves of cowpea and lowest in tomato. Phototoxic activity was also noted when essential oil was administered to the Seedling’s roots. The three species showed notable phytotoxicity when exposed to the essential oil of M. myristica.
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Franck, Junior Ngandjui Tchapga, Henry Chotangui Asafor, Beltin Epie Enongene, Dongmo Wilfried, Deffo Ngompe Toscani, and Christopher Mubeteneh Tankou. "Evaluation of Soil Temperature, Water Productivity and Agronomic Performance of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)-Legume Intercropping System in the Western Highlands of Cameroon." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE RESEARCH 02, no. 11 (2023): 427–40. https://doi.org/10.55677/ijlsar/V02I11Y2023-02.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong>Intercropping is a farming practice involving two or more crop species, growing simultaneously in the same area and which could efficiently utilize natural resources. A two-year study was conducted during 2021 and 2022 in the western highlands of Cameroon to examine the impacts of potato-legume intercropped on soil water content (SWC), productivity and soil temperature(ST) in order to identify cropping systems (CS) that controls ST and water productivity (WP). A randomised complete block design with seven treatments: sole potato crop (T1), <i>Mucuna</i> (T2), lima bean (T3), cowpea (T4) and intercropping systems of <i>Mucuna</i>+potato (T5), lima bean+potato (T6) and cowpea+potato (T7) was used. CS has a significant effect (P<0.05) on ST with the lowest ST being obtained in T5 (19.50°C), T7 (19.66°C) and T6 (19.68°C) against 20.20°C in T1. SWC varied with CS (P<0.05) with T1 having the lowest SWC of 40% versus T5 (47.90%), T6 (44.42%) and T7 (42.76%). Water use increased significantly (P<0.05) with T1 (783.34mm) and decreased from T7 (783.32mm) to T5 (783.30mm). As for WP, T1 (2.96g.mm-1) recorded the lowest value and T5 (4.04g.mm-1) the highest. T5 had the highest tuber yield (29.60t.ha-1) and T1 the lowest (23.21t.ha-1). Legume grain yield and biomass were highest in T5 (2.10t.ha-1 and 6.78t.ha-1 respectively) compared to others intercropping systems. The intercropping systems obtained an overall LER and WER greater than 1 with the highest in T6 (6.20 and 2.63). Intercropping potato with <i>Mucuna </i>or lima bean reduces soil temperature while improving soil water productivity that enhances potato production.
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A.K. PATRA, L.M. GARNAYAK, K.N. MISHRA, and A.K. MOHANTY. "Influence of diversification on productivity, profitability and efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems under irrigated condition." Indian Journal of Agronomy 64, no. 1 (2001): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v64i1.5226.
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A long-term field experiment was conducted during 200607 to 201213 at Bhubaneswar, Odisha under irri- gated medium land condition, to evaluate the production potential and economics of 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.)- based cropping systems. Ricetomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and ricemaize (Zea mays L.)okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cropping systems recorded significantly higher rice-equivalent yield (24.24 and 22.75 t/ha respectively) than other systems evaluated, the relative produc- tion efficiency being 140 and 122% over the existing ricegroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) system. The rice groundnut system recorded the least rice-equivalent yield (9.75 t/ha). Land-use efficiency (LUE) of ricetomato cowpea system was the highest (85.8%), followed by that of ricegroundnutcucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (83.8%) and riceFrench bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) (81.9%). Ricetomato cowpea gave the highest gross and net returns of 277,276 and 166,776/ha respectively, followed by rice maizeokra system with gross and net returns of 256,210 and 150,210/ha respectively. These two systems also recorded higher benefit: cost ratio (2.51 and 2.42) with 257 and 222% relative economic efficiency over the rice groundnut system. The cropping systems which included the legumes like groundnut, cowpea and French bean improved soil organic carbon content by 15.9 to 21.7% over the initial value of 0.69%. The cropping systems hav- ing cowpea as a summer crop increased the available N content by 8.5 to 13.8%; however, the available P and K content in soil decreased in all the systems after completion of 7 cropping cycles, though the depletion in K was more pronounced than that of P.
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Arora, Vasundhara, Bikram Jit Singh, Navneet Bithel, et al. "Acid Rain and Seed Germination: A Predictive Model Using ML-based CART Algorithm." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 4 (2023): 720–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(4).720.735.
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The impact of acid rain on the germination of seeds is a significant concern in agricultural and environmental studies. Acid rain, characterized by elevated acidity levels due to pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can adversely affect the germination process of various plant species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of simulated acid rain (SAR) on the germination of Brinjal (Solanum melongena Linn.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica L. Walpers) crops. The experiments were conducted using eight plastic trays of approximately 25 cm. x 30 cm dimensions. Four trays were used for experiments with brinjal seeds (Set I), while the other four were used for cowpea seeds (Set II). One tray from each set was used as positive control and treated with normal pH 5.6, while the other three trays from each batch were treated with SAR solutions of pH 4.5, 3.5, and 2.5. Brinjal seed germination percentage and seed vigor were inferior to Cowpea seeds. The seeds treated with SAR (pH 4.5, 3.5, and 2.5) showed hindered seed germination. Furthermore, a more significant inhibitory effect was observed at lower pH values. The mean germination percentage of seeds was highest for standard SAR (pH 5.6) in the case of Brinjal seeds, while it was recorded lowest for Cowpea seeds. The results indicate that plants do not respond uniformly to SAR. To investigate the behavior of the simulated acid rain data, a Machine Learning-based Decision Tree Algorithm was employed to identify and optimize conditions. Cowpea was predicted to get 95% seed germination, whereas brinjal would only be 64% in acid rain of pH value 5.05 for 36 hours. In conclusion, utilizing a Machine Learning-based CART algorithm has provided valuable insights into predicting the germination behavior of seeds under the influence of acid rain.
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Pandey, Pragati, Neeraj Kumar, Robin Kumar, and Umesh Kumar. "Impact of Different Rice-based Cropping Systems on Soil Biological Properties and Soil Enzymes under Irrigated Conditions of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India." Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 28, no. 1 (2025): 137–43. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i11868.
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A field experiment was planned and conducted during the Rainy (Kharif) and winter (Rabi) seasons of 2021-22 and in the Summer (Zaid) season of 2022 at Agronomy Research Farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) to investigate the impact of different rice-based cropping systems on soil biological properties under irrigated conditions of eastern U.P. The experiment was designed using a randomized block design with three replications and ten treatments. T1 Rice(Oryza sativa L.)-Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-Fallow, T2 Rice-Wheat-Green gram(Vigna radiata L.), T3 Rice-French bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-Green gram, T4 Rice-Chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)-Cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L.), T5 Rice-Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)-Green gram, T6 Rice-Linseed(Linum usitissimum L.)-Black gram(Vigna Mungo L.), T7 Rice-Berseem(Trifolium alexandrium L.)-Sorghum( Sorghum Bicolor L.), T8 Rice-Oat(Avena Sativa L.)-Maize(Zea Mays L.)+Cowpea, T9 Rice-Cauliflower(Brassica Oleracea L.)-Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.), T10 Rice-Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)-Cowpea. The soil of the experimental field was silty loam in texture, soil was slightly alkaline in reaction, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The growth of bacteria (11.68 x 106 cfu g-1 ), fungi (6.55 x 105 sfu g-1) and actinomycetes (7.15 x 104 cfu g-1) was found to be highest in T10 Rice-Potato-Cowpea cropping system. In this investigation, the microbial population was higher under the treatments in which high doses of nitrogen and crop residues were applied. The activity of dehydrogenase enzyme (153.68 µg TPF g-1 soil day-1), urease (217.33 µg urea g-1 soil hr-1) and alkaline phosphate (163.96 µg p-nitrophenol g-1 hr-1) was found significantly higher in T4 (Rice-chickpea-cowpea) cropping system in comparison with the other cropping system.
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Gatsios, Anastasios, Georgia Ntatsi, Dionisios Yfantopoulos, et al. "Effects of Different Organic Soil Amendments on Nitrogen Nutrition and Yield of Organic Greenhouse Tomato Crop." Nitrogen 2 (August 26, 2021): 347–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2030024.
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Manure is a common source of nitrogen (N) in organic farming. However, manure is not always easily available, while the maximum N amount added as animal manure in organic agriculture is restricted by EU regulations. The present study was designed to test whether green manuring with a warm-season legume and intercropping with a cold-season legume can substitute farm-yard manure or compost as N sources in organic greenhouse tomato crops. To test this hypothesis, a winter-spring (WS) tomato crop was installed in February following the incorporation of crop residues of an autumn-winter (AW) tomato crop intercropped with faba bean, which had been fertilized with cowpea residues as green manure. This treatment, henceforth termed legume treatment (LT), was compared with the use of compost or manure as an N fertilization source in both tomato crops. In addition, a combination of compost and LT was also used as a fourth treatment. The results showed that green manuring with legumes and particularly cowpea can contribute a significant amount of N to the following organic tomato crop, through the biological fixation process. Nevertheless, legumes as green manure, or compost, or their combination cannot efficiently replace farmyard manure as an N fertilization source. Compost exhibited a slow mineralization course.
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Ofori, K., and D. K. Gamedoagbao. "Yield of scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) as influenced by planting date of companion cowpea." Scientia Horticulturae 105, no. 3 (2005): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.02.003.
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RAJENDRA PRASAD, DINESH KUMAR, Y.S. SHIVAY, and D.S. RANA. "Boron in Indian agriculture A review." Indian Journal of Agronomy 59, no. 4 (2001): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v59i4.4583.
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Boron (B) is an essential plant nutrient and its specific deficiency symptoms are well documented in several crops. Boron is essential for the development of reproductive tissues and its deficiency results in low grain set or poor quality seeds and fruits. Adequate B nutrition is reported to reduce incidence of some diseases in plants. About one-third of the cultivated soils, especially in the eastern and north-eastern states of India are deficient in B. Good responses for a number of crops to B have been reported. Borax and boric acid are the common B fertiliz- ers. The average amounts of B removed (g/tonne grain or other economic produce) by some crops are: 21 in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol], 22 in pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend. Stuntz], 36 in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], 17 in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], 16 in cotton (Gossypium spp.), 21 in cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. capitata], 15 in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), 14 in castor (Ricinus communis L.), 9 in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and 23 in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Boron, possibly because of its role in lignin formation is able to reduce the incidence of several diseases in plants. High amounts of B in irrigation water could be toxic to crops and irrigation water having < 3 mg B/litre is ideal for B tolerant and semi-tolerant crops.
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R.P. SHARMA, S.K. PATHAK, M. HAPUE, and MANSER LAL. "Productivity, profitability and nutrient balance as influenced by diversification of Eice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system." Indian Journal of Agronomy 53, no. 2 (2001): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v53i2.4840.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2004-2005 and 2005-06 at Sabour, Bihar to diversify the existing rice (Oryza sativa L.) A wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Among the 14 rice-based cropping systems tested, rice-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)Aonion (Allium cepa L.) + maize (Zea mays L.) relay cropping gave the highest mean rice-equivalent yield (30.66 tihdyear), followed by rice-garlic (Allium sativum L.) - maize (30.35 tihalyear) and rice-potato-onion (27.95 tihdyear). The highest net returns of R s 96,581lhdyear were realized from rice-garlic-maize, which were on a par with that of rice-potato-onion + maize relay cropping (Rs 92,837lhalyear). However, the benefit : cost ratio was highest (1.73) in rice-berseem [Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) Juslen.] ii maize + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], both grown for fodder. The highest water-use efficiency (37.01 kg rice-equivalent yieldlhdmm) was recorded with riceRgarlicAmaize system. The rice-potato-onion + maize relay cropping proved the most effective in producing highest calorific value (61,155 K calorieslha) and showed the maximum land-use efficiency (94.8%). The same cropping system removed the maximum quantity of N (371.6 kglha), P (1 10.4 kglha) and K (451.4 kg1 ha), followed by rice-berseem -maize + cowpea (F), having cor- responding values 352.0, 88.2 and 361.0 kg/ hdyear. Heavy removal of NPK by rice-berseem-maize+cowpea (F) resulted in maximum negative balance of nitrogen (1 52.9 kglha), phosphorus (31.4 kglha) and potassium (304.6 kglhalyear). Potassium balance was negative in all the cropping systems, indicating that K was the most remov- able nutrient by the crops, which results in mining of soil K and thus calls for adequate K fertilization.
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CK, THANKAMANI, SRINIVASAN V, KANDIANNAN K, and KRISHNAMURTHY KS. "Intercropping vegetables and pulses in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)." Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 36, no. 2014 (2014): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v36i1.thankamani.
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An experiment was conducted with the objective of enhancing the income from black pepper garden by inter cropping vegetables and pulses at experimental farm of Indian Institute of Spices Research, Peruvannamuzhi, Kerala for two years. Vegetables namely Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra), Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato), Solanum melongena ( Brinjal), Amaranthus spp. red and green, Capsicum annum (chilli), pulses such as Vigna ungiculata (cowpea), Vigna radiata (green gram) Vigna mungo (black gram), Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram) were chosen as intercrops and planted in the interspaces of four black pepper plants . Treatments were laid out in RBD with four replications and plot size was 3 x 1 m. The results indicated that height of black pepper plants was more under intercropping situation compared to sole crop of black pepper. Yield (5000 kg/ha), net income (Rs. 55,000) and B:C ratio (2.8) were highest for Amaranthus spp. green followed by Amaranthus spp. red.
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ALOK KUMAR, H.P. TRIPATHI, and R.A. YADAV. "Intensification and diversification in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system for sustainability." Indian Journal of Agronomy 57, no. 4 (2001): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v57i4.4655.
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A field experiment was conducted at Faizabad during 2005-10 to find out the feasibility of intensification and di- versification in traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping sys- tem. Hybrid rice-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) sequence was found most efficient with respect to production (22.1 t/ha/year), systems profitability (391.6 /ha/day), monetary returns ( 125.3103/ha/year) and energy production (54.2 106 kcal.) followed by hybrid rice-mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]-blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and basmati rice-lentil (Lens culinic Medik)-green fodder (maize (Zea mays L.) + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Intensification through inclusion of oilseeds and pulses crops increased the energy output and nutrient use efficiency. The sequences included leguminous crops (grains/fodder) improved the availability of NPK and organic C of the soil besides intensifying the system for higher productivity and profitability.
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R.P. SHARMA, SUSHANT, S.K. DUTTA, and MAINAK GHOSH. "Diversification of rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system for sustainable production in south Bihar alluvial plains." Indian Journal of Agronomy 59, no. 2 (2001): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v59i2.4554.
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A field experiment was conducted during 200910 to 201112 at Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar to diversify the ex- isting rice ( Oryza sativa L.)wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system. Among the 12 rice-based cropping systems tested, scented ricepotato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) + radish ( Raphanus sativus L.)onion ( Allium cepa L.) + maize ( Zea mays L.) relay cropping gave the highest mean rice-equivalent yield (28.10 t/ha/year) and net returns ( 1,14,700/ha/year), followed by hybrid ricemaize + potatosorghum [ Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench] + cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] both grown for fodder (24.2 t/ha/year and 1,12,200/ha/year) and hybrid ricegarlic ( Allium sativum L.) + coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.)maize for grain purpose + cowpea in-situ incorporation (22.60 t/ha/year and 1,11,600/ha/day). However, the benefit: cost ratio was the highest (1.39) in long-duration ricewheatmungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] both sown by zero till, which was at par with scented ricewheat + fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)mungbean grown for grain + residue incorporation (1.37). Scented ricepotato + radishonion + maize relay cropping required higher energy inputs (69.35 MJ 103/ha), whereas energy-use efficiency was the maximum (5.0) in ricemaize (ZT)clusterbean [ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] (fodder). Hybrid ricemaize + potatosorghum + cowpea showed the high- est energy output (287.01 MJ 103/ha) and water-use efficiency (36.6 kg rice-equivalent yield/ha-mm). This crop- ping system removed the maximum quantity of N (448.4 kg/ha), P (130 kg/ha) and K (457.2 kg/ha) which resulted in maximum negative balance of phosphorus (32.8 kg/ha) and potassium (320.2 kg/ha). Potassium was negative in all the cropping systems, indicating that K was the most removable nutrient by the crops, which results in mining of soil K and thus calls for adequate fertilization.
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AV, Ikujenlola. "Biological Assessment of Ready-To-Eat Flaked Breakfast Cereal Produced From Malted Quality Protein Maize (Zea Mays), Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) and Garden Egg (Solanum Melongena)." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 5, no. 4 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000222.
Full textAbstract:
Ready-to-eat breakfast cereal was produced from blends of malted quality protein maize, cowpea and garden egg with a view to assessing the nutritional quality using the animal feeding trials. The biomaterials were processed separately to flour and blended at varying ratios, the blends were processed to flaked breakfast cereal using standard procedure. The ready to eat meal was subjected to feeding trial using wistar rats weighing between 60 and 85 g. During the 28 day feeding trial, weight changes, growth rate, protein and feed efficiency ratios, mortality rate, nitrogen retained, biological value, true digestibility and net protein utilization were monitored. The results obtained were feed intake (126.99-164.39 g), the protein efficiency ratio (-4.40 and 2.50), mean weight gain/loss (-14.6 g and 8.15g). The weight of animal fed with meal containing garden egg reduced marginally over the period. The biological value (63.13-88.2%), true digestibility (39.29-58.80%) and net protein utilisation (24.79–49.43%) reduced as the garden egg increased. There was no mortality in the groups fed with garden egg containing meal. The study concluded that addition of garden egg helped in weight management of the animals and compared favourably with commercial meal in terms of parameters determined.
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MONIKA SONI, V.B. UPADHYAY, S.K. VISHWAKARMA, and POONAM SINGH. "Productivity and sustainability of rice (Oryza sativa) based cropping systems in Kymore plateau and Satpura hills zone of Madhya Pradesh." Indian Journal of Agronomy 57, no. 1 (2001): 41487. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v57i1.4608.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted during 200708 and 200809 on a sandy clay loam soil, to indentify sustain- able rice ( Oryza sativa L.) based cropping systems with higher productivity, economics and efficient use of water in Kymore Plateau and Satpura hills zone of Madhya Pradesh. In these 12 cropping systems, rice was sequenced ) with feasible rabi viz., wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Paol & Fiori], chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. , onion ( Al- lium sepa L.), berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.), potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), gobhi sarson ( Brassica napus var. napus ), vegetable pea, ( Pisum sativum L.), garlic ( Allium sativum L.), marigold ( Tagetes erecta L.) and sum- mer crops viz., maize ( Zea mays L.), green gram ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Hybrid rice JRH-5garlicmaize+cowpea cropping system recorded the highest productivity (27.35t/ha/ year) in terms of rice equivalent yields (REY) with net monetary returns of ` 1,75,980/ha/year, 4.47 benefit:cost ra- tio and water productivity of 137.9kg/ha/cm. Both the existing cropping systems viz., ricewheat and ricechickpea recorded the least productivity, net monetary returns, benefit:cost ratio and water productivity. The highest total uptake of N, P and K nutrients was under rice gobhi sarsonokra cropping system. After completion of 2 crop cycles, there was a slight improvement in organic carbon and total N content of soil due to inclusion of legumes.
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Nono-Womdim, R., I. S. Swai, M. L. Chadha, K. Gebre-Selassie, and G. Marchoux. "Occurrence of Chilli veinal mottle virus in Solanum aethiopicum in Tanzania." Plant Disease 85, no. 7 (2001): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.801a.
Full textAbstract:
African eggplant, or garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum) is an important vegetable in most sub-Saharan African countries. Since June 1997, viral symptoms, including mosaic, vein clearing, and stunting, have been observed on several crops of African eggplant cv. Tengeru White at a number of sites in the Arusha region of northern Tanzania. Field inspections revealed disease incidence ranging from 50 to 90%. During the same period, high populations of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae were observed in affected crops of African eggplant. These aphids were also found to reproduce in African eggplants. Flexuous, rodshaped virus-like particles, approximately 750 nm long and 12 nm wide, were found in electron microscope leaf dips from field samples of naturally affected African eggplants. The particle size suggested a species of Potyviridae. Thus, 20 field-infected samples of S. aethiopicum (randomly collected from four farms) were assayed in double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for the presence of Potato virus Y (PVY) and Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), known to infect tomato and other solanaceous crops in the region (2). However, all samples gave negative results. Further DAS-ELISA were performed with the same extracts from naturally infected plants of S. aethiopicum with antisera directed against Tobacco etch virus, Tobacco vein mottling virus, Pepper mottle virus, and Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV). All 20 samples were positive only for ChiVMV. ChiVMV, a single-stranded RNA virus transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by several aphid species, is one of the most important viruses of pepper in Asia (1). To confirm DAS-ELISA results, an isolate of ChiVMV from African eggplant was transmitted by mechanical inoculations, resulting in disease on tobacco (Nicotiana tobacco cv. Xanthi nc), pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Yolo Wonder), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Tengeru 97), and African eggplant (S. aethiopicum cv. Tengeru White). Extracts from the inoculated plants tested positive for the presence of ChiVMV in DAS-ELISA. This mechanically transmitted isolate did not infect melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (C. sativus), or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), which are nonhosts of ChiVMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of ChiVMV in African eggplant. References: (1) S. K. Green et al. PETRIA 9:332, 1999. (2) R. Nono-Womdim et al. J. S. Afr. Soc. Hort. Sci. 6:41–44, 1996.
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S.K. YADAV, SUBHASH BABU YOGESHWAR SINGH, M.K. YADAV, et al. "Effect of organic nutrient sources on yield, nutrient uptake and soil biological properties of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping sequence." Indian Journal of Agronomy 58, no. 3 (2001): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v58i3.4202.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was carried out at Varanasi for two years (20052007) to study the effect of organic nutrient sources on yield, nutrient uptake and soil properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) based cropping sequence. Seven ricebased cropping sequences viz. ricepotato (Solanum tuberosum L.)onion (Allium cepa L.); ricegreen pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense)onion; ricepotatocowpea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis); ricegreen peacowpea; ricerajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)onion; ricerajmashcowpea and ricemaize (Zea mays L.) cowpea were assigned to main plots and three treatments of nitrogen application viz. control; organic manure; or- ganic manure + biofertilizer were allotted to sub plots. Highest rice equivalent yield (35.57 t/ha), monetary net re- turns ( 268.7103/ha), production efficiency (96.81 and 98.11 kg/ha/day) and irrigation efficiency (504.8 and 511.6 kg/ha-cm) were found under ricepotatoonion cropping sequence. Among the organic treatments, the highest rice equivalent yield (35.3 t/ha), production efficiency (95.7 and 97.8 kg/ha/day), irrigation efficiency (515.7 and 527.4 kg/ha-cm) and soil biological indictors like dehydrogenase activities, urease activities, soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial biomass nitrogen were obtained under organic nutrient management combined with biofertilizers.
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Ndunge Benard, Dorcas, J. P. O. Obiero, and D. O. Mbuge. "Contribution of Superabsorbent Polymers to Growth and Yield of African Leafy Vegetables." Advances in Agriculture 2022 (August 25, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8020938.
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Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) have been used as water-saving materials for limited irrigation water resources in arid and semi-arid areas. The purpose of this study was to optimize SAP application dosage and irrigation intervals on the growth of African leafy vegetables (ALVs) under greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the optimal SAP application, dosage, and irrigation intervals for the growth and production of African leafy vegetables. Two species of African leafy vegetables were studied: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and African nightshade (Solanum scabrum). The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design comprising 25 treatments: a factorial combination of five superabsorbent polymer application doses (0 g, 0.5 g, 1 g, 1.5 g, and 2 g) SAP/Kg of soil substrate and five irrigation intervals (3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, and 7 days) with three replications. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the use of SAP in irrigation can significantly promote the growth and yield of African leafy vegetables. SAP, irrigation, and their interactions significantly affected ( P < 0.005 ) the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of mature leaves/plant, and dry weight of leafy vegetables. Treatment with SAP showed higher growth parameters and yield of vegetables compared to the treatments. Treatment with 1 g SAP/kg of soil substrate and 5-day irrigation interval recorded the highest plant growth and yield, with 24%, 11.7%, 11.1%, and 85.9% increase in cowpea plant height, leaf area, number of mature leaves, and dry weight/plant, respectively. The treatment with 1 g SAP/kg of soil substrate and 5-day irrigation interval was observed as the best for the optimal production of African leafy vegetables under greenhouse conditions. Hence, SAP could be a good strategy for food production within arid and semi-arid lands where water resources are scarce.
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KAMAL GARG, SHIVA DHAR, ANCHAL DASS, V.K. SHARMA, RAJENDRA PRASAD MEENA, and SHANTI DEVI BAMBORIYA. "Effect of enriched organic formulations on productivity and profitability of baby corn (Zea mays)–kabuli gram (Cicer arietinum)–vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cropping system in a semi-arid agro-ecology." Indian Journal of Agronomy 67, no. 3 (2022): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v67i3.16.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2020–21 and 2021–22 at the research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, to evaluate the productivity and profitability of baby corn (Zea mays L.)–kabuli gram (Cicer arietinum L.)–vegetable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping system as influenced by enriched organic formulations. Seven nutrient sources, viz. control, 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through FYM, 100% RDN through improved rice residue compost (RRC), 100% RDN through paddy husk ash (PHA)-enriched FYM, 75% RDN through paddy husk ash (PHA)-enriched FYM, 100% RDN through potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel compost (PPC)-enriched FYM and 75% RDN through potato peel compost (PPC)- enriched FYM were tested in randomized block design with 3 replications. Results showed that, application of 100% RDN through paddy husk ash (PHA)-enriched FYM gave significantly highest yield of baby corn (1.6 and 1.6 t/ha corn, 8.7 and 8.8 t/ha cob and 25.6 and 26.4 t/ha green fodder), kabuli gram (2.8 and 2.9 t/ha seed and 4.4 and 4.5 t/ha stover) and vegetable cowpea (10.9 and 11.0 t/ha green pod and 24.4 and 24.9 t/ha stover), followed by 100% RDN through potato peel compost (PPC)-enriched FYM and FYM during both the years of study. System productivity in terms of baby corn-equivalent yield (BCEY) was significantly higher under 100% RDN through paddy husk ash (PHA)-enriched FYM (8.7 and 9.0 t/ha) during both the years. This treatment resulted in statistically highest net returns (` 553.6 × 103 /ha and ` 567.8 × 103 /ha) and benefit : cost ratio (5.0 and 4.9) during 2020– 21 and 2021–22, respectively, and remained at par with 100% RDN through potato peel compost (PPC)-enriched FYM and FYM during both the years.
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Ariza-González, Anthony Ricardo, Alfredo Jarma-Orozco, Juan de Dios Jaraba-Navas, et al. "Net Photosynthesis and Biomass Production in Stevia, Eggplant, and Cowpea Can Be Improved by Fertilization with Cyanobacteria (Limnospira maxima)." Horticulturae 9, no. 12 (2023): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121309.
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Conventional fertilizers often result in the accumulation of chemical residues in the environment with a significant threat to ecosystems, with leaching to the groundwater disrupting the delicate balance of ecosystems. To mitigate the adverse effects of chemical residues, we need new methods and the use of eco-friendly alternatives. Cyanobacteria could play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by reducing the partial/complete use of synthetic fertilizers. This study assessed the impacts of different concentrations of Limnospira maxima extract on the physiological aspects of Vigna unguiculata, Stevia rebaudiana, and Solanum melongena. The gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and phenotypic characteristics were measured. The net photosynthesis (AN) of V. unguiculata, S. rebaudiana, and S. melongena increased by 23%, 40%, and 44%, respectively, upon the application of cyanobacteria extracts. Furthermore, the quantum yield of photosystem II showed that the extract application enhanced this response in the three species by 8.7%, 4.8%, and 11.3%, respectively. Similar results were found in the total plant biomass production with significant increases of 17%, 130%, and 80% with respect to the control. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between AN and the majority of the evaluated parameters, which could illuminate the plant’s responses to the studied treatments. The promising potential of this cyanobacteria as a biofertilizer was accentuated.
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R.P. SHARMA, S.K. PATHAK, M. HAQUE, and K.R. RAMAN. "Diversification of traditional rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system for sustainable production in South Bihar alluvial plains." Indian Journal of Agronomy 49, no. 4 (2001): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v49i4.5202.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted during 1999-2000 to 2001-2002 at Sabour, Bhagalpur, to diversify tradi- tional rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Firoi & Paol.) cropping system. Among the rice- based-crop sequences tested, rice-potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-onion (Allium cepa L.) gave the highest rice-equivalent yield (26.94 tonneslhalyear), net returns (Rs 65,573lha) and production efficiency (81.6 kglhal day), followed by rice-potato-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) having corresponding values of 23.92 tonnesl halyear, R s 61,5331ha and 80.6 kglhalday. Rice yields after green-manuring or fodder crops were higher than those after grain crops including greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.). The highest benefit : cost ratio of 1:47 was noted in rice-berseem (Trfolium alexandrinum L. )-maize (Zea mays L.) + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] both grown for fodder. Rice-maize + greengram system had the highest land-use efficiency (96.8%). Rice-po- tato-onion required the highest energy inputs (69.90 x lo3 MJIha), resulting in the lowest energy-use efficiency (2.46), whereas rice-potato-sunflower produced the highest output energy (205.71 x lo3 MJIha). Green-manur- ing of Sesbania aculeata during summer improved organic carbon, available N, P20, and K 2 0 level of soil.
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S.K. YADAV, SUBHASH BABU, Y. SINGH, et al. "Effect of organic nitrogen sources and biofertilizers on production potential and energy budgeting of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems." Indian Journal of Agronomy 58, no. 4 (2001): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v58i4.4246.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted during 200506 and 200607 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to find out the ef- fect of organic nitrogen sources and biofertilizers on system productivity and energy budgeting of rice ( Oryza sa- . tiva L )-based cropping system. Ricepotato [ Solanum tubersoum (L.)]onion [ Allium cepa (L.)] system recorded significantly higher production efficiency (97.5 kg/ha/day), land-utilization efficiency (91.4%), economic efficiency ( 738/ha/day), energy input (61.08103MJ/ha) and energy output (187.09103MJ/ha). The lowest (39.4 103MJ/ ha) energy intensiveness was recorded in ricetable pea ( Pisum sativum var. hor tense)cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping system. However, the organic nutrition with biofertilizers ( Azotobacter and phos- phate-solubilizing bacteria) had the highest rice-equivalent grain yield (35.3 t/ha), production efficiency (96.7kg/ha/ day), land utilization efficiency (89.8%), economic efficiency (803 ha/day) and energy-use efficiency (3.15) of sys- tem, followed by organic nitrogen sources alone (3.0). Recommended dose of N @100% through organic nitrogen sources alone was the next best treatment resulting in higher productivity and system efficiency. Rice-potato-on- ion cropping system was found most productive, profitable and energy efficient with application of 100% recom- mended dose of nitrogen through organic sources along with biofertilizers.
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A S, Ponnuswamy, and Vijayalakshmi V. "Effect of Seed Fortification with Bio-inoculants, Nutrients and Growth Regulators on Seed Germination and Seedling vigour of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Brinjal and Chilli (Capsicum annum) (Solanum melongena) 251." Madras Agricultural Journal 98, September (2011): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100288.
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Studies were conducted to find out the influence of seed fortification with bio-inoculants, nutrients and growth regulators on seed germination and seedling vigour of Tomato, Brinjal and Chilli. The fortification treatments included were soaking in water, Cowpea extract 2%, ZnSO 4 Horse-gram extract 3%, Bone Meal Extract 2%, Gelatin1000 ppm, KH 2 PO4 1%, KNO3 2%, 0.1%, FeSO4 0.2%, Na 2 SO4 0.1%, MnSO4 0.2%, IBA 100ppm and SA 200 ppm for 12h with dry seeds and dry seeds as control. The results of the study revealed that tomato, brinjal and chilli seeds fortified with gelatin 1000 ppm, KH 2 PO 4 1%, KNO 3 2% and SA 200 ppm performed better significantly in terms of germination and seedling vigour.
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Coulibaly, Noupé Diakaria, Christian Landry Ossey, André Gabazé Gadji, Mako François De Paul N’Gbesso, Lassina Fondio, and Olivia Tiaplé Soro. "Etude De L’arrière Effet Des Légumineuses Alimentaires Sur La Productivité Des Légumes : Cas De La Tomate (Solanum Lycopersicum), Cultivée Dans La Localité De Bouaké Au Centre De La Côte d’Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, no. 21 (2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n21p125.
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Dans le but de proposer des méthodes agroécologiques pour améliorer la qualité et la quantité de production des légumes et aussi pour préserver l’environnement de l’utilisation abusive des intrants de synthèse, l’exploitation de l’arrière effet des légumineuses a été entreprise. Cette étude a donc pour objectif d’évaluer l’effet des légumineuses alimentaires sur la productivité de la tomate. Trois légumineuses alimentaires (arachide, niébé et soja) ont été mises en avant culture de la tomate à Bouaké localisée au centre de la Côte d’Ivoire. Après la récolte des légumineuses, un essai de fertilisation de la tomate a été mis en place selon un dispositif en blocs randomisés complets avec trois répétions. Les antécédents culturaux des légumineuses ont été utilisés comme source de fertilisation de la tomate. Deux témoins dont un sans aucune source de fertilisation et un autre témoin de référence qui est la pratique habituelle utilisant des engrais de fond (NPK) et de couverture (urée et sulfate de potasse). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les paramètres de croissance, de développement végétatif et des stades phénologiques ont évolué indépendamment des sources de fertilisation. Par contre, la plupart des composantes du rendement ont été sources de variabilité entre les traitements. En effet, l’antécédent niébé a généré les rendements brut et net les plus élevés (7, 38 t/ha) par rapport autres traitements. Les traitements Témoin (T0), la référence (T1), les antécédentes culturales arachides et soja ont obtenu respectivement 2,85 ; 5,31 ; 4,80 et 2,35 t/ha. Le niébé pourrait être recommandé pour la culture de la tomate, vu la performance de son antécédent cultural.
 In order to propose agroecological methods to improve the quality and quantity of vegetable production and also to preserve the environment from the abusive use of synthetic inputs, the exploitation of the after-effect of legumes was undertaken. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of food legumes on tomato productivity. Three food legumes (groundnut, cowpea and soybean) were put forward for tomato cultivation in Bouaké located in central Côte d'Ivoire. After harvesting the legumes, a tomato fertilization trial was set up in a complete randomized block design with three replications. The crop background of the legumes was used as a source of fertilizer for the tomato. Two controls, one without any source of fertilization and another reference control which is the usual practice using base (NPK) and cover fertilizers (urea and sulphate of potash). The results obtained showed that the parameters of growth, vegetative development and phenological stages evolved independently of the sources of fertilization. However, most of the yield components showed variability between treatments. Indeed, the cowpea crop history generated the highest gross and net yields (7.38 t/ha) compared to other treatments. The control (T0), reference (T1), groundnut and soybean treatments obtained 2.85, 5.31, 4.80 and 2.35 t/ha respectively. Cowpea could be recommended for tomato cultivation, given the performance of its crop history.
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GAGAN DEEP SINGH, A.K. VYAS, and SHIVA DHAR. "Productivity and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum)-based cropping systems under different nutrient-management practices." Indian Journal of Agronomy 60, no. 1 (2001): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v60i1.4440.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi), summer and rainy (kharif) seasons of 201112 and 201213 at New Delhi, to evaluate the productivity, profitability and land-use efficiency of 4 wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]-based cropping systems involving wheat, vegetable cowpea [Vigna sinensis (L.) Walp.], mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and under 4 nutrients-management practices. System productivity of wheat-based cropping system in terms of wheat- equivalent yield (WEY) was significantly the highest under wheatfallowmaizepotato (14.12 t/ha and 15.02 t/ ha), followed by wheatvegetable cowpeamaize (11.54 t/ha and 12.78 t/ha) during both the years. The land-use efficiency was comparatively higher in wheatvegetable cowpeamaize and wheatmungbeanmaize systems than to wheatfallowmaizepotato and wheatfallowmaize systems during both the years. Wheatfallow maizepotato system recorded the highest system production efficiency (37.86 and 41.16 kg WEY/ha/day), whereas wheatvegetable cowpeamaize recorded highest system economic efficiency ( 339 and 416/ha/day). Wheatvegetable cowpeamaize recorded maximum net returns ( 123.7 103/ha and 151.7 103/ha) during both the years. Application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) in wheat, vegetable cowpea, mungbean, maize and potato gave significantly highest yield, followed by 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM and 50% RDF + 25% RDN through FYM + biofertilizers during the first years. However, all these 3 treatments did not differ significantly during the second year. Highest wheat equivalent yield (WEY) was achieved with the applica- tion of 100% RDF followed by 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM and 50% RDF + 25% RDN through FYM + biofertilizers during the first years. However, all these three treatments did not differ significantly during the second year. Substitution of either 50% or 25% RDN through FYM and biofertilizers significantly increased the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content at the harvest of different crops over control as well as 100% RDF alone.
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Sedighian, Nasim, S. Mohsen Taghavi, Habiballah Hamzehzarghani, Jan M. van der Wolf, Emmanuel Wicker, and Ebrahim Osdaghi. "Potato-Infecting Ralstonia solanacearum Strains in Iran Expand Knowledge on the Global Diversity of Brown Rot Ecotype of the Pathogen." Phytopathology® 110, no. 10 (2020): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-20-0072-r.
Full textAbstract:
Bacterial wilt and brown rot disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) is one of the major constraints of potato (Solanum tuberosum) production around the globe. During 2017 to 2018, an extensive field survey was conducted in six potato-growing provinces of Iran to monitor the status of bacterial wilt disease. Pathogenicity and host range assays using 59 bacterial strains isolated in Iran showed that they were pathogenic on eggplant, red nightshade, pepper, potato and tomato, while nonpathogenic on common bean, cowpea, cucumber, sunflower, zinnia and zucchini. PCR-based diagnosis revealed that the strains belong to the phylotype IIB/sequevar 1 (IIB/I) lineage of the RSSC. Furthermore, a five-gene multilocus sequence analysis and typing (egl, fliC, gyrB, mutS, and rplB) confirmed the phylogenetically near-homogeneous nature of the strains within IIB/I lineage. Four sequence types were identified among 58 IIB/1 strains isolated in Iran. Phylogenetically near-homogeneous nature of the strains in Iran raise questions about the mode of inoculum entry of the bacterial wilt pathogen into the country (one-time introduction versus multiple introductions), while the geographic origin of the Iranian R. solanacearum strains remains undetermined. Furthermore, sequence typing showed that there were shared alleles (haplotypes) and sequence types among the strains isolated in geographically distant areas in Iran, suggesting intranational transmission of the pathogen in the country.
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PRADHAN, ADIKANT, S. AGRAWAL, S. MALAIYA, V. NAYAK, and AMARNATH. "Integrated farming system approaches for sustainable and climate resilient agriculture." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 95, no. 3 (2025): 266–71. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v95i3.163028.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2022 and 2023 at the Agricultural Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh under All India Coordinated Research Project on Integrated Farming System (IFS) to study the feasible IFS model for sustainable agriculture. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design (SPD) with three replications. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) fallow systems recorded the lowest Rice Equivalent Yield (REY) which was improved with rice-sweet corn (Zea mays L.)-tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) + coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cropping (13254 kg/ha) being significantly superior over remaining treatments. The rice-sweet corn-tomato + coriander system had 245.03%, 303.04%, 231.9% and 308.13% higher REY over rice- french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.); rice-berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)- sorghum [Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor (L.) Moench]; rice-garden pea (Pisum sativum L.)-cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and rice-fallow systems, respectively. Water productivity was 1.96 kg/m3 in mushroom component as low energy use system among recycled manures, whereas poultry restored more soil organic carbon (0.77%) over initial (0.63%). The lower emission of green house gas (-126 kg CO2 equivalent) was in mushroom over rest of recycled manures while among cropping system, rice-sweet corn-tomato + coriander had lower emission of GHGs. The poultry recycled manure incurred 37355 MJ with output of 90475 MJ, however it also generated more employment (311 man-days). Gross return (₹21,681), net return (₹12,231) and employment generation (212 man-days) of rice-sweet corn-tomato+coriander was higher followed by rice-french bean-groundnut adopted for family nutrition.
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Shaida, Adera, Charles N. Nyamwamu, and Lizzy Mwamburi. "Assessment of Factors Influencing Production, Consumption and Utilization of Indigenous Vegetables in Kabuoch Location, Homa Bay County." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 12 (March 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.12.27.
Full textAbstract:
Indigenous vegetables are important sources of both macro and micronutrients which are important for a healthy body. In addition, they also play a role in food security because most are fast maturing therefore being a valuable source of vitamins all the year round and are mostly used as an accompaniment with a staple cereals-based diet such as ugali. Therefore, they encourage the consumption and cultivation of indigenous leafy vegetables. This study sought to carry out an assessment of indigenous vegetables produced, utilization and factors influencing their production and consumption among residents of Kabuoch location, Homa bay County. A household survey was carried out to collect primary data. Five administrative sub-locations were randomly sampled for the study. Twenty households were purposively sampled from each sub-location to make a sample size of 120 households. Questionnaires were used in data collection. The questionnaire contained both open ended and closed ended questions. Questionnaires were administered to 120 households to collect data on production, knowledge on utilization of indigenous vegetables and factors influencing their cultivation. Data collected was subjected to both descriptive and inferential analysis. Only 10 indigenous vegetables were found to be cultivated. Black night shade (Solanum nigrum) and Cowpea leaves (Vigna unguiculata) being greatly preferred by most households. However, most households regarded indigenous vegetables as food meant expectant and lactating mothers. Attitude and wrong perceptions were found to be primary factors influencing production and consumption of indigenous vegetables in Kabuoch location, Homa bay County. There is need to create awareness on the value of indigenous vegetables, intensification of conservation and introduction of more indigenous vegetables to the community in order to enhance food security.
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Luna, John M., Jeffrey P. Mitchell, and Anil Shrestha. "Conservation tillage for organic agriculture: Evolution toward hybrid systems in the western USA." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 27, no. 1 (2012): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170511000494.
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AbstractOrganic farming has been historically dependent on conventional tillage operations to convert perennial pasture leys to annual crop rotations, incorporate crop residues, compost and cover crops, as well as to mechanically kill existing vegetation. Conventional tillage, however, has long been known to lead to soil degradation and erosion. A recently developed no-till organic production system that uses a roller–crimper technology to mechanically kill cover crops was evaluated in two states in the western United States. In Washington, pumpkins (Cucurbitaspp.) grown in a no-till roller–crimper (NT-RC) system produced yields 80% of conventional tillage, but with fewer weeds. However, in California on-farm research trials in organic cotton (Gossypium barbadenseL.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp.), the no-till system produced virtual crop failure, or yields less than 20% of the standard production method. The major problems associated with rolled cover crops in California included reduced crop seedling emergence, planter impediment with excessive residue, lack of moisture and delay in transplanting of vegetable crops due to continued growth of cover crops, in-season crop competition from cover crop regrowth and impracticability of using cultivators. Further, excessive dry residue during summer in California can present the risk of fire. In both California and Oregon, considerable success has been demonstrated with zone tillage (strip tillage) in conventionally produced field and vegetable crops. In a replicated Oregon trial, the organic strip tillage treatment produced 85% of the broccoli (Brassica oleraceaL.) yield compared to a conventional tillage treatment. Our studies suggest that the zone tillage concept may offer opportunities to overcome many of the agronomic challenges facing no-till.
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SINGH, JANARDAN, and MAHADEVAN RAGHURAMAN. "Emerging scenario of important mite pests in north India*." Zoosymposia 6, no. 1 (2011): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.6.1.27.
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The results generated by theMulti Locational Project onAgriculturalAcarology,All India Coordinated Project onAgriculturalAcarology, Network Project onAgriculturalAcarology and the Network Project on Insect Biosystematics since 1983 are described, highlighting the most important mite pests of north India. The following species are considered major pests in that region: Tetranychidae - Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner), Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, Tetranychus neocaledonicus André and Tetranychus urticae Koch; Eriophyidae - Aceria litchii (Keifer) and Aceria mangiferae (Sayed); Tarsonemidae - Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks). Other 16 species in those families as well as in the Tenuipalpidae are also considered important as plant pests in this area of India.Among the tetranychids, T. ludeni was identified as an alarming problem in 1987. Many outbreaks of this pest were recorded from 1988 to 1990 on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp], an important summer vegetable of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), particularly when grown in the summer, have serious problems with T. urticae and Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard. Panonychus ulmi (Koch) has emerged as a serious problem on the expanding cultivation of apple in Himachal Pradesh, whereas Petrobia latens (Muller) populations are increasing in dryland cultivation of Rajasthan, attaining serious pest status mainly on wheat and coriander. Among the tarsonemids, a serious increase in P. latus on chilli has coincided with the growing cultivation of this crop, whereas increasing population levels of Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley have caused severe damage to rice since its recent discovery in northern India. Serious problems have also been caused to tomato by the eriophyid Aceria lycopersici (Wolf) and to ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) by the tenuipalpid Larvacarus transitans (Ewing), an emerging serious pest of in Rajasthan area. The reason attributed to the increasing mite infestations is the widespread and continuous use of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides, which negatively affect the predatory mite fauna. The paper focuses on problems of mite outbreak and suggests future thrust for use of predatory mites as bio-agents for integrated mite control.
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M.S. SHAH, NIDHI VERMA, and S.K. VISHWKARMA. "Diversification of rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems for higher production efficiency, water productivity and economic viability in Madhya Pradesh." Indian Journal of Agronomy 60, no. 1 (2001): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v60i1.4436.
Full textAbstract:
A field experiment was conducted during 200607 to 201011 on diversification of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems under irrigated situations involving different crops, to study production efficiency and water pro- ductivity. The soil was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction (pH 7.5 kg/ha), medium in organic carbon (0.66%) and available N (312 kg/ha) and low in available phosphorous (9.4 kg/ha) and high in available in potas- sium. The treatments consisted with 12-crop sequences which were evaluated in randomized block design with 4 replications. Hybrid rice JRH 5gobhi sarson (Brassica napus L.)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) system re- corded maximum production efficiency (53.81 kg/ha/day), rice-equivalent yield (18.83 t/ha/year) and water produc- tivity (410.74 kg/ha/cm) followed by scented riceberseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) fodder + seed system (47.42 kg/ha/day, 14.56 t/ha/year, 140.11 kg/ha/cm), and the pre-dominant cropping systems of the region, i.e. ricewheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] and ricechickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (45.50 kg/ha/day, 11.69 t/ha/year and 15.57 kg/ha/cm; and 45.54 kg/ha/day, 11.15 t/ha/year) and (213.51 kg/ha/cm respectively). The lowest production efficiency, rice-equivalent yield and water productivity were recorded by hybrid rice JRH 5garlic (Zingiber officinali Ros.)sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] 4:2 (28.66 kg/ha/day, 9.23 t/ha/year and 125.92 kg/ha/cm). The highest net returns of ( 1,24,238/ha/year) were realized from hybrid rice JRH 5gobhi sarsonokra and followed by hybrid ricepotato (Solanum tuberosum L.)groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ( 87,854/ha/year) system. Intervension of improved varieties and hybrids in rice-based cropping systems such as hybrid rice in rice based cropping system JRH 5gobhi sarsonokra, JRH 5potatogroundnut, hybrid rice JRH 5gobhi sarsongroundnut Jyoti + maize JM 12 4:2 row, rice Kranti chickpea JG 322, rice Pro Agro 6444onion Pusa Redgreen gram Pusa Vishal, rice Pro Agro 6444mari- gold African Giantmaize JM 12 cob + fodder or rice Sugandha 5berseem JB 5 fodder + seed resulted in higher rice-equivalent yield, gross returns, net returns, production efficiency and benefit: cost ratio over pre-domi- nant systems of region.
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Parrella, G., B. Greco, G. Cennamo, R. Griffo, and A. Stinca. "Araujia sericifera New Host of Alfalfa mosaic virus in Italy." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (2013): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0300-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Araujia sericifera Brot. (Fam. Apocynaceae) is an evergreen climbing plant native of South America, originally introduced in Europe as an ornamental. In spring 2012, virus-like symptoms including bright yellow mosaic of calico-type and leaf distortion were observed in three A. sericifera plants growing in an abandoned field located in Pomigliano d'Arco (Campania region, Italy). Leaves from the three plants were collected and examined using commercial antisera (Bioreba AG, Reinach, Switzerland) by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and by indirect plate trapped antigen (PTA)-ELISA against potyviruses (Potygroup test). Only AMV was detected serologically in the three A. sericifera samples. The virus was mechanically transmitted from the ELISA-positive samples to four plants each of Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, cv. Black eyes), basil (Ocimum basilicum, cv. Gigante), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. San Marzano), using chilled 0.03 M sodium phosphate buffer, containing 0.2% sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, 75 mg/ml of active charcoal, and traces of Carborundum (600 mesh). Inoculated plants were kept in an insect-proof greenhouse with natural illumination and temperatures of 24 and 18°C day/night. Under these conditions, plants showed the following symptoms after 1 to 3 weeks, consistent with symptoms caused by AMV (1): chlorotic local lesions following by mosaic in C. quinoa and C. amaranticolor, reddish local lesions following by mosaic in cowpea, necrotic local lesions followed by systemic necrosis in tomato, bright yellow mosaic (calico type) in basil, and mosaic and strong deformation of the apical leaves in tobacco. The presence of AMV in ELISA-positive A. sericifera and host plants was further confirmed by conventional reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Total RNAs were extracted with an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). RT-PCR was performed with the One-Step RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen) using primers for the coat protein gene (CP) previously used for the molecular characterization of AMV isolates (2). An Italian isolate of AMV from Lavandula stoechas (GenBank Accession No. FN667967) and RNA extracted from a healthy A. sericifera plant were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. An amplicon of the correct predicted size (∼750 bp) was obtained from each of the infected plants assayed, and that derived from A. sericifera isolate Ars2 was purified (QIAqick PCR Purification Kit, Qiagen), cloned in pGEMT easy vector (Promega, Fitchburg, WI) and sequenced (HF570950). Sequence analysis of the CP gene, conducted with MEGA5 software, revealed the highest nucleotide identity of 98% (99% amino acid identity) with the AMV isolate Tef-1 (FR854391), an isolate belonging to subgroup I (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of AMV infecting A. sericifera in Italy. Since A. sericifera is considered an invasive plant, in continuous expansion to new areas in Italy and in other European countries, particular attention should be paid to the possibility that this species may play a role in the epidemiology of aphid-transmitted viruses such as AMV and CMV, representing a threat to susceptible crops growing nearby. References: (1) G. Marchoux et al. Page 163 in: Virus des Solanacées. Quae éditions, Versailles, 2008. (2) G. Parrella et al. Arch. Virol. 145:2659, 2000. (3) G. Parrella et al. Plant Dis. 96:249, 2012.
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Martin, K., J. H. Hill, and S. Cannon. "Occurrence and Characterization of Bean common mosaic virus Strain NL1 in Iowa." Plant Disease 98, no. 11 (2014): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0673-pdn.
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A legume survey in Story County was conducted to characterize legume viruses present in Iowa and potentially problematic to soybeans. Symptomatic (chlorosis, leaf curl, or vein banding) and non-symptomic leaves were selected from Apios americana, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Desmodium spp., Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lotus japonicus, Phaseolus coccineus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba, Vigna ungulculata, and Chenopodium quinoa (an indicator species), and sent to Agdia Inc. for their Crop Screen: “Bean (Soybean)” tests. Cowpea mosaic virus (in L. purpureus), Southern bean mosaic virus (in A. americana), Soybean dwarf virus (in L. purpureus), and Tobacco streak virus (in Desmodium spp.) were identified. In addition, P. vulgaris was found positive in the serological Potyvirus group test, and was further characterized using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA (Qiagen RNeasy extraction kit) from symptomatic leaves. A ~1-kb fragment of virus genome was amplified using degenerate primers, forward: 5′ TGYGTNGAYGAYYTYAAYAA 3′ (3) and reverse: 5′ TCRTARAARTCRAAIGCRTAICKIG 3′ (2). The closest GenBank BLAST hits for the sequence were BCMV strain NL1 (GenBank Accession No. AY112735) and BCMV MS1 (EU761198), both at 97% identity. RNA sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 (100 base paired ends) allowed construction of a nearly complete viral sequence from positions 38 to 10,037 nt (KM023744). This showed 99% similarity to BCMV-NL1 (AY112735) and 98% similarity to BCMV MS1 (EU761198). The BCMV isolate was recovered on the P. vulgaris cv. Taos Red and tested against a panel of Phaseolus, Glycine, and other hosts. Symptomatic hosts (vein-banding, mosaic, stunting, and leaf curl) were P. vulgaris cvs. Starlight, Tohono O'odham vaya Amarillo, Black Valentine Stringless, Sutter Pink, Hidatsa red, Stringless Green Refugee, Burpees Stringless Improved Bush, Princess d'Artois, Princess Double de Holland, and Dubelle Witte. Asymptomatic hosts included P. vulgaris cvs. Sierra, Great Northern Tara, Tara, and Vigna radiata. Non-host plants were P. vulgaris cvs. Michelite 62, Great Northern UI 31, Great Northern UI 123, Pure Gold Wax, Top Crop, Redlands Greanleaf B, Red Mexican UI 34, Imuna, Monroe, Pinto UI 114, Widusa, Othello, Sacramento, Red Kidney, Provider, Black Turtle Soup, Victor, and Witte boon, G. max cv. Williams, Cucumis sativus cv. Straight 8, Solanum lycopericum cv. Reine des Hatives, Vicia faba, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, V. unguiculata, and A. americana. The host range of the BCMV isolate on common bean differential species concurred with pathogenicity group I (1) and agreed with assignment as strain NL1. To our knowledge, this is the first complete characterization of a pathotype I strain NL1 of BCMV in the United States, combining biological typing and whole genome sequencing. References: (1) R. E. Klein et al. Plant Dis. 76:1263, 1992. (2) H. Yamamoto et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 74:97, 2008. (3) L. Zheng et al. PLoS One 3:e1586, 2008.
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Ye, W. M., S. R. Koenning, K. Zhuo, and J. L. Liao. "First Report of Meloidogyne enterolobii on Cotton and Soybean in North Carolina, United States." Plant Disease 97, no. 9 (2013): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0228-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Stunted cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. cvs. PHY 375 WR and PHY 565 WR) from two separate fields near Goldsboro in Wayne County, North Carolina were collected by the NCDA&CS Agronomic Division nematode lab for nematode assay and identification in December 2011. The galls on cotton plants were very large in comparison with those commonly associated with Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood) infected cotton. In August 2012, the lab also received heavily galled roots of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. 7732) from Wayne and Johnston counties. Population densities of the 2nd-stage juveniles ranged from 150 to 3,800 per 500 cc soil. Female perineal patterns were similar to M. incognita, but PCR and DNA sequencing matched that of M. enterolobii Yang and Eisenback (4). DNA sequences of ribosomal DNA small subunit, internal transcribed spacer, large subunit domain 2 and 3, intergeneric spacer, RNA polymerase II large subunit, and histone gene H3, were found to be 100% homologous when comparing populations of M. enterolobii from North Carolina and China. Species identification was also confirmed using PCR by a species-specific SCAR primer set MK7-F/MK7-R (2). M. enterolobii Yang & Eisenback was described in 1983 from a population causing severe damage to pacara earpod tree (Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong) in China (4). In 2004, M. mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, a species described from Puerto Rico, was synonymized with M. enterolobii based on esterase phenotype and mitochondrial DNA sequence (3). M. enterolobii is considered to be a highly pathogenic species and has been reported from vegetables, ornamental plants, guava, and weeds in China, Africa, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Florida in the United States (1,3,4). Of particular concern is its ability to develop on crop genotypes carrying root-knot-nematode resistance genes (Mi-1, Mh, Mir1, N, Tabasco, and Rk) in tobacco, tomato, soybean, potato, cowpea, sweet potato, and cotton. Consequently, this species was added to the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization A2 Alert list in 2010. Two populations of M. enterolobii one from soybean and one from cotton were reared on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum) in a greenhouse setting. Eggs were extracted using NaOCl and inoculated, at a rate of 7,000 per 15-cm-diameter clay pot, into a sandy soil mixture (1:1 washed river sand and loamy sand). Tomato, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), cotton, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and root-knot-susceptible and -resistant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cvs. K326 and NC 70, respectively) were transplanted immediately into the infested soil with four replications. Root galls on the host differentials were evaluated after 90 days. Reproduction occurred on all hosts except for peanut, which is consistent with reports for M. enterolobii and M. incognita race 4 (4). Adult females from pepper plants used in the host differential test were sequenced on partial 18S and ITS1 region and confirmed to be M. enterlobii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural infection of North Carolina field crops with M. enterolobii. References: (1) J. Brito et al. J. Nematol. 36:324, 2004. (2) M. S. Tigano et al. Plant Pathol. 59:1054, 2010. (3) J. Xu et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:309, 2004. (4) B. Yang and J. D. Eisenback. J. Nematol. 15:381, 1983.
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Parrella, G., N. Acanfora, and M. G. Bellardi. "First Record and Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Alfalfa mosaic virus from Lavandula stoechas in Italy." Plant Disease 94, no. 7 (2010): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-7-0924a.
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During spring 2009, lavender plants (Lavandula stoechas L.) showing a bright yellow mosaic of calico type and light stunting were observed in a commercial nursery in Liguria Province in northern Italy. Of 300 plants inspected, ~2% were symptomatic. Preliminary observations of leaf sap with the transmission electron microscope revealed bacilliform virus-like particles in three symptomatic plants, whereas no virus-like particles were observed in asymptomatic plants. The same symptomatic plants were tested by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA with polyclonal antisera against Cucumber mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Tobacco mosaic virus, and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). All three plants reacted positively against AMV antibodies, but not the other antibodies. A crude sap extract obtained from a single symptomatic plant, hereafter referred to as the Lst isolate, was prepared by macerating 1 g of fresh leaves in 4 ml of sodium phosphate 0.03 M, containing 0.2% sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, 75 mg/ml of active charcoal, and traces of Carborundum (600 mesh). Sap extract was mechanically inoculated onto a set of herbaceous hosts. Inoculated plants were maintained in an insect-proof greenhouse with natural illumination and temperatures of 24 and 18°C day/night. Under these conditions, plants showed the following symptoms after 1 to 3 weeks: necrotic local lesions in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Borlotto) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L., cv. Black eye); necrotic local lesions followed by systemic necrosis in broad bean (Vicia faba L., cv. Super Simonia) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. San Marzano); and bright yellow mosaic (calico type) in basil (Ocimum basilicum L., cv. Gigante). To sequence the entire genome of the Lst isolate, total RNA was extracted from infected samples with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and subjected to AMV-specific reverse transcription-PCR by using four primer pairs for each genomic RNA of overlapping oligonucleotides according to the complete genome sequence of AMV 425L isolate (GenBank No. L00163 for RNA1, X01572 for RNA2, and K03542 for RNA3). The 5′- and 3′-terminals regions of each RNA were amplified with the strategy described by Lozano et al. (1) and specific AMV oligonucleotides designed for the corresponding viral RNA. The complete genome of the AMV-Lst isolate comprised 3,643 nucleotides for RNA1 (No. FN667965), 2,593 nucleotides for RNA2 (No. FN667966), and 2,038 nucleotides for RNA3 (No. FN667967). Comparative sequence analyses revealed that the AMV-Lst isolate from Italy shared overall nucleotide sequence identities with the AMV isolate 425L of 97.1, 95.5, and 94.7% for RNA1, 2, and 3, respectively. P1 and P2 replicase genes and the movement protein and coat protein (CP) genes of AMV-Lst isolate showed, respectively, 97.2, 95.1, 96.2, and 97.8% identity with those from the 425L isolate. The AMV-Lst CP gene was shorter by nine nucleotides compared with the CP gene of 425L. A phylogenetic tree, obtained with neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods, showed that the Lst isolate grouped within subgroup I of AMV isolates confirmed that the differences between subgroups I and II correlate mainly with the geographic origin of isolates (2). Lst represents the first Italian isolate of AMV completely sequenced, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of this virus in L. stoechas. References: (1) G. Lozano et al. Arch. Virol. 151:581, 2006. (2) G. Parrella et al. Arch. Virol. 145:2659, 2000.
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B.L. MANJUNATH and C.J. ITNAL. "Integrated farming system in enhancing the productivity of marginal rice (Oryza sativa) holdings in Goa." Indian Journal of Agronomy 48, no. 1 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v48i1.3025.
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A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR Research complex for Goa, Old Goa, during 1999 2000 and 2000 2001 to assess the productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) based cropping sequences, viz. rice brinjal (Solanum . melongena L.), rice cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], rice groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) rice sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) andsole rice integrated with poultry and mushroom production. The highest system produc . tivity (21,487 kglhdyear) of rice grain equivalent yield was recorded with rice brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) sys tem integrated with mushroom and poultry, followed by rice cowpea (1 8,027 kghdyear) and rice groundnut system (16,922 kghdyear). The contribution of crops towards the system productivity ranged from 33 to 52% while the share of poultry and mushroom production was 28 to 39% and 20 to 28% respectively.
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"Cowpea mild mottle virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20133161835.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cowpea mild mottle virus. Tymovirales: Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus. Hosts: various, including soyabean (Glycine max), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (India, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Thailand, Yemen), Africa (Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia), Central America & Caribbean (Puerto Rico), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Bahia, Maranhao, Parana, Sao Paulo, Venezuela), Oceania (Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands).
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"Cowpea mild mottle virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20133421494.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cowpea mild mottle virus. Tymovirales: Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus. Hosts: various, including soyabean (Glycine max), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (India, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Thailand, Yemen), Africa (Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia), Central America & Caribbean (Puerto Rico), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Bahia, Maranhao, Parana, Sao Paulo, Venezuela), Oceania (Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands).
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"Cowpea mild mottle virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (July 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20193204540.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cowpea mild mottle virus. Tymovirales: Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus. Hosts: various including soyabean, (Glycine max), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (India, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen), Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia), North America (Mexico, USA, Florida, Oklahoma), Central America & Caribbean (Puerto Rico), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Bahia, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Penambuco, Sao Paulo, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, Queensland, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands).
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SONIYA, T. "Effect of intercropping on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Annals of Plant and Soil Research, January 15, 2021, 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10026.
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The investigation was carried out to “Study the effect of intercropping on growth and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” at a farmer’s field at Sorakalnatham, Natrampalli taluk, Tirupattur district, (Tamil Nadu) during January - May 2019. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice. The treatments comprised of three intercrops viz., radish, small onion and vegetable cowpea, and three levels of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) viz., 100, 125 and 150 % along with sole crop of tomato under 100 % RDF. The results indicated that the maximum values for growthattributes viz., plant height at 30, 60 and 90 DAT (48.5, 63.5 and 92.1 cm, respectively), primary branches/plant (11.5), leaf area index (3.58) and yield components like fruits plant-1 (35.5), single fruit weight (82.9 g) and weight of fruits plant-1 (2.9 kg) were recorded in the plots which received 25 t FYM ha-1 + 150 % RDF in tomato + small onion intercropping system. This was followed by thetomato + vegetable cowpea intercropping system which received 25 t FYM ha-1 + 150 % RDF.
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Kumar, M. Sunil, R. Sarada Jayalakshmi Devi, M. Krishna Reddy, K. Vemana ., T. Murali Krishna, and L. Prasanthi . "Biological characterization and host range of Tobacco Streak Virus (TSV)." LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, of (November 26, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/lr-3934.
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TSV isolates (GNAP7. SFAP17 and CUKA13) maintained on cowpea were cross inoculated on five popularly grown varieties and hybrids of groundnut (JL-24, K-6, Prasuna, K-9, Kadiri harithandra), sunflower (KBSH-44, DRSH-1, NDSH-1012, Mordent, Sunbred-275) and cucumber (Long green, Poorna, Ageti, Sheetal, Uday). Incubation period required for the initiation of local and systemic symptoms varied among different hosts and cultivars. Local symptoms of veinal necrosis, leaf yellowing and wilting, petiole necrosis, chlorotic spot, tip necrosis and systemic symptoms of mosaic, wilting, necrotic streaks on stem, bud necrosis, axillary shoot proliferation were observed in different hosts and Culivars. Out of 23 plant species tested against TSV by sap inoculation, 15 plant species were susceptible to TSV, which includes Beta vulgaris, Abelmoschus esculentus, Cicer arietinum, Solanum melongena, Ricinus communis, Chrysanthemum indicum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Gerbera jamesonii, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, Tagetus erecta, Allium cepa, Phaseolus coccineus, Solanum lycopersicum, Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis.
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Edet, Offiong Ukpong, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, and Takayoshi Ishii. "Genomic analysis of a spontaneous unifoliate mutant reveals gene candidates associated with compound leaf development in Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61062-x.
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AbstractMolecular mechanisms which underpin compound leaf development in some legumes have been reported, but there is no previous study on the molecular genetic control of compound leaf formation in Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), an important dryland legume of African origin. In most studied species with compound leaves, class 1 KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX genes expressed in developing leaf primordia sustain morphogenetic activity, allowing leaf dissection and the development of leaflets. Other genes, such as, SINGLE LEAFLET1 in Medicago truncatula and Trifoliate in Solanum lycopersicum, are also implicated in regulating compound leaf patterning. To set the pace for an in-depth understanding of the genetics of compound leaf development in cowpea, we applied RNA-seq and whole genome shotgun sequence datasets of a spontaneous cowpea unifoliate mutant and its trifoliate wild-type cultivar to conduct comparative reference-based gene expression, de novo genome-wide isoform switch, and genome variant analyses between the two genotypes. Our results suggest that genomic variants upstream of LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL and down-stream of REVEILLE4, BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE1 and LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES result in down-regulation of key components of cowpea circadian rhythm central oscillator and brassinosteroid signaling, resulting in unifoliate leaves and brassinosteroid-deficient-like phenotypes. We have stated hypotheses that will guide follow-up studies expected to provide more insights.
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S. BHASKARI, T. N. SHIVANANDA, M. N. ARUN, G. JANARDHAN, and C. RAMACHANDRA. "Productivity and economics of Solanum viarum-based intercropping system." Indian Journal of Agronomy 45, no. 3 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v45i3.3413.
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A field experiment was conducted during 1995-96 and 1996-97 to study the performance of various intercrops in Solanum viarum Dunal-based intercropping system and find out the effect of intercrops on yield of main crop vis-a-vis economics of the cropping system. The mean dry berry yield of 3.93 tonnestha obtained with S. viarum + clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.j Taubert] system was more than yields realized in pure crop of S. viarum (3.63 tonnestha). Highest base crop equivalents were also realized with this cropping system (5.54 tonnestha), followed by 4.40 tonnes with S. viarum + French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 4.16 tonnes with S. viarum + soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], 3.83 tonnes with greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) and 3.73 tonnes with S. viarum + cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Mean maximum land-equivalent ratio (1.75), net income (Rs 25,581) and income-equivalent ratio (1.61) were also found with S. viarum + clusterbean system.
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"Beet curly top virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 5) (August 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500024.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Beet curly top virus Viruses: Family Geminiviridae: Genus Curtovirus Hosts: Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera), beetroot (Beta vulgaris), Cucurbitaceae, Phaseolus vulgaris, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), Capsicum and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Italy, ASIA, Cyprus, India, Punjab, Iran, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Korea Republic, Turkey, AFRICA, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Mexico, USA, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
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Tchapga, Franck Junior Ngandjui. "Evaluation of Soil Temperature, Water Productivity and Agronomic Performance of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)-Legume Intercropping System in the Western Highlands of Cameroon." International Journal of Life Science and Agriculture Research 02, no. 11 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.55677/ijlsar/v02i11y2023-02.
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Intercropping is a farming practice involving two or more crop species, growing simultaneously in the same area and which could efficiently utilize natural resources. A two-year study was conducted during 2021 and 2022 in the western highlands of Cameroon to examine the impacts of potato-legume intercropped on soil water content (SWC), productivity and soil temperature(ST) in order to identify cropping systems (CS) that controls ST and water productivity (WP). A randomised complete block design with seven treatments: sole potato crop (T1), Mucuna (T2), lima bean (T3), cowpea (T4) and intercropping systems of Mucuna+potato (T5), lima bean+potato (T6) and cowpea+potato (T7) was used. CS has a significant effect (P<0.05) on ST with the lowest ST being obtained in T5 (19.50°C), T7 (19.66°C) and T6 (19.68°C) against 20.20°C in T1. SWC varied with CS (P<0.05) with T1 having the lowest SWC of 40% versus T5 (47.90%), T6 (44.42%) and T7 (42.76%). Water use increased significantly (P<0.05) with T1 (783.34mm) and decreased from T7 (783.32mm) to T5 (783.30mm). As for WP, T1 (2.96g.mm-1) recorded the lowest value and T5 (4.04g.mm-1) the highest. T5 had the highest tuber yield (29.60t.ha-1) and T1 the lowest (23.21t.ha-1). Legume grain yield and biomass were highest in T5 (2.10t.ha-1 and 6.78t.ha-1 respectively) compared to others intercropping systems. The intercropping systems obtained an overall LER and WER greater than 1 with the highest in T6 (6.20 and 2.63). Intercropping potato with Mucuna or lima bean reduces soil temperature while improving soil water productivity that enhances potato production.
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KUMAR, DINESH, WAEL ALI AHMED HAMD-ALLA, Y. S. SHIVAY, et al. "Diversification of rice-wheat cropping system to sustain the productivity and profitability." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 91, no. 4 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v91i4.112687.
Full textAbstract:
The field experiments were conducted during 2017-19 at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. The main aim of the study was to find out a suitable cropping system that can replace the existing rice-wheat cropping system to realize higher productivity and profitability. Four cropping systems, viz. rice (Oryza sativa L.) - mustard (Brassica juncea L.) - mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), maize (Zea mays L.) - mustard-mungbean, maize - potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) - onion (Allium cepa L.) and fodder maize+ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) -mungbean, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results suggested that the highest system productivity was obtained from the maize-potato-onion cropping system, recording almost 150% higher system productivity over the maize-mustard-mungbean and rice-mustard-mungbean cropping systems. The next best cropping system was fodder maize + cowpea -wheat-mungbean, recording significantly higher system productivity than maize-mustard-mungbean and rice-mustard-mungbean cropping systems. The highest gross and net returns was also recorded from the maize-potato-onion cropping system, being significantly higher than all other cropping systems in the first year, and statistically at par with the fodder maize + cowpea - wheat- mungbean cropping system in the second year. Overall, the highest productivity and net returns was recorded from the maizepotato- onion cropping system, and can potentially be an option to replace the existing rice-wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains.