Relevant bibliographies by topics / SOLAP

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Academic literature on the topic 'SOLAP'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "SOLAP"

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Bimonte, Sandro, Michela Bertolotto, Jérôme Gensel, and Omar Boussaid. "Spatial OLAP and Map Generalization." International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 24–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2012010102.

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Map generalization can be used as a central component of Spatial Decision Support Systems to provide a simplified and more readable cartographic visualization of geographic information. Indeed, it supports the user mental process for discovering important and unknown geospatial relations, trends and patterns. Spatial OLAP (SOLAP) integrates spatial data into OLAP and data warehouse systems. SOLAP models and tools are based on the concepts of spatial dimensions and measures that represent the axes and the subjects of the spatio-multidimensional analysis. Although powerful under some respect, current SOLAP models cannot support map generalization capabilities. This paper provides the first effort to integrate Map Generalization and OLAP. Firstly the authors define all modeling and querying requirements to do this integration, and then present a SOLAP model and algebra that support map generalization concepts. The approach extends SOLAP spatial hierarchies introducing multi-association relationships, supports imprecise measures, and it takes into account spatial dimensions constraints generated by multiple map generalization hierarchies.
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Edoh-Alove, Elodie, Sandro Bimonte, François Pinet, and Yvan Bédard. "New Design Approach to Handle Spatial Vagueness in Spatial OLAP Datacubes." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 6, no. 3 (July 2015): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2015070103.

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Spatial-OLAP (SOLAP) technologies are dedicated to multidimensional analysis of large volumes of (spatial) data. Spatial data are subject to different types of uncertainty, in particular spatial vagueness. Although several researches propose new models to cope with spatial vagueness, their integration in SOLAP systems is still in an embryonic state. Also, analyzing multidimensional data with metadata brought by the exploitation of the new models can be too complex and demanding for decision-makers. To help reduce spatial vagueness consequences on the exactness of SOLAP analysis queries, the authors present a new approach for designing SOLAP datacubes based on end-users' tolerance to the risks of misinterpretation of fact data. An experimentation of the new approach on agri-environmental data is also proposed.
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Bimonte, Sandro. "Current Approaches, Challenges, and Perspectives on Spatial OLAP for Agri-Environmental Analysis." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 7, no. 4 (October 2016): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2016100103.

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Spatial OLAP (SOLAP) systems are powerful GeoBusiness Intelligence tools for analysing massive volumes of geo-referenced datasets. Therefore, these technologies are receiving considerable attention in the research community and in the database industry as well. Applications of these technologies are current in several domains such as ad marketing, healthcare, and urban development, to name a few. Contrary to other application domains, in the context of agri-environmental data and analysis, SOLAP systems have been underexploited. Therefore, in this paper, the author makes an exhaustive survey of most of the published studies in the domain of the SOLAP analysis of agri-environmental data with an emphasis on the reasons why only few recent works investigate the use of SOLAP systems in the agri-environmental context. In particular, the author focuses on the complexity of the spatio-multidimensional model and its implementation. Moreover, based on surveying the state of the art in this domain, this paper identifies some general guidelines that must be considered by the scientific community to design and implement efficient SOLAP approaches to the analysis of geo-referenced agri-environmental datasets. Finally, open issues about warehousing and OLAPing agri-environmental data are also shown in the paper.
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Bimonte, Sandro. "A Web-Based Tool for Spatio-Multidimensional Analysis of Geographic and Complex Data." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 1, no. 2 (July 2010): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaeis.2010070103.

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Spatial OLAP (SOLAP) integrates spatial data into OLAP systems, and SOLAP models define spatial dimensions while measuring spatio-multidimensional operators. In this paper, the author presents the concepts of geographic and complex measures that allow integrating geographic and complex information as subjects of analysis in spatial data warehouses. The concept of geographic measure extends the concept of spatial measure to the semantic component of geographic information. The concept of complex measure allows introducing complex data as subjects of multidimensional analysis. To reduce the gap in flexibility between spatial and multidimensional analysis, this paper proposes a symmetrical representation of measures and dimensions. Additionally, the author presents a Web-based SOLAP prototype, GeWOlap, that enriches existing SOLAP tools by effectively and easily supporting symmetrical geographic/complex measures and dimensions for modeling and visualization. To validate this approach, the simulated environmental data concerning the pollution of the Venice lagoon is used.
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Edoh-Alove, Elodie, Sandro Bimonte, and François Pinet. "An UML Profile and SOLAP Datacubes Multidimensional Schemas Transformation Process for Datacubes Risk-Aware Design." International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 11, no. 4 (October 2015): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdwm.2015100104.

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Spatial Data Warehouses (SDWs) and Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing (SOLAP) systems are new technologies for the integration and the analysis of huge volume of data with spatial reference. Spatial vagueness is often neglected in these types of systems and the data and analysis results are considered reliable. In a previous work, the authors provided a new design method for SOLAP datacubes that allows the handling of vague spatial data analysis issues. The method consists of tailoring SOLAP datacubes schemas to end-users tolerance levels to identified potential risks of misinterpretation they encounter when exploiting datacubes containing vague spatial data. It this paper, the authors further their previous proposal by presenting different formal tools to support their method: it is an UML profile providing stereotypes needed to add vague, risks and tolerance levels information on datacubes schemas plus the formal definition of SOLAP datacubes schemas transformation process and functions.
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Bimonte, Sandro, Anne Tchounikine, Maryvonne Miquel, and François Pinet. "When Spatial Analysis Meets OLAP." International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 6, no. 4 (October 2010): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdwm.2010100103.

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Introducing spatial data into multidimensional models leads to the concept of Spatial OLAP (SOLAP). Existing SOLAP models do not completely integrate the semantic component of geographic information (alphanumeric attributes and relationships) or the flexibility of spatial analysis into multidimensional analysis. In this paper, the authors propose the GeoCube model and its associated operators to overcome these limitations. GeoCube enriches the SOLAP concepts of spatial measure and spatial dimension and take into account the semantic component of geographic information. The authors define geographic measures and dimensions as geographic and/or complex objects belonging to hierarchy schemas. GeoCube’s algebra extends SOLAP operators with five new operators, i.e., Classify, Specialize, Permute, OLAP-Buffer and OLAP-Overlay. In addition to classical drill-and-slice OLAP operators, GeoCube provides two operators for navigating the hierarchy of the measures, and two spatial analysis operators that dynamically modify the structure of the geographic hypercube. Finally, to exploit the symmetrical representation of dimensions and measures, GeoCube provides an operator capable of permuting dimension and measure. In this paper, GeoCube is presented using environmental data on the pollution of the Venetian Lagoon.
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Zemri, Farah Amina, and Hamdadou Djamila. "SOLAM: A Novel Approach of Spatial Aggregation in SOLAP Systems." International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence 5, no. 7 (2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2019.10.002.

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Bimonte, Sandro, Omar Boucelma, Olivier Machabert, and Sana Sellami. "A Generic Spatial OLAP Model for Evaluating Natural Hazards in a Volunteered Geographic Information Context." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2014100102.

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Spatial data warehouses (SDW) and spatial OLAP (SOLAP) systems are well-known business intelligence technologies that aim to support a multidimensional and online analysis for a large volume of geo-referenced datasets. SOLAP systems are already used in the context of natural hazards for analyzing sensor data and experts' measurements. Recently, new data gathering tools coined as volunteered geographic information systems (VGI) have been adopted especially by non-expert users. Hence, (spatial) application development is facing a new challenge, which is the integration of expert-oriented data with citizen-provided data. In this paper, we propose a new generic spatio-multidimensional model based on the question/answer risk evaluation model that allows the integration of VGI data with classical SDW and SOLAP systems for the online analysis of natural hazards monitored by volunteers.
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Ghita, Farah, and Rina Trisminingsih. "Pengujian Data Warehouse SOLAP untuk Komoditas Pertanian Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Agri-Informatika 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jika.8.1.42-56.

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Pengujian merupakan tahapan yang sangat penting dalam pengembangan data warehouse, karena analisis dan keputusan dibuat berdasarkan informasi yang dihasilkan dari data warehouse. Terdapat sistem yang memungkinkan analisis pada data spasial dengan interaktif dan efisien, yaitu sistem spatial OLAP (SOLAP). Dalam pembangunan data warehouse terdapat tahapan penting, yaitu proses extract, transform, load (ETL). Penelitian ini melakukan pengujian data warehouse, khususnya pengujian modul ETL pada SOLAP komoditas pertanian Indonesia yang telah dikembangkan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil pengujian proses ETL menunjukkan adanya ketidaksesuaian antara data sumber dan data warehouse. Dalam penelitian ini, pengujian modul ETL dilakukan dengan pengujian fungsional, yaitu memvalidasi data target dengan data sumber. Pengujian modul ETL diawali dengan membuat source-to-target mappings dan aturan kualitas data sebagai acuan untuk pembuatan kasus uji. Pengujian proses ETL terdiri atas pengujian kualitas data dan keseimbangan data yang dilakukan dengan menjalankan kueri pada sistem manajemen basis data (DBMS). Pengujian keseimbangan data menggunakan metode simple random sampling dan systematic sampling. Hasil pengujian dianalisis dan ditemukan letak kesalahan pengembangan pada proses ETL, tampilan aplikasi SOLAP dan pengambilan data sumber. Kata Kunci: Data warehouse, ETL, komoditas pertanian, pengujian data warehouse.
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Ali, Ben, and Samar Mouakket. "Integrating OLAP/SOLAP in E-Business Domains." Information Resources Management Journal 24, no. 3 (July 2011): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2011070104.

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E-business domains have been considered killer domains for different data analysis techniques. Most researchers have examined data mining (DM) techniques to analyze the databases behind E-business websites. DM has shown interesting results, but this technique presents some restrictions concerning the content of the database and the level of expertise of the users interpreting the results. In this paper, the authors show that successful and more sophisticated results can be obtained using other analysis techniques, such as Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) and Spatial OLAP (SOLAP). Thus, the authors propose a framework that fuses or integrates OLAP with SOLAP techniques in an E-business domain to perform easier and more user-friendly data analysis (non-spatial and spatial) and improve decision making. In addition, the authors apply the framework to an E-business website related to online job seekers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The results can be used effectively by decision makers to make crucial decisions in the job market of the UAE.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SOLAP"

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Silva, Ricardo Filipe. "SOLAP+." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/4973.

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Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática,como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
No início do século XXI, Bédard propôs incorporar ao modelo multi-dimensional dados geográficos, originando o conceito SOLAP. Através deste conceito, os analistas puderam obter melhores análises das estruturas e relações de dados espaciais, mantendo as características benéficas que provêm dos sistemas OLAP, isto é, informação sumarizada, análise de dados a diferentes níveis de granularidade, exploração interactiva dos dados, etc. Devido à adequação dos sistemas SOLAP, face aos sistemas OLAP para o processo de suporte à decisão, algumas aplicações têm sido desenvolvidas. Porém, estas aplicações têm sido concebidas para um contexto específico. Com o propósito de se transpor esta limitação, vários foram os trabalhos que culminaram num modelo genérico SOLAP. Apesar de este modelo solucionar diversas limitações de aplicações anteriores, actualmente, não suporta análises com duas entidades espaciais em simultâneo, por exemplo “total de voos entre o aeroporto para o aeroporto ” ou “qual a quantidade de resíduos lançados por uma indústria no rio ?”. Por outro lado, a visualização dos mapas pode despoletar o efeito contrário ao desejado. Facilmente o mapa poderá ficar desorganizado devido ao excesso de objectos geográficos presentes, o que prejudica a visualização/análise de dados espaciais. Para dar resposta a estas questões, esta dissertação pretende estender o modelo SOLAP genérico, de modo a suportar análises onde estão presentes duas entidades espaciais em simultâneo e integrar algoritmos de agrupamento espacial, com o objectivo de garantir a visibilidade do mapa em situações de excesso de objectos geográficos.
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Jorge, Ruben. "SOLAP+: extending the interaction model." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5912.

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Thesis submitted to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Computer Science
Decision making is a crucial process that can dictate success or failure in today’s businesses and organizations. Decision Support Systems (DSS) are designed in order to help human users with decision making activities. Inside the big family of DSSs there is OnLine Analytical Processing (OLAP) - an approach to answer multidimensional queries quickly and effectively. Even though OLAP is recognized as an efficient technique and widely used in mostly every area, it does not offer spatial analysis, spatial data visualization nor exploration. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) had a huge growth in the last years and acquiring and storing spatial data is easier than ever. In order to explore this potential and include spatial data and spatial analysis features to OLAP, Bédard introduced Spatial OLAP (SOLAP). Although it is a relatively new area, many proposals towards SOLAP’s standardization and consolidation have been made,as well as functional tools for different application areas. There are however many issues and topics in SOLAP that are either not covered or with incompatible/non general proposals. We propose to define a generic model for SOLAP interaction based on previous works, extending it to include new visualization options,components and cases; create and present a component-driven architecture proposal for such a tool, including descriptive metamodels, aggregate navigator to increase perfomance and a communication protocol; finally, develop an example prototype that partially implements the proposed interaction features, taking into consideration guidelines for a user friendly, yet powerful and flexible application.
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Santos, Manuel António Carvalho. "Visualização cartográfica assistida num ambiente SOLAP." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10168.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
O conceito Spatial OLAP introduz a visualização cartográfica nos sistemas Business Intelligent/OLAP. Esta tem grandes potencialidades para melhorar a análise de grandes quantidades de dados georreferenciados e o respetivo processo de tomada de decisão. O potencial que é possível obter da visualização cartográfica depende fortemente do uso apropriado não só das variáveis visuais como também de outros elementos que possam ser utilizados para representar informação no mapa (ex.: gráficos). Porém, num ambiente SOLAP, o analista deveria estar apenas focado em procurar informação útil abstraindo-se de como deve ser construída uma visualização cartográfica adequada. Neste trabalho, é proposto um modelo para assistir o utilizador na construção de visualizações cartográficas. O modelo proposto considera: (i) a meta-informação existente sobre os modelos multidimensionais; (ii) a interrogação realizada; (iii) os dados resultantes. Através do modelo proposto, pretende-se assistir o utilizador na construção de mapas temáticos apropriados. Neste trabalho é proposto: (i) um modelo para descrever tipos de visualização; (ii) um modelo para descrever o contexto analítico SOLAP; (iii) uma metodologia para a seleção adequada dos tipos de visualização aplicáveis em cada contexto analítico SOLAP e sua instanciação. O modelo de cartografia assistida em ambiente SOLAP proposto neste trabalho foi implementado sobre protótipo SOLAP+.
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ANDRADE, Ana Cecília Vital de. "Arquitetura e Interface Gráfica para um Cliente SOLAP." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/10489.

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Submitted by Lucelia Lucena (lucelia.lucena@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-04T18:33:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Ana Cecília Vital de Andrade.pdf: 4377501 bytes, checksum: 62069caff1753987554f40017f60aa10 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T18:33:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Ana Cecília Vital de Andrade.pdf: 4377501 bytes, checksum: 62069caff1753987554f40017f60aa10 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14
SOLAP é uma tecnologia resultante da integração das ferramentas OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) e SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica), cujo objetivo é proporcionar novas possibilidades de análises, uma vez que permite integrar processamento espacial (SIG) e processamento multidimensional-multinível (OLAP) (e.g., qual foi o total de produtos vendidos por loja, cliente, ano, semestre e mês para os clientes que residem até 1km da matriz?). Embora existam muitos trabalhos relacionados à SOLAP, poucos dão atenção à especificação do cliente SOLAP. Neste contexto, ressalta-se que a maioria dos trabalhos existentes apenas dá suporte à manipulação de uma única dimensão espacial e apresentam poucos (algumas vezes nenhum) detalhes sobre a arquitetura e/ou recursos visuais para especificar e sincronizar graficamente operações OLAP e SIG em um cliente SOLAP. Visando propor uma alternativa ao problema descrito, esta dissertação especifica e implementa uma arquitetura de software e uma interface gráfica para um cliente SOLAP Web, o qual visa especificar graficamente operações SOLAP sobre uma ou mais dimensões espaciais, bem como sobre temas externos ao cubo de dados. Como prova de conceito, foi realizado um exemplo de uso do cliente SOLAP construído, que testa a realização de operações SOLAP com as características citadas.
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Pastor, Julien. "Conception d'une légende interactive et forable pour le SOLAP." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21994/21994.pdf.

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Afin de palier au manque d'efficacité des SIG en tant qu'outil d'aide à la décision (granularités multiples, rapidité, convivialité, temporalité), différentes saveurs d'outils SOLAP (Spatial OLAP) ont vu le jour dans les centres de recherche et fournisseurs de logiciels (CRG/Kheops/Syntell, SFU/DBMiner, Proclarity, Cognos, Microsoft, Beyond 20/20, ESRI, MapInfo, etc.). Combinant des fonctions SIG avec l'informatique décisionnelle (entrepôts de données, OLAP, data mining), le SOLAP est décrit comme un "logiciel de navigation rapide et facile dans les bases de données spatiales qui offre plusieurs niveaux de granularité d’information, plusieurs époques, plusieurs thèmes et plusieurs modes de visualisation synchronisés ou non: cartes, tableaux et graphiques statistiques (Bédard 2004). Le SOLAP facilite l’exploration volontaire des données spatiales pour aider l'utilisateur à détecter les corrélations d’informations, les regroupements potentiels, les tendances dissimulées dans un amas de données à référence spatiale, etc. Le tout se fait par simple sélection/click de souris (pas de langage SQL) et des opérations simples comme : le forage, le remontage ou le forage latéral. Il permet à l’utilisateur de se focaliser sur les résultats des opérations au lieu de l’analyse du processus de navigation. Le SOLAP étant amené à prendre de l’essor au niveau des fonctions qu’il propose, il devient important de proposer des améliorations à son interface à l'usager de manière à conserver sa facilité d’utilisation. Le développement d’une légende interactive et forable fut la première solution en ce genre proposée par Bédard (Bédard 1997). Nous avons donc retenu cette piste pour la présente recherche, étudié la sémiologie graphique et son applicabilité à l'analyse multidimensionnelle, analysé ce qui existait dans des domaines connexes, exploré différentes alternatives permettant de résoudre le problème causé par l'enrichissement des fonctions de navigation, construit un prototype, recueilli des commentaires d'utilisateurs SOLAP et proposé une solution. Tout au long de cette recherche, nous avons été confrontés à une absence de littérature portant explicitement sur le sujet (les SOLAP étant trop nouveaux), à des corpus théoriques qu'il fallait adapter (sémiologie, interface homme-machine, visualisation scientifique, cartographie dynamique) et à des besoins en maquettes et prototypes pour illustrer les solutions envisagées. Finalement, cette recherche propose une solution parmi plusieurs; cependant, son principal intérêt est davantage l'ensemble des réflexions et considérations mises de l'avant tout au long du mémoire pour arriver au résultat proposé que la solution proposée en elle-même. Ce sont ces réflexions théoriques et pratiques qui permettront d'améliorer l'interface à l'usager de tout outil SOLAP grâce au nouveau concept de légende interactive et forable.
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Leão, Tiago Dias Silva. "Caracterização espacial utilizando indução orientada aos atributos no SOLAP+." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6309.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
O protótipo SOLAP+, desenvolvido sobre a orientação de João Moura Pires, segue o conceito SOLAP apresentado por Bédard et al. combinando as funcionalidades dos sistemas de apoio à decisão OLAP com as capacidades dos sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG). Com os trabalhos realizados por Rosa Martins (2006), Marlene Vitorino e Rodolfo Caldeira (2008), Ruben Jorge (2009) e Ricardo Silva (2010) foi desenvolvida uma abordagem genérica SOLAP que culminou com a implementação de um protótipo que, presentemente, já apresenta bastantes funcionalidades do ponto de vista da análise de dados e representação dos mesmos através de mapas temáticos e/ou gráficos. Para ajudar nessa tarefa de análise, integramos mecanismos de descoberta de relações entre os dados e apresentamos no mapa essas relações. Esta forma de análise permite ao utilizador retirar conclusões através da extracção de informações que não estão explícitas nos dados presentes na base de dados. Assim, o objectivo desta dissertação consiste em incorporar, respeitando o modelo multidimensional seguido, duas técnicas de indução: generalização de dominância espacial e generalização de dominância não espacial. Com os resultados da aplicação dessas técnicas, é feita uma caracterização semântica dos objectos espaciais no mapa.
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da, Silva Joel. "GEOMDQL: Uma Linguagem de Consulta geogr´afica e Multidimensional." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/1315.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Existem várias propostas na literatura visando a integração das funcionalidades e características pertinentes aos processamentos de dados analíticos (OLAP) e geográficos (SIG). O principal objetivo é prover um ambiente único, com capacidades de processamento geográfico e multidimensional, para dar suporte ao processo de tomada de decisões estratégicas. Este tipo de ambiente vem sendo referido atualmente como SOLAP. Entretanto, pelo fato destas duas tecnologias terem sido concebidas com propósitos distintos, a integração entre estes dois ambientes não é uma tarefa fácil, e mesmo com tantas pesquisas sendo desenvolvidas, temos alguns pontos em aberto que merecem ser explorados. A definição de modelos de dados para Data Warehouse Geográficos é um dos items desta integração. Outro ponto inserido neste contexto é a definição de funções de agregação para medidas geográficas. Estas funções são utilizadas no momento da especificação dos cubos de dados multidimensionais e geográficos. Conseqüentemente, também necessitamos de novos modelos de cubos de dados que possibilitem a associação de geometrias aos fatos e aos membros dos níveis. Uma das partes mais importantes desse processo de integração é a consulta aos dados. Porém, a maioria das abordagens que almejam esta integração de processamento, não dispõe de uma linguagem de consulta que possibilite a utilização simultânea, tanto de operadores multidimensionais como espaciais. É neste contexto que se insere esta tese, na qual apresentamos: i) um modelo formal para definição de DWG; ii) um conjunto de funções de agregação para medidas geográficas; iii) um modelo formal para cubos de dados chamado GeoMDCube; e iv) uma linguagem de consulta geográfica-multidimensional denominada GeoMDQL (Geographic Multidimensional Query Language). GeoMDQL estende e integra, em uma única sintaxe, os principais operadores multidimensionais e espaciais presentes na maioria das ferramentas e em ambientes disponíveis atualmente para processamento multidimensional e geográfico. GeoMDQL é baseada em padrões bem estabelecidos como ( MDX Multidimensional Expressions) e OGC Simple Features for SQL. As idéias propostas foram aplicadas na prática, por meio da implementação de uma arquitetura SOLAP chamada Golapware e o desenvolvimento de estudo de caso baseado em dados de aplicações reais. Dessa forma, foi possível demonstrar a utilização dos modelos, das funções e da linguagem de consulta e operadores SOLAP discutidos nesta tese
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Edoh-Alové, Djogbénuyè Akpé. "Handling spatial vagueness issues in SOLAP datacubes by introducing a risk-aware approach in their design." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25957.

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Thèse en cotutelle: Université Laval Québec, Canada et Université Blaise-Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
Les systèmes Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing (SOLAP) permettent de prendre en charge l’analyse multidimensionnelle en ligne d’un très grand volume de données ayant une référence spatiale. Dans ces systèmes, le vague spatial n’est généralement pas pris en compte, ce qui peut être source d’erreurs dans les analyses et les interprétations des cubes de données SOLAP, effectuées par les utilisateurs finaux. Bien qu’il existe des modèles d’objets ad-hoc pour gérer le vague spatial, l’implantation de ces modèles dans les systèmes SOLAP est encore à l’état embryonnaire. En outre, l’introduction de tels modèles dans les systèmes SOLAP accroit la complexité de l’analyse au détriment de l’utilisabilité dans bon nombre de contextes applicatifs. Dans cette thèse nous nous proposons d’investiguer la piste d’une nouvelle approche visant un compromis approprié entre l’exactitude théorique de la réponse au vague spatial, la facilité d’implantation dans les systèmes SOLAP existants et l’utilisabilité des cubes de données fournis aux utilisateurs finaux. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc de jeter les bases d’une approche de conception de cube SOLAP où la gestion du vague est remplacée par la gestion des risques de mauvaises interprétations induits, d’en définir les principes d’une implantation pratique et d’en démontrer les avantages. En résultats aux travaux menés, une approche de conception de cubes SOLAP où le risque de mauvaise interprétation est considéré et géré de manière itérative et en adéquation avec les sensibilités des utilisateurs finaux quant aux risques potentiels identifiés a été proposée; des outils formels à savoir un profil UML adapté, des fonctions de modification de schémas multidimensionnels pour construire les cubes souhaités, et un processus formel guidant de telles transformations de schémas ont été présentés; la vérification de la faisabilité de notre approche dans un cadre purement informatique avec la mise en œuvre de l’approche dans un outil CASE (Computed Aided Software Engineering) a aussi été présentée. Pour finir, nous avons pu valider le fait que l’approche fournisse non seulement des cubes aussi compréhensibles et donc utilisables que les cubes classiques, mais aussi des cubes où le vague n’est plus laissé de côté, sans aucun effort pour atténuer ses impacts sur les analyses et les prises de décision des utilisateurs finaux.
SOLAP (Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing) systems support the online multi-dimensional analysis of a very large volume of data with a spatial reference. In these systems, the spatial vagueness is usually not taken into account, which can lead to errors in the SOLAP datacubes analyzes and interpretations end-users make. Although there are ad-hoc models of vague objects to manage the spatial vagueness, the implementation of these models in SOLAP systems is still in an embryonal state. In addition, the introduction of such models in SOLAP systems increases the complexity of the analysis at the expense of usability in many application contexts. In this thesis we propose to investigate the trail of a new approach that makes an appropriate compromise between the theoretical accuracy of the response to the spatial vagueness, the ease of implementation in existing SOLAP systems and the usability of datacubes provided to end users. The objectives of this thesis are to lay the foundations of a SOLAP datacube design approach where spatial vagueness management in itself is replaced by the management of risks of misinterpretations induced by the vagueness, to define the principles of a practical implementation of the approach and to demonstrate its benefits. The results of this thesis consist of a SOLAP datacube design approach where the risks of misinterpretation are considered and managed in an iterative manner and in line with the end users tolerance levels regarding those risks; formal tools namely a suitable UML (Unified Modeling Language) profile, multidimensional schemas transformation functions to help tailored the datacubes to end-users tolerance levels, and a formal process guiding such schemas transformation; verifying the feasibility of our approach in a computing context with the implementation of the approach in a CASE (Computed Aided Software Engineering) tool. Finally, we were able to validate that the approach provides SOLAP datacubes that are not only as comprehensible and thus usable as conventional datacubes but also datacubes where the spatial vagueness is not left out, with no effort to mitigate its impacts on analysis and decision making for end users.
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Guimond, Louis-Étienne. "Conception d'un environnement de découverte des besoins pour le développement de solutions SOLAP." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22406/22406.pdf.

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Un problème dans la réalisation de projets SOLAP est la difficulté des utilisateurs à exprimer leurs besoins et leurs attentes en début d'analyse de système. Cette technologie étant totalement nouvelle, les utilisateurs ne découvrent tout son potentiel qu'après une certaine période d'utilisation et c'est à ce moment que de nouveaux besoins surgissent. Nos travaux ont donc pour objectif principal de faciliter l’analyse en proposant un environnement de découverte des besoins des utilisateurs. Pour cela, nous proposons le concept de maquettage d’apprentissage pour accélérer l’apprentissage de la solution par les utilisateurs et pour leur suggérer de nouvelles possibilités. Cela leur permet de rapidement définir leurs besoins généraux et de mieux concevoir et exprimer de nouveaux besoins plus détaillés. Nous élaborons aussi des scénarios pour intégrer le maquettage dans un processus de développement. Puis, nous concevons un outil de maquettage basé sur des caractéristiques du maquettage d’application SOLAP identifiées dans notre recherche.
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Zaamoune, Mehdi. "Intégration et optimisation des grilles régulières de points dans une architecture SOLAP relationnelle." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22538/document.

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Les champs continus sont des types de représentations spatiales utilisées pour modéliser des phénomènes tels que la température, la pollution ou l’altitude. Ils sont définis selon une fonction de mapping f qui affecte une valeur du phénomène étudié à chaque localisation p du domaine d’étude. Par ailleurs, la représentation des champs continus à différentes échelles ou résolutions est souvent essentielle pour une analyse spatiale efficace. L’avantage des champs continus réside dans le niveau de détails généré par la continuité, ainsi que la qualité de l’analyse spatiale fournie par la multi-résolution. L’inconvénient de ce type de représentations dans l’analyse spatio-multidimensionnelle est le coût des performances d’analyse et de stockage. Par ailleurs, les entrepôts de données spatiaux et les systèmes OLAP spatiaux (EDS et SOLAP) sont des systèmes d’aide à la décision qui permettent l’analyse spatio-multidimensionnelle de grands volumes de données spatiales et non spatiales. L’analyse des champs continus dans l’architecture SOLAP représente un défi de recherche intéressant. Différents travaux se sont intéressés à l’intégration de ce type de représentations dans le système SOLAP. Cependant, celle-ci est toujours au stade embryonnaire. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’intégration des champs continus incomplets représentés par une grille régulière de points dans l’analyse spatio-multidimensionnelle. Cette intégration dans le système SOLAP implique que l’analyse des champs continus doit supporter : (i) les opérateurs OLAP classiques, (ii) la vue continue des données spatiales, (iii) les opérateurs spatiaux (slice spatial) et (iv) l’interrogation des données à différentes résolutions prédéfinies. Dans cette thèse nous proposons différentes approches pour l’analyse des champs continus dans le SOLAP à différents niveaux de l’architecture relationnelle, de la modélisation conceptuelle à l’optimisation des performances de calcul. Nous proposons un modèle logique FISS qui permet d’optimiser les performances d’analyse à multi-résolution en se basant sur des méthodes d’interpolation. Puis, nous exposons une méthodologie basée sur la méthode d’échantillonnage du Clustering, qui permet d’optimiser les opérations d’agrégation des grilles régulières de points dans l’architecture SOLAP relationnelle en effectuant une estimation des résultats
Continuous fields are types of spatial representations used to model phenomena such as temperature, pollution or altitude. They are defined according to a mapping function f that assigns a value of the studied phenomenon to each p location of the studied area. Moreover, the representation of continuous fields at different scales or resolutions is often essential for effective spatial analysis. The advantage of continuous fields is the level of details generated by the continuity of the spatial data, and the quality of the spatial analysis provided by the multi-resolution. The downside of this type of spatial representations in the multidimensionnal analysis is the high cost of analysis and storage performances. Moreover, spatial data warehouses and spatial OLAP systems (EDS and SOLAP) are decision support systems that enable multidimensional spatial analysis of large volumes of spatial and non-spatial data. The analysis of continuous fields in SOLAP architecture represents an interesting research challenge. Various studies have focused on the integration of such representations in SOLAP system. However, this integration still at an early stage. Thus, this thesis focuses on the integration of incomplete continuous fields represented by a regular grid of points in the spatio-multidimensional analysis. This integration in the SOLAP system involves that the analysis of continuous fields must support:(i) conventional OLAP operators, (ii) Continuous spatial data, (iii) spatial operators (spatial slice), and (iv) querying data at different predefined levels of resolutions. In this thesis we propose differents approaches for the analysis of continuous fields in SOLAP system at different levels of the relational architecture (from the conceptual modeling to the optimization of computing performance). We propose a logical model FISS to optimize the performances of the multi-resolution analysis, based on interpolation methods. Then, we present a new methodology based on the Clustering sampling method, to optimize aggregation operations on regular grids of points in the relational SOLAP architecture
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Books on the topic "SOLAP"

1

Andrade, Eugenio de. Solar matter =: Matéria solar. Fort Bragg, Calif: QED Press, 1995.

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Solar. London: Jonathan Cape, 2010.

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McEwan, Ian. Solar. London: Random House Group Limited, 2010.

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Solar. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010.

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Solay. New York: Bradbury Press, 1993.

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Frances, Breen, ed. Solas. Shankill, Co. Dublin, Ireland: Ogham Press, 1987.

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Miller, Tom. Solar maximum: Solar array degradation. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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Neville, Richard C. Solar energy conversion: The solar cell. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995.

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Kneer, Franz, Klaus G. Puschmann, and Axel D. Wittmann, eds. Modern solar facilities - advanced solar science. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17875/gup2007-96.

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Williams, Iwan P., and Nicolas Thomas, eds. Solar and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44807-1.

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Book chapters on the topic "SOLAP"

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Xu, ChengZhi, and Phillip C.-Y. Sheu. "SOLAP Based on Novel Spatial Dimensions." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 383–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03718-4_48.

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Silva, Ricardo, João Moura-Pires, and Maribel Yasmina Santos. "Spatial Clustering to Uncluttering Map Visualization in SOLAP." In Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2011, 253–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21928-3_18.

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Aissi, Saida, Mohamed Salah Gouider, Tarek Sboui, and Lamjed Ben Said. "Enhancing Spatial Data Warehouse Exploitation: A SOLAP Recommendation Approach." In Computer and Information Science, 131–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40171-3_10.

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Ziouel, Tahar, Khalissa Amieur-Derbal, and Kamel Boukhalfa. "SOLAP On-the-Fly Generalization Approach Based on Spatial Hierarchical Structures." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 279–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19578-0_23.

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Viswanathan, Ganesh, and Markus Schneider. "On the Requirements for User-Centric Spatial Data Warehousing and SOLAP." In Database Systems for Adanced Applications, 144–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20244-5_14.

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Keskin, Sinan, and Adnan Yazıcı. "Management of Complex and Fuzzy Queries Using a Fuzzy SOLAP-Based Framework." In Flexible Query Answering Systems, 109–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86967-0_9.

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Layouni, Olfa, Assawer Zekri, Marwa Massaâbi, and Jalel Akaichi. "Query Recommendation Systems Based on the Exploration of OLAP and SOLAP Data Cubes." In Intelligent Interactive Multimedia Systems and Services 2017, 333–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59480-4_33.

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Reames, Donald V. "Introducing the Sun and SEPs." In Solar Energetic Particles, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_1.

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AbstractThe structure of the Sun, with its energy generation and heating, creates convection and differential rotation of the outer solar plasma. This convection and rotation of the ionized plasma generates the solar magnetic field. This field and its variation spawn all of the solar activity: solar active regions, flares, jets, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Solar activity provides the origin and environment for both the impulsive and gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events. This chapter introduces the background environment and basic properties of SEP events, time durations, abundances, and solar cycle variations.
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Heckel, Pamela E. "Solar." In SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science, 51–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9701-6_5.

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Myers, Daryl R. "Solar Radiation solar radiation for Solar Energy Utilization solar radiation for solar energy utilization." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 9673–96. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_450.

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Conference papers on the topic "SOLAP"

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Aissi, Saida, Mohamed Salah Gouider, Tarek Sboui, and Lamjed Ben Said. "Personalized recommendation of SOLAP queries." In SAC 2015: Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2695664.2695826.

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Gonzalez, Diana Bogantes, and Leonardo Pandolfi Gonzalez. "Spatial data warehouses and SOLAP using open-source tools." In 2013 Latin American Computing Conference (CLEI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/clei.2013.6670660.

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Aissi, Saida, Mohamed Salah Gouider, Tarek Sboui, and Lamjed Ben Said. "Enhancing spatial data warehouse exploitation: A SOLAP recommendation approach." In 2016 17th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/snpd.2016.7515940.

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Sitanggang, Imas Sukaesih, Rina Trisminingsih, Fauzan Fuady, and Husnul Khotimah. "Extract, Transform, Load Module in SOLAP for Indonesia Agricultural Commodity." In 2018 International Conference on Sustainable Information Engineering and Technology (SIET). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siet.2018.8693152.

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Ahmed, Taher Omran. "Spatial On-line Analytical Processing (SOLAP): Overview and Current Trends." In 2008 International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacte.2008.217.

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(Walid), Oualid, and Samar Mouakket. "Integrating OLAP/SOLAP With E-Business: A New Conceptual Platform." In 2010 International Conference on E-Business Intelligence (ICEBI-2010). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icebi.2010.18.

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Ferro, Marcio, Rogerio Fragoso, and Robson Fidalgo. "Document-Oriented Geospatial Data Warehouse: An Experimental Evaluation of SOLAP Queries." In 2019 IEEE 21st Conference on Business Informatics (CBI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbi.2019.00013.

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Mohamed, Hanine, Boutkhoum Omar, Tickniouine Abdessadek, and Agouti Tarik. "Approach to integration SOLAP tools and multicriteria analysis for spatial decision support." In 2013 ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa.2013.6616469.

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"A UML & Spatial OCL based Approach for Handling Quality Issues in SOLAP Systems." In 14th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003967100990104.

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Matias, Rosa, and Joao Moura-Pires. "Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing (SOLAP): A Tool the to Analyze the Emission of Pollutants in Industrial Installations." In 2005 Purtuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epia.2005.341297.

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Reports on the topic "SOLAP"

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Kong, Weiqiang, Simon Furbo, and Jianhua Fan. Simulation and design of collector array units within large systems. IEA SHC Task 55, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0005.

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Solar collectors are the core components of solar district heating plants. Annual solar heat yield of solar heating plants on average is around 400-500 kWh/m2 in Denmark. Most solar collectors in the large solar district heating plants in Denmark are ground-mounted flat plate collectors. Arcon-Sunmark A/S is the main manufacturer of the large flat plate collectors for district heating in Denmark. Arcon-Sunmark A/S has installed more than 80% of the world’s large solar heating plants connected to district heating networks.
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Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, and et al. SMILE Definition Study Report. ESA SCI, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa.smile.definition_study_report-2018-12.

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The SMILE definition study report describes a novel self-standing mission dedicated to observing solar wind-magnetosphere coupling via simultaneous in situ solar wind/magnetosheath plasma and magnetic field measurements, X-Ray images of the magnetosheath and magnetic cusps, and UV images of global auroral distributions defining system-level consequences. The Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) will complement all solar, solar wind and in situ magnetospheric observations, including both space- and ground-based observatories, to enable the first-ever observations of the full chain of events that drive the Sun-Earth connection.
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Fan, Jianhua, Weiqiang Kong, and Simon Furbo. Simulation and design of collector array units within large systems. IEA SHC Task 55, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0006.

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By the end of 2017, solar heating plants with a total surface of more than 1.3 million m2 were in operation in Denmark. Most solar collectors in the existing solar heating plants are typically flat plate collectors (FPC).
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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey, and Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.

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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.
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Fan, Jianhua, Zhiyong Tian, Simon Furbo, Weiqiang Kong, and Daniel Tschopp. Simulation and design of collector array units within large systems. IEA SHC Task 55, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0004.

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Solar radiation data is necessary for the design of solar heating systems and used to estimate the thermal performance of solar heating plants. Compared to global irradiance, the direct beam component shows much more variability in space and time. The global radiation split into beam and diffuse radiation on collector plane is important for the evaluation of the performance of different collector types and collector field designs.
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Cliver, Edward W. Solar and Solar Wind Disturbance Predictions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada475250.

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Wallace, Sean, Scott Lux, Constandinos Mitsingas, Irene Andsager, and Tapan Patel. Performance testing and modeling of a transpired ventilation preheat solar wall : performance evaluation of facilities at Fort Drum, NY, and Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42000.

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This work performed measurement and verification of installed, operational solar wall systems at Fort Drum, NY, and Forbes Field, Air National Guard, Topeka, KS. Actual annual savings were compared estimated savings generated by a solar wall modeling tool (RETScreen). A comparison with the RETScreen modeling tool shows that the measured actively heated air provided by the solar wall provides 57% more heat than the RETScreen tool predicted, after accounting for boiler efficiency. The solar wall at Fort Drum yields a net savings of $851/yr, for a simple payback of 146 years and a SIR of 0.16. RETScreen models indicate that the solar wall system at Forbes Field, Kansas Air National Guard, Topeka, KS saves $9,350/yr, for a simple payback of 58.8 years and a SIR of 0.34. Although results showed that, due to low natural gas prices, the Fort Drum system was not economically viable, it was recommended that the system still be used to meet renewable energy and fossil fuel reduction goals. The current system becomes economical (SIR 1.00) at a natural gas rate of $16.00/MMBTU or $1.60 /therm.
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Nitz, Peter, and Jürgen Fluch. Collection of available solar process heat related national and trans-national research and funding programs. IEA SHC Task 64, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task64-2021-0001.

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Within Task 64/IV Solar Process Heat, Subtask E Guideline to Market is aiming to support a wider penetration of solar thermal technologies in the supply of heating (and cooling) in industry, demonstrating Solar Heat for Industrial Processes (SHIP) to be an important contribution to the decarbonisation of the industrial sector. This requires not only to overcome technical and/or technological barriers, but it is crucial to also address on technical barriers. Whereas well suited system integration strategies, design tools, standardized procedures or modular components are all in all paramount for the development of reliable and prompt off the shelve solutions, experience shows that often non-technological barriers might have a critical role in the decision making process. Above all, competitiveness and investment/financing related barriers prove in many cases to be the bottleneck for the adoption of solar thermal technologies in the industrial framework.
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Matson, Rick. National solar technology roadmap: Sensitized solar cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1217460.

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Bludman, S. A., and D. C. Kennedy. Solar core homology, solar neutrinos and helioseismology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/204108.

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