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Journal articles on the topic 'Solar cells manufacturing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Bonnet, Dieter. "Manufacturing of CSS CdTe solar cells." Thin Solid Films 361-362 (February 2000): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(99)00831-7.

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2

Nijs, J. F., J. Szlufcik, J. Poortmans, S. Sivoththaman, and R. P. Mertens. "Advanced manufacturing concepts for crystalline silicon solar cells." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 46, no. 10 (1999): 1948–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.791983.

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3

Winkless, Laurie. "Breakthrough in rapid manufacturing of perovskite solar cells." Materials Today 33 (March 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.01.016.

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Song, Xiangbo, Xu Ji, Ming Li, Weidong Lin, Xi Luo, and Hua Zhang. "A Review on Development Prospect of CZTS Based Thin Film Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/613173.

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Cu2ZnSnS4is considered as the ideal absorption layer material in next generation thin film solar cells due to the abundant component elements in the crust being nontoxic and environmentally friendly. This paper summerized the development situation of Cu2ZnSnS4thin film solar cells and the manufacturing technologies, as well as problems in the manufacturing process. The difficulties for the raw material’s preparation, the manufacturing process, and the manufacturing equipment were illustrated and discussed. At last, the development prospect of Cu2ZnSnS4thin film solar cells was commented.

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HASAN, Md Kamrul, and Katsuhiko SASAKI. "301 Thermal Deformation Analysis of Solar Cells Considering Thermal Profiles of both Manufacturing and Working Processes." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2013.21 (2013): _301–1_—_301–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2013.21._301-1_.

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6

Watson, Brian L., Nicholas Rolston, Adam D. Printz, and Reinhold H. Dauskardt. "Scaffold-reinforced perovskite compound solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 10, no. 12 (2017): 2500–2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee02185b.

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The relative insensitivity of the optoelectronic properties of organometal trihalide perovskites to crystallographic defects and impurities has enabled fabrication of highly-efficient perovskite solar cells by scalable solution-state deposition techniques well suited to low-cost manufacturing.

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Han, Ming Yu, Yu Dong Feng, Yi Wang, et al. "Development of Manufacturing CIGS Thin Film Solar Cells Deposited on Polyimide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.161.

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CIGS thin film solar cells on polyimide substrate was a significant developmental direction of solar cells and fabricating high quality CIGS thin film in low temperature was its pivotal technology. The development of manufacturing the CIGS thin film solar cells on polyimide substrate in low temperature was described. The specific principle, manufacturing technique and application prospect were also involved. The problem should be solved in the future progress of CIGS thin film on polyimide substrate was illustrated.

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Kim, Sangmo, Van Quy Hoang, and Chung Wung Bark. "Silicon-Based Technologies for Flexible Photovoltaic (PV) Devices: From Basic Mechanism to Manufacturing Technologies." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (2021): 2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112944.

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Over the past few decades, silicon-based solar cells have been used in the photovoltaic (PV) industry because of the abundance of silicon material and the mature fabrication process. However, as more electrical devices with wearable and portable functions are required, silicon-based PV solar cells have been developed to create solar cells that are flexible, lightweight, and thin. Unlike flexible PV systems (inorganic and organic), the drawbacks of silicon-based solar cells are that they are difficult to fabricate as flexible solar cells. However, new technologies have emerged for flexible sola

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Kalowekamo, Joseph, and Erin Baker. "Estimating the manufacturing cost of purely organic solar cells." Solar Energy 83, no. 8 (2009): 1224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.02.003.

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Fath, P., H. Nussbaumer, and R. Burkhardt. "Industrial manufacturing of semitransparent crystalline silicon POWER solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 74, no. 1-4 (2002): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(02)00056-9.

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Petzold, Sean, Chuan Wang, Abdullah Khazaal, and Tim Osswald. "Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Solar Cells: Manufacturing and Increasing Performance." Plastics Engineering 66, no. 6 (2010): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2010.tb00589.x.

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12

Friend, Richard H., Felix Deschler, Luis M. Pazos-Outón, Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi, and Mejd Alsari. "Back-Contact Perovskite Solar Cells." Scientific Video Protocols 1, no. 1 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32386/scivpro.000005.

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Interdigitated back-contact (IBC) architectures are the best performing technology in crystalline Si (c-Si) photovoltaics (PV). Although single junction perovskite solar cells have now surpassed 23% efficiency, most of the research has mainly focussed on planar and mesostructured architectures. The number of studies involving IBC devices is still limited and the proposed architectures are unfeasible for large scale manufacturing. Here we discuss the importance of IBC solar cells as a powerful tool for investigating the fundamental working mechanisms of perovskite materials. We show a detailed

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13

Karuppusamy, P. "An Overview of the Solar Cell Technology and its Future Challenges." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 4, no. 2 (2022): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2022.2.002.

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Despite the fact that the electronics of the solar cell are progressing, the material and manufacturing aspects of the solar cells are seeing a significant increase. Maximum power point tracking methods based on artificial intelligence are the future of solar-based circuits. First- and second-generation solar cells are reviewed in this article by looking at the materials on which these technologies are built. Solar panel technologies are also examined from the manufacturing perspective. Furthermore, this article describes the efficiencies and limits of several newer solar cell technologies in

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14

Basu, Amiyo K. "The Solar Explosion." Mechanical Engineering 142, no. 10 (2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2020-oct3.

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Abstract There were two breakthroughs that led to a veritable revolution in photovoltaic prices. The commonly told story is that China started manufacturing lower-quality panels and dumped them on the world market at prices near (or even below) the cost of production. The truth is more complicated. Chinese manufacturing at scale played a part, but so did German industrial policy and a focus on improving the complete power system, not just the PV cells.

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Zhu, Rui, Zhongwei Zhang, and Yulong Li. "Advanced materials for flexible solar cell applications." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (2019): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0040.

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Abstract The solar power is one of the most promising renewable energy resources, but the high cost and complicated preparation technology of solar cells become the bottleneck of the wide application in many fields. The most important parameter for solar cells is the conversion efficiency, while at the same time more efficient preparation technologies and flexible structures should also be taken under significant consideration [1]. Especially with the rapid development of wearable devices, people are looking forward to the applications of solar cell technology in various areas of life. In this

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Gupta, N., G. F. Alapatt, R. Podila, R. Singh, and K. F. Poole. "Prospects of Nanostructure-Based Solar Cells for Manufacturing Future Generations of Photovoltaic Modules." International Journal of Photoenergy 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/154059.

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We present a comprehensive review on prospects for one-, two-, or three-dimensional nanostructure-based solar cells for manufacturing the future generation of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Reducing heat dissipation and utilizing the unabsorbed part of the solar spectrum are the key driving forces for the development of nanostructure-based solar cells. Unrealistic assumptions involved in theoretical work and the tendency of stretching observed experimental results are the primary reasons why quantum phenomena-based nanostructures solar cells are unlikely to play a significant role in the manufactu

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Green, Martin A. "Silicon solar cells: state of the art." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1996 (2013): 20110413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0413.

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The vast majority of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells produced to date have been based on silicon wafers, with this dominance likely to continue well into the future. The surge in manufacturing volume over the last decade has resulted in greatly decreased costs. Multiple companies are now well below the US$1 W −1 module manufacturing cost benchmark that was once regarded as the lowest possible with this technology. Despite these huge cost reductions, there is obvious scope for much more, as the polysilicon source material becomes more competitively priced, the new ‘quasi-mono’ and related control

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Mehta, Vishal R., Bhushan L. Sopori, and Nuggehalli M. Ravindra. "Screen printed contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells -an overview." Emerging Materials Research 11, no. 2 (2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.22.00021.

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Over the years, the photovoltaic market, worldwide, has been witnessing double digit growth rate. The silicon solar cell manufacturing technology has evolved to optimally utilize raw materials to address this growth. One of the ways in which manufacturers are addressing the challenge is by increasing the cell size and making thinner wafers. With this change in parameters, understanding the metal contact formation in solar cells becomes paramount to improve their efficiency. Screen printing is a widely used method to form metal contacts on solar cells and is ideally suited for large volume manu

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19

Tripathi, S. K., Sheenam Sachdeva, Kriti Sharma, and Jagdish Kaur. "Progress in Plasmonic Enhanced Bulk Heterojunction Organic/Polymer Solar Cells." Solid State Phenomena 222 (November 2014): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.222.117.

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To reduce the cost of solar electricity, there is an enormous potential of thin-film photovoltaic technologies. An approach for lowering the manufacturing costs of solar cells is to use organic (polymer) materials that can be processed under less demanding conditions. Organic/polymer solar cells have many intrinsic advantages, such as their light weight, flexibility, and low material and manufacturing costs. But reduced thickness comes at the expense of performance. However, thin photoactive layers are widely used, but light-trapping strategies, due to the embedding of plasmonic metallic nanop

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Rendon, Sabine. "Solar Cells Based on Light-absorbing Dyes and Perovskites." Lumat: International Journal of Math, Science and Technology Education 2, no. 2 (2014): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31129/lumat.v2i2.1062.

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The first solar cell was invented nearly two centuries ago, but during the recent years the progress has been rapid. In addition to the well known silicon soler cells, there is now a large number of other solar cells. These solar cells have many interesting properties, such as the the color, design and manufacturing processes. This paper discusses the solar cells based on light-absorbing dyes and perovskites.

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Roy, Arnab Nilanjan, and Amruth V S. "Review on Implementation of Dye-sensitised Solar Cells (DSSC)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 4147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44870.

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Abstract: Solar cells give better power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to conventional solar cells made of Silicon in terms of low materials and manufacturing costs. Materials required for the manufacturing of DSSCs such as titanium oxide are inexpensive, abundant and environmentally friendly. DSSC materials are contamination resistant and processable at room temperature, a roll-to-roll process can be used to print DSSCs in a mass production facility. DSSCs have been found to perform better under low light conditions and so they are a great choice for indoor applications, especially in p

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22

Saitov, E. B. "Technology of manufacturing solar cells with clusters of Ni atoms." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 8, no. 3 (2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00125.3.

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23

Mufti, Nandang, Tahta Amrillah, Ahmad Taufiq, et al. "Review of CIGS-based solar cells manufacturing by structural engineering." Solar Energy 207 (September 2020): 1146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.07.065.

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24

Cacciato, Antonio, Filip Duerinckx, Kasper Baert, et al. "Investigating manufacturing options for industrial PERL-type Si solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 113 (June 2013): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.02.012.

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25

Schmidt, W., B. Woesten, and J. P. Kalejs. "Manufacturing technology for ribbon silicon (EFG) wafers and solar cells." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 10, no. 2 (2002): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.411.

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Sun, Chongyi. "Recent Progress and state-of art applications of Perovskite Solar Cells." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 5 (July 7, 2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v5i.735.

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Contemporarily, perovskite solar cells have become one of the hot topics among new energy. Currently, the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency of perovskite tandem cells has reached 29.8%. Compared with silicon-based solar cells, which currently occupy most of the market share, they have a wider absorption band gap, and lower manufacturing cost and simpler manufacturing process, making them a strong candidate to replace silicon-based cells in the future. However, the commercialization of it is still hampered by its poor stability. This paper reviewed the state-of-art results from literat

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27

Dutta, P., M. Rathi, D. Khatiwada, et al. "Flexible GaAs solar cells on roll-to-roll processed epitaxial Ge films on metal foils: a route towards low-cost and high-performance III–V photovoltaics." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 2 (2019): 756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee02553c.

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28

Lu, Sihan, Jihui Xie, Xielin Yang, and Guanlin Zeng. "Development status of inverted perovskite solar cells." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3803.

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While the population has exploded, the world's energy demand has also risen exponentially. Energy pollution is also very severe. Therefore, it is urgent to increase the utilization of renewable new energy. Solar power has the greatest potential in the new energy sources. One kind of solar cell is the inverted perovskite solar cell (I-PSC). It has the advantages of simple device structure, high absorption coefficient, small hysteresis effect, and good defect tolerance. In this paper, the effects of electron transfer, hole transportation and manufacturing technology on the appearance of inverted

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29

Islam, Md Shafiqul, Md Rakibul Hasan, Fariba Mohammadi, Antara Majumdar, and Ali Ahmad. "MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES OF LOW-COST SI-BASED CRYSTALLINE TYPE SOLAR CELL IN BANGLADESH." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 42, no. 1 (2013): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v42i1.15934.

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In todays world with the increasing population, the world's energy needs are growing steadily andthe crisis for power is also increasing. All the conventional sources of energy like gas, coal, oil etc are limited.In this situation, the need for establishing a renewable energy source as an alternative energy generation systemhas become very important for sustainable energy security of the country. Among various renewable energysources, solar energy comprises a large portion. The solar energy captivated by Earths atmosphere, oceansand land is about 385000 EJ[1]. But only less than 1% of useful

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Bonnet, Dieter, and Peter Meyers. "Cadmium-telluride—Material for thin film solar cells." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 10 (1998): 2740–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0376.

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Due to its basic optical, electronic, and chemical properties, CdTe can become the base material for high-efficiency, low-cost thin film solar cells using robust, high-throughput manufacturing techniques. CdTe films suited for photovoltaic energy conversion have been produced by nine different processes. Using n-type CdS as a window-partner, solar cells of up to 16% efficiency have been made in the laboratory. Presently five industrial enterprises are striving to master low cost production processes and integrated modules have been delivered in sizes up to 60 × 120 cm2, showing efficiencies up

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Collares-Pereira, M., and J. M. Gordon. "Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cells—Inexpensive, High-Yield Optical Designs." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 2 (1989): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268295.

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We propose a new method for manufacturing and deploying amorphous silicon solar cells which is based on creating an effectively “bifacial” photovoltaic device by utilizing part of the glazing of a CPC-type nonimaging concentrator as active absorber. This solar collector could enhance the yearly energy delivery of amorphous silicon solar cells by about 100 percent if the cells are manufactured so as to exploit illumination on both cells sides.

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32

Bourdoucen, Hadj, Joseph A. Jervase, Abdullah Al-Badi, Adel Gastli, and Arif Malik. "Photovoltaic Cells and Systems: Current State and Future Trends." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 5 (December 1, 2000): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol5iss0pp185-207.

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Photovoltaics is the process of converting solar energy into electrical energy. Any photovoltaic system invariably consists of solar cell arrays and electric power conditioners. Photovoltaic systems are reliable, quiet, safe and both environmentally benign and self-sustaining. In addition, they are cost-effective for applications in remote areas. This paper presents a review of solar system components and integration, manufacturing, applications, and basic research related to photovoltaics. Photovoltaic applications in Oman are also presented. Finally, the existing and the future trends in tec

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33

Alapatt, G. F., R. Singh, and K. F. Poole. "Fundamental Issues in Manufacturing Photovoltaic Modules Beyond the Current Generation of Materials." Advances in OptoElectronics 2012 (January 12, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/782150.

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Many methods to improve the solar cell’s efficiency beyond current generation of bulk and thin film of photovoltaic (PV) devices have been reported during the last five decades. Concepts such as multiple exciton generations (MEG), carrier multiplication (CM), hot carrier extraction, and intermediate band solar cells have fundamental flaws, and there is no experimental evidence of fabricating practical higher efficiency solar cells based on the proposed concepts. To take advantages of quantum features of nanostructures for higher performance PV devices, self-assembly-based bottom-up processing

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Kalyuzhnyy, N. A., V. V. Evstropov, V. M. Lantratov, et al. "Characterization of the Manufacturing Processes to Grow Triple-Junction Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/836284.

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A number of important but little-investigated problems connected with III-V/Ge heterostructure in the GaInP/GaInAs/Ge multijunction solar cells grown by MOVPE are considered in the paper. The opportunity for successfully applying the combination of reflectance and reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy in situ methods for investigating III-V structure growth on a Ge substrate has been demonstrated. Photovoltaic properties of the III-V/Ge narrow-band subcell of the triple-junction solar cells have been investigated. It has been shown that there are excess currents in the Ge photovoltaic p-n juncti

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35

Mehmood, Umer, Saleem-ur Rahman, Khalil Harrabi, Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein, and B. V. S. Reddy. "Recent Advances in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/974782.

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Solar energy is an abundant and accessible source of renewable energy available on earth, and many types of photovoltaic (PV) devices like organic, inorganic, and hybrid cells have been developed to harness the energy. PV cells directly convert solar radiation into electricity without affecting the environment. Although silicon based solar cells (inorganic cells) are widely used because of their high efficiency, they are rigid and manufacturing costs are high. Researchers have focused on organic solar cells to overcome these disadvantages. DSSCs comprise a sensitized semiconductor (photoelectr

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36

Wrobel, Edyta, Piotr Kowalik, and Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Selective metallization of solar cells." Microelectronics International 32, no. 1 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-05-2014-0020.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present the possibility of the technology of chemical metallization for the production of contact of photovoltaic cells. The developed technology allows you to perform low-cost contacts in any form. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a multi- and monocrystalline silicon plates. On the surface of the plates, the contact by the electroless metallization was made. After metallization stage, annealing process in a temperature range of 100-700°C was conducted to obtain ohmic contact in a semiconductor material. Subsequently, the electrical parameters of obtain

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37

Mehmood, Rashid, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Waseem Imtiaz, et al. "Mechanism and Role of Nanotechnology in Photovoltaic Cells and Applications in Different Industrial Sectors." Scholars Bulletin 8, no. 10 (2022): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sb.2022.v08i10.001.

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Nanotechnology is widely used for the manufacturing of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. Applications of solar technology are based in two forms; lithium-ion and lead-acid. These cells and batteries have the capacity to store a large amount of energy longer than other ordinary batteries. The mechanism for manufacturing solar cells usually arises from the combinations of layers of single-molecule thick sheets of graphene and molybdenum diselenide. In this fact, one of common example is the fine coating of graphene with zinc oxide nanowires. Solar based cells are incorporated into the modified form

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38

Roy, Priyanka, Aritra Ghosh, Fraser Barclay, Ayush Khare, and Erdem Cuce. "Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review of the Recent Advances." Coatings 12, no. 8 (2022): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081089.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have been identified as a game-changer in the world of photovoltaics. This is owing to their rapid development in performance efficiency, increasing from 3.5% to 25.8% in a decade. Further advantages of PSCs include low fabrication costs and high tunability compared to conventional silicon-based solar cells. This paper reviews existing literature to discuss the structural and fundamental features of PSCs that have resulted in significant performance gains. Key electronic and optical properties include high electron mobility (800 cm2/Vs), long diffusion wavelength (

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Sun, Shi Yang, Jian Ping Long, and Bo Zhang. "The Investigation of Plating Technologies for Front Fingers of c-Si Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.198.

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Besides silicon wafers, the metallization of solar cells is the most expensive process in the mass production of solar cells nowadays. Therefore, the development of cost-effective metallization technologies is very important for the reduction of manufacturing cost. In this article, we will introduce two novel approaches for the metallization of c-Si solar cells: (i) electroless plated Ni and electroplated Cu; (ii) photoplated Ni and Cu. It is believed that high efficiency and low cost solar cells can be fabricated taking advantages of the improved metallization methods.

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40

Almadhhachi, M., I. Seres, and I. Farkas. "Comparison of the Efficiency of Polycrystalline and Thin-Film Photovoltaic Outdoors." European Journal of Energy Research 2, no. 2 (2022): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2022.2.2.43.

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In this paper, a comparison was made between two types of PV modules widely used in the market: polycrystalline and thin-film (both of them are silicon-based manufacturing) to identify the variables and parameters affecting the efficiency of solar cells. The efficiency of polycrystalline is higher than thin-film, although the open circuit voltage is more affected by solar radiation. The comparison was made in Gödöllő in Hungary, characterized by a moderate climate temperature and humidity on a partly cloudy day to study the effect of clouds and the change in the amount of solar radiation on so

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41

Kim, Ga Min, and Hyo Sik Chang. "SiC Powder Manufacturing through Silicon Recovery from Waste Si Solar Cells." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 41, no. 4 (2021): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2021.41.4.173.

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42

Huang, Walt K. W., Tien-Szu Chen, Ching-Tang Tsai, et al. "Updates on some technologies for c-Si based solar cells manufacturing." Energy Procedia 8 (2011): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.162.

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43

Kim, Young Yun, Tae‐Youl Yang, Riikka Suhonen, et al. "Gravure‐Printed Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells: Toward Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing." Advanced Science 6, no. 7 (2019): 1802094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201802094.

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44

Schieferdecker, Anja, Jens-Uwe Sachse, Torsten Mueller, et al. "Material effects in manufacturing of silicon based solar cells and modules." physica status solidi (c) 8, no. 3 (2010): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.201000279.

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Ariza, M. J., F. Martín, and D. Leinen. "XPS surface analysis of monocrystalline silicon solar cells for manufacturing control." Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 73, no. 5 (2001): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390100835.

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Dickson, C. R. "Safety procedures used during the manufacturing of amorphous silicon solar cells." Solar Cells 19, no. 3-4 (1987): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(87)90074-3.

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Veinberg-Vidal, Elias, Cécilia Dupré, Pablo Garcia-Linares, et al. "Manufacturing and Characterization of III-V on Silicon Multijunction Solar Cells." Energy Procedia 92 (August 2016): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.07.066.

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48

Algora, Carlos, and Vicente Díaz. "Manufacturing tolerances of terrestrial concentrator p-on-n GaAs solar cells." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 9, no. 1 (2001): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.352.

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Goswami, Romyani. "Three Generations of Solar Cells." Advanced Materials Research 1165 (July 23, 2021): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1165.113.

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Abstract:

In photovoltaic system the major challenge is the cost reduction of the solar cell module to compete with those of conventional energy sources. Evolution of solar photovoltaic comprises of several generations through the last sixty years. The first generation solar cells were based on single crystal silicon and bulk polycrystalline Si wafers. The single crystal silicon solar cell has high material cost and the fabrication also requires very high energy. The second generation solar cells were based on thin film fabrication technology. Due to low temperature manufacturing process and less materi

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Raghunathan, Digvijay. "Black Silicon for Higher Efficiency in Solar Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.92.

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Abstract:

The very low efficiency of solar cells can be attributed to a plethora of reasons. The most important reason being, reflection of sunlight from the solar cell surface. Most of the sunlight incident on the solar cells gets reflected back due to the smooth surface of the silicon wafers. This paper presents a novel method to avoid this by using black silicon solar cells. Black silicon tends to make use of the concept of black body radiation to absorb all the rays incident on it and thereby reducing the reflectivity of the solar cell. The nano-fabrication technique involves usage of special wet-et

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