Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solar flux density

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Solar flux density'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Solar flux density"

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Kovalenko, V. A. "Manifestation of solar activity in solar wind particle flux density." Planetary and Space Science 36, no. 12 (December 1988): 1343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(88)90004-9.

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Andreychuk, Vladimir, and Yaroslav Filyuk. "ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF SOLAR LIGHT OF THE WESTERN REGION OF UKRAINE WITH THE ACCOUNT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 4 (July 31, 2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2017.00398.

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An experimental facility for measuring and recording the flux density of solar radiation is designed and installed. An electrical circuit is developed and a pyranometer model is developed to measure the level of solar radiation, and it is graduated with a Soler Power Meter DT-1307 solar radiation flux meter. The time distribution of the flux density of solar energy is analyzed and the surface energy density of solar radiation is calculated for Ternopil. The influence of climatic conditions on the energy of solar radiation is determined. Analytical dependencies are obtained on the basis of comparison of the measured values of the flux density of solar radiation and the cloud cover taken from meteorological services. The energy potential of solar radiation during 2012-2015 in the western region of Ukraine is calculated, as well as the average monthly and average annual energy density of solar radiation. It is determined that the annual average density of the solar energy flux is 1045.9 kW∙h/m2, and its deviation does not exceed 5%. It is shown that the most favorable months for the use of solar energy are from March to September of each year.
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Ulmer, Steffen, Eckhard Lüpfert, Markus Pfänder, and Reiner Buck. "Calibration corrections of solar tower flux density measurements." Energy 29, no. 5-6 (April 2004): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-5442(03)00197-x.

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Liao, Zhirong, Xin Li, Chao Xu, Chun Chang, and Zhifeng Wang. "Allowable flux density on a solar central receiver." Renewable Energy 62 (February 2014): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.08.044.

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Сетов, Артём, Artem Setov, Мария Глоба, Mariia Globa, Андрей Медведев, Andrey Medvedev, Роман Васильев, Roman Vasilyev, Дмитрий Кушнарев, and Dmitriy Kushnarev. "First results of absolute measurements of solar flux at the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (IISR)." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 4, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-43201804.

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The Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (IISR) allows us to carry out passive radio observations of the Sun and other powerful radio sources. We describe a method for absolute measurements of spectral flux density of solar radiation at IISR. The absolute measurements are meant to determine the flux density in physical units [W·m–2·Hz–1]. The IISR antenna is a horn with frequency beam steering, therefore radio sources can be observed at different frequencies. Also there is a polarization filter in the antenna aperture, which passes only single (horizontal) polarization. To acquire flux density absolute values, the IISR receiver is calibrated by the Cygnus-A radiation. Since the Sun’s position in the IISR antenna pattern is determined by a frequency differing from the Cygnus-A observation frequency, we perform an additional calibration of the frequency response in the 154–162 MHz operation frequency range, using the background sky noise. The solar disk size is comparable with the main beam width in the north—south direction, hence the need to take into account the shape of the brightness distribution in the operation frequency range. The average flux density of the quiet-Sun radiation was ~5 sfu (solar flux units, 10–22 W·m–2·Hz–1) at the 161 MHz frequency.
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van Driel-Gesztelyi, L., P. Démoulin, J. Ireland, B. Thompson, A. Fludra, K. Oláh, Zs Kővári, et al. "An Observational Test for Solar Atmospheric Heating." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 203 (2001): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900219906.

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We study the evolution of the emissivity correlated with magnetic flux density of an active region from its birth until its decay throughout all atmospheric layers. We analyse multi-wavelength data obtained from SOHO, Yohkoh, GOES, SOLSTICE and 10.7 cm radio data from DRAO, Canada. We utilise our results to understand the scaling laws in different atmospheric layers. We confirm that the relationship between the emitted excess flux (flux - basal flux) and photospheric magnetic flux density ΔF(< f B >) follow power laws, and the powers depend on the formation temperature of the line(s) involved.
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Cameron, R. H., and J. Jiang. "The relationship between flux emergence and subsurface toroidal magnetic flux." Astronomy & Astrophysics 631 (October 15, 2019): A27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834852.

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Aims. The 1D mean-field equation describing the evolution of the subsurface toroidal field can be used with the observed surface radial field to model the subsurface toroidal flux density. Our aim is to test this model and determine the relationship between the observationally inferred surface toroidal field (as a proxy for flux emergence), and the modelled subsurface toroidal flux density. Methods. We used a combination of sunspot area observations and the surface toroidal field inferred from Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) line-of-sight magnetic field observations. We then compared them with the results of a 1D mean-field evolution equation for the subsurface toroidal field, driven by the observed radial field from the National Solar Observatory/Kitt Peak and SOLIS observations. Results. We derive calibration curves relating the subsurface toroidal flux density to the observed surface toroidal field strengths and sunspot areas. The calibration curves are for two regimes, one corresponding to ephemeral region emergence outside of the butterfly wings, the other to active region emergence in the butterfly wings. We discuss this in terms of the size and vertical velocity associated with the two types of flux emergence.
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Steiner, O. "Distribution of magnetic flux density at the solar surface." Astronomy & Astrophysics 406, no. 3 (August 2003): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20030753.

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Schiemenz, Fabian, Jens Utzmann, and Hakan Kayal. "Propagating EUV solar flux uncertainty to atmospheric density uncertainty." Advances in Space Research 63, no. 12 (June 2019): 3936–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.02.040.

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Schubnell, M., J. Keller, and A. Imhof. "Flux Density Distribution in the Focal Region of a Solar Concentrator System." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 113, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929954.

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In high temperature solar energy applications highly concentrating optical systems, such as, e.g., parabolic dishes, achieve typical radiation flux densities >2 MW/m2. In order to investigate thermo and photochemical reactions at temperatures >1500 K and radiation flux densities >2 MW/m2 a solar furnace was built at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). This furnace is a two-stage concentrator. The first stage is a prefocusing glass heliostat with a focal length of 100 m. The second stage is a highly concentrating parabolic dish with a focal length of 1.93 m. To design experiments to be carried out in the focal region of the parabolic dish, the radiation flux as well as its density distribution have to be known. This distribution is usually measured by radiometric methods. However, these methods are generally rather troublesome because of the high temperatures involved. In this paper we present a simple method to estimate the characteristic features of the radiation flux density distribution in the focal region of a concentrator system. It is well known from solar eclipses that the mean angular diameter of the moon is almost equal to that of the sun (9.1 mrad versus 9.3 mrad). Hence, the lunar disk is well suited to be used as a light source to investigate the flux distribution in a solar furnace. Compared to the sun the flux density is reduced by 4·105 and the flux density distribution can be inspected on a sheet of paper located in the plane of interest, e.g., the focal plane. This distribution was photographed and analyzed by means of an image processing system. The density distribution was also simulated using a Monte Carlo ray tracing program. Based on this comparison, and on further ray tracing computations, we show that the peak flux density decreases from 8.9 MW/m2 in December to values below 4 MW/m2 in June and the net radiation flux from 25 kW to 15 kW, respectively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solar flux density"

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Law, Eugene. "TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING THE POWER FLUX DENSITY OF INTERFERING SIGNALS AT TELEMETRY RECEIVING STATIONS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604814.

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ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
This paper will present techniques for accurately measuring the power flux density (PFD) of interfering signals at telemetry receiving stations. The solar power flux density is measured daily by radio astronomers and will be used as a calibration signal. The electromagnetic spectrum is being used more intensely as time marches on so being familiar with interference measurement techniques is becoming more important because more interfering signals are present.
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Pozzobon, Victor. "Biomass gasification under high solar heat flux." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMAC0004/document.

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L'énergie solaire concentrée est une source d'énergie alternative pour la conversion thermochimique de biomasse en vecteurs énergétiques ou en matériaux à haute valeur ajoutée. La production d'un gaz de synthèse à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique en est un exemple, de même que la production de résidus carbonés à propriétés contrôlées. Ces travaux portent sur l'étude du comportement d'un échantillon de hêtre thermiquement épais sous de hautes densités de flux solaire (supérieures à 1000 kW/m²). Deux approches ont été développées en parallèles : une étude expérimentale et le développement d'un modèle numérique. Les expériences ont permis de mettre en lumière le comportement particulier du hêtre sous de hautes densités de flux solaire. En effet, un cratère de char, dont la forme correspond à celle de la distribution du flux incident, se forme dans l'échantillon. Cette étude a aussi montré que la teneur en eau initiale de la biomasse a un fort impact sur son comportement. Les échantillons secs peuvent atteindre un rendement de conversion énergétique de 90 %, capturant jusqu'à 72 % de l'énergie solaire incidente sous forme chimique. Quant aux échantillons humides, ils produisent nettement plus d'hydrogène, au prix d'un rendement de conversion énergétique aux alentours de 59 %. De plus, le craquage thermique et le reformage des goudrons produits par la pyrolyse sont rendus possibles par les températures atteintes (supérieures à 1200 °C) et la présence d'eau. Enfin, il a été montré que l'orientation des fibres du bois n'a qu'un impact mineur sur son comportement. En parallèle, une modélisation des transferts couplés chaleur matière et des réactions chimiques mis en jeu lors de la gazéification solaire d'un échantillon a été développée. La construction du modèle a mis en avant la nécessité de recourir à des stratégies innovantes pour prendre en compte la pénétration du rayonnement dans la matière ainsi que la déformation du milieu par la gazéification. Les prédictions du modèle montrent un bon accord avec les observations expérimentales. Elles ont ainsi permis de mieux comprendre les couplages mis en jeu lors de la dégradation de biomasse sous haute densité de flux solaire. De plus, des analyses de sensibilités ont révélé que les modèles de type Arrhenius ne permettent pas de décrire finement le comportement de l'eau à l'intérieur de l'échantillon et que le choix du modèle de pyrolyse était capital pour décrire correctement le comportement la biomasse sous haute densité de flux solaire
Concentrated solar energy is as an alternative energy source to power the thermochemical conversion of biomass into energy or materials with high added value. Production of syngas from lignocellulosic biomass is an example, as well as the production of carbonaceous residues with controlled properties. This work focuses on the study of the behaviour of a thermally thick beech wood sample under high solar heat flux (higher than 1000 kW/m²). Two approaches have been undertaken at the same time: an experimental study and the development of a numerical model. Experiments have highlighted a specific behaviour of beech wood under high solar heat flux. Indeed, a char crater, symmetrical to the incident heat flux distribution, forms in the sample. This study has also shown that biomass initial moisture content has a strong impact on its behaviour. The dry sample can achieve an energetic conversion efficiency of 90 %, capturing up to 72 % of the incident solar power in chemical form. While, high initial moisture content samples produce more hydrogen, at the price of an energetic conversion efficiency around 59 %. Furthermore, tar thermal cracking and steam reforming are enabled by the temperatures reached (higher than 1200 °C) and the presence of water. Finally, wood fiber orientation has been shown to have only a minor impact on its behaviour. At the same time, a modelling of the coupled reactions, heat and mass transfers at stake during solar gasification was undertaken. The development of this model has highlighted the necessity to implement innovative strategies to take into account radiation penetration into the medium as well as its deformation by gasification. Numerical model predictions are in good agreement with experimental observations. Based on the model predicted behaviour, further understanding of biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux was derived. In addition, sensitivity analyses revealed that Arrhenius type models are not fitted for precise intra-particular water behaviour description and that the choice of the pyrolysis scheme is key to properly model biomass behaviour under high solar heat flux
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Books on the topic "Solar flux density"

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Kohne, Rainer. Zur auslegung hochkonzentrierender Solarkollektoren und Solarkollektorsysteme. Koln, Germany: DLR, 1990.

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Kohne, Raner. Zur Leistung hochkonzentrierender Spiegelkonzentratoren und Spiegelsysteme. Koln: DFVLR, 1987.

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F, McNamara L., Gentile L. C, and U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. Space Physics Division, eds. Peak-flux-density spectra of large solar radio bursts and proton emission from flares. Hanscom AFB, MA: Space Physics Division, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.

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F, McNamara L., Gentile L. C, and U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. Space Physics Division, eds. Peak-flux-density spectra of large solar radio bursts and proton emission from flares. Hanscom AFB, MA: Space Physics Division, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, 1985.

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Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. High energy density regenerative fuel cell systems for terrestrial applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 1999.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Research concerning the net flux of radiation in the atmosphere of Jupiter: Progress report ... for grant NAG2-906 ; period covered: October 1, 1994 to July 1, 1996. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Research concerning the net flux of radiation in the atmosphere of Jupiter: Progress report ... for grant NAG2-906 ; period covered: October 1, 1994 to July 1, 1996. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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A, Xapsos M., and George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., eds. Space environment effects: Model for emission of solar protons (ESP)--cumulative and worst-case event fluences. [Marshall Space Flight Center], Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solar flux density"

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Hamidi, Z. S., and N. N. M. Shariff. "An Evaluation Performance of Log Periodic Dipole Antenna Based on the Parameter of Flux Density of the Solar Radio Burst Event." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 685–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47200-2_72.

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Krupar, V., M. Maksimovic, O. Santolik, E. P. Kontar, B. Cecconi, S. Hoang, O. Kruparova, J. Soucek, H. Reid, and A. Zaslavsky. "Statistical Survey of Type III Radio Bursts at Long Wavelengths Observed by the Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO)/Waves Instruments: Radio Flux Density Variations with Frequency." In Coronal Magnetometry, 499–513. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2038-9_29.

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"Construction and Operating Parameters of Adsorptive Chillers." In Technology Development for Adsorptive Heat Energy Converters, 251–89. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4432-7.ch008.

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The chapter is devoted to the design and performance of adsorptive chillers. Basic types of design and operating principle of adsorptive chillers were analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages performance of one-, two-, three-, and four-bed solar power adsorptive chillers are compared. Performance of adsorptive refrigerators based on composite adsorbents was studied. The correlation between the adsorbent composition and the coefficient of energy performance of the adsorptive chiler was revealed. An optimal composition of adsorbent 'silica gel – sodium sulphate' is stated to be of 20% silica gel and 80% sodium sulphate. The maximal values of the coefficient of performance of cycle of studied solar adsorptive chiller about of 1.14 are stated for composites containing about 20 wt. % silica gel and 80 wt% sodium sulphate. As a consequence of decreasing of adsorbent mass, the coefficient of performance is shown to increase when sodium sulphate content in the composite increased. Regeneration process parameters of the composite were shown to strongly affect on the coefficient of performance of the adsorptive chiller. The growth of the coefficient of performance is stated to result from decreasing the difference between adsorbent temperature and regeneration temperature from 85 to 55°C. The basic factors affecting the net coefficient of energy performance of the adsorptive solar refrigerator were stated daily solar radiant flux alongside with composition of the adsorbent and difference between adsorbent temperature and temperature regeneration. Net coefficients of performance of solar adsorptive refrigerator based on composite ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' were stated to change from 0.25 to 0.34 during operating period. Utilization of the adsorption heat is suggested to warm the heat carrier which applied to heat adsorbent during regeneration. The ways to improve the design and performance of adsorptive solar chillers are suggested. The first one involves the introduction of solar collectors made of cellular polycarbonate plastics in the design of adsorptive solar chiller. Instantaneous efficiency coefficient were calculated as special thermal performance-solar radiant flux surface density ratio, optical efficiency factor is determined as special thermal performance-solar radiant flux surface density ratio at the equal temperatures of heat transfer medium and environment, reduced heat loss factor being calculated as the product of solar collector efficiency factor and net heat loss coefficient. The environmental test of developed collectors PSK-AV2-3, PSK-AV1-2, PSK-AV2-1, PSK-VS1-2, PSK-VS2-2, PSK-VS2-3, PSK-ST10-PW were conducted. The correlation of their results with laboratory tests when the thermohydraulic stand applied is shown. Relative accuracy of laboratory and environment tests was shown to be not exceeding 5 – 7%. The optical efficiency factor and the coefficient of thermal losses of polymeric solar collectors were determined. On the basis of the dependencies of the efficiency of the solar collectors vs. the reduced temperature, optimal designs of the polymeric solar collectors for the adsorption chilling solar systems are determined to be depended on the temperature of the regeneration temperature of the sorbents. As the temperatures of the regeneration of composite adsorbent ranged from 50ºС to 60ºС, appliance of the collectors PSK-AV2-1, PSK-CT10-PW occur to be expedient, and PSK-AB2-3, PSK-VS2-3, PSK-AB1-2, PSK-VS2-2, and PSK-VS1-2 are revealed to be more efficient when regeneration temperatures increased over 80 ºС. Thermotechnical characteristics of designed polymeric solar collectors are shown to surpass conventional metal and vacuum collectors. The perspectives of polymeric solar collectors in the design of adsorptive chilling solar plants were shown. Another way to improve the performance of adsorptive solar chillers concerns with equipping it with a photosensitive element and an electric drive, which will allow changing the angle of slope of the adsorber to the horizon depending on the intensity of the solar radiation. The chapter can be useful for design the efficient adsorptive chilling plants.
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Calabia, Andres, and Shuanggen Jin. "Characterization of the Upper Atmosphere from Neutral and Electron Density Observations." In International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1345_2020_123.

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Abstract Upper-atmospheric processes under different space weather conditions are still not well understood, and the existing models are far away from the desired operational requirements due to the lack of in-situ measurements input. The ionospheric perturbation of electromagnetic signals affects the accuracy and reliability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), satellite communication infrastructures, and Earth observation techniques. Furthermore, the variable aerodynamic drag, due to variable thermospheric mass density, disturbs orbital tracking, collision analysis, and re-entry calculations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) objects, including manned and unmanned artificial satellites. In this paper, we use the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique to study and compare the main driver-response relationships and spatial patterns of total electron content (TEC) estimates from 2003 to 2018, and total mass density (TMD) estimates at 475 km altitude from 2003 to 2015. Comparison of the first TEC and TMD PCA mode shows a very similar response to solar flux, but annual cycle shown by TEC is approximately one order of magnitude larger. A clear hemispheric asymmetry is shown in the global distribution of TMD, with higher values in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere. The hemispheric asymmetry is not visible in TEC. The persistent processes including a favorable solar wind input and particle precipitation over the southern magnetic dip may produce a higher thermospheric heating, which results in the hemispheric asymmetry in TMD.
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Gutschick, Vincent P., and Keirith A. Snyder. "Water and Energy Balances within the Jornada Basin." In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0012.

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This chapter describes general characteristics and components of the energy and water balances in arid regions, with specific examples from the Jornada Basin. Various research efforts to characterize the energy and water balances and resultant carbon dioxide fluxes in the Jornada Basin are detailed. We provide a brief overview of how plant physiology interacts with energy and water balances in this region, and characterize general abiotic conditions and some physiological traits of plants in this arid region. The surface of a landscape may be considered as a layer with some amount of vegetation. More general descriptions divide the vegetation, like the soil, into layers, but the concern here is energy balance at the interface with the atmosphere. The net energy balance of the land surface is determined by inputs (radiant energy), outputs (reflection [i.e., albedo], emission of longwave radiation, convective heat transfer to the atmosphere [i.e., sensible heat flux], evapotranspiration of water [i.e., latent heat flux], and conduction of heat into soil), and changes in heat storage. The balance of these terms is adjusted as the surface temperature comes into steady state or nearly so. Increased solar input will drive surface temperatures higher until longwave emission and other losses come into a new balance. The net energy input, as inputs minus outputs, may be stated formally as an energy-balance equation . . . Rate of heat storage = S = Q+sw + Q+TIR − Q+TIR _ Q_E Q_H − Q_S, (8-1) . . . where the superscript + indicates an input, and − indicates an output or loss, and all terms are expressed as flux density in units of W/m2. Q+SW is the energy added to the surface layer by solar radiation from above. Q+TIR is the thermal infrared radiation emitted by gases in the atmosphere, principally water vapor and CO2, whereas Q_TIR is the thermal infrared radiation emitted from components of the Earth’s surface and lost back to the atmosphere. Q_E is the latent heat flux from the heat of vaporization of water vapors resulting from soil evaporation (E) and plant transpiration, generally measured as the composite evapotranspiration flux (ET).
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Conference papers on the topic "Solar flux density"

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Vant-Hull, Lorin L. "The Role of “Allowable Flux Density” in the Design and Operation of Molten-Salt Solar Central Receivers." In ASME 2001 Solar Engineering: International Solar Energy Conference (FORUM 2001: Solar Energy — The Power to Choose). American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2001-147.

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Abstract In the 1980’s, the Utility Study [Hilesland and Harder, 1988] identified the external cylindrical molten-salt-in-tube receiver with a surround heliostat field as the most cost effective and practical design for commercial applications. Such designs typically require 50–1000 MW of design-point thermal power at outlet temperatures around 1050 °F (565 °C). Using computer codes such as RCELL [Lipps and Vant-Hull, 1981] or DELSOL [Kistler, 1987] it is straightforward to design an optical system to meet these requirements, defining the smallest receiver (lower cost and thermal losses) and the most cost effective heliostat field. As the performance of heliostats in the anti-sun locations is better, such fields tend to be biased (in the northern hemisphere) to the north side of the receiver, and produce very high flux densities there; typically 2–5 MW/m2. However, the receiver is typicaly limited to a salt velocity and temperature dependent allowable flux density (AFD) of about 1 MW/m2. Design methods to reduce this peak flux to a nominally acceptable value in a cost effective manner are presented. Residual excess flux events under non-nominal conditions are handled by a real-time processor which selects specific heliostats for removal from track. This same processor is used to preheat the receiver, using a special algorithm to define the required flux density.
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Demagh, Yassine, Yassine Kabar, Lyes Bordja, and Samira Noui. "The 3D heat flux density distribution on a novel parabolic trough wavy absorber." In SOLARPACES 2015: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949151.

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Thelen, Martin, Christian Raeder, Christian Willsch, and Gerd Dibowski. "A high-resolution optical measurement system for rapid acquisition of radiation flux density maps." In SOLARPACES 2016: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984534.

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EDDHIBI, Fathia, Mahmoud BEN AMARA, Moncef BALGHOUTHI, and AmenAllah GUIZANI. "Flux density modelling in a solar tower power plant with reduced shading effect." In 2019 10th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irec.2019.8754580.

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Offergeld, Matthias, Marc Röger, Hannes Stadler, Philip Gorzalka, and Bernhard Hoffschmidt. "Flux density measurement for industrial-scale solar power towers using the reflection off the absorber." In SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117617.

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Guo, Minghuan, Zhifeng Wang, and Feihu Sun. "Two new methods used to simulate the circumferential solar flux density concentrated on the absorber of a parabolic trough solar collector." In SOLARPACES 2015: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949033.

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Schiricke, Bjo¨rn, Robert Pitz-Paal, Eckhard Lu¨pfert, Andreas Neumann, Klaus Pottler, Markus Pfa¨nder, and Klaus-Ju¨rgen Riffelmann. "Validation of Optical Modeling of Parabolic Trough Collectors by Flux Measurement." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36216.

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In order to optimize the solar field output of parabolic trough collectors (PTC) it is essential to study the influence of collector and absorber geometry on the optical performance. The optical ray-tracing model of PTC conceived for this purpose uses photogrammetrically measured concentrator geometry in commercial Monte Carlo ray tracing software. The model has been validated with measurements of a scanning flux measurement system, measuring the solar flux density distribution close to the focal line of the PTC. The tool uses fiber optics and a CCD-camera to scan the focal area of a PTC module. Since it is able to quantitatively detect spilled light with good spatial resolution it provides an evaluation of the optical efficiency of the PTC. For comparison of ray tracing predictions with measurements, both flux maps and collector geometry have been measured under identical conditions on the Eurotrough prototype collector at PSA. The validation of the model is provided by three methods: the comparison of measured intercept factors with corresponding simulations; comparison of measured flux density distributions with corresponding ray tracing predictions; and comparison of thermographically measured temperature distribution on the absorber surface with flux density distribution predicted for this surface. Examples of sensitivity studies performed with the validated model are shown.
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8

Krueger, Katherine R., Wojciech Lipiński, and Jane H. Davidson. "Operational Performance of the University of Minnesota 45kWe High-Flux Solar Simulator." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91119.

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This paper presents measured performance of the University of Minnesota’s 45 kWe indoor high-flux solar simulator. The simulator consists of seven radiation units, each comprised of a 6.5 kWe xenon short arc lamp coupled to a reflector in the shape of a truncated ellipsoid of revolution. Data include flux distribution at the focal plane for all seven radiation units operating in tandem and for individual radiation units. The flux distribution is measured optically by acquiring the image of radiation reflected from a Lambertian target with a CCD camera equipped with neutral density optical filters. The CCD camera output is calibrated to irradiation using a circular foil heat flux gage. It is shown that accurate calibration of the heat flux gage must account for its response to the spectral characteristics of the radiation source. The simulator delivers radiative power of approximately 9.2 kW over a 60-mm diameter circular area located in the focal plane, corresponding to an average flux of 3.2 MW m−2, with a peak flux of 7.3 MW m−2.
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9

Yang, Bin, Jun Zhao, Tao Xu, and Qiang Zhu. "Calculation of the Concentrated Flux Density Distribution in Parabolic Trough Solar Concentrators by Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Method." In 2010 Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics (SOPO 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sopo.2010.5504452.

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10

Neumann, Andreas, and Gregor Schmitt. "Review of Optical Properties for Lambertian Diffusers in Solar Energy Application." In ASME 2003 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2003-44039.

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The measurement of concentrated solar radiation is often done by using the Lambertian target and video camera technique. With these instruments the recording of two-dimensional flux maps is performed by moving a white and diffuse reflecting target into the beam and taking an image of the reflection pattern with the camera. Many of the present and past instruments are based on this principle, e.g. for analyzing dish, tower, or solar furnace performance. The method relies on white, temperature resistant target materials with good Lambertian scattering properties. Solid ceramic material, powder coatings (alumina, magnesia), or other kinds of paints may be used. Recently, Lambertian transmitting diffusers have also found application. The investigations reported in the paper revealed that many of the tested samples show good diffuse reflection and transmission properties. Only a flat PTFE sheet and two white temperature resistant paints show a distinct directional reflectance component or a higher deviation from Lambertian property. In transmission, a pronounced directional component is shown by an etched glass plate. As mainly all of the coatings or solid materials were selected with respect to sufficient thermal stability, the good Lambertian diffusers are able to meet the requirements of high flux density measurement.
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