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1
Close, Brett T. "Solar energy research and development in California." Pomona College, 2007. http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/u?/stc,16.
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The energy crisis of 2001, high prices for gas and electricity and worries of climate change have caused a growing awareness about energy issues in California. The problems are clear. This paper looks at the next step of finding and implementing solutions. In this case the contribution that solar photovoltaic and solar thermal generation could make toward solving the problem. This paper looks at technological change, the current state of solar energy research, current government policies on solar energy, and finally makes policy recommendations to meet the stated problem.
2
Mukhopadhyay, Boidurjo. "Solar energy based entrepreneurship and rural development : analysing institutional arrangements that support solar energy entrepreneurs in India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/68229/.
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Renewable energy (RE hereafter) has been observed as a potentially significant new source of jobs and rural growth in both OECD and BRICs countries, and a means of addressing environmental and energy security concerns. The global deployment of RE has been expanding rapidly. For instance, the RE electricity sector grew by 26% between 2005 and 2010 globally and currently provides about 20% of the world's total power (including hydro-power) (OECD, 2012). Rural areas attract a large part of investment related to renewable energy deployment, rending to be sparsely populated but with abundant sources of RE. Several case studies have found that RE deployment can provide hosting communities with some benefits including new revenue sources, new job and business opportunities, innovation in products/practices/policies in rural areas, capacity building and community empowerment, and affordable energy. There is a growing body of evidence on the instrumental role that entrepreneurs and small businesses play in driving local and national economies. The structure of rural economies is essentially composed of small enterprises, which are responsible for most of the job growth and the innovation. Rural development is a key element of strategies to reduce poverty and create income and employment opportunities (UNIDO, 2003). It is important to unleash and harness the creativity of grassroots entrepreneurs but they are posed with many challenges, the biggest being these grassroots inventions don't scale up. To overcome these challenges and promote rural entrepreneurship, support roles are required; this is also where the importance and role of institutions and their planned arrangements (for example, partnerships) are much debated in both domestic and international forums. This research investigates the current institutional arrangements that support solar entrepreneurship which creates solar energy based income-generating micro enterprises in rural India. In addition to that, it explores the wider implications on rural development that these entrepreneurships have while using these solar RETs. Institutions and individuals promoting rural development see entrepreneurship as a strategic development intervention that could accelerate the rural development process (Ezeibe, 2013). India, being the only country with a national ministry dedicated to RE initiatives (the MNRE, Government of India) and also ranking third on the renewable energy country attractiveness index (E&Y, 2013; 2016) makes an interesting country choice for investigation. The thesis applies a qualitative research method with an exploratory design to understand the interaction process between institutions and how different institutions support rural development to generate an in-depth analysis of existing institutions using a conceptual framework.
3
Kaya, Firat Ayse. "Early growth technology analysis : case studies in solar energy and geothermal energy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62107.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87).
Public and private organizations try to forecast the future of technological developments and allocate funds accordingly. Based on our interviews with experts from MIT's Entrepreneurship Center, Sloan School of Management, and IBM, and review of literature, we found out that this important fund allocation process is dominated by reliance on expert opinions, which has important drawbacks alongside its advantages. In this Thesis, we introduce a data-driven approach, called early growth technology analysis, to technology forecasting that utilizes diverse information sources to analyze the evolution of promising new technologies. Our approach is based on bibliometric analysis, consisting of three key steps: extraction of related keywords from online publication databases, determining the occurrence frequencies of these keywords, and identifying those exhibiting rapid growth. Our proposal goes beyond the theoretical level, and is embodied in software that collects the required inputs from the user through a visual interface, extracts data from web sites on the fly, performs an analysis on the collected data, and displays the results. Compared to earlier software within our group, the new interface offers a much improved user experience in performing the analysis. Although these methods are applicable to any domain of study, this Thesis presents results from case studies on the fields of solar and geothermal energy. We identified emerging technologies in these specific fields to test the viability of our results. We believe that data-driven approaches, such as the one proposed in this Thesis, will increasingly be used by policy makers to complement, verify, and validate expert opinions in mapping practical goals into basic/applied research areas and coming up with technology investment decisions.
by Ayse Kaya Firat.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
4
McGill, Kristin Li. "Potential Solar Consumers' Understanding of Energy Policy Development in Hawaiâi." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7489.
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Hawaiâi has implemented renewable energy goals that assume continued investments by solar consumers who seem unaware of their role in the policy's success. Without the renewable resource generation that will come from these investments, the state will be unable to achieve its energy mandate. Using Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith's advocacy coalition framework and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior as the foundation, the purpose of this study was to better understand the perspectives of potential solar consumers on the Island of Oâahu regarding the state's renewable portfolio standards, their level of knowledge regarding consumer impact on this policy, and their perceptions of the roles of the public utilities commission and electric utility company in the implementation of projects associated with achieving the state's energy goals. Data were collected through interviews with 17 participants who represented a small portion of consumers who had begun the solar program application process but had not received approval to install panels at their residences. These data were inductively coded and subjected to a thematic analysis. Key findings indicate that consumers lack sufficient education about the state's energy goals, and that their participation in the policy process is essential for the continued growth of customer-sited solar installations. Implications for positive social change stemming from this study include recommendations for policymakers and solar program developers to engage in more inclusive educational outreach with consumers regarding the state's required renewable energy goals.
5
Propp, Joshua M. "Incentives for Distributed Generation in California: The Rise of Third-Party Solar Development." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/82.
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There are a series of state and federal incentives in California to encourage the installation of distributed generation (DG) renewable energy, largely photovoltaic (PV). This thesis explores the policies behind the incentives, namely the Federal Investment Tax Credit, California Solar Initiative, and Net Energy Metering requirements. Discussion is informed by environmental policy tools, as well as business models that have acted to increase accessibility to these investment-intensive projects. Underlying this analysis is the theme of a shifting energy paradigm, with distributed generation spreading political, economic, and electric power.
6
Kok, Sarah. "Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India. : A Comparative Study on the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-259344.
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As living standards improve and population numbers increase in China and India, the demand and consumption of electricity will continue to intensify. Although both countries maintain a strong dependence on fossil fuels to meet energy demands, a recognition of the importance of a low carbon transition is apparent from the governments of both countries. China and India have both made commitments to abate global climate change, reduce poverty rates and enhance efforts to reduce fossil fuel dependence. Solar energy has experienced phenomenal growth in the last twenty years due to technological advances, priced reductions and governmental support policies. Yet in China and India policy development has been very erratic. This paper takes a case study approach to examine solar energy policies, particularly solar energy auctions, in China and India. Thus, this thesis aims to examine solar energy policy in China and India, and compare the potential of each country for energy security and sustainable development under the IRENA framework to Evaluate Renewable Energy Policy. The performance of solar energy policy in China and India is assessed on criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, equity and institutional feasibility. This study find that China has installed more cumulative solar capacity than India and that overall that solar energy policy in China is stronger than in India. However, at an individual policy level, India’s solar energy auction policy is stronger than China’s. Thus, the long-term sustainability of solar energy policy and deployment in both countries is a complex and multifaceted issue. This thesis concludes that for energy security and sustainable development the continuation of policy support is necessary in both countries to ensure that solar will continue to grow in significance.
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Cruz, Daniel Tavares. "Micro e minigeração eólica e solar no Brasil: propostas para desenvolvimento do setor." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-04082015-153708/.
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O setor de micro e minigeração de energia elétrica encontra-se num estágio inicial de desenvolvimento no Brasil que pode ser considerado aquém de suas potencialidades em contraste com os recursos energéticos renováveis do país, passados três anos do estabelecimento dos primeiros incentivos de órgãos públicos e privados e da promulgação de regulações específicas voltadas para o setor, indicando uma possível conjuntura atual insuficiente para um crescimento mais consistente e dinâmico. Com tal problemática em vista, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo contribuir no desenvolvimento do setor nacional de micro e minigeração eólica e solar, tecnologias com maior potencial de instalação, apresentando propostas de ações que podem solucionar questões econômicas, técnicas e regulatórias que possivelmente estão dificultando o alcance de um maior equilíbrio de interesses entre os principais agentes envolvidos nesta atividade econômica, ou seja, potenciais usuários, concessionárias de energia, fabricantes e órgãos do governo, aumentando a atratividade e dinamizando os negócios no setor, com benefícios diretamente estendidos ao desenvolvimento do país como um todo. A construção das propostas teve como base o estudo da atual conjuntura e a identificação de possíveis barreiras existentes ao desenvolvimento da micro e minigeração de energia elétrica no Brasil através de análise crítica e mensurável da atual maturidade do setor, isto é, do atual estágio de desenvolvimento e da margem de evolução possível nos aspectos mais relevantes para esta atividade, ou seja, regulações, incentivos, capacidade tecnológica e capacitação profissional. Além disso, observou-se que grande parte dos brasileiros desconhece o tema, porém, depois que cientes do assunto, o percebem como relevante e demonstram disposição significativa para adotar tais sistemas de geração renovável em suas unidades consumidoras. Por fim, avaliou-se que caso ao menos parte das ações descritas nas propostas forem efetivamente implantadas, a perspectiva é que haja uma evolução no ambiente técnico e econômico do setor no país, tornando-o favorável ao desenvolvimento da atividade de micro e minigeração de energia. Espera-se que as propostas apresentadas nesta dissertação possam ser utilizadas como base para trabalhos futuros de instituições governamentais e privadas, fabricantes, centros de pesquisas, universidades e demais interessados no assunto para serem validadas, aperfeiçoadas e detalhadas para um possível estabelecimento no país. Assim, o trabalho apresenta que se houver desenvolvimento de ambiente favorável, o Brasil desponta como país com alto potencial no mercado de micro e minigeração de energia elétrica e que há possibilidades de ações governamentais e privadas, passíveis de discussões e estudos, para fomentar este ambiente.The micro and mini electricity power generation sector is at an early stage of development in Brazil that can be considered below of its potential in contrast to the country renewable energy resources, three years after the establishment of the first public and private incentives and the enacting of specific regulations for the sector, indicating a possible insufficient conjuncture for a more consistent and dynamic growth. Considering this problematic, the purpose of this work is to contribute to the development of national micro and minigeneration industry by wind and solar photovoltaic resources, technologies with greatest potential for being installed currently, presenting action proposals that can solve economic, technical and regulatory issues that possibly are hampering the achievement of a better interests balance between the major players involved in this economic activity, i.e., potential users, distribution companies, manufacturers and government agencies, increasing attractiveness and boosting business in this sector, with benefits directly extended to the environment and to the development of the country as a whole. The construction of the proposals was based on the study of the current situation and identifying possible existing barriers to Brazil micro and minigeneration development through a critical and measurable analysis of the current sector maturity, in other words, the current stage of development and the margin of possible evolution on the most relevant aspects of this activity, i.e., regulations, incentives, technological capacity and workers professional training. Furthermore, it was observed that most Brazilians are not familiarized with this subject, but after aware, they perceive it as relevant and demonstrate significant willingness to adopt such renewable generation systems in their consumer units. Finally, it was evaluated that if at least some of the actions described in the proposals are effectively implemented, the perspective is for a technical and economic environment progress, making it favorable for a micro and minigeneration energy activity development. It is expected that the proposals presented in this thesis can be used as a basis for future works of government and private institutions, manufacturers, research centers, universities and others interested in the subject to validate, improve and detail them for a possible establishment in the country. As a result, the thesis presents that if a favorable environment is developed, Brazil can stand out as a country with high potential in the micro and minigeneration electricity market and that there are possibilities of government and private actions, likely to discussions and studies, to foster this environment.
8
Michaud, Gilbert L. "Net Energy Metering and Community Shared Solar Deployment in the U.S.: Policy Perspectives, Barriers, and Opportunities." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4627.
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has become a topic of intense policy debate at the state level in the United States (U.S.). Solar supporters have pointed to the economic development, environmental, and public health benefits this technology can provide. However, electric utilities and other interests have fought to scale back or cut favorable state PV policies as grid-connected solar PV installations have increased, due to decreased profits, grid complications, and customer fairness, among other reasons. This research first uses a hierarchical regression analysis with cross-sectional data from the years 2012–2013 to examine the suite of state-level policies used to encourage state non-utility PV installations. Comparing the impact of various policy approaches to other factors such as electricity costs, electricity market deregulation, per capita income, and the availability of solar energy resources, this research finds net energy metering to be the most important policy driver of non-utility PV installed capacity. Given this finding, the research shifts its focus to community net energy metering or shared solar, which is an innovative policy approach that allows multiple consumers to share the costs and benefits of ownership in an off-site solar PV facility, opening market access to a wide variety of individuals. Using the punctuated equilibrium framework and semi-structured telephone interviews with policy experts across the U.S. from the solar industry, environmental groups, government, and electric utilities, this research discovers that electric utility lobbying and an overall lack of attention have hindered community solar enabling legislation. However, opportunities exist for future development via increased participation, collaboration, and key events that may alter the policy equilibrium. Finally, this method is utilized in Virginia to more narrowly study why the state has dismissed community solar legislation multiple times. Such an approach is useful in understanding how other historically laggard states may adopt community net energy metering or shared solar legislation in the future.
9
Wade, India H. "Sunny Side Up: Developing Community Solar Policy in the State of California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/643.
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Over the past ten years, the State of California has realized environmental, economic, and social benefits through the increased deployment of solar photovoltaic technologies. However, utility-scale and residential-scale solar projects also pose a variety of problems, which have created barriers to their broader adoption. Community solar projects offer a model for solar development that can reduce the problems associated with utility-scale and residential-scale projects, while simultaneously preserving the benefits of each. This thesis examines the problems associated with current solar projects and proposes policy to support the community solar project model in California.
10
Sittig, Julia Brooke. "Solar Energy on Arizona Public Lands: Environmental Impacts and Stakeholder Perspectives." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338759.
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With America’s recent needs for creating jobs, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and becoming "energy independent" from foreign nations, the large-scale deployment of solar energy projects has been proclaimed a solution for rapidly generating "clean" energy. Federal agencies have been mandated by law to expedite the siting of utility-scale solar energy projects (USSEPs) on public lands. In particular, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has focused on USSEP development by creating a national solar energy program as well as state-specific programs for encouraging USSEP development, and has thus far approved two USSEPs in Arizona. Although operational USSEPs do not emit greenhouse gases, they are not completely benign to the environment. USSEPs incur negative impacts on soils, vegetation, air quality, and other natural and cultural resources. Because USSEPs have the potential to mitigate climate change, yet incur other negative environmental impacts, the reaction of citizen stakeholders such as environmental advocates to public lands USSEP development has been mixed. Environmental advocate groups have both encouraged BLM to build USSEPs, and filed lawsuits discouraging project development. In light of the ability of environmental advocates to influence USSEP development, this study explored the complex opinions of members of environmental organizations, conservation groups, watershed initiatives, and solar industry professionals regarding USSEP development on Arizona public lands. Through a review of relevant literature, a content analysis of BLM environmental review documents, and the distribution and statistical analysis of an opinion survey, the study provides insight into the implications of the current BLM Arizona siting process and specific, up-to-date stakeholder perspectives. The results indicate that while BLM Arizona siting policies do attempt to address environmental concerns, significant concerns about the current USSEP siting process remain, and that environmental advocates' support for public lands USSEPs is lower than their support for renewable energy development in general. Stakeholders reported having low levels of three items: knowledge of current solar technologies, understanding of the current federal USSEP siting process, and confidence that the government will appropriately site solar energy projects. Addressing those items may alleviate tensions between stakeholders and public lands decision-makers, resulting in faster and more environmentally responsible USSEP siting.
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Eash-Gates, Philip(Philip Killman). "Modeling barriers to cost change in solar and nuclear energy technologies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122160.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 109-122).
The cost of photovoltaic systems has declined more rapidly than other electricity production technologies, while nuclear plant costs have risen. Changing costs have contributed to global energy transitions in the past, and our capacity to decarbonize the electricity sector will depend on the cost of low-carbon electricity production technologies like photovoltaic and nuclear energy. Understanding the mechanisms behind historical cost evolution and potential future improvement can inform the design of energy technologies and the policies that advance them. This thesis investigates historical barriers and future opportunities for cost reduction in solar and nuclear power. By developing innovative mathematical and conceptual models, we address the following questions: (1) How can "plug-and-play" design improve costs in photovoltaic systems? (2) What were the sources of cost escalation and overruns in nuclear power plant construction? We address these questions in chapters 2 and 3.
Chapter 2 assesses the potential for plug-and-play designs to reduce non-module costs in photovoltaic systems. This work advances use of the design structure matrix for studying cost change in energy technologies by evaluating design factors across multiple systems. We identify the cost components with significant latent potential for improvement--profit, installation labor, overhead, electrical balance of system, and customer acquisition--and show that plug-and-play designs have advantageous effects on their constituent parts. A conventional small-scale photovoltaic project contains nearly 600 interactions across 30 or more system elements; we show that plug-and-play designs can reduce the number of interactions by two-thirds and elements by half.
Several mechanisms are important to the cost change potential of plug-and-play technology: eliminating various project tasks or shifting their responsibility to the consumer removes the associated overhead and profit of installation firms; pre-assembly of system components and standardization of project tasks eliminates installation labor costs; reduction and simplification of BOS electrical components lowers equipment costs; and standardization of system design precludes time-intensive tasks involved in customer acquisition. We compare the advantages of prevailing plug-and-play designs and consider future opportunities for technological innovation and policy advancement. Chapter 3 examines the engineering assumptions underlying many nuclear cost models using historical cost data from the U.S. nuclear industry. We show that expectations for technological improvement may have underestimated factors external to hardware design.
By mapping separate cost trajectories for standard plant designs, we find that nth-of-a-kind (NOAK) plants have been more expensive than first-of-a-kind (FOAK) plants, counter to traditional expectations. Indirect costs external to technological design were responsible for most of the cost rise observed between 1976 and 1987. Decomposition of cost changes in the reactor containment building shows that while safety was a significant factor driving cost increases, non-safety factors were comparably influential. Comparing productivity data from recent U.S. plant construction to industry expectations, we find that material deployment rates are up to thirteen times slower than cost estimating guidelines suggest. We discuss which technologies could potentially lower the impact of external, previously cost-increasing factors, with the support of regulatory changes and R&D.
by Philip Eash-Gates.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
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Wan, Kwo-Feng. "A behavioural view of the decision for capability investments : the solar PV industry in Taiwan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/56779/.
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This research examines the role of framing in the process of decision-making for new capability investments under conditions of policy and technological uncertainty. I argue that framing can explain the decision to exploit current capabilities, but is not sufficient to explain the decision to explore new capabilities. This research discriminates between “frames” and “framing” in the investigation: whereas “framing” is the process of constructing the meaning of the decision problem, “frame” refers to a specific perspective adopted by the decision makers. I develop a three-level research design: the industry-level analysis adopts the approach of eliciting heuristics to identify general patterns. The firm-level examines sources of variation and causal complexity by comparative case analysis. The decision-maker level investigates the influence of senior managers' professional experience using a scenario evaluation approach. Three observations from the case study of Taiwanese solar PV firms: firstly, systematic patterns are found in the process of framing environmental uncertainty and attributing the causes of the decision problem of capability investments. Secondly, whilst differentiated framing exists and corresponds to selective attention; such a difference is not necessarily associated with different choice pattern. Finally, the loosely coupling framing and choices leads to the speculation that the role of deliberate practice, rather than framing has a stronger influence on the decision to explore. This research illustrates that the capabilities investment decision is not a single event but a complex process. While the stylised psychological principles explain the heuristic judgments, the influencing factors of an organisational decision are interdependent and temporally connected in the decision context. I argue that the problem of framing lies in prohibiting the alterative frame. Therefore exploration needs to be deliberately sought by the specially designed practice. This research contributes to understanding the relationship between behavioural view of descriptive analysis and prescriptive view of procedural rationality in the decision- making process.
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Junior, Mariano Rua Lamarca. "Políticas públicas globais de incentivo ao uso da energia solar para geração de eletricidade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2364.
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We will analyze in this work public policies to promote the use of renewable energy sources within a group of selected countries, which are the industrialized countries in the Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, the emerging BRICS group of countries (Brasil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and the USA, focusing on solar energy for electricity generation. Comparing the main energy policies that are being designed in this representative group of countries, we find that is currently under construction, supported by a portfolio of policies that we will identify in the research, revolutionary technological innovation systems as a means of generating electricity from solar energy. We will demonstrate that the changes underway in energy policies of the most diverse Nation-States, setting goals for the participation of renewables in their energy mix, represent a global process of policy convergence, and that societies are moving towards a new paradigm where the pursuit of sustainability plays a key role in the policy building process
Analisaremos neste trabalho as políticas públicas de incentivo ao uso de fontes de energia renováveis dentro de um grupo de países selecionados, que são os países industrializados do Anexo B do Protocolo de Kyoto, os países emergentes do bloco BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) e os EUA, com foco na energia solar para geração de eletricidade. Comparando as principais políticas públicas de energia que vêm sendo desenhadas neste representativo grupo de países, verificaremos que encontram-se atualmente em construção, apoiados por um portfólio de políticas que iremos identificar na pesquisa, revolucionários sistemas de inovação tecnológica como meio de produção de eletricidade por energia solar. Iremos demonstrar que as mudanças em curso nas políticas de energia dos mais diversos Estados-Nação, estabelecendo objetivos de participação de energias renováveis em suas matrizes energéticas, representam um processo global de convergência de políticas, e que as sociedades estão avançando em direção a um novo paradigma onde a busca da sustentabilidade assume um papel fundamental no processo de construção de políticas
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Lamarca, Junior Mariano Rua. "Políticas públicas globais de incentivo ao uso da energia solar para geração de eletricidade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/3447.
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Mariano Rua Lamarca Junior.pdf: 2418858 bytes, checksum: 6ea8fd2c9013941f884e45a73db0c21d (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012-10-23Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
We will analyze in this work public policies to promote the use of renewable energy sources within a group of selected countries, which are the industrialized countries in the Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, the emerging BRICS group of countries (Brasil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) and the USA, focusing on solar energy for electricity generation. Comparing the main energy policies that are being designed in this representative group of countries, we find that is currently under construction, supported by a portfolio of policies that we will identify in the research, revolutionary technological innovation systems as a means of generating electricity from solar energy. We will demonstrate that the changes underway in energy policies of the most diverse Nation-States, setting goals for the participation of renewables in their energy mix, represent a global process of policy convergence, and that societies are moving towards a new paradigm where the pursuit of sustainability plays a key role in the policy building process
Analisaremos neste trabalho as políticas públicas de incentivo ao uso de fontes de energia renováveis dentro de um grupo de países selecionados, que são os países industrializados do Anexo B do Protocolo de Kyoto, os países emergentes do bloco BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) e os EUA, com foco na energia solar para geração de eletricidade. Comparando as principais políticas públicas de energia que vêm sendo desenhadas neste representativo grupo de países, verificaremos que encontram-se atualmente em construção, apoiados por um portfólio de políticas que iremos identificar na pesquisa, revolucionários sistemas de inovação tecnológica como meio de produção de eletricidade por energia solar. Iremos demonstrar que as mudanças em curso nas políticas de energia dos mais diversos Estados-Nação, estabelecendo objetivos de participação de energias renováveis em suas matrizes energéticas, representam um processo global de convergência de políticas, e que as sociedades estão avançando em direção a um novo paradigma onde a busca da sustentabilidade assume um papel fundamental no processo de construção de políticas
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Dean, Ryan S. B. (Ryan G. ). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "An analysis of the photovoltaic value chain for reviewing solar energy policy in Massachusetts." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45846.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 28-29).
We explore the photovoltaic value chain for 1st generation crystalline silicon, 2nd generation thin film and 3rd generation organic/ dye-sensitized PV in an effort to evaluate two levels of policy options intended to create new jobs and develop Massachusetts as a renewable energy hub. The primary option is whether to focus on bringing jobs in manufacturing, R&D or installation to the state. Once the state decides on the type of job or mix of jobs desired, then the state can explore which technology is most likely to accomplish this goal. To evaluate each option we begin with an overview of solar industry in Massachusetts and then break down each generation into processing steps from manufacturing to installation. By defining a value chain for each PV generation, we are able understand which portion of the value chain may be important for developing a renewable energy hub. We find that the state's goals in developing a solar hub need to be more clearly defined before we can select the best policy option. Further research must also detail employment intensity at each value chain step. Once employment intensity and specific state goals are understood, each policy objectives can be reevaluated.
by Ryan Dean.
S.B.
16
Sommerfeld, Jeffrey. "Residential customers and adoption of solar PV." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/98508/4/Jeffrey_Sommerfeld_Thesis.pdf.
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Policies encouraging consumer use of solar photovoltaic (PV) are promoted to reduce the impacts of climate change. To maximise benefits, the role of the consumer is critical as their adoption and use of renewable energy technology may, or may not, align with policy objectives of the energy professionals. The contribution of this research is it provides a better understanding of consumer interaction with solar PV technology. From this understanding, policy options can be developed and/or adapted to address technical and/or human-related issues that impact on the effectiveness of solar PV policy aimed at reducing peak demand and creating low carbon communities.
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Ciamponi, Celso Eduardo Souza. "Geração de energia elétrica domiciliar solar e eólica: análise das condições socioeconômicas para implantação em residências de baixo consumo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8513.
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This paper presents the results of the economic feasibility analysis of implementing a distributed generation system based on electricity produced from wind and / or solar systems in the cities of Sorocaba, São Paulo; Brasilia, Federal District; Rio Branco, Acre; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Manaus, Amazonas and Fortaleza, Ceará. Thus, three scenarios were raised as well as the consumption of energy generated, in full or having to be complemented with the use of the normal distribution network. For each of the scenarios considered the following indicators were raised: NPV, IRR, and Payback final balance in the life of the equipment, based on a TMA equal to the government Selic rate. As a result we had a payback between 8 and 12 years in the best case scenario and between 12 and 16 years in the worst scenario analyzed, but all were positive NPV and final balance at the end of life of equipamrnto In this way it was possible to determine for these cities that the best structure to be implemented and serve as a basis for analyzing the implementation of this same infrastructure in other locations in Brazil, particularly in more remote places where access to electrification in the centralized system becomes more difficult to arrival.
Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da análise de viabilidade econômica da implantação de um sistema de geração distribuída baseado em energia elétrica produzida a partir de sistemas eólicos e/ou solares, nas cidades de Sorocaba, São Paulo; Brasília, Distrito Federal; Rio Branco, Acre; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Manaus, Amazonas e Fortaleza, Ceará. Assim, foram levantados três cenários possíveis, bem como o consumo desta energia gerada, de forma integral ou tendo de ser complementada com o uso da rede de distribuição normal. Para cada um dos cenários estudados foram levantados os seguintes indicadores: VPL, TIR, Payback e saldo final na vida útil do equipamento, como base em uma TMA igual à taxa Selic do governo. Como resultado tivemos um payback entre 8 e 12 anos no melhor cenário e entre 12 e 16 anos no pior cenário analisado, mas todos apresentaram VPL positivo e saldo final ao término da vida útil do equipamrnto Desta forma foi possível determinar para estas cidades qual a melhor estrutura a ser implantada bem como servir de base para a análise na implantação desta mesma infraestrutura em outras localidades do Brasil, principalmente em lugares mais distantes onde o acesso à eletrificação no sistema centralizado se torna mais difícil a sua chegada.
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Weaver, Anne. "The Social Acceptance of Community Solar| A Portland Case Study." Thesis, Portland State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10600285.
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Community solar is a renewable energy practice that’s been adopted by multiple U.S. states and is being considered by many more, including the state of Oregon. A recent senate bill in Oregon, called the “Clean Electricity and Coal Transition Plan”, includes a provision that directs the Oregon Public Utility Commission to establish a community solar program for investor-owned utilities by late 2017. Thus, energy consumers in Portland will be offered participation in community solar projects in the near future. Community solar is a mechanism that allows ratepayers to experience both the costs and benefits of solar energy while also helping to offset the proportion of fossil-fuel generated electricity in utility grids, thus aiding climate change mitigation.
For community solar to achieve market success in the residential sector of Portland, ratepayers of investor-owned utilities must socially accept this energy practice. The aim of this study was to forecast the potential social acceptance of community solar among Portland residents by measuring willingness to participate in these projects. Additionally, consumer characteristics, attitudes, awareness, and knowledge were captured to assess the influence of these factors on intent to enroll in community solar. The theory of planned behavior, as well as the social acceptance, diffusion of innovation, and dual-interest theories were frameworks used to inform the analysis of community solar adoption. These research objectives were addressed through a mixed-mode survey of Portland residents, using a stratified random sample of Portland neighborhoods to acquire a gradient of demographics. 330 questionnaires were completed, yielding a 34.2% response rate.
Descriptive statistics, binomial logistic regression models, and mean willingness to pay were the analyses conducted to measure the influence of project factors and demographic characteristics on likelihood of community solar participation. Roughly 60% of respondents exhibited interest in community solar enrollment. The logistic regression model revealed the percent change in utility bill (essentially the rate of return on the community solar investment) as a dramatically influential variable predicting willingness to participate. Community solar project scenarios also had a strong influence on willingness to participate: larger, cheaper, and distant projects were preferred over small and expensive local projects. Results indicate that community solar project features that accentuate affordability are most important to energy consumers. Additionally, demographic characteristics that were strongly correlated with willingness to enroll were politically liberal ideologies, higher incomes, current enrollment in green utility programs, and membership in an environmental organization. Thus, the market acceptance of community solar in Portland will potentially be broadened by emphasizing affordability over other features, such as community and locality.
Additionally, I explored attitudinal influences on interest in community solar by conducting exploratory factor analysis on attitudes towards energy, climate change, and solar barriers and subsequently conducting binomial logistic regression models. Results found that perceiving renewable energy as environmentally beneficial was positively correlated with intent to enroll in community solar, which supported the notion that environmental attitudes will lead to environmental behaviors. The logistic regression model also revealed a negative correlation between community solar interest and negative attitudes towards renewable energy. Perceptions of solar barriers were mild, indicating that lack of an enabling mechanism may be the reason solar continues to be underutilized in this region.
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Blondel, Paul. "Photovoltaics in positive energy buildings." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181961.
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This paper deals with the usage of photovoltaics in positive energy buildings. The European Union published in 2010 a directive about the energy performance of buildings in which article 9 states that all member States shall ensure that by the end of 2020 all new buildings should be “nearly zero-energy” buildings (by the end of 2018 for public buildings). This kind of nearly zero-energy buildings is starting to develop in France under the name “BEPOS” (which stands for POSitive Energy Building, in French), and this is the name that will be used in this document. 288 projects have been certified “BEPOS” as of 2012, according to the ADEME which published a map of all the BEPOS buildings in France (the ADEME is a French agency for the environment and the energy utilization, which is a major actor in the French energy policy, often deciding where to allocate funds). To be a BEPOS, these buildings need to produce electricity on site and photovoltaics are often considered as one of the most mature and competitive technology to do so, also the most used. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that photovoltaics are an economically viable means to reach the BEPOS quality label, and to provide data to quantify the cost and performance of a photovoltaic system. To achieve that, the technological and market conditions of photovoltaics in France are reviewed, and techno-economic calculations are made using data provided by solar and construction companies.
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エァー, アルヤクブ アミン ヒラール, and Amin Hilal Ali Al-Yaquob. "Assessment of feed in tariff policy impacts for promoting wind and solar energy development in Japan." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12998768/?lang=0, 2016. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12998768/?lang=0.
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Sun, Xiaojing. "The role of policy and markets in the development of the solar photovoltaic industry: Evidence from China." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54948.
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This dissertation looks at the technological innovation and market competitiveness of the solar PV industry in China, and examines the role played by policy and markets in the development of the industry. Using solar cell lab efficiency and the quality and quantity of solar PV patents as indicators, this study finds that, unlike what conventional wisdom assumes, China is closing the innovation gap between itself and the world’s leading innovators. This is mainly due to three reasons: a national strategic vision for innovation, growing public and private R&D investment, and an innovation ecosystem made of government sponsored science and technology programs and technology-specific global innovation networks. Solar PV manufacturing in China thrived on a fully-developed self-sufficient domestic supply chain that features a few highly concentrated industrial clusters, such as the one in the Yangtze River Delta area. The agglomeration economies it created, combined with economies of scale development, commercialization-oriented innovation, and attention to low-cost production are mainly responsible for the competitiveness of the solar PV manufacturing industry in China. However, weakness in tooling and material production due to a lack of advanced scientific knowledge and manufacturing skills constrains the further development of the supply chain. The emphasis on process innovation also renders the industry vulnerable to disruptive technologies.
Moving forward, policymakers should continue to promote global research networks and local production networks, and use innovation as a crosscutting lever to integrate R&D conducted in labs with innovation needed in the manufacturing sector and the supply chain.
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Hoffman, Dana M. C. "FINANCING PUBLIC SOLAR PROJECTS: CALIFORNIA PUBLIC JURISDICTIONS’ EXPERIENCES IN ACQUIRING AND FINANCING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATIONS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1045.
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More efficient technologies, state laws as well as environmental, social, and political pressures have all contributed to placing solar acquisition on the agenda for California’s public entities over the last half decade. But a key question for these frequently cash-strapped jurisdictions is how to utilize public dollars and lands, and how to leverage incentives to obtain solar PVs. As an alternative to outright purchase, a promising financing option made available to jurisdictions in recent years is ownership by a third party, usually the solar company, including various forms of Power Purchase Agreements (PPA’s) and leasing. Due in part to state and federal incentives available between 2007 and 2012, these third-party provider (TPP) options have been used with increasing frequency; TPP arrangements accounted for “virtually all” larger and mid-size non-residential installations in 2008 (Sherwood 2008). A number of California’s early adopters of third-party financing have installations that have now been operational for several years. Consequently, there is a new opportunity to evaluate third-party financing effectiveness. This thesis reviews solar acquisition practices in California over the last six years, comparing financing options through document analysis and feedback from jurisdiction staff. It finds that directly buying installations has provided a slight advantage in direct savings and overall satisfaction for jurisdictions on average, but success generally depends upon the jurisdiction having secured upfront capital, usually from successfully accessing very low-interest loans or large grants. TPP projects have provided a good alternative to direct purchase, resulting in significant savings and positive reviews from jurisdictions, allowing them to invest in larger installation sizes, and to meet local policy goals or mandates. Additionally, this thesis makes observations about the limitations for installation sizing, impacts of siting on savings, tips for selecting a solar installer, the benefits of cooperative procurement arrangements, and the relative importance of existing and expired monetary incentives available for solar from 2006 through 2020.
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Pittie, Aditya. "Gateway to energy democracy and access in India using off-grid solar home systems and PayGo platform." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117945.
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Thesis: S.M. in Management of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-78).
More than a billion people around the world still lack access to electricity with more than 300 million of them living in India. Without any other options, these citizens are forced to either go without power or burn kerosene or wood. There is an urgent need for the democratization of energy, which is defined as equitable access for smaller, disadvantaged energy consumers to the high-value energy options currently realized only by larger consumers. This study analyses the problem of energy access in India and it's background and context and proposes the use of off-grid solar home lighting systems (SHS) using Pay-as- you-Go (PayGo) technology and using Energy-as-a-Service (EaaS) business model as a viable solution. This is a sustainable, equitable and inclusive solution with the potential to empower and improve the lives of many while having the ability to be rolled-out immediately and scaled-up rapidly. The proposed solution using off-grid SHS enabled by PayGo technology and using EaaS as a business model is an effective and practical first step towards providing access to electricity to people at the bottom of the pyramid who presently have no access and who are forced to use fuel based light sources for illumination. This solution provides a gateway and a pathway for these people to enjoy modern and clean lighting and enable them to break the bonds of social backwardness and provide them the means to transform their lives. The end goal envisions a holistic solution with a judicious mix of grid connectivity along with off-grid solutions to allow these people to move up the ladder of energy access towards energy prosperity.
by Aditya Pittie.
S.M. in Management of Technology
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Suzigan, Kelly Rosana 1983. "A transição para uma matriz energética limpa : os avanços na tecnologia solar." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286527.
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Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro RomeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: As reservas mundiais de petróleo, carvão e gás natural podem acomodar maior crescimento no uso destas fontes de energia sobre as próximas décadas, mas agrava os enormes desafios colocados pelas alterações climáticas. A produção e o consumo energético de energia têm grande impacto na sociedade e na natureza, e o uso dos combustíveis fósseis é claramente insustentável com consequências potencialmente catastróficas. Desta forma, a necessidade de transição para uma matriz energética mais limpa é evidente, podendo ser observada através do redirecionamento da política energética de algumas das nações líderes do mundo. Dentre as tecnologias energéticas limpas, a tecnologia solar tem se destacado no cenário mundial, e por hipótese a energia solar deverá ser a principal fonte para geração de eletricidade no futuro. Esta dissertação pretende contribuir com a investigação acerca do desenvolvimento e perspectivas da energia solar no mundo, trazendo alguma luz à controvérsia sobre a possibilidade de superação do paradigma energético baseado na combustão de fósseis a tempo de se evitar um possível desastre ambiental. O presente trabalho divide-se em três partes. A primeira parte trata da necessidade da transição da matriz energética baseada em uso de combustíveis fósseis para uma baseada em energia limpa, essencial em decorrência das já comprovadas limitações ambientais, que se agravará futuramente diante da expectativa de largo aumento na demanda de energia para acompanhar o crescimento econômico futuro. A segunda parte faz uma breve discussão acerca de algumas questões relativas à construção de um novo paradigma energético e da inovação em tecnologias de energia de baixo carbono, além de salientar especificidades da tecnologia solar. Por fim, na terceira parte traça-se um panorama do cenário atual mundial com relação ao setor de energia solar a partir dos principais países que investem na tecnologia: Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Japão e China. Neste capítulo será analisado o progresso do setor solar em cada país, apontando as políticas de incentivo, desenvolvimento da indústria solar, evolução do mercado e perspectivas futuras da energia solar
Abstract: The world reserves of oil, coal and natural gas can accommodate further growth in energy use over the next few decades, but aggravates the great challenges posed by climate change. The production and consumption of energy have been creating great impact in our society and nature, and the consumption of fossil fuels is clearly unsustainable with potentially catastrophic consequences. Thus, the importance of renewable forms of energy is growing robustly, which can be observed by the energy policies of some of the leading nations in the world. Among the renewable forms of energy, solar power generation is becoming mainstream and by hypothesis is likely to become the world¿s most important source for electricity generation in the future. This thesis aims to contribute on the research concerning the development and prospects of solar energy in the world, bringing some light to the controversy about the possibility of overcoming the energy paradigm based on the combustion of fossil in time to prevent a possible environmental disaster. This paper is divided into three parts. The first one highlight the need for a transition from a fossil fuel-based society to one based on renewable energy, enabling a more sustainable growth. The second part is a brief discussion regarding the construction of a new energy paradigm and the innovations in the in low-carbon energy technologies, highlighting specific characteristics of the solar technology. Finally, the third part makes an overview of the current scenario, especially the one regarding the solar industry in the most advanced countries in the development of solar energy (United States, Germany, Japan and China). In this chapter an analysis is made about the progress of the solar energy in each country, pointing out government subsidies, industry and market development and future prospects of solar energy
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Mestra em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Breitbarth, Maximilian. "A Brighter Future: An Integrated Strategy for Increasing Renewable Distributed Generation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1600.
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I explore the environmental and economic value to be gained by using a greater proportion of renewable distributed generation, mainly solar, relative to centralized generation in the United States in this thesis. I explain the benefits of distributed solar, namely the reductions in environmental damage and the economic benefits for system owners. These benefits will are compared to the obstacles to renewable distributed generation adoption: the costs associated with installation, the political resistance from utilities and power producers, and the aspects of current energy infrastructure that limit wider adoption of distributed solar. I make recommendations for changes to utility strategy, as well as provide policy prescriptions at the local, state, and national level to incentivize distributed solar. These findings and suggested actions can help inform policymakers and utilities as they shape future U.S. energy infrastructure.
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Flygare, Carl. "A market-based instrument for renewable energy : Modelling a dynamic price function for local areas." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-403002.
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This thesis describes the current situation of the electrical grid on a general level and contemporary support policies for residents who feed renewably produced electricity into the grid within a Swedish context. It shows which issues currently exists and suggests a new way to value overproduced renewable electricity which is not self-consumed. This way is called a dynamic price function (DPF), and this thesis models, simulates and analyzes the DPF in order to create an economic incentive to support the balance of the electrical grid – one of its most important parameters. The suggested DPF could potentially work with any renewable source in any area, but the focus in this thesis has been on solar power-systems for households in local areas. While the currently support policies, which uses static models to value overproduced renewable electricity, have created important incentives for the initial penetration of solar power among local residents they do not scale well as the share of renewable production on a local level increase. This might cause negative impacts on the electrical grid. The thesis’ results show that by designing the DPF in certain ways it is possible to create an economic incentive for different behaviors. The most promising design incorporates three different incentives at the same time and they are: 1) to incentivize the initial penetration of solar power in local areas which do not have any production, 2) to incentivize a higher share of solar power, but not too high, and 3) to procure storage possibilities for overproduced electricity. These incentives do not only encourage a more even geographical distribution of solar power, but also allow for a higher share of solar power in the energy system without risking the balance of the grid.
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Bruno, Aina. "The transfer of knowledge for renewable energy policy-making between Europe and Peru in the period 2006-2009 : Impacts in the Peruvian Solar Photovoltaic innovation system." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228866.
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Energy generation and use is one of the main contributors to climate change, as it is responsible for two thirds of the global greenhouse gas emissions (IEA 2015). In this context, renewable energies (RE) are increasingly gaining momentum as a key driver for the transition towards a low-carbon society (REN21 2016) and a source of technological and social innovation. The deployment of RE and its integration in large-scale power generation systems has been progressively driven by supportive policy frameworks adopted by pioneering countries such as Germany, Spain and France. This has subsequently fostered a process of learning and spreading of policies between leading countries and other governments willing to implement RE support schemes. Within the field of comparative public policy, different but interrelated approaches of the phenomenon of policy spreading have been developed, among which the most rehearsed are policy diffusion, policy transfer, policy convergence and lesson-drawing. The present study addresses a specific case of policy transfer between Germany-Spain and Peru for the implementation in the latter of a policy framework to foster the development of RE technologies (Legislative Decree 1002) in 2008, and the subsequent adoption of a support policy mechanism, Renewable Auctions (RA) in 2009. The assessment of the policy transfer process has been carried out by applying the Dolowitz and Marsh Model (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996, 2000). Furthermore, an exploratory analysis of the impacts of the policy transfer process in the development of the Peruvian Solar PV technology innovation system has been conducted in order to assess the outcomes of the policy transfer process in terms of RE technological deployment in the country, tackling Solar PV as the RE technology in focus. For this purpose, a simplified adaptation of the technology innovation system framework (TIS) developed by Hekkert et al. 2007 and Bergek et al 2008 has been employed. The results of the study show that the transfer of knowledge related to RE policy-making involved both voluntary and coercive causes. The drivers for the occurrence of policy transfer were the pressure exerted by a foreigner actor (US) for the enforcement of the RE policy framework (LD 1002) in Peru and the institutional support provided by a “convinced bureaucrat” (the former Vice Minister of Energy). The choice of adopting RA instead of other instruments such as Feed-in-tariffs or Feed-in-premiums is related to the know-how of the country in terms of infrastructure investments and its traditional “modus-operandi”, the availability of natural and financial resources within the country, the perception of technical and financial risks, the negative lessons drawn from the experiences of Spain and Germany regarding the implementation of FITs, and the current state of development of the global RE sector. The policy transfer process has contributed to the development of some components of the Peruvian Solar PV innovation system. From a structural point of view, it has triggered a diversification of the actors involved, mainly driven by the incorporation of large foreign companies specialized in RE, as well as conventional energy companies that have diversified their core activities towards RE. From a dynamic perspective, the implementation of RA has promoted the increase in Solar PV installed capacity and its contribution to the electricity mix, promoting chiefly the function of market formation.
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Avril, Sophie. "A multidisciplinary approach to the introduction of the solar photovoltaic technologies in the energy mix." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0057.
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Les problématiques énergétiques sont au sommet des préoccupations politiques dans de nombreux pays, du fait des enjeux environnementaux inhérents, du rôle moteur de l’énergie dans tous les secteurs économiques ainsi que des préoccupations relatives à l’indépendance énergétique. Cet intérêt est accru du fait de la part croissante des sources d’énergie renouvelables et intermittentes dans le mix énergétique mondial. En particulier, de par son fort potentiel et la volonté politique de soutien dont elle a bénéficié, l’énergie photovoltaïque est désormais un acteur clé dans la mutation énergétique mondiale, et son intégration dans le mix mondial doit être réalisée avec attention. Afin d’avoir une compréhension approfondie de la façon dont l’énergie solaire peut pénétrer et transformer le panorama énergétique, nous avons adopté une stratégie en trois niveaux avec une approche multidisciplinaire visant à apporter quelques réponses aux questions suivantes : i/ quel sera la position de l’énergie solaire dans le futur mix énergétique ?; ii/ du fait de son inconvénient majeur, l’intermittence, pouvons-nous fournir une architecture optimale d’une système basé sur l’énergie solaire associant des systèmes de stockage ?; iii/ quelle est l’efficacité des politiques incitatives mises en œuvre pour accélérer son déploiement ?Ainsi, dans un premier chapitre, nous analysons la position particulière de l’énergie photovoltaïque dans le mix énergétique. Après un rappel des enjeux des futurs mix énergétiques mondiaux, nous proposons une description sommaire des différentes technologies solaires et de leurs évolutions attendues en termes d’améliorations techniques et de réductions de coûts. Enfin, nous décrivons la croissance très rapide du marché photovoltaïque et de ces conséquences à la fois sur le mix électrique et sur le secteur industriel. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous nous intéressons à la problématique de l’intégration de cette énergie intermittente dans le mix électrique, en développant une méthodologie d’évaluation multicritère ainsi qu’un outil d’optimisation multicritère sous contraintes qui permet de faire des simulations d’un système composé de panneaux photovoltaïques et de technologies de stockage. Des cas d’applications sur le cas réel du Cirque de Mafate (L’île de la Réunion, France) sont présentés pour illustrer l’intérêt de la méthode.Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, nous questionnons l’efficacité de différentes politiques de soutien aux technologies photovoltaïques dans les pays les plus pertinents. Nous examinons plus particulièrement la corrélation entre la puissance installée, l’argent publique dépensé, ainsi que les prix de l’électricitéThe energetic issue is on the top of the political agenda in many countries, for environmental reasons, for its driving role in all the economic sectors, as well as for the energetic independency concerns. This problematic is stressed by the increasing weight of renewable intermittent power sources in the global energy mix. In particular, due to its high potential and the strong national policy support it beneficiated, solar photovoltaic energy is now a key player in the world energy mutation, and the way it is integrated into the global mix should be carefully performed. To deeply understand the way solar energy can penetrate and transform the forthcoming energy framework, we adopted a three-level strategy with an multidisciplinary approach to provide some answers to the following questions: i/ how can we situate the photovoltaic power role in future energy mixes?; ii/ due to its main drawback, intermittency, could we provide an optimal design of a system combining storage devices?; iii/ what is the efficiency of the incentive policies that are or have been implemented to accelerate its deployment?That is why, in a first chapter, the peculiar position of the solar photovoltaic energy in the energy mix is analyzed. After recalling the general issue of future global energetic mixes, we propose a brief description of the different photovoltaic technologies and their promising evolutions in terms of technical improvements and cost reductions. Then, we describe the fast growing photovoltaic market and its consequences both on the electricity mix and the industry sector.In the second chapter we investigate the issue of integrating such an intermittent energy in the electricity mix, by developing a multicriteria evaluation methodology and a multicriteria under constraint optimization tool which simulates a system composed of photovoltaic panels and storage devices. Applications on a real case in the Cirque de Mafate (L’île de la Réunion, France) are presented to illustrate the interest of our method.Finally, in chapter three, we question the efficiency of different public support policies to the photovoltaic technologies in the most relevant countries. We focus on correlating the installed power capacity with the spent public money and the electricity prices
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Marei, Ibrahim Fatehi Ibrahim. "The law and policy for electricity generated by renewable energy: Greening the power in three Middle Eastern jurisdictions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92279/4/Ibrahim_Marei_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the law and policy concerning renewable energy electricity generation in Palestine, Jordan, and Abu Dhabi. The thesis gives greater attention to the promotion of solar power owing to the abundance and viability. It appears that energy security profoundly underpins the utilisation of renewable electricity, and the motivation of climate change mitigation also pays a role in the promotion of renewable energy in these jurisdictions. However, current policies and regulations are not fully able to promote the renewables in the power sector. The thesis submits that reforms of law and policy are necessary to enhance the achievement of environmental and energy goals.
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Ng, Benny Siu Hon. "A machine learning approach to evaluating renewable energy technology : an alternative LACE study on solar photo-voltaic (PV)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127172.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, May, 2020Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 75-79).
Currently, renewable technologies are often evaluated using the Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), which is a measure of building and operating a generating plant over an assumed αnancial life and duty cycle. Naturally, instead of only measuring the cost, a more holistic approach would be to also assess the economical value of the renewable generating technology. One approach to this would be to measure the Levelized Avoided Cost of Electricity (LACE), which considers what it will cost the grid to generate electricity using renewable technology, amortized over its lifetime. However, estimating avoided cost can be challenging since it requires knowledge of how the renewable technology would perform in electricity generation, especially when taking into account a projected future period. Naturally this would have repercussions in policies adopting greater renewable technologies, further emphasising the importance of an adequate measure of evaluating renewable technology.
In this thesis, we explore several methods of evaluating alternative sources of energy, with an in-depth focus on a LACE evaluation of solar PV as an alternative source of electricity generation within CAISO market. Through experimentation of different variants of a recurrent neural network, an LSTM model was trained to predict 2016 electricity prices of all nodes within CAISO. The model achieved a Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE) of 0.761, outperforming a naive baseline using the Day-Ahead prices. Using the predicted prices, the LACE for solar PV was estimated and compared against the LACE computed with perfect knowledge of prices. Even though they had similar mean values, there was a significant difference in the variance. The effects of improvements in price prediction on the LACE was further explored. We found that the smaller the difference in the estimated LACE to the respective LCOE value, the greater the impact of improving price prediction performance; and was able to place an implicit value of an improvement of price prediction performance. Especially for policy and decision makers, this improvement in electricity price forecasting would directly translate to greater confidence when making the decision to switch a solar PV alternative.
by Benny Siu Hon Ng.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Arnesson, Daniel. "Subsidizing Global Solar Power : A contemporary legal study of existing and potential international incentives for solar PV investments in developing countries." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-28555.
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With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for.
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Riley, Mary-Catherine. "Net Metering: A Case Study of Arizona and California." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1119.
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What impacts the residential use of solar in the United States? There are many factors including financial barriers to entry and financial incentives. However, what is missing in the current academic conversations is net metering. I focus on net metering policies in two of the most solar capable states, California and Arizona. The main difference between these states is that Arizona revoked its net metering policies in 2016 while California has chosen to keep net metering policies into the future. This thesis suggests that net metering is important because it in some way effects the decisions of utilities, solar companies, and residents and therefore should be more focused on in academia.
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Quitzow, Rainer [Verfasser]. "A dynamic perspective on environmental innovation and national competitiveness : an assessment of policy and empirical evidence from the solar energy sector / Rainer Quitzow." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073869091/34.
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Barry, Elise Kristen. "Detailing the policy interactions between the Queensland solar bonus scheme and the small-scale renewable energy scheme, including the solar credits multiplier, while detailing the social, economic and environmental effects of these schemes." Thesis, Barry, Elise Kristen (2011) Detailing the policy interactions between the Queensland solar bonus scheme and the small-scale renewable energy scheme, including the solar credits multiplier, while detailing the social, economic and environmental effects of these schemes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/7609/.
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The emergence in the need to evaluate the effectiveness of policies as a whole mix rather than evaluate the effectiveness of policies in isolation is becoming more useful as the policy environment becomes more crowded. This need is heightened considering the growing challenges of issues related to the sustainability of our energy resources. It’s optimal if energy policies are not restricted to suit only economic objectives but social and environmental objectives as well, to suit emerging concept of sustainability, as energy underpins all the activity within our economy and society. The analysis of policy interactions is a relatively new approach in determining and evaluating appropriate policy mixes, rather than focusing on the effectiveness of a single policy. Sorrell (2003) has developed a systematic process for developing policy options by breaking them down into different categories for comparison. Oikonomou and Jepma (2008) have further built upon this framework in analysing policy interaction by establishing a qualitative framework as part of their methodology. The Queensland Solar Bonus Scheme (QSBS) and Small-Scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES) have similar objectives of increasing the implementation of small-scale renewable energy technologies. This dissertation investigates the policy interactions between the QSBS and SRES using the frameworks provided by Sorrell (2003) and Oikonomou and Jepma (2008). The results find the majority of the interactions between these policies are complementary and non-duplicative. This research recommends two policy options which support their beneficial interactions outlined in the discussion. The first policy option assumes a reduction in the tariff rate for the QSBS whilst increasing the PV system limit to 10 kW. The second policy option assumes the same system limit increase to 10 kW plus a reduction in the tariff rate for non-peak full-tariff payments during peak demand to customers who have invested in battery storage.
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Ravi, Kumar Swetha. "A techno-economic analysis of a residential solar Photovoltaic system installed in 2010 : A comparative case study between California and Germany." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105187.
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With environmental concerns and energy needs increasing, many regions in the world are promoting renewable energy technologies making use of various policy instruments. Although today the PV systems price is decreasing, which gives it a competitive edge; we see the technology still being dependent on policy instruments for its dissemination. The aim of this study is to research on whether or not a solar PV system is economically viable under certain circumstances. The study analyzes this by performing a cost beneficial analysis for the lifetime of the solar PV system making use of a discounted savings model. The systems being considered in this study are from California and Germany as these regions are leading in solar PV dissemination in their respective regions. The policies that are aiding the deployment of solar PV technologies are varied and thus this study compares benefits from different policy instrument for a residential customer investing in a solar PV system. The research objectives in this study are pursued making use of major concepts such as Grid Parity, Levelized Cost of Electricity and financial methods such as discounting. Further, to understand how the different independent variables such as retail electricity prices, PV system pricing, WACC, self-consumption rate and storage availability are having an impact and how the results change with variation in these variables, a sensitivity analysis is conducted. The results obtained in this study show that a solar PV system installed in California and Germany both make net benefits over their lifetime. When compared, the Californian solar PV system under the Net Energy Metering policy is making more net economic benefits in the range of $ 40,351 in Eureka and $53,510 in San Francisco; when compared to the German solar PV systems under the Feed in Tariff ranging $4,465 in Berlin and $11,769 in Munich. Furthermore the Californian solar PV systems still prove to be more beneficial even when compared to the German solar PV systems under the self-consumption law of the Feed in Tariff ranging $ 6,443 in Berlin and $ 13,141 in Munich. But when the self-consumption rate is increased in the German case, it is noted that the associated benefits increase. The study at hand thus results in the California Net Energy Meter policy instrument proving to be more beneficial to a residential customer than the German Feed in tariff with and without self-consumption. Another important finding made in this study is that despite the German solar PV system making lesser benefits than the Californian ones, they attain Grid Parity before the ones in California.
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Yu, Hyun Jin Julie. "Public policies for the development of solar photovoltaic energy and the impacts on dynamics of technology systems and markets." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED011/document.
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Le marché des systèmes photovoltaïques a connu une forte croissance cette dernière décennie soutenue par des actions politiques favorables dans un contexte de transition énergétique. Pourtant, malgré ces conditions bénéfiques, le marché mondial du PV a paradoxalement traversé une période chaotique rencontrant des problèmes de surproduction, une crise industrielle et des différends commerciaux durable entre pays. Cette thèse part de ces problématiques et tente de comprendre les politiques publiques PV et les impacts sur la dynamique des technologies et des marchés. Afin de préciser ces questions, une approche systémique est utilisée pour fournir une compréhension correcte des mécanismes généraux des politiques publiques PV. Une vue d’ensemble systémique concrète de ces mécanismes est construite sur la base d’analyses théoriques et historiques en définissant les variables clés et le contexte. Une analyse rétrospective utilisant des mappings construits pour l’occasion est conduite afin de cerner les limites et défis critiques du secteur PV ainsi que les facteurs de risque. Cette thèse montre également la façon dont la nature du contexte politique change en liaison avec la dynamique du secteur PV. La thèse met en évidence que la dynamique nationale a été brisée par l’entrée de la Chine sur le secteur PV. La thèse propose au final des orientations stratégiques pour le développement du PV selon deux dimensions, nationale et internationale. Au niveau national, la thèse s’intéresse à l’autoconsommation PV en tant que manière naturelle d’utiliser l’énergie PV dans le système électrique. Cette analyse implique un changement de nature des politiques PV dans le futur. Pour terminer, afin de résoudre la crise industrielle actuelle, la thèse présente des possibilités d’actions internationales en collaboration pour créer une nouvelle demande PV dans le contexte international en recherchant des bénéfices économiques et environnementaux au niveau mondialSolar PV systems have experienced strong market growth over the last decade supported by favorable political reactions in the energy transition context. However, despite these favorable conditions, paradoxically, the global PV market recently went through a chaotic time encountering the overproduction issue, the industry crisis and the long-lasting trade disputes. This thesis started from these problematics to understand the PV public policies and the impacts on dynamics of technology systems and markets. In order to define those issues, a systemic approach is taken to provide an accurate comprehension of the overall mechanisms of PV public policies. The concrete systemic vision of PV policy mechanisms is constructed based on theoretical and historical analysis by defining key variables and the context. A retrospective analysis using the proposed mapping tools is conducted to understand critical limits and challenges of PV development and to identify risks factors in the sector. This thesis also demonstrates how the nature of policy context changes in combined with the dynamic feature of the PV sector. Our analysis highlights the nationwide PV policy dynamics was broken with the arrival of China in the PV sector. This thesis eventually proposes strategic orientations of PV development at the two dimensions from both national and international perspectives. At the national level, this thesis discusses on PV self-consumption as the natural way of PV power use in the electricity system. This analysis implies a change in the nature of PV policies in the future. Next, as a response to the current global industry crisis, the thesis proposes opportunities of international collaborative actions to create new PV demand in the international context in pursuit of global economic and environmental benefits
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Thuß, Sebastian. "Deutschland, ein Solarmärchen?" Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-231486.
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Die fortgeschrittene Phase der Energiewende ist, neben einer zunehmenden Notwendigkeit zur Systemintegration, vor allem geprägt durch das Zutage treten grundsätzlicher Richtungsentscheidungen – der Schwerpunkt verschiebt sich also vom ‚Ob‘ zum ‚Wie‘. Heutige Infrastrukturentscheidungen begründen dabei ganz unterschiedliche Energiezukünfte, welche wiederum über sozio-technische Pfadabhängigkeiten auf Dauer gestellt werden. Die Arbeit rückt zunächst die hierfür maßgeblichen Stellschrauben in den Vordergrund und beleuchtet deren wirtschaftliche und technische Grundlagen sowie die Bandbreite konkurrierender politischer Steuerungsoptionen. Auf dieser Datengrundlage wird im Rahmen einer Clusteranalyse die Aktualisierung des politikfeldspezifischen Akteurskoalitionsmodells vorgeschlagen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die strukturbildende Unterscheidung zwischen einer eher zentralen und einer eher dezentralen Energiezukunft. Die so skizzierte ‚Landkarte der Energiewende‘ ist weiterhin eingebettet in eine Untersuchung des Energiediskurses auf Akteurs- und Medienebene sowie durch eine Politikfeldanalyse, in der aktuelle steuerungspolitische Problemstellungen und Handlungsmuster auf Basis technologischer Fallbeispiele beleuchtet werden.
Die Arbeit ist ein Ergebnis der Forschung im interdisziplinären Boysen-TU Dresden Graduiertenkolleg „Nachhaltige Energiesysteme – Interdependenz von technischer Gestaltung und gesellschaftlicher Akzeptanz.“
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Campos, Henrique Marin van der Broocke. "Geração distribuída de energia solar fotovoltaica na matriz elétrica de Curitiba e região: um estudo de caso." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2004.
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Este trabalho objetiva contribuir com o planejamento da geração de energia elétrica por meio da utilização de geração fotovoltaica de forma distribuída, ou seja, instalada e em operação em paralelo junto com a rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. Utiliza-se uma abordagem hipotético-dedutiva, buscando hipóteses, na forma de questões orientadoras, que serão testadas por meio do tratamento dos dados coletados e sua posterior análise e interpretação. O método de procedimento é o estudo de caso, sendo escolhida a cidade de Curitiba e o restante dos municípios compreendendo sua Região Metropolitana. A partir da elaboração da revisão na literatura, visando constituir a fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa, é elaborado um breve inventário estatístico e do aspecto de geração de energia elétrica da cidade de Curitiba, no contexto do estado do Paraná. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolvem a simulação de cenários de inserção de geração fotovoltaica distribuída, considerando diferentes níveis de penetração, e seus efeitos sobre curvas de carga reais para a cidade de Curitiba. Foram selecionados 12 dias, considerados críticos, para a análise que contemplou a contribuição fotovoltaica em termos da redução do consumo de energia elétrica, redução de emissões de CO2 e, por fim, capacidade do sistema fotovoltaico em reduzir a demanda máxima do sistema elétrico. Constatou-se que o intervalo de capacidade instalada em energia solar fotovoltaica situa-se entre 40,80 MWp e 55,68 MWp, desconsiderando exceções, e remete a valores de máximo Fator Efetivo de Capacidade de Carga (FECC), para condição de irradiação máxima e irradiação típica, no inverno e verão. Dessa forma, este intervalo é considerado apropriado do ponto de vista do aumento da capacidade do sistema elétrico, devido à presença de geradores fotovoltaicos distribuídos. Além disso, o referido intervalo além de aumentar em mais de 50% a capacidade do sistema elétrico, acarreta em redução anual do consumo de energia elétrica entre 50,8 GWh e 69,4 GWh, além de evitar a emissão de 18.501 toneladas de CO2-eq a 25.251 toneladas de CO2-eq, sendo, portanto, um importante vetor para o aumento da oferta de energia elétrica, aumento da capacidade do sistema elétrico e, por fim, redução de emissões de Gases do Efeito Estufa, principalmente o CO2.This study aims to deepen knowledge in the item electricity generation planning through the use of distributed generation using solar photovoltaic energy, which means that photovoltaic systems are able to operate in parallel with the electricity distribution network. A hypothetical-deductive approach was developed, seeking hypotheses in the form of guiding questions, which will be tested by treatment of the collected data and their analysis and interpretation. The method of procedure is the case study, being applied to the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. The literature review aims to be the theoretical basis of this research, therefore it mainly consists of a brief statistical and electrical energy inventory of the city of Curitiba in Paraná state. The methodological procedures involve the simulation of different scenarios for distributed PV generators by varying their Penetration Level, so that the effects on actual load curves for the region analyzed were quantified. 12 critical days were selected to the analysis that included the photovoltaic contribution in terms of reducing electrical energy consumption, reducing CO2 emissions and, finally, the capacity of the photovoltaic systems to reduce the maximum demand of the electrical system of the city. It was concluded that the most appropriate PV Penetration Level, in terms of power, regards with 40,80 MWp up to 55,68 MWp, disconsidering exceptions. This result leads to maximum values of Effective Load Carrying Capacity (ELCC), for maximum and typical solar radiation, during the seasons of winter and summer. In result, this proposed interval represents the better peak shaving capability of PV, because of its higher ELCC parameter. Furthermore, in addition to increase more than 50% in the capacity of the electrical system, there is an annual amount of energy generated about 50.8 GWh and 69.4 GWh, which represents 18,501 to 25,251 tons of CO2-eq avoided. For this reason, solar PV energy is an extremely important and feasible strategy to enhance the electricity generation, the capacity of the electrical system and to reduce greenhouse gases emission, especially CO2.
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Мельник, Леонід Григорович, Леонид Григорьевич Мельник, Leonid Hryhorovych Melnyk, Олена Ігорівна Маценко, Елена Игоревна Маценко, Olena Ihorivna Matsenko, and V. Piven. "Socio-Economic Aspects of Green Energy Development: The Experience of the EU and Ukraine." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80920.
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Стаття показує важливість розвитку відновлюваних джерел енергії. Більшість досліджень пов’язує зменшення викидів парникових газів із заміною традиційних джерел енергії на альтернативні. ЄС досяг значного успіху, отримавши лише за рахунок сонця і вітру 21% в загальній кількості електроенергії в 2020 р. Інтеграція України до Європейського Союзу є стратегічним напрямом України в реалізації зарубіжної політики країни.The paper shows the importance of renewable energy sources development. Most studies have found that a reduction of greenhouse gases emissions can be achievable by replacing conventional sources of energy with alternative ones. The EU has achieved significant success, getting only wind and solar in total electricity generation 21% in 2020. The integration of Ukraine to the European Union is a strategic direction of the country foreign policy.
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Ricci, E. C. "THE ECONOMIC AND CO2 MITIGATION POTENTIAL OF THE INNOVATION OF THE POWER NETWORK.A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF SUPER-GRIDS AND SMART-GRIDS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/171115.
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Current power systems have remained qualitatively similar to how the were in the last century, especially with respect to the interaction with the end-users. Though present global challenges are putting pressure and questioning their architecture. The increasing demand for electricity - that has become an essential commodity, fundamental for all activities of today's lifestyle - coupled with the concerns about climate change and the need to improve the quality and reliability of the provision urge a modernization of the network. A modernization that needs: to be low carbon, to be reliability and security improving, and to develop new models of customer relationship.
Indeed, the thesis deals with important issues that are today in the limelight, such as: i) the importance of the electricity sector in the implementation of climate change mitigation strategies, ii) the innovation of the electricity network as a strategy for reducing emissions, iii) the design of new policies of management of renewable energies and of the new services available, iv) the need to actively involve the users of the network into new styles of consumption / production of energy. All of this is evaluated in a context of evolving energy policies, where the relative long-term importance of the different power generating technologies is changing, especially after the recent events in Japan.
The thesis aims at demonstrating the need to promote a qualitative transformation in the system architecture of the “grid” to make it suitable for managing the complexity of the economic scenarios and advanced services that characterize the emerging “knowledge society”, in compliance with the objectives of environmental sustainability and in response to concerns about global climate change. Indeed, because of these concerns and of social and political acceptability issues of nuclear power, as we know it today, the energy scenarios for the next few decades see the emergence of an increasingly important role for renewable energy sources.
The general assumption of the thesis is that such a change in the sources of production is likely to cause a major qualitative leap in the power grid. This transformation may induce the evolution of the electricity grid from a classical architecture, top-down and hierarchical, to a more innovative architecture, that will configure the grid (more and more) as a “social ecosystem”, able to include the empowerment of all its stakeholders and to enhance, in particular, the more active role of all users of the new network services.
To demonstrate and operationalize the complex nature of this change and the emerging trends, the thesis is organized into three integrated papers that develop and disentangle the system effects of the two technologies that today seem to be at the basis of the possible evolution: Super-Grids and Smart-Grids. The analysis will be conducted using a qualitative-quantitative methodological approach through simulations for both technologies and their integration.
The first paper - New electricity generation networks and climate change: the economic potential of national and trans-national super-grids powered by Concentrated Solar Power - develops the analysis of Super-Grids. More in detail, it analyses the system effects and the technological and economic opportunities of transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances, for the stabilization of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, with particular attention to the resulting geopolitical dynamics.
The analysis is conducted using the simulation platform WITCH, an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM), able to compare this option with other mitigation opportunities, in a framework of intertemporal optimization of resources. In particular, the focus is on the production of electricity from concentrated solar power (CSP) in areas of high solar intensity in places located far from demand centres and, until now, not economically advantageous.
The quantitative analysis focuses on the electricity supply made available by the Super-Grid - both domestically and for export/import - evaluating their economic, technological and CO2 mitigation potentials.
We have analyzed, in particular, the EU-MENA trade case, though, the results can be expanded qualitatively to consider also the North-South European energy axis, extending the analysis of the geopolitical implications.
The second paper - Smart-Grids and Climate Change. Consumer adoption of smart energy behaviour: a system dynamics approach to evaluate the mitigation potential - develops the analysis of Smart-Grids. More in detail, it analyses the system effects of engaging with consumers. More specifically, it looks at the impacts of allowing consumers to: (i) manage more actively and consciously their consumption patterns; (ii) participate to innovative contracting; (iii) generate electricity for own consumption and /or to inject into the grid.
Particular interest is directed to the increase in variety of user behaviour (shift, demand response, home automation, generation), caused by the implementation of Smart-Grids, which allows: (i) to form new relationships among actors of the network, (ii) to trigger new processes of “micro production” for energy self-sufficiency to be integrated into the network; and to (iii) improve the management and optimization of the power network. In short, to transform the network into a “sensitive network” capable of opening new organizational spaces/times of action.
The analysis is conducted by means of simulations of the adoption dynamics of “smart energy behaviours” by citizens, using the methodology of System Dynamics (J. Forrester) to address the complexity of the dynamics involved.
The quantitative analysis focuses on the power supply made available by the change in consumption patterns and by domestic generation, in a “energy self-sufficiency” perspective and on the impacts in terms of demand, system costs and opportunities for mitigation. The qualitative analysis studies the organizational transformations, and the social and cultural evolutions induced by the new interactivity with the end-user
The concept of Smart Grid connects the power system to the emerging qualitative transformations and scenarios of the “Knowledge Society” and its newly empowered “Smart Prosumer”.
In the third paper - Super & Smart Grid integrated investment scenarios: Green Sustainable Energy Management Strategies & Scenarios - the complex effects of Super and Smart Grid are analysed together. The paper is divided in two parts: the first one where Super and Smart Grids are integrated in one simulation environment to conduct an in-depth economic analysis, and the second part where they are jointly evaluated and compared considering the effects of the innovation of the electricity grid on different levels: environmental, technological, economic, organizational, social and geopolitical, by means of the GEMS (Green Energy Management Strategies foe sustainable scenarios) multi-level evaluation function: GEMS = (Env, Tech, Ec, Org, Soc, GeoP).
The proposal is to identify an approach for the analysis and management of the various strategies of green energy generation, that is able to grasp the complexities and interactions of the multiple effects induced by the different options.
The quantitative analysis focuses on the integration of the power supply made available jointly by Super and Smart Grids. The qualitative analysis has investigated the new dynamics of empowerment among all the stakeholders involved and the possible impacts on various levels. The synergies of system integration, related to the potential mix of Super and Smart Grids, to manage the evolution of green electricity are also analysed.
Concluding, the thesis started with a substantial economic and computational approach, and then was expanded to take into account qualitative aspects that govern the dynamics of the complex “social ecosystem” in play.
In synthesis, we analyze the quali-quantitative system effects induced by the impact of the innovation processes in the power network, in an energy market that is not able, alone and in a classical economic perspective, to jointly optimize aspects concerning the environment, technology, organizational structures, economics, society and geopolitics, that are put into play by the introduction of these technological options. These tools are also needed to manage the inevitable conflicts of interest that will arise with the change. We propose an approach “beyond grid parity”, in the sense that we aim at analyzing a broader concept of “costs”, to: (i) identify the paths of evolution of the electrical system in the scenarios of the knowledge society, (ii) the nature and extent of the processes involved, and (iii) to assess the feasibility of accepting the challenge of a low-carbon economy based on renewable energy.
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Georgallis, Panayiotis. "From opposition to support : The influence of social movement organizations on firm strategy." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHEC0009/document.
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La thèse apporte un éclairage sur le rôle des mouvements sociaux dans le développement de secteurs émergents en ligne avec les valeurs d'un mouvement social. Le premier chapitre remet en cause l'idée selon laquelle activistes et entreprises ont des intérêts divergents et le cantonnement des mouvements sociaux à un rôle de confrontation.Les propositions développées visent à expliquer pourquoi les actions des organisations de mouvements sociaux (SMO)sns dimension d'opposition revêtent une importance pour les entreprises et à quelles conditions les SMO influencent les décisions stratégiques des entreprises. Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse examine si le soutien apporté aux organisations de mouvements sociaux proche d'une industrie est lié à une augmentation de l'engagement des entreprises au sein de ce secteur. Cette hypothèse est testée empiriquement et confirmée en utilisant une base de données longitudinale de producteurs européens de panneaux solaires. De plus, il est démontré que le type d'entreprise et le niveau d'engagement passé modèrent le lien entre le soutien apporté aux SMO et l'augmentation de l'engagement de l'entreprise vis-à-vis de l'industrie. Le dernier chapitre examine la mise en vigueur de politiques favorables aux énergies solaires au sein des pays de l'Union Européenne. Les résultats empiriques suggèrent que de telles politiques peuvent en partie s'expliquer par l'interaction entre la densité d'entreprises de novo dans un pays et le soutien aux SMO. Cette thèse contribue à la littérature en management stratégique, à la théorie des mouvements sociaux ainsi qu'à l'analyse de la création d'industriesThis thesis sheds light on the role of social movement organizations in the developement of nascent sectors that are aligned with the values of a social movement.The first research chapter questions the assumption that activists and firms have divergent interests, and the emphasis on the confrontational role of social movements.Propositions are developed to explain why non-oppositional social movement organizations' (SMOs) actions matter for fims, and when SMOs willl influence firms' strategic behavior.The second research chapter investigates whether support for social movement organizations sympathetic to an industry is linked to increased commitments of firms to the focal sector.Using a unique longitudinal dataset of European solar cell producers, this hypothesis is tested empirically and confirmed; further, it is demonstrated that the type of firms and their prior commitments moderate the link between SMO support and increased firm commitment to the industry.The last research chapter investigates the enactment of favorable policies for solar energy across EU countries. Empirical findings suggest that such policies can be partly explained by the interaction between de novo firm density in a country and SMO support. This dissertation contributes to strategic management, social movement theory, and studies of industry creation
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Grau, Thilo Verfasser], Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] [Neuhoff, and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Wüstenhagen. "Solar photovoltaics deployment policy design / Thilo Grau. Gutachter: Karsten Neuhoff ; Rolf Wüstenhagen. Betreuer: Karsten Neuhoff." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066162042/34.
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Grau, Thilo [Verfasser], Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Neuhoff, and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Wüstenhagen. "Solar photovoltaics deployment policy design / Thilo Grau. Gutachter: Karsten Neuhoff ; Rolf Wüstenhagen. Betreuer: Karsten Neuhoff." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066162042/34.
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Ferreira, Danúsia Arantes. "Interdisciplinaridade e políticas públicas: experiência do Programa Goiás Solar." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21719.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss, in a scientific and methodological way, the theme of interdisciplinarity in the context of public social policies, highlighting the Methodology of Interdisciplinary Action - MAI, as a practice of governance. The themes, global climate changes, water crises and renewable energies are at the center of the proposed reflections, in a scenario of challenges and ample opportunities that reveal the research problem of the present study: how to propose a Social Public Policy whose conception and practice are based on the epistemology of interdisciplinarity? In this way, the general objective is inclined to analyze a Social Public Policy conceived and implemented. The specific objectives include: defining the strategic actions that make up the structuring axes of the Interdisciplinary Intervention Project; which proposes the integration and interaction between the actors of the quadruple propeller state-company-organized civil society; generate and disseminate information related to the Interdisciplinary Intervention Project - Goiás Solar Program. The methodology used is exploratory and descriptive, with qualitative analysis. The method used was the bibliographic research and the documentary research, followed by a field research, applying as technique the action research with which the researcher has the proposal to intervene. Thus, the results obtained and discussions allowed to observe that there is a real possibility of undertaking a Social Public Policy based on the epistemology of interdisciplinarity integrating concept and practice of intersectoral alliances, quadruple propeller and network governance. As well as confirming that the conception adopted and the Methodology of Interdisciplinary Action - MAI, create the ambience for the initiatives, innovative actions and induce new interdisciplinary knowledge and, also, sediments the network governance that promotes the integration and interaction between the actors involved, allows the development of the innovation ecosystem in the context of the State Renewable Energy Management Policy - Interdisciplinary Intervention Project called: Goiás Solar Program
A presente tese de doutoramento tem por finalidade discutir de forma científica e metodológica, a temática da interdisciplinaridade no contexto das políticas públicas sociais, dando destaque para a Metodologia da Ação Interdisciplinar (MAI), como prática de governança. As temáticas, mudanças climáticas globais, crises hídricas e energias renováveis estão na centralidade das reflexões propostas, num cenário de desafios e amplas oportunidades que revelam o problema de pesquisa do presente estudo: como propor uma Política Pública Social, cuja concepção e prática estejam embasadas na epistemologia da interdisciplinaridade? Dessa forma, o objetivo geral se inclina a analisar a “Políticas Públicas Sociais” proposta e implantada no contexto das mudanças climáticas e de gestão de energias renováveis. Já os objetivos específicos preveem: definir as ações estratégias que compõe os eixos estruturantes do Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção, que propõe a integração e interação entre os atores que compõe as esferas: estado-empresa-sociedade civil organizada; gerar e difundir informações relacionadas ao projeto interdisciplinar de intervenção – Programa Goiás Solar; propor política pública social, tendo como ação integradora o Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção. A metodologia empregada é de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com análise qualitativa. O método utilizado foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa documental, seguida de uma pesquisa de campo, aplicando como técnica a pesquisa-ação com a qual o pesquisador tem a proposta de intervir. Assim, os resultados obtidos e discussões permitiram observar que existe a real possibilidade de empreender uma Política Pública Social embasada na epistemologia da interdisciplinaridade, integrar conceito e prática de alianças intersetoriais, hélice quádrupla e governança em rede, assim como, confirmar que a concepção adotada e a Metodologia da Ação Interdisciplinar (MAI) criam a ambiência para as iniciativas, ações inovadoras e indutoras de novos conhecimentos interdisciplinares e, também, sedimenta a governança em rede que promove a integração e interação entre os atores envolvidos, permite o desenvolvimento do ecossistema de inovação no contexto da Política Estadual de Gestão de Energias Renováveis – Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção denominado: Programa Goiás Solar
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JU-PIN, LAI, and 賴如蘋. "A Study on Germany's Energy Policy: With Solar Energy as an Example." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18872836888808446831.
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碩士東海大學
政治學系
97
Abstract With the price of the traditional oil keeps increasing and the greenhouse effect is getting serious, energy topic is more and more important for people. Today, doesn’t matter what kind of country it is, a developed country or a developing country, all they are searching for the alternative energy source hardly, such as substitute the fuel so that this kind of topic is respected by people more and more. Germany is one of the country in the Europe Union which works hard in alternative energy source field. This Study expects to take the one of the substitute the fuel, solar energy as the main study topic. Because of the solar energy gets without pollution and after the solar power system finish installation, the average cost is much lower than other energy. In addition, people can see the Germany policy process and get it moving through this article to know the related regulation making and difficulty during the process. Then all these experience can be extended to Taiwan inside, because Taiwan has the climate and technology advantage, for the development of solar power, there is quite big potential in environment and technology. Expect that Taiwan can get the good experience from Germany and create its own competency.
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YEH, YU-LIANG, and 葉育良. "China Solar Energy Enterprises Affected by China OFDI Policy." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55manh.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
國際企業學系
105
The policies formulated by the home country government and the direction of the development can determine the ability and performance of domestic enterprises to invest overseas. Institutional theory shows that, in order to survive, enterprises should not only understand the system norms, but also to adapt to the local environment in the rules and beliefs in order to reduce the barriers to the international behavior. China government develops policies to encourage Chinese solar energy companies to support the globalization policy. Solar energy companies in China start foreign direct investment behavior, affecting the performance of solar energy business in China. This research hopes to prove that the solar energy companies in China facing Chinese government embed them, and solar energy companies in China taking foreign direct investment does affect the performance of solar energy companies in China. In order to test the policy requirements of Chinese political parties and the response strategies of solar enterprises, China has become the most suitable stage during the period from 2011 to 2015. This research used narrative statistical analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis as methods. The results are in line with the hypothesis of this study, that is, solar energy companies in China to take direct investment behavior and to face the Chinese government's policy intervention, indeed the performance of solar energy companies in China having a significant positive impact.
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Chen, Shin-Yi, and 陳心怡. "Scenario Analysis of Solar Energy Subsidy Policy in Taiwan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41625254291989491976.
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碩士國立交通大學
環境工程系所
99
For increasing green energy and pursuing sustainable environment, the government is promoting solar PV systems. A proper subsidy policy is essential for developing PV systems. This study thus analyzes various scenarios for implementing current feed-in tariffs (FIT) subsidy policy and compares their differences based on policy cost and energy and environmental benefits. The historical progress under the previous initial-cost subsidy policy is first evaluated. The changing trends of domestic and foreign installations and system costs are also compared. To analyze the current FIT policy, three possible scenarios and various cases under each scenario are evaluated, including electricity price (EP) rise, green tax (GT), and electricity price rise with green tax. A method with two major steps is established for analyzing these scenarios. The first step forecasts installation quantities, initial costs, and feed-in tariffs, primarily based on a diffusion model and an experience curve. The second step estimates policy cost and energy and environmental benefits of each scenario case. The energy benefit is estimated based on solar radiation, average gross electricity generation, and gross electricity generation in each region. The environmental benefit is estimated according to GHG and air pollutant emission reductions. The payback periods for individual users at different regions are also evaluated. A sensitivity analysis for major parameters is also implemented. According to the simulated results, the installation quantities of EP2% cases are larger than those of GT cases. Cases for EP3% and GT750&EP2% can reach the goal of 2000 MWp in 2025, but the total subsidy will be more than NT$7x104 million. In 2025, GT&EP5% cases may reach 4% of the national gross electricity generations, which is half of the national target of the renewable energy. The estimated gross electricity generation at the abundant radiation region is more than twenty times than those at other regions. The eCO2 reductions in 2025 range between 268.3 and 6813.2 thousand tons, about 0.1 to 2.6% of the 2008 total national emission. And TSP, SOx, and NOx reductions are approximately 7.9-200.4, 108.7-2760.9, and 120.6-3061.5 tons, respectively. The payback period for the abundant radiation region is about 19 years, while the payback periods at other regions are mostly longer than 25 years. The proposed method and results are expected to facilitate related decision making and planning analyses.
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Lin, Yu-Shan, and 林佑珊. "A Study on Solar Energy Auction Policy in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9rw65s.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
國家發展研究所
107
The renewable energy bidding system is a kind of auction behavior, and the bid is held by the demand side (government), while the bidders who actually participate in the competition are the providers (solar photovoltaic setter).This article applies the auction theory to the result of solar photovoltaic auction in Taiwan to understand the relationship between the degree of competition and its impact on reducing the expenditure of renewable energy development fund in Taiwan. The number of bidding items, bidding capacity, target capacity, number of winning bids, and winning bidding capacity are taken as the representative of the degree of competition in this research. The effectiveness of reducing the expenditure of renewable energy development fund is represented by the average discount rate. This study collects some basic properties of solar photovoltaic bidding system in the auction mode through compiling relevant government regulations, sub-laws and announcements, and uses the empirical data of the renewable energy bidding system dated from year 100 to 105. Descriptive statistics methods are used to summarize the trend of bidding market between different grades and different years of solar photovoltaic auction, with stated assumptions on the impact of bidding number, bidding capacity, target capacity, number of winning bids, and bidding capacity on the average discount rate. Then, the panel data regression model is used for verification. The research results show that the more the number of participating bids and the larger the amount of participating capacity in solar photovoltaic bidding market, the greater the average discount rate. This is consistent with the empirical research result of the auction theory.
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Murray, Julie Marie. "Going solar in paradise : solar water heaters on the island of Hawaii." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/22312.
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Energy efficient technologies and renewable energy technologies are becoming less of a novelty in the American energy mix. These technologies offer the promise of a decreased dependence on foreign oil, considerable savings of energy bills, and protections for the environment. Despite the many potential benefits, these technologies face many barriers to adoption. The lack of renewable energy technologies and energy efficient technologies is particularly damaging in the State of Hawaii, where 90% of energy needs are met with imported fossil fuels. This report focuses on the current energy policies in Hawaii and the barriers to the incorporation of renewable energy technologies and energy efficient technologies, specifically solar water heaters.text
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"Policy, Geospatial, and Market Factors in Solar Energy: a Gestalt Approach." Doctoral diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.45038.
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abstract: Our dependence on fossil fuels is driving anthropogenic climate change. Solar energy is the most abundant and cleanest alternative to fossil fuels, but its practicability is influenced by a complex interplay of factors (policy, geospatial, and market) and scales (global, national, urban). This thesis provides a holistic evaluation of these factors and scales with the goal of improving our understanding of the mechanisms and challenges of transitioning to solar energy.
This analysis used geospatial, demographic, policy, legislative record, environmental, and industry data, plus a series of semi-structured, in-person interviews. Methods included geostatistical calculation, statistical linear regression and multivariate modeling, and qualitative inductive analysis. The results reveal valuable insights at each scale, but moreover a gestalt model across the factors and scales draws out a larger pattern at play of the transmutational weighting and increasing complexity of interplay as the level of analysis cascades down through the three geographic scales.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2017