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Journal articles on the topic 'Solar tracker'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 June 2025

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1

Kuttybay, Nurzhigit, Ahmet Saymbetov, Saad Mekhilef, et al. "Optimized Single-Axis Schedule Solar Tracker in Different Weather Conditions." Energies 13, no. 19 (2020): 5226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195226.

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Improving the efficiency of solar panels is the main task of solar energy generation. One of the methods is a solar tracking system. One of the most important parameters of tracking systems is a precise orientation to the Sun. In this paper, the performance of single-axis solar trackers based on schedule and light dependent resistor (LDR) photosensors, as well as a stationary photovoltaic installation in various weather conditions, were compared. A comparative analysis of the operation of a manufactured schedule solar tracker and an LDR solar tracker in different weather conditions was performed; in addition, a simple method for determining the rotation angle of a solar tracker based on the encoder was proposed. Finally, the performance of the manufactured solar trackers was calculated, taking into account various weather conditions for one year. The proposed single-axis solar tracker based on schedule showed better results in cloudy and rainy weather conditions. The obtained results can be used for designing solar trackers in areas with a variable climate.
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2

Taheem, Anubhav. "Solar Tracker: A Review." Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 06, no. 3&4 (2019): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.201905.

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3

Hashim, Irfan Danial, Ammar Asyraf Ismail, and Muhammad Arief Azizi. "Solar Tracker." International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science 2, no. 1 (2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0201.60.

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Solar Tracker The generation of power from the reduction of fossil fuels is the biggest challenge for the next half century. The idea of converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic panels holds its place in the front row compared to other renewable sources. But the continuous change in the relative angle of the sun with reference to the earth reduces the watts delivered by solar panel. Conventional solar panel, fixed with a certain angle, limits their area of exposure from the sun due to rotation of the earth. Output of the solar cells depends on the intensity of the sun and the angle of incidence. To solve this problem, an automatic solar cell is needed, where the Solar Tracker will track the motion of the sun across the sky to ensure that the maximum amount of sunlight strikes the panels throughout the day. By using Light Dependent Resistors, it will navigate the solar panel to get the best angle of exposure of light from the sun.
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4

Fahim, Shaikh Mohammad, Maruf Ahmed, and Ahmed Rayhan Mahbub. "Intelligent Solar Tracker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.184.

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On the verge of exhausting fossil fuels, solar energy is the one of best options for the primary source of energy as it is renewable, eco-friendly and safe to use. An intelligent solar tracker will attempt to navigate to the best angle of exposure of the sun ensuring that the maximum amount of sunlight strikes the panel throughout the day. The main reason for pursuing this paper is to establish the idea that a tracker aided array of PV modules produces more power over a longer time than a stationary array with the same number of modules.
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5

Poulek, V., and M. Libra. "New solar tracker." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 51, no. 2 (1998): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(97)00276-6.

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6

Siva, S. "Automatic Solar Tracker." International Journal of MC Square Scientific Research 8, no. 1 (2016): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20894/ijmsr.117.008.001.011.

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7

San, Dr Zarchi, Daw Pan Wint Hmone Htwe, and Daw Kkhaing Wint. "Solar Tracker in P.T.U E.P Department." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (2019): 1619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23468.

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8

Cui, Hengchun, Jun Wu, Binbin Zhang, Liping Wang, and Tian Huang. "Energy Consumption Comparison of a Novel Parallel Tracker and Its Corresponding Serial Tracker." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 24, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6634989.

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A novel two-axis solar tracker with parallel mechanism is proposed in this paper. A dynamic model is derived by using the virtual work principle and the consumed energy including the mechanical energy and motor energy loss is computed. Taking Beijing as the working location of the solar tracker, the energy consumptions of the parallel solar tracker and its corresponding serial solar tracker are compared based on the premise that the proposed solar tracker and its corresponding serial solar tracker have similar static stiffness. Mechanical energy consumption of the proposed tracker is reduced by 7.55% compared to the serial solar tracker. The motor energy loss of the parallel solar tracker is also significantly lower. This simple and low-energy consumption solar tracker is a good alternative to the traditional solar tracker with large energy consumption.
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9

Alayi, Reza, Andrey Sevbitov, Mamdouh El Haj Assad, Ravil Akhmadeev, and Mikhail Kosov. "Investigation of energy and economic parameters of photovoltaic cells in terms of different tracking technologies." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (December 29, 2021): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctab093.

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Abstract The utilization of photovoltaic (PV) cells has greatly expanded due to the simplicity of technology and cheapness compared to other solar technologies. However, due to the change in the position of the sun, it has reduced the production capacity and electrical efficiency of this technology as the reduction of production capacity to supply electricity has increased investment costs. In this research, modeling of silicon crystal PV cell with the aim of influencing the types of solar trackers on the amount of power produced by PV cell and economic parameters has been done, which is intended for the following four modes: without solar tracker, horizontal tracker, vertical tracker and two-axes tracker. The highest output power is related to the two-axes tracker with a value of 9586 kWh/yr, which for this technology has a maximum output power of 4.35 kW. Also, the cost of energy produced by this technology is $ 0.875/kWh.
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10

Fokui, Willy Stephen Tounsi, and Destine Mashava. "Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2021): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v10.i4.pp335-342.

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<p>Solar trackers are support platforms that keep photovoltaic panels facing the sun by following the sun from dusk to dawn. There exist active solar trackers that make use of motors and gears to orientate the photovoltaic panels towards the sun; and passive solar trackers that operate through the differential heating of the fluid in the tracking rack to follow the sun. Passive solar trackers suffer from the lack of a night return mechanism and a slow wake-up response in the mornings due to the limitations on the surface inclination angle of the rack. This paper seeks to address these issues by proposing an Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers. An energy-saving heating element such as the ultra heating fabric manufactured by WireKinetics Co. is installed on the west-side canister of the tracker. Before dawn, the fabric is automatically heated and this will force the refrigerant in the west-side canister to vaporize and cool in the east- side canister, forcing the tracker to return and face eastward before sunrise. The night return mechanism is designed and simulated using Proteus profesional. Simulation results show that this system can significantly optimize the function of passive solar trackers.</p>
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11

Vashchyshak, I. R., and V. S. Tsykh. "Improving the energy efficiency of a solar power plant." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 1(33) (September 3, 2020): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2020-1(33)-132-142.

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The urgency of the work is due to the feasibility of increasing the energy efficiency of solar power plants through the use of solar energy concentrators. Ways to improve the energy efficiency of solar panels using a sys-tem of directional mirrors, flat Fresnel lenses, spherical concentrators and trackers have been investigated. It is established that the most optimal way to improve the energy efficiency of solar panels is to use inexpensive track-ers with a simple design. The analysis of known types of solar panels, which differ in materials from which their elements are made, and the coefficients of efficiency – dependence of energy produced by a photocell on the intensity of solar radiation per unit of its surface has been carried out, and the type of solar panels by the criterion “price-quality” has been selected. A tracker design has been developed to track the angle of inclination of solar panels to increase efficiency. The electricity generated by the proposed solar power plant was calculated using an online calculator. It is projected to reduce losses when generating electricity for a given power plant due to the use of a tracker compared to a fixed power system, with the same number of solar panels. In order to reduce the cost of the tracker, it is suggested to orientate it to the south at once, and to change the inclination angles twice a year (in early April and late August). The energy efficiency of the power plant is calculated in two stages. At the first stage the amount of electricity from solar panels per year when adjusting only the angle of inclination of the panels to the south is calculated. At the second stage energy efficiency of the power plant is calculated taking into account the increase of energy efficiency of the solar power plant when using the tracker system. The calculated electricity generation of the proposed solar power plant with tracker confirmed the efficiency and feasibility of using the designed tracker system. The application of the designed tracker system allows to increase the energy efficiency of solar panels by an average of 25%.
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12

Shah, Jigesh R., and V. S. Jadhav V. S. Jadhav. "Design Dual-Axis Solar Tracker using Microcontroller." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 10 (2011): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jul2012/19.

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13

Putra, Brilliyan Hadid Setiawan, and Dzulkiflih . "PERANCANGAN MAXIMUM POWER POINT SOLAR TRACKER DUAL AXIS BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER." Inovasi Fisika Indonesia 10, no. 2 (2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ifi.v10n2.p25-32.

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Abstrak Indonesia termasuk negara yang terletak di garis khatulistiwa dan beriklim tropis, sehingga berpotensi mempunyai sumber energi terbarukan yang melimpah, terutama energi surya. Pemanfaatan energi surya diantaranya dilakukan dengan mengkonversi cahaya matahari menjadi energi listrik dengan bantuan solar cell (Panel Surya). Pemasangan energi surya yang sering dijumpai banyak bersifat statis, akibatnya penyerapan sinar matahari kurang optimal. Perlu adanya pengoptimalan sistem kerja panel surya dengan sifat dinamis. Penelitian ini dirancang panel surya dengan empat sensor LDR pada empat sisi dan dua motor servo yang dipasang secara horizontal dan vertikal. Sensor LDR berfungsi untuk mendeteksi sinar matahari kemudian meneruskan ke mikrokontroler. Mikrokontroler memberikan perintah ke motor servo agar dapat menempatkan pada posisi sudut azimuth dan elevasi tertentu. Proses pengambilan data dilaksanakan pada jam 9 pagi hingga jam 3 sore waktu Indonesia bagian barat setiap 1 jam sekali pada tanggal 22 s/d 24 Maret 2021. Pembahasan ini mengenai Solar tracker kronologis dan solar cell pasif. Kedua panel surya menunjukan hasil bahwa panel surya dengan sistem solar tracker kronologis lebih efisien dibandingkan jika hanya menggunakan panel surya dengan sistem solar cell pasif. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan data hasil pengujian alat solar tracker kronologis dan solar cell pasif terlihat bahwa perbedaan daya terbesar terjadi pada interval waktu 12.00-13.00 WIB yang dihasilkan tanggal 22 s/d 24 Maret 2021. Sedangkan rata-rata nilai daya dari solar tracker kronologis sebesar 0,44 Watt, dan rata-rata nilai daya dari solar cell pasif sebesar 0,34 Watt pada posisi sudut azimuth terbaik antara 88 derajat hingga 104 derajat. Hasil pengamatan juga didapatkan persentase nilai kenaikan daya panel surya dengan sistem solar tracker kronologis 97% sedangkan solar cell pasif 95%. Kata Kunci: Panel surya, Solar tracker kronologis, sensor INA219 Abstract Indonesia is a country that is located on the equator and has a tropical climate, so it has the potential to have abundant renewable energy sources, especially solar energy. The utilization of solar energy is carried out by converting sunlight into electrical energy with the help of solar cells. The installation of solar energy which is often encountered is static, as a result, the absorption of sunlight is less than optimal. It was necessary to optimize the solar panel work system with dynamic properties. This research designed a solar panel with four LDR sensors on four sides and two servo motors mounted horizontally and vertically. The LDR sensor functions to detect sunlight and then forward it to the microcontroller. The microcontroller gives commands to the servo motor so that it can place a certain azimuth and elevation angle. The data collection process was carried out from 9 am to 3 pm western Indonesian time every 1 hour from 22 to 24 March 2021. This discussion is about chronological solar trackers and passive solar cells. The two solar panels show the results that solar panels with a chronological solar tracker system are more efficient than using only solar panels with a passive solar cell system. This is evidenced by the data from the results of the chronological solar tracker is 0,44 W, and the average power value of the passive solar cell is 0,34 Watt at the best azimuth angle position between 88 degress to 104 degrees. The observations also showed that the percentage value of the increase in solar panel power with a chronological solar tracker system was 97%, while the passive solar cell was 95%. Keywords: Solar panel, Chronological solar tracker, INA219 Sensor
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14

Mistri, Raj Kumar. "Solar Tracker using LDR." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 5 (2018): 2242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.5365.

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15

Ibrahim, Ahmad Imran bin, Farah Diyana binti Abdul Rahman, and Muazzin bin Rohaizat. "Dual Axes Solar Tracker." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 3 (2018): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i3.pp1887-1892.

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Photovoltaic (PV) is one of the most important sources of renewable energy in the world. Its current efficiency could be increased up to 60% by using dual axes solar tracker, which maximise PV exposure to sun. The most important component in dual axes solar tracker is sensing location of the sun. Four light dependent resistors (LDR) are used as the sensors, connected to potentiometers to increase their accuracy. Arduino UNO is used as the controller to control two stepper motors. Two experiments have been carried out, where the tolerance of the LDR has been found to be 0.05V and the calibration of the four LDRs to have the error of 0.03V. Both experiments proved the capability of LDR for dual axes solar tracker and potentiometer to increase their accuracy.
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16

Setiyawan, Dani Suryana, Djuniadi Djuniadi, and Esa Apriaskar. "Simulasi Perancangan Solar Tracker Pada Pembangkit Listrik Wind-Solar." CIRCUIT: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik Elektro 5, no. 2 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/crc.v5i2.8555.

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The research was conducted to explain how to design a simulation of Solar tracker on Wind-Solar hybrid technology. The simulation were carried out with proteus software simulation. Solar tracker has four LDR sensors and an Arduino Uno Microcontroller which assist the Solar tracker to estimating position of the sun to use a servo motor for solar cell movement. For the result, When the upper light intensity (LDR 1 and LDR 2) is greater than the bottom (LDR 3 and LDR 4), solar cell will move upwards, and vice versa. When the light intensity of the left (LDR 1 and LDR 3) is greater than the right (LDR 2 and LDR 4), solar cell will move to the left, and vice versa. From the research, it could concluded that Solar Tracker can be applied to Wind-Solar technology solar cells
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17

Robinson, John, Dan Smale, David Pollard, and Hisako Shiona. "Solar tracker with optical feedback and continuous rotation." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 11 (2020): 5855–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5855-2020.

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Abstract. Solar trackers are often used by spectrometers to measure atmospheric trace gas concentrations using direct sun spectroscopy. The ideal solar tracker should be sufficiently accurate, highly reliable, and with a longevity that exceeds the lifetime of the spectrometer that it serves. It should also be affordable, easy to use, and not too complex should maintenance be required. In this paper we present a design that fulfils these requirements using some simple innovations. Our altitude–azimuth design features a custom coaxial power transformer, enabling continuous 360∘ azimuth rotation. This increases reliability and avoids the need to reverse the tracker each day. In polar regions, measurements can continue uninterrupted through the summer polar day. Tracking accuracy is enhanced using a simple optical feedback technique that adjusts error offset variables while monitoring the edges of a focused solar image with four photodiodes. Control electronics are modular, and our software is written in Python, running as a web server on a recycled laptop with a Linux operating system. Over a period of 11 years we have assembled four such trackers. These are in use at Lauder (45∘ S), New Zealand, and Arrival Heights (78∘ S), Antarctica, achieving a history of good reliability even in polar conditions. Tracker accuracy is analysed regularly and can routinely produce a pointing accuracy of 0.02∘.
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18

Liu, Yan, Jian Liu, Ying Wei Song, et al. "Design of Solar Tracker Based on Square Structure and Camera Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.105.

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Solar tracker is an important part of photovoltaic generation and solar heating system. By solar tracker, the efficiency of solar utility can be significantly improved. Considering the camera device is widely applied in the photovoltaic generation and solar heating systems, based on the visual motoring equipment, a kind of solar tracker is designed. Using the proposed solar tracker, the height and the angle of the sun can be detected and be applied in solar tracker controller. Experiments show this design has relatively high accurate rate during a week’s period while the weather are partly cloudy or clear. It shows good application future in photovoltaic generation and solar heating industries.
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19

Mitrofanov, S. V., D. K. Baykasenov, and A. U. Nemaltsev. "Operational experience of a Solar Power Plant with a Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System in the conditions of the Southern Urals." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401022.

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The paper substantiates the need for the introduction of solar tracking systems for photovoltaic plants and presents a brief review of the scientific and technical literature on the development of solar trackers. Principal scheme of a heliostation with a dual-axis solar tracker of Orenburg State University has been designed. A comparative analysis of the generated electricity by a statically located solar module and a solar module with the dual-axis solar tracker is represented. Data for analysis have been obtained in Orenburg (Russia) using the developed automated system for remote diagnostics and monitoring of photovoltaic system parameters and a wireless weather station HP2000. The use of a dual-axis heliotracker for the solar plant in the conditions of the Southern Urals has allowed to increase the generation of electricity by 34.7% compared to a statically located PV panel.
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20

Wibowo, Sapto, Gatot Joelianto, and Ony Ramadhan Gholib. "Melbourne, Butterworth Heinemann. [5] U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, 2002, EPA Air Pollution Control, Cost Manual. North Carolina. [6] Ya’umar dan Biyanto Totok R. Optimasi Perawatan Stone Crusher Menggunakan Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)." ELPOSYS: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 6, no. 3 (2019): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v6i3.130.

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Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) merupakan sumber energi terbarukan yang ramah lingkungan. Dalam penyerapan panel surya akan menghasilkan energi maksimal pada posisi tegak lurus terhadap matahari. Untuk medapatkan energi yang maksimal maka diperlukan perancangan dan pemasangan solar tracker pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya skala kecil, kemudian menganalisa cara kerja solar tracker dengan kontroler proporsional-integral (PI) dan menganalisa kinerja efisiensi solar tracker statis dan dinamis dengan charge controller type PWM . Metode yang digunakan yaitu merancang dan memasang solar tracker dan pengambilan data secara manual dengan menggunakan alat ukur, parameter data yang diambil meliputi nilai error kontroler, arus, tegangan, daya, dan radiasi, kemudian dipresentasikan dalam bentuk grafik. Setelah dilakukan pengujian dan analisis dalam perancangan solar tracker dapat menggunakan sensor LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sebagai sensor utama, tetapi sensor tersebut tidak dapat membaca nilai radiasi matahari, dengan menggunakan kontrol PI didapatkan hasil pengontrolan yang cepat yaitu dengan menggunakan konstanta Kp 30 dan konstanta Ki 0. Dengan membadingkan solar tracker statis dan dinamis dengan charge controller type PWM, solar tracker statis menghasilkan nilai yang lebih besar dikarenakan pada solar tracker dinamis terdapat beban motor DC.
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21

Gisi, M., F. Hase, S. Dohe, and T. Blumenstock. "Camtracker: a new camera controlled high precision solar tracker system for FTIR-spectrometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 6 (2010): 4865–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-4865-2010.

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Abstract. A new system to very precisely couple radiation of a moving source into a FTIR-spectrometer is presented. The Camtracker consists of a homemade altazimuthal solar tracker, a digital camera and a homemade program to process the camera data and to control the motion of the tracker. The key idea is to evaluate the image of the radiation source on the entrance field stop of the spectrometer. We prove that the system reaches tracking accuracies of about 10" for a ground-based solar absorption FTIR spectrometer, which is significantly better than current solar trackers. Moreover, due to the incorporation of a camera, the new system allows to document residual pointing errors and to point onto the solar disc centre even in case of variable intensity distributions across the source due to cirrus or haze.
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22

Setiadi, Budi. "Solar Tracker Elektro-Pneumatik Berbasis Kendali Fuzzy." Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau 4, no. 3 (2020): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v4i3.179-190.

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ABSTRAKSalah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi daya keluaran listrik dari panel surya adalah posisi dan tingkat penyerapan sinar UV (Ultraviolet) dari matahari. Penggunaan aktuator motor servo untuk solar tracker membebani listrik yang dihasilkan dari pembangkit internal panel surya. Pada penelitian ini dirancang solar tracker menggunakan silinder pneumatik sebagai pengganti aktuator motor servo. Sedangkan, sensor UV digunakan untuk memantau sudut pergerakan matahari. Nilai error dan Δerror dari hasil pengolahan data sensor UV menjadi masukan bagi sistem pengambilan keputusan berbasis kendali fuzzy. Keluaran sistem pengambilan keputusan ini mengatur pergerakan posisi silinder pneumatik naik, turun, atau stop. Pengujian perangkat bekerja dengan baik, menghasilkan respon dinamik overshoot 5,3 % dan error steady state 1,6 %.Kata kunci: ultraviolet, pneumatik, fuzzy, overshoot, errorABSTRACTOne of the factors that affect the electrical output power of solar panels is the position and the absorption level of UV (Ultraviolet) rays from the sun. The use of a servo motor actuator for solar trackers burdens the generated electricity from the solar panels internal generator. In this study, a solar tracker was designed using a pneumatic cylinder as a replacement for the servo motor actuator. While a UV sensor was used to monitor the angle of the sun’s movement. The error and Δerror values from UV sensor data processing results become an input for decision-making systems based on fuzzy control. The output of this decision-making system regulates the movement of the position of the pneumatic cylinder up, down, or stopping. The test device worked properly, resulting in a dynamic response overshoot of 5.3% and a steady-state error of 1.6%.Keywords: ultraviolet, pneumatic, fuzzy, overshoot, error
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23

Ulum, Miftachul, Adi Kurniawan Saputro, Koko Joni, et al. "Planning and Manufacturing of Four Axis Solar Panels With Reflector Angle Adjustments." JEEE-U (Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering-UMSIDA) 6, no. 1 (2022): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jeeeu.v6i1.1628.

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Solar thermal energy is one type of renewable energy, so this type of energy can be converted into other energy. This study uses a four-axis solar tracker with angle settings on the reflector to get optimal sunlight, scanning to determine the optimal lighting angle, measurement results are stored in real-time in the data logger. This study uses an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) as a sunlight detector, equipped with several sensors, namely: current, voltage and power sensor (INA219), light sensor (MAX4409), and temperature sensor (DS18B20), and reflector angle as a parameter of solar efficiency panels. . The results showed that a four-axis solar tracker equipped with a reflector was able to increase the output power. The maximum power production produced by solar panels is: At a reflector angle of 300, the maximum power generated by a static panel is 143.43 W while a solar tracker is 175.15 W. At a reflector angle of 450 the maximum power generated by a static panel is 170.01 W and solar tracker 236.36 W. At an angled reflector of 600 the full power generated by a static panel is 87.77 W, and a solar tracker is 123.36 W. This study concludes that a solar tracker panel with an angle setting of 300 is more capable of maximizing power output than a static solar panel. Keyword : Solar Tracker, Four Axist, Reflektor
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Sui, Tian Ju, Zhi Bo Wang, Kai Yuan Yao, Tian Qi Li, and Hua Zhu. "New Automatic Solar Tracker with High Precision." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.683.

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A new solar tracker is designed and tested. The solar tracker is an all-weather solar machine aiming at the sun automatically with high precision. An embedded CPU is used as the control unit, calculating the position of the sun according to geography. Two light intensity detecting chips are used; one of them is to measure the ambient light intensity while the other is to check whether the tracker is directed to the sun well. The result of the first chip determines whether the second chip will be put into use. In this way it is guaranteed that the tracker operates well either with sufficient ambient light or not. Two step motors are used to drive the solar energy collector. The solar tracker has been produced and tested, showing satisfying tracking effect.
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Prasetyono, Eka, Novie Ayub Windarko, and Luluk Badriyah. "RANCANG BANGUN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR TRACKER DENGAN REFLEKTOR CERMIN DATAR BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER." INOVTEK POLBENG 8, no. 2 (2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/ip.v8i2.762.

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Energi listrik yang mampu dibangkitkan oleh photovoltaic (PV) sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor eksternal seperti intensitas iradiasi matahari, suhu lingkungan dan orientasi sudut kemiringan dari pemasangan PV. Intensitas iradiasi matahari di permukaan bumi selalu berubah-ubah nilainya seiring dengan pergerakan matahari di langit mulai matahari terbit sampai terbenam. Pada makalah ini akan dibahas PV solar tracker dengan reflektor cermin datar untuk mendapatkan intensitas iradiasi matahari yang maksimal sepanjang hari. Penggunaan reflektor dalam makalah ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan diffuse irradiance dan memperpendek jarak tempuh pergerakan solar tracker sehingga lebih hemat energi. Solar tracker didesain bergerak otomatis mengikuti posisi matahari dengan memperbarui sudut solar tracker sesuai sun hour angle (sudut jam matahari) secara periodik 1 jam sekali. Penentuan sudut solar tracker dikontrol oleh mikrokontroler ATMega16. Hasil percobaan lapangan diperoleh daya yang mampu dihasilkan PV menggunakan solar tracker dengan reflektor cermin datar setiap jamnya mengalami kenaikan daya rata-rata sebesar 76.05% dibandingkan dengan PV terpasang statis. Secara komulatif dalam satu hari energi didapatkan posentase kenaikan energi dapat mencapai 75.20% dibandingkan dengan PV yang dipasang secara statis. Sedangkan konsumsi energi untuk menggerakkan solar tracker memerlukan energy kurang dari 0.15% dari total energi yang mampu dihasilkan oleh PV.
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Kurniawan, Septian Ari, and Mohammad Taufik. "RANCANG BANGUN SOLAR TRACKER SUMBU TUNGGAL BERBASIS MOTOR STEPPER DAN REAL TIME CLOCK." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Rekayasa 26, no. 1 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/tr.2021.v26i1.3685.

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Energi matahari merupakan sumber energi terbarukan yang dapat dikonversi menjadi listrik. Salah satu cara yang paling umum digunakan adalah menggunakan fotovoltaik (PV). Namun, hambatan terbesar dari penggunaan PV adalah efisiensi konversi yang rendah. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi hambatan tersebut adalah menggunakan solar tracker. Solar tracker adalah sebuah perangkat yang dapat membantu panel surya untuk memaksimalkan penangkapan radiasi matahari dengan cara membuat panel surya selalu menghadap (tegak lurus) matahari. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan pada pembuatan purwarupa solar tracker sumbu tunggal dan membandingkan kinerjanya dengan panel surya statis. Pengujian peningkatan efisiensi diwakilkan dengan pengukuran tegangan open circuit (VOC) dan arus short circuit (ISC) untuk kedua panel. Purwarupa solar tracker sumbu tunggal yang dibuat menggunakan sebuah motor stepper KS42STH40-1204A yang bergerak sesuai dengan pewaktuan real time clock (RTC) DS3231. Nilai VOC yang diperoleh, menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan sebesar 4,83% pada solar tracker dibandingkan dengan panel surya statis, sedangkan nilai ISC pada solar tracker lebih rendah 11,11% dibandingkan dengan panel surya statis.
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Gisi, M., F. Hase, S. Dohe, and T. Blumenstock. "Camtracker: a new camera controlled high precision solar tracker system for FTIR-spectrometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 1 (2011): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-47-2011.

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Abstract. A new system to very precisely couple radiation of a moving source into a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer is presented. The Camtracker consists of a homemade altazimuthal solar tracker, a digital camera and a homemade program to process the camera data and to control the motion of the tracker. The key idea is to evaluate the image of the radiation source on the entrance field stop of the spectrometer. We prove that the system reaches tracking accuracies of about 10 arc s for a ground-based solar absorption FTIR spectrometer, which is significantly better than current solar trackers. Moreover, due to the incorporation of a camera, the new system allows to document residual pointing errors and to point onto the solar disk center even in case of variable intensity distributions across the source due to cirrus or haze.
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Poulek, V. "New low cost solar tracker." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 33, no. 3 (1994): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(94)90231-3.

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Samanta, Arnab, Rachit Varma, and Shrikant Bhatt. "Chronological Single Axis Solar Tracker." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 21, no. 4 (2015): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v21p236.

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Alijanov, Donyorbek Dilshodovich, and Nodirbek Abdulhamid o‘g‘li Topvoldiyev. "SOLAR TRACKER SYSTEM USING ARDUINO." Theoretical & Applied Science 101, no. 09 (2021): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.09.101.18.

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Sutrisno, Sutrisno, As'ad Aris Mustofa, Wawan Kusdiana, and Okol Sri Suharyo. "THE MODEL DESIGN MODIFICATION OF SUNLIGHT DETECTION SYSTEM ON SOLAR CELL." JOURNAL ASRO 11, no. 04 (2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v11i04.354.

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Indonesia is a country traversed by the equator therefore get a high intensity of sunlight from morning to afternoon, it can be utilized by utilizing solar power to be converted into electrical energy, that is using solar panels. The performance of solar panels is strongly influenced by the intensity of sunlight. Therefore it is Necessary to design a tool in the form of solar tracker that can move the solar panels to the position of the solar panels can always follow the direction of the coming sun. Currently there is already doing research with solar tracker but limited to move only east and west course, this will be more optimal if solar tracker can follow sunshine from all direction. In this research we managed to modify the models of a solar tracker that can move in direction east, west, north and south following the sun.The conclusion of this research is Obtained with the use of solar tracking system 2 degrees of freedom can reach a power increase of 11% Compared to the solar tracking system 1 degree of freedom. Keywords: Solar tracker 2 degrees of freedom, Solar cell.
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Patil, Ketan, Rohan Dhulap, Sanket Kinjalaskar, Neeraj Kumar Heeralal, and Prof Abdul Bari. "Dual Axis Solar Tracker with Cleaner." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41498.

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Abstract: The goal of this project was to develop a laboratory prototype of a solar tracking system, which is able to enhance the performance of the photovoltaic modules in a solar energy system. The operating principle of the device is to keep the photovoltaic modules (solar panels) constantly aligned with the sunbeams, which maximizes the exposure of solar panel to the Sun’s radiation. As a result, more output power can be produced by the solar panel. The work of the project included hardware design and implementation, together with software programming for the microcontroller unit of the solar tracker. The system utilized an Arduino sensor microcontroller to control motion of two D/C motors, which rotate solar panel in two axes. The amount of rotation was determined by the microcontroller, based on inputs retrieved from four photo sensors located next to solar panel. At the end of the project, and one cleaning unit also installed to clean the solar panels automatically with switch, a functional solar tracking system was designed and implemented. It was able to keep the solar panel aligned with the sun, or any light source repetitively. Design of the solar tracker from this project is also a reference and a starting point for the development of more advanced systems in the future.
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Kanyarusoke, Kant E., Jasson Gryzagoridis, and Graeme Oliver. "Are solar tracking technologies feasible for domestic applications in rural tropical Africa?" Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 1 (2015): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i1a2224.

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That solar tracking improves energy yields from solar harvest systems is not debatable. Nor is the under powering of tropical Africa amidst plenty of energy resources – including solar. This paper presents a review of recent literature on tracking as applied to domestic solar harnessing devices. The purpose is to find basic requirements in design of a suitable solar tracker for the region’s rural homes. It is concluded that Single axis passive trackers possibly will stand better chances of acceptability in the region.
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Fernandez, Abyan Arief, Andrian Rakhmatsyah, and Aulia Arif Wardana. "Monitoring Floating Solar Tracker Based on Axis Coordinates using LoRa Network." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 2 (2020): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.141-149.

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This research aimed to build a solar tracker for a floating solar panel and used long–range (LoRa) communication to harvest energy and monitor its process. With the rising demand for renewable energy in these recent years especially for solar energy, it needs to meet this demand to remain relevant for the upcoming years where it will have an even larger impact as we shift into clean energy. Monitoring single–axis solar trackers on rural areas difficult and cost–intensive. The purpose of a floating solar farm is to reduce the cost from buying/renting land. Floating solar panels cannot be monitored using wired because they are moving nodes in the water, it makes wired installation complicated. Hence, using wireless sensornetwork is a solution that allowsremote monitoring of floating solar panels in rural areas and makes moving nodes mentioned above possible. Testing wasperformed by sending 100 packets from the node to its gateway using LoRa modulation, and the gateway successfully received about 90% of the packets sent by the node. The vertical single-axis solar tracker used in floating solar managed to get 17% more energy than the fixed solar with a more stable income for the whole duration of sending 100 packets.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Aprilia, Bandiyah Sri, Muhammad Zakiyullah Romdlony, Jangkung Raharjo, and Yogi Ghifari Sidik. "Fuzzy based sensorless tracking controller on the dual-axis PV panel for optimizing the power production." JURNAL INFOTEL 13, no. 4 (2021): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v13i4.738.

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In general active sun trackers move because they respond to light sensors that measure the intensity of sunlight. However, sensor based trackers are usually more expensive than sensor less trackers. In addition, based on several studies, a comparison between sensor and sensorless based tracker only reports lower tracking error and higher power generation for sensor based than sensorless tracker but does not include an analysis of energy use on the sensor. Therefore, this study aims to design a sensorless closed loop tracking system for solar panels with two degrees of freedom. The tracking controller in this study is based on the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) method. In this study, a dual-axis PV can increase power output by 20.2% compared to a fixed PV (0 ° axis position). This is because, in comparison to a fixed PV, dual axis PV adjusts the solar panel perpendicular to the sun's position to optimize electrical conversion.
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Yatmani, Sri Sri. "Sistem kendali Solar Tracker Untuk Meningkatkan effisiensi Daya." Jurnal Teknik Mesin ITI 4, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31543/jtm.v4i1.354.

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Efisien[PU1] daya solar tracker masih sekitar 8,87%, telah banyak dikembangkan bahan panel surya maupun posisi letak panel surya dalam menangkap sinar matahari. Penggunaan solar tracker cukup dikenal namun belum digunakan secara masif[PU2] , karena tipe tracker membutuhkan energi tambahan untuk menggerakkan modul surya sepanjang hari, dikhawatirkan justru akan menghabiskan energi listrik yang dihasilkan modul surya. Penelitian ini membuat prototype solar tracker dengan mengatur waktu penggerakan modul surya untuk dapat menghasilkan energi total lebih besar dibandingkan modul surya tipe statis. Prototype ini menggunakan papan Arduino Mega 2560 sebagai pengendali dan 4 sensor cahaya LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), digunakan untuk penyimpanan modul surya secara otomatis[PU3] , dan 3 motor stepper. Energi total yang dihasilkan dengan tracker sebesar 116383 Joule per jam lebih besar dari energi tipe statis sebesar 103038 Joule per jam. Rata rata rasio efisiensi energi solar dinamis versus energi solar sel statis sebesar 12,95 %, proses penyimpanan modul surya secara otomatis[PU4] saat tidak ada sinar matahari untuk memperpanjang masa pemakaian panel surya.
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Normanyo, Erwin, and Akparibo Awingot. "A Solar Radiation Tracker for Solar Energy Optimisation." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 14, no. 4 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2016/22955.

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Agus Suryanto, Noor Hudallah, Tatyantoro Andrasto, Cahyo Fajar Adhiningtyas, and Seftriana Anifa Khusniasari. "Optimalisasi Keluaran Panel Surya Menggunakan Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi 10, no. 3 (2021): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v10i3.1142.

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Salah satu faktor pada pengoperasian sel surya agar didapatkan nilai maksimum adalah posisi sel surya terhadap matahari. Solar tracker adalah alat untuk meningkatkan insolasi pada panel surya dengan mengubah arah panel surya menuju posisi matahari. Pada awalnya, solar tracker diatur menggunakan LDR. Kemudian, pengaturan berbasis pengolahan citra dapat mengurangi kesalahan pelacakan. Solar tracker berbasis citra selama ini masih menggunakan komputer ukuran penuh yang membutuhkan banyak energi dan tempat. Makalah ini bertujuan meningkatkan akurasi arah panel surya dan mengoptimalkan keluaran panel surya dengan meningkatkan sudut penyinaran matahari (insolasi) menggunakan solar tracker dengan sensor kamera dan komputer mini Raspberry Pi. Penggunaan kamera ditujukan untuk mengurangi kesalahan sistem berbasis LDR dan penggunaan Raspberry Pi menggantikan kerja komputer ukuran penuh. Pencarian orientasi matahari menggunakan metode intensitas nilai piksel tertinggi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, keluaran panel surya terbukti dapat dioptimalkan dengan diaplikasikannya Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi. Perbandingan daya keluaran antara panel surya diam dengan panel surya yang terpasang pada Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi adalah 1:1,389 (21,5487 W:29,8822 W) pada pengujian tanpa beban dan 1:1,2042 (6,0344 W:7,2671 W) pada pengujian dengan beban lampu pijar 12 V/5 W.
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Gogi, Kavya S., Maheshan CM, and H. Prasanna Kumar. "Automatic Solar Tracker with Dust Wiper Using PID Controller." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (2017): 1422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7197.

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Yu, He Jun, You Li Wang, Jian Ying Li, and Xiao Lei He. "The Design of Automatic Solar Tracker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.742.

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The thesis describes the feature and system principle of a new type automatic solar tracker in the Solar Radiation Observing System. The new type automatic solar tracker is absolutely automatic、all-weather and with high precision. The system plans two control modes: orbit tracking mode and sensor tracking mode. In the paper the rationale and the project of the two control modes in the system is elaborated and the smooth switch between the two control modes is discussed.
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Prodhan, M. M. H., M. K. Hamid, D. Hussain, and M. F. Huq. "Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of an Automatic Solar Tracker." Journal of Scientific Research 8, no. 1 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v8i1.23357.

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In this research paper, an automatic solar tracker based on gear system is designed and developed. The solar tracker follows the sun from east to west during the day. Driving software has been developed using FLOWCODE and then it is burnt into the microcontroller (PIC 16F72). An intelligent sensor board followed by a sensor circuit has been used to sense the position of the sun.The system has been programmed to detect the intensity of sunlight by a differential arrangement of two LDRs and subsequently actuate the motor to position the solar panel where it can receive maximum sunlight. The solar tracking system is a mechatronic system that integrates electrical and mechanical systems and computer hardware & software. The driving gear system and the structure of the PV module have been developed by using the locally available materials.In our research, the efficiency of this automatic solar tracker is 15% higher than the conventional tracker because of the designing automatic solar tracker and has got it successfully.This reveals that our system is compatible with the additional energy production.
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Drozd, O., and L. Scherbak. "EN Solar panels work and control system modeling in LabVIEW and LTSpice XVII. Comparison of the perspectives of panels using." Refrigeration Engineering and Technology 57, no. 1 (2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/ret.v57i1.1977.

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This paper is dedicated to the research of solar energy issues, namely to increase the efficiency of solar panels and to compare the performance of solar panels in different configurations. The author researches and compares the performance of solar panels with and without trackers. The sun is an inexhaustible source of energy that mankind has yet to appreciate. Solar energy is the kinetic energy of radiation (mainly light) generated by thermonuclear reactions in the bowels of the sun. Solar energy is one such alternative, the neglect of which will in the near future lead to catastrophic consequences for humanity. Solar energy is a progressive method of obtaining various types of energy through solar radiation. Solar energy is one of the most promising and dynamic renewable energy sources (RES). Each year, the increase in commissioned capacity is approximately 40-50%. In the last fifteen years alone, the proportion of solar electricity in the world has exceeded the 5% mark. To increase the efficiency of solar panels, designers and engineers are developing new devices and devices, one of which is a solar tracker. A solar tracker is a device that allows you to control the movement of the sun across the sky, as well as move the solar panel to the position where the absorption of sunlight is most effective. After the conducted experiment , calculations an comparison we can see the next results. Without the solar tracker our panel generated maximum power in 2.4 Watt. After the solar tracking system integration, our panel generated almost 20 (19.8) Watt of power! After this comparison we can tell that the generated power increase in 8.25 Watts. We can also admit that the amount of generated power depends on light intensity. But solar panels are the most effective when the solar beam falls perpendicular to solar cell and solar panel is at an angle of 75 – 85 degrees
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Batista-Rodríguez, Carlos R., Rosa I. Urquiza-Salgado, and Elio R. Hidalgo-Batista. "Indexes for the evaluation of a Solar Tracker*." Ingeniería y Desarrollo 36, no. 1 (2018): 172–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/inde.36.1.10945.

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44

Szász, Csaba. "Solar tracker platform development for energy efficiency improvement of photovoltaic panels." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 10, no. 3 (2019): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2019.0031.

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Solar energy systems have emerged over the last decades as the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy resources available worldwide. Solar trackers are devices specially developed to enhance the energy efficiency of solar energy systems. This paper presents the design and implementation stages of a reconfigurable hardware technology-based two-axis solar tracker platform, specially conceived to improve the energy efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The main module of this platform is the NI MyRIO ready-to-use development system built upon a high-performance Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) processor that controls the entire solar tracker unit. Optimal tracking of the sun movement and obtaining the maximal energy efficiency rate is achieved by simultaneous real-time controlling both the captured sunlight intensity and PV cell temperature magnitudes. In this way, a robust and versatile positioning system has been developed that performs a high precision and accurate tracking pathway. All the control algorithms are implemented there under the LabView graphical programming software toolkit. The final solution boosts in a useful and modularized tracking system that looks useful in a wide range of applications both in industrial and domestic project sites with different power scales.
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Abadi, Imam, Qurrotul Uyuniyah, Dwi Nur Fitriyanah, Yahya Jani, and Kamaruddin Abdullah. "Performance Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Based on Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller on Active Dual Axis Solar Tracker." E3S Web of Conferences 190 (2020): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019000016.

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World energy consumption increases with time, so that occur an energy imbalance. Many breakthroughs have developed to utilize renewable energy. The photovoltaic system is one of the easy-to-use renewable energies. The power conversion from PV fixed is still low, so the PV system is designed using the active dual-axis solar tracker. The PV tracker position can be adjusted to change the sun position to get maximum efficiency. The active dual-axis solar tracker system is integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. The active dual-axis solar tracker system integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. Tracking test simulation had done by comparing the output power of a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker. Type-2 fuzzy logic based MPPT successfully increased the average output power by 10.48 % with the highest increase of 17.48 % obtained at 15:00 West Indonesia Time (GMT+7). The difference in power from a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker of 36.08 W is from the output power worth 206.3 to 242.4 W.
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46

Dey, A. K., JVR Nickey, and Yanxia Sun. "Dual Axis Shadow Tracker." MATEC Web of Conferences 220 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822005002.

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Solar automatic fire tracker & extinguisher system is a new innovation technology and designed by our technology station (Process, Energy and Environmental Technology Station, University of Johannesburg) in combination with the characteristic of heat & fire detection apparatus. This industrial automation fire extinguisher have a platform with 90 degree of freedom and the DC motor base wheel will be passive or active, fixed or steerable according to system logic control unit to target a fire source. To get the system more effective and flexible the wheel will regulate with two characteristics: 1. Wheel spinning, 2. driving control. The whole system will operate by Solar energy source because it can be use in remote areas where it is too difficult to extend the electricity power grid connection to the fire extinguisher (solar extinguisher is not fix unit, it will always travel from one place to another place to find photon and detect flame). The most fun about the project is to watch him navigate from light source to light source trying desperately to stay alive. This character is the secondary operation when the battery status under the level of 60%.
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Muhammad, Burhan, Jin Oh Seung, Kim Choon Ng, and Wongee Chun. "Experimental Investigation of Multijunction Solar Cell Using Two Axis Solar Tracker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 818 (January 2016): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.818.213.

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Solar cell is the most cost effective and simple device to harvest solar energy as compared to other systems. Many types of single junction solar cell are available in market but their main problem is low efficiency. This paper focuses on the performance investigation of high efficiency multijunction solar cell using two axis solar tracker. High solar concentration is needed for multijunction solar cell with accurate solar tracking to get maximum energy output. Solar tracker is based upon the astronomical algorithm of solar tracking. Tracking System consists of GPS module, AVR microcontroller, stepper motors with drive modules and some other accessories. The tracking system takes geographical location data from GPS to calculate sun position for tracking.
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Muhammad, Burhan, Jin Oh Seung, Kim Choon Ng, and Wongee Chun. "Experimental Investigation of Multijunction Solar Cell Using Two Axis Solar Tracker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.536.

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Solar cell is the most cost effective and simple device to harvest solar energy as compared to other systems. Many types of single junction solar cell are available in market but their main problem is low efficiency. This paper focuses on the performance investigation of high efficiency multijunction solar cell using two axis solar tracker. High solar concentration is needed for multijunction solar cell with accurate solar tracking to get maximum energy output. Solar tracker is based upon the astronomical algorithm of solar tracking. Tracking System consists of GPS module, AVR microcontroller, stepper motors with drive modules and some other accessories. The tracking system takes geographical location data from GPS to calculate sun position for tracking.
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Morón, Carlos, Jorge Díaz, Daniel Ferrández, and Mari Ramos. "Mechatronic Prototype of Parabolic Solar Tracker." Sensors 16, no. 6 (2016): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16060882.

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WANG Hong-rui, 王红睿, 王玉鹏 WANG Yu-peng, and 方伟 FANG Wei. "Intelligent solar tracker with double modes." Optics and Precision Engineering 19, no. 7 (2011): 1605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20111907.1605.

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