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Journal articles on the topic 'Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Khan, Asfandyar, Ahsan Nazir, Abdur Rehman, et al. "A review of UV radiation protection on humans by textiles and clothing." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 32, no. 6 (2020): 869–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-10-2019-0153.

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PurposeThis review deals with the pros and cons of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human beings and the role of textile clothing and the chemicals used for textiles to protect from their harmful effects.Design/methodology/approachUV radiation (UVR) which has further divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC. Almost 100% of UVC and major portion of UVB are bounced back to stratosphere by ozone layer while UVA enters the earth atmosphere. Excessive exposure of solar or artificial UVR exhibit potential risks to human health. UVR is a major carcinogen and excessive exposure of solar radiation in sunlight can c

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Kelly, David J., and Max L. Bothwell. "Avoidance of solar ultraviolet radiation by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 3 (2002): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-023.

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Shade-seeking behavior and avoidance of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by newly emerged coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins and two-month-old coho juveniles was documented in experimental trials in the Little Qualicum River, British Columbia, using outdoor chambers that provided the fish with a binary choice of photo environments. Under high solar intensities (i.e., midsummer, cloudless skies) coho of both age classes strongly preferred 50% neutral density shaded conditions to unattenuated full-spectrum (280700 nm) sunlight (t test, p < 0.025). In addition, coho alevins and juven

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Peters, Cheryl E., Elena Pasko, Peter Strahlendorf, Dorothy Linn Holness, and Thomas Tenkate. "Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure among Outdoor Workers in Three Canadian Provinces." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 6 (2019): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz044.

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AbstractIntroductionSolar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure places outdoor workers at risk of skin cancer and exposure is difficult to control. In response, the Sun Safety at Work Canada (SSAWC) project was undertaken (2014–2016). The purpose of this substudy was to characterize the UVR exposure levels of outdoor workers in the SSAWC project.MethodsThirteen workplaces in the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario, and Nova Scotia participated in an exposure monitoring campaign (late summer/early fall 2016). Study participants were workers from power utilities and municipalities. Participant

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STUDER, A., M. D. LAMARE, and R. POULIN. "Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the transmission process of an intertidal trematode parasite." Parasitology 139, no. 4 (2012): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011002174.

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SUMMARYThe transmission of parasites takes place under exposure to a range of fluctuating environmental factors, one being the changing levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Here, we investigated the effects of ecologically relevant levels of UVR on the transmission of the intertidal trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis from its first intermediate snail host (Zeacumantus subcarinatus) to its second intermediate amphipod host (Paracalliope novizealandiae). We assessed the output of parasite transmission stages (cercariae) from infected snail hosts, the survival and infectivity of cercar

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Boiano, James M., Sharon R. Silver, Rebecca J. Tsai, Wayne T. Sanderson, Sa Liu, and Lawrence W. Whitehead. "Development of Job Exposure Matrices to Estimate Occupational Exposure to Solar and Artificial Ultraviolet Radiation." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 9 (2020): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa076.

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Abstract Objectives Job exposure matrices (JEMs) are important tools for estimating occupational exposures in study populations where only information on industry and occupation (I&O) are available. JEMs The objective of this work was to create JEMs for solar and artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) using a US standardized coding scheme. Methods Using U.S. Census Bureau industry and occupation codes, separate lists of I&O pairs were developed for solar and artificial UVR by a panel of Certified Industrial Hygienists who assigned exposure ratings to I&O pairs with potential exposu

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Frost, Paul C., and Marguerite A. Xenopoulos. "Rapid Communication / Communication RapideAmbient solar ultraviolet radiation and its effects on phosphorus flux into boreal lake phytoplankton communities." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 7 (2002): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-100.

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We examined the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on net phosphorus (P) flux into phytoplankton communities in two boreal lakes at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), Canada. We manipulated P available to and irradiance received by phytoplankton during four different three-day incubations of dilution bioassays. Net P flux was estimated by measuring the accumulation of particulate P (that retained on glass fiber filters) over the incubation period. No effects of UVR on net P flux were found at ambient P levels in any of the experiments. At the highest levels of P addition, less particulate

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Modenese, Alberto, Fabriziomaria Gobba, Valentina Paolucci, Swen Malte John, Pietro Sartorelli, and Marc Wittlich. "A One-Month Monitoring of Exposure to Solar UV Radiation of a Group of Construction Workers in Tuscany." Energies 13, no. 22 (2020): 6035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226035.

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Solar radiation exposure at work is a relevant heath risk in the construction sector. Our objective was to monitor for a full month the individual solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure of a group of three construction workers active in Siena (latitude = 43°19′ N), a town in Tuscany (Italy). We used personal electronic dosimeters “X-2012-10” (Gigahertz, Turkenfeld, Germany) to register the UV irradiance in the UVA and UVB/C regions separately and we consulted a specific database to retrieve the corresponding ambient erythemal UVR dose (cloud-free conditions). In spring, construction worker

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Silva, Abel A. "The diffuse component of erythemal ultraviolet radiation." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 14, no. 11 (2015): 1941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00131e.

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Cadet, Jean-Maurice, Thierry Portafaix, Hassan Bencherif, et al. "Inter-Comparison Campaign of Solar UVR Instruments under Clear Sky Conditions at Reunion Island (21°S, 55°E)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (2020): 2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082867.

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Measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is important for the assessment of potential beneficial and adverse impacts on the biosphere, plants, animals, and humans. Excess solar UVR exposure in humans is associated with skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. Several factors influence solar UVR at the Earth’s surface, such as latitude and cloud cover. Given the potential risks from solar UVR there is a need to measure solar UVR at different locations using effective instrumentation. Various instruments are available to measure solar UVR, but some are expensive and others are not port

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Miligi, Lucia. "Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure: Some Observations and Considerations, Focusing on Some Italian Experiences, on Cancer Risk, and Primary Prevention." Environments 7, no. 2 (2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7020010.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation may cause acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eyes, and also on the immune system. Actinic keratosis, non-melanoma skin cancers, and malignant melanoma are the main long-term adverse skin effects. In the white population, the most common type of cancer worldwide is skin cancer, and the incidence of this cancer has increased during the last decades. The most important risk factor responsible for this trend seems to be Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR). IARC has classified UVR as being carcinogenic to humans. UV radiation exposure is ubiquitous; to study skin canc

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Chalada, Melissa, Charmaine A. Ramlogan-Steel, Bijay P. Dhungel, Christopher J. Layton, and Jason C. Steel. "The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Aetiology and Development of Uveal Melanoma." Cancers 13, no. 7 (2021): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13071700.

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Uveal melanoma (UM) is currently classified by the World Health Organisation as a melanoma caused by risk factors other than cumulative solar damage. However, factors relating to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) susceptibility such as light-coloured skin and eyes, propensity to burn, and proximity to the equator, frequently correlate with higher risk of UM. These risk factors echo those of the far more common cutaneous melanoma (CM), which is widely accepted to be caused by excessive UVR exposure, suggesting a role of UVR in the development and progression of a proportion of UM. Indeed, this could

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Stábile, Franca, Christer Brönmark, Lars-Anders Hansson, and Marcus Lee. "Fitness cost from fluctuating ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna." Biology Letters 17, no. 8 (2021): 20210261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0261.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important environmental threat for organisms in aquatic systems, but its temporally variable nature makes the understanding of its effects ambiguous. The aim of our study was to assess potential fitness costs associated with fluctuating UVR in the aquatic zooplankter Daphnia magna . We investigated individual survival, reproduction and behaviour when exposed to different UVR treatments. Individuals exposed to fluctuating UVR, resembling natural variations in cloud cover, had the lowest fitness (measured as the number of offspring produced during their li

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Tong, Shanying, David A. Hutchins, and Kunshan Gao. "Physiological and biochemical responses of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> to ocean acidification and warming are modulated by UV radiation." Biogeosciences 16, no. 2 (2019): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-561-2019.

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Abstract. Marine phytoplankton such as bloom-forming, calcite-producing coccolithophores, are naturally exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) in the ocean's upper mixed layers. Nevertheless, the effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2)-induced ocean acidification and warming have rarely been investigated in the presence of UVR. We examined calcification and photosynthetic carbon fixation performance in the most cosmopolitan coccolithophorid, Emiliania huxleyi, grown under high (1000 µatm, HC; pHT: 7.70) and low (400 µatm, LC; pHT: 8.02) CO2 levels, at 15 ∘C, 20 ∘C and 24 ∘

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Pedersen, Julie Elbaek, Katrine Strandberg-Larsen, Michael Andersson, and Johnni Hansen. "Occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet B radiation and risk of subtypes of breast cancer in Danish women." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 78, no. 4 (2021): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-107125.

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ObjectivesPrevious epidemiological studies have indicated that solar ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) may have a protective effect on breast cancer. However, the evidence remains inconclusive. Despite the fact that outdoor work history may be considered a reliable measure of long-term UVR exposure, objective information on lifetime employment has not been included in previous investigations focusing on breast cancer. To address this issue, we explored the association between occupational UVR exposure and female breast cancer, including subtypes.MethodsA total of 38 375 women under the age of 70 y

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Young, Antony R., Kylie A. Morgan, Graham I. Harrison, et al. "A revised action spectrum for vitamin D synthesis by suberythemal UV radiation exposure in humans in vivo." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (2021): e2015867118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015867118.

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Action spectra are important biological weighting functions for risk/benefit analyses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) exposure. One important human benefit of exposure to terrestrial solar UVB radiation (∼295 to 315 nm) is the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3 that is initiated by the photoconversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3. An action spectrum for this process that is followed by other nonphotochemical steps to achieve biologically active vitamin D3 has been established from ex vivo data and is widely used, although its validity has been questioned. We tested this action s

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ZAK-PRELICH, M., J. L. BORKOWSKI, F. ALEXANDER, and M. NORVAL. "The role of solar ultraviolet irradiation in zoster." Epidemiology and Infection 129, no. 3 (2002): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268802007793.

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Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) suppresses many aspects of cell-mediated immunity but it is uncertain whether solar UV exposure alters resistance to human infectious diseases. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox) and can reactivate from latency to cause zoster (shingles). The monthly incidence of chickenpox and zoster in a defined Polish population over 2 years was recorded and ground level solar UV was measured daily. There was a significant seasonality of UVR. Evidence of seasonal variation was found for all zoster cases and for zoster in males, with the lowest number of ca

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Cadet, Bencherif, du Preez, et al. "Solar UV Radiation in Saint-Denis, La Réunion and Cape Town, South Africa: 10 years Climatology and Human Exposure Assessment at Altitude." Atmosphere 10, no. 10 (2019): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100589.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) monitoring is important since it depends on several atmospheric parameters which are associated with climate change and since excess solar UVR exposure and has significant impacts on human health and wellbeing. The objective of this study was to investigate the trends in solar UVR during a decade (2009–2018) in Saint-Denis, Reunion Island (20.9°S, 55.5°E, 85 m ASL) and Cape Town, South Africa (33.97°S, 18.6°E, 42 m ASL). This comparison was done using total daily erythema exposure as derived from UVR sensors continuously at both sites. Climatology over the 10-

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Chen, Heng, Wanchun Guan, Guoquan Zeng, Ping Li, and Shaobo Chen. "Alleviation of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced photoinhibition in diatom Chaetoceros curvisetus by ocean acidification." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95, no. 4 (2014): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414001568.

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The study aimed to unravel the interaction between ocean acidification and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in Chaetoceros curvisetus. Chaetoceros curvisetus cells were acclimated to high CO2 (HC, 1000 ppmv) and low CO2 concentration (control, LC, 380 ppmv) for 14 days. Cell density, specific growth rate and chlorophyll were measured. The acclimated cells were then exposed to PAB (photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) + UV-A + UV-B), PA (PAR + UV-A) or P (PAR) for 60 min. Photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), relative electron transport rate (rETR) and the recovery of ΦPSII were determined. H

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Watkins, Elise Marie, David W. Schindler, Michael A. Turner, and David Findlay. "Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on epilithic metabolism, and nutrient and community composition in a clear-water boreal lake." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 10 (2001): 2059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-150.

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Stratospheric ozone depletion, climate change, and acidification will increase the exposure of aquatic eco systems to ultraviolet radiation (UVR; 280400 nm). The objective of this study was to determine the ecological effects of ambient UVR exposure on epilithon (algal communities attached to rocky substrata) relative to an artificially reduced UVR environment. UVR exposure was altered in the littoral zone of a boreal lake by selectively filtering segments of the solar spectrum with large acrylic sheets. This 130-day study took place at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, in 19

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Cadet, Jean-Maurice, Hassan Bencherif, Nicolas Cadet, et al. "Solar UV Radiation in the Tropics: Human Exposure at Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) during Summer Outdoor Activities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (2020): 8105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218105.

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Reunion Island is a popular tourist destination with sandy beaches, an active volcano (Piton de la Fournaise), and Piton des Neiges, the highest and most dominant geological feature on the island. Reunion is known to have high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with an ultraviolet index (UVI) which can reach 8 in winter and 16 in summer (climatological conditions). UVR has been linked to skin cancer, melanoma, and eye disease such as cataracts. The World Health Organization (WHO) devised the UVI as a tool for expressing UVR intensity. Thresholds ranging from low (UVI 1–2) to extreme (

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Schmalwieser, Alois W., Giuseppe R. Casale, Alfredo Colosimo, Susanne S. Schmalwieser, and Anna Maria Siani. "Review on Occupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020142.

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During leisure time, people can decide if they want to expose themselves to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to what extent. While working, people do not have this choice. Outdoor workers are exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR) on a daily basis. This may pose a certain health risk, which can be estimated when the personal solar UVR exposure (PE) is known. During past decades, a variety of studies were conducted to measure PE of outdoor workers and our knowledge of the PE of outdoor workers has increased remarkably. As shown by this review, studies clearly indicate that PE of most outdoor w

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Peters, Susan, Jerome Lavoue, Marissa Baker, and Hans Kromhout. "O2E.4 Evaluation of exposure assessment methods in epidemiological studies: the welding example." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (2019): A21.1—A21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.55.

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Exposure assessment quality is a fundamental consideration in the design and evaluation of observational studies. High quality exposure assessment is particularly relevant for outcomes with long latency, such as cancer, where detailed information on past exposures are often missing and must therefore be estimated.For the IARC Monograph on welding, the exposure group provided an overview of assessment methods used in the key epidemiological studies. Strengths and weaknesses of each study were assessed, along with their potential effects on interpretation of risk estimates.For the association be

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Peters, Cheryl E., Anne-Marie Nicol, and Paul A. Demers. "Prevalence of Exposure to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) on the Job in Canada." Canadian Journal of Public Health 103, no. 3 (2012): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03403817.

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Polańska, Adriana, Paulina Cieplewicz, Zygmunt Adamski, Ryszard Żaba, and Aleksandra Dańczak‑Pazdrowska. "The influence of ultraviolet radiation on the aging process of the skin." Journal of Face Aesthetics 2, no. 1 (2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/jofa.8.

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Skin as the largest organ of the human body is constantly exposured to solar radiation. Photoaging describes the influence of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the skin exposed to light. A typical histopathological indicator of skin aging is the phenomenon of elastosis, which is the accumulation of amorphous elastin and tropoelastine in the reticular layer of the dermis. The presented study summarizes pathogenesis and clinical features related to chronic exposition of skin to UVR.

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Grandi, Carlo, and Maria Concetta D’Ovidio. "Balance between Health Risks and Benefits for Outdoor Workers Exposed to Solar Radiation: An Overview on the Role of Near Infrared Radiation Alone and in Combination with Other Solar Spectral Bands." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041357.

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Near infrared or infrared A (IRA) accounts for over 40% of the solar spectrum (SS) and is able to reach subcutaneous tissue as well as the retina. Outdoor workers are occupationally exposed to solar radiation (SR), but the level of exposure may differ widely depending on the job performed, time spent outdoors, latitude, altitude, season, personal protection, etc. Until now, risk assessment and management for outdoor workers has focused on the prevention of both acute and long-term effects on the eye and the skin due to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with little consideration of the other co

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Cai, Xiaoni, David A. Hutchins, Feixue Fu, and Kunshan Gao. "Effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthetic performance and N<sub>2</sub> fixation in <i>Trichodesmium erythraeum</i> IMS 101." Biogeosciences 14, no. 19 (2017): 4455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4455-2017.

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Abstract. Biological effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR; 280–400 nm) on marine primary producers are of general concern, as oceanic carbon fixers that contribute to the marine biological CO2 pump are being exposed to increasing UV irradiance due to global change and ozone depletion. We investigated the effects of UV-B (280–320 nm) and UV-A (320–400 nm) on the biogeochemically critical filamentous marine N2-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium (strain IMS101) using a solar simulator as well as under natural solar radiation. Short exposure to UV-B, UV-A, or integrated total UVR significantly r

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Mofidi, Amirabbas, Emile Tompa, Chaojie Song, et al. "Economic evaluation of interventions to reduce solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure among construction workers." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18, no. 6 (2021): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2021.1910278.

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Rother, Hanna-Andrea, Juanette John, Caradee Y. Wright, James Irlam, Riëtha Oosthuizen, and Rebecca M. Garland. "Perceptions of Occupational Heat, Sun Exposure, and Health Risk Prevention: A Qualitative Study of Forestry Workers in South Africa." Atmosphere 11, no. 1 (2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010037.

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Occupational exposure to heat and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) threatens the health and wellbeing of outdoor workers. These threats are likely to increase as a result of climate change. This study examined the perceptions of occupational heat and sun exposure and health risk prevention among forestry workers removing alien invasive vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa. The linkages between workers’ perceptions of heat, solar UVR, and herbicide exposure and impacts under the current climate were investigated to better understand potential adaptation needs under a changing climate.

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Kinsey, Joanna D., David J. Kieber, and Patrick J. Neale. "Effects of iron limitation and UV radiation on Phaeocystis antarctica growth and dimethylsulfoniopropionate, dimethylsulfoxide and acrylate concentrations." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 2 (2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14275.

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Environmental context Low iron concentrations and solar ultraviolet radiation can affect the growth of marine algae. We observed reduced growth and substantial increases in dissolved dimethylsulfoxide and cellular acrylate concentrations in low-iron cultures of a prevalent Southern Ocean algal species, Phaeocystis antarctica, with comparatively small increases observed for cellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentrations. Exposure of P. antarctica to high levels of ultraviolet and visible light had very little effect on concentrations of these compounds in culture, even under iron-limitation

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Hiriart, Véronique P., Bruce M. Greenberg, Stephanie J. Guildford, and Ralph EH Smith. "Effects of ultraviolet radiation on rates and size distribution of primary production by Lake Erie phytoplankton." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, no. 2 (2002): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-212.

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The impact of natural solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), particularly UVB (297320 nm), on phytoplankton primary production in Lake Erie was investigated during the spring and summer of 1997. Radiocarbon incorporation and size-selective filtration was used to trace total production and its distribution among particulate and dissolved pools. On average, 1-h exposures produced half the UVB-dependent inhibition of total production realized in 8-h exposures, indicating rapid kinetics of photoinhibition. Cumulative UVB-dependent photoinhibition averaged 36% in 8-h simulated surface exposures. The e

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Marwood, Christopher A., Ralph EH Smith, John A. Furgal, Murray N. Charlton, Keith R. Solomon, and Bruce M. Greenberg. "Photoinhibition of natural phytoplankton assemblages in Lake Erie exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 2 (2000): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-258.

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Photoinhibition was examined in natural assemblages of phytoplankton from Lake Erie exposed to ambient solar radiation. The impacts on photosynthesis of photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) (PAR), ultraviolet-A radiation (320-400 nm) (UVA), and ultraviolet-B radiation (295-320 nm) (UVB) were assessed at three sites on the lake using pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence. Short exposures (<= 30 min) to sunlight containing UVB (1.8-4.4 mmol·m-2) resulted in the rapid loss of up to 60% of photosystem II efficiency (in the dark-adapted state) (Fv/Fm) and quantum yield (

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Cheloni, Giulia, and Vera Slaveykova. "Combined Effects of Trace Metals and Light on Photosynthetic Microorganisms in Aquatic Environment." Environments 5, no. 7 (2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5070081.

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In the present review, we critically examine the state-of-the-art of the research on combined effects of trace metals and light on photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environment. Light of different intensity and spectral composition affects the interactions between trace metals and photosynthetic microorganisms directly, by affecting vital cellular functions and metal toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, and indirectly, by changing ambient medium characteristics. Light radiation and in particular, the ultraviolet radiation component (UVR) alters the structure and reactivity of dissolved or

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Helbling, E. W., P. Carrillo, J. M. Medina-Sánchez, et al. "Interactive effects of vertical mixing, nutrients and ultraviolet radiation: in situ photosynthetic responses of phytoplankton from high mountain lakes in Southern Europe." Biogeosciences 10, no. 2 (2013): 1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1037-2013.

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Abstract. Global change, together with human activities, has resulted in increasing amounts of organic material (including nutrients) that water bodies receive. This input further attenuates the penetration of solar radiation, leading to the view that opaque lakes are more "protected" from solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) than clear ones. Vertical mixing, however, complicates this view as cells are exposed to fluctuating radiation regimes, for which the effects have, in general, been neglected. Furthermore, the combined impacts of mixing, together with those of UVR and nutrient inputs are vir

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Kelly, Deirdre A., Antony R. Young, Jane M. McGregor, Paul T. Seed, Christopher S. Potten, and Susan L. Walker. "Sensitivity to Sunburn Is Associated with Susceptibility to Ultraviolet Radiation–Induced Suppression of Cutaneous Cell–Mediated Immunity." Journal of Experimental Medicine 191, no. 3 (2000): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.191.3.561.

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Skin cancer incidence is highest in white-skinned people. Within this group, skin types I/II (sun sensitive/tan poorly) are at greater risk than skin types III/IV (sun tolerant/tan well). Studies in mice demonstrate that ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced suppression of cell-mediated immune function plays an important role in the development of skin cancer and induces a susceptibility to infectious disease. A similar role is suspected in humans, but we lack quantitative human data to make risk assessments of ambient solar exposure on human health. This study demonstrates that ambient levels o

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Xu, Zhiguang, and Kunshan Gao. "Impacts of UV radiation on growth and photosynthetic carbon acquisition in Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) under phosphorus-limited and replete conditions." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 12 (2009): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09092.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) is known to negatively affect macroalgal growth and photosynthesis, while phosphorus availability may affect their sensitivity to UVR. Here, we show that UV-A enhanced the growth rate of the red macroalga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory de Saint-Vincent under inorganic phosphorus (Pi)-replete but reduced it under Pi-limited conditions. Maximal net photosynthetic rates were significantly reduced by both UV-A and UV-B, but the apparent photosynthetic efficiency was enhanced in the presence of UV-A. The UV-induced inhibition was exacerbated under Pi-li

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Parisi, Alfio, Damien Igoe, Nathan Downs, Joanna Turner, Abdurazaq Amar, and Mustapha A Jebar. "Satellite Monitoring of Environmental Solar Ultraviolet A (UVA) Exposure and Irradiance: A Review of OMI and GOME-2." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (2021): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040752.

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Excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation has damaging effects on life on Earth. High-energy short-wavelength ultraviolet B (UVB) is biologically effective, influencing a range of dermal processes, including the potentially beneficial production of vitamin D. In addition to the damaging effects of UVB, the longer wavelength and more abundant ultraviolet A (UVA) has been shown to be linked to an increased risk of skin cancer. To evaluate this risk requires the monitoring of the solar UVA globally on a time repetitive basis in order to provide an understanding of the environmental s

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Helbling, E. W., P. Carrillo, J. M. Medina-Sanchez, et al. "Interactive effects of vertical mixing, nutrients and ultraviolet radiation: in situ photosynthetic responses of phytoplankton from high mountain lakes of Southern Europe." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (2012): 9791–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-9791-2012.

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Abstract. Global change, together with human activities had resulted in increasing amounts of organic material (including nutrients) received by water bodies. This input further attenuates the penetration of solar radiation leading to the view that opaque lakes are more "protected" from solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) than clear ones. Vertical mixing, however, complicates this view as cells are exposed to fluctuating radiation regimes, which effects have in general been neglected. Even more, the combined impacts of mixing, together with those of UVR and nutrients input are virtually unknown.

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Wright, Caradee Y., D. Jean du Preez, Danielle A. Millar, and Mary Norval. "The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer and Public Health Strategies for Its Prevention in Southern Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031017.

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Skin cancer is a non-communicable disease that has been underexplored in Africa, including Southern Africa. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important, potentially modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. The countries which comprise Southern Africa are Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. They differ in population size and composition and experience different levels of solar UVR. Here, the epidemiology and prevalence of skin cancer in Southern African countries are outlined. Information is provided on skin cancer prevention campaigns in these countries, a

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Chen, Li-Ju, Yun-Jau Chang, Chun-Fu Shieh, Jy-Haw Yu, and Ming-Chin Yang. "Relationship between practices of eye protection against solar ultraviolet radiation and cataract in a rural area." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0255136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255136.

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Background Cataract is a public health concern worldwide that differentially affects rural residents of outlying islands where ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may have greater penetration because of less shading. Objectives To assess the relationships between attitudes and practices of eye protection and eye diseases for residents of an offshore island of Taiwan. Methods Questionnaire survey was administered to local residents (age > 50 years) regarding socio-demographic information, attitudes/practices of eye protection under sun exposure and eye diseases. Results A total of 816 participants (

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Pandel, Ruža, Borut Poljšak, Aleksandar Godic, and Raja Dahmane. "Skin Photoaging and the Role of Antioxidants in Its Prevention." ISRN Dermatology 2013 (September 12, 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/930164.

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Photoaging of the skin depends primarily on the degree of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and on an amount of melanin in the skin (skin phototype). In addition to direct or indirect DNA damage, UVR activates cell surface receptors of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in the skin, which leads to a breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix and a shutdown of new collagen synthesis. It is hypothesized that dermal collagen breakdown is followed by imperfect repair that yields a deficit in the structural integrity of the skin, formation of a solar scar, and ultimately clinically visible skin atrophy

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Wright, Caradee Y., Mary Norval, Thandi Kapwata, et al. "The Incidence of Skin Cancer in Relation to Climate Change in South Africa." Atmosphere 10, no. 10 (2019): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100634.

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Climate change is associated with shifts in global weather patterns, especially an increase in ambient temperature, and is deemed a formidable threat to human health. Skin cancer, a non-communicable disease, has been underexplored in relation to a changing climate. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major environmental risk factor for skin cancer. South Africa is situated in the mid-latitudes and experiences relatively high levels of sun exposure with summertime UV Index values greater than 10. The incidence of skin cancer in the population group with fair skin is considered

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Bellono, Nicholas W., Julia A. Najera та Elena Oancea. "UV light activates a Gαq/11-coupled phototransduction pathway in human melanocytes". Journal of General Physiology 143, № 2 (2014): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201311094.

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While short exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can elicit increased skin pigmentation, a protective response mediated by epidermal melanocytes, chronic exposure can lead to skin cancer and photoaging. However, the molecular mechanisms that allow human skin to detect and respond to UVR remain incompletely understood. UVR stimulates a retinal-dependent signaling cascade in human melanocytes that requires GTP hydrolysis and phospholipase C β (PLCβ) activity. This pathway involves the activation of transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) ion channels, an increase in intracellular Ca2+,

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Lawrence, Karl P., Paul F. Long, and Antony R. Young. "Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids for Skin Photoprotection." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 40 (2019): 5512–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170529124237.

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Background: Excessive human exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) continues to be a major public health concern, with skin cancer rates increasing year on year. The major protective measure is the use of synthetic UVR filters formulated into sunscreens, but there is a growing concern that some of these chemicals cause damage to delicate marine ecosystems. One alternative is the use of biocompatible mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA), which occur naturally in a wide range of marine species. Their role within nature is mainly thought to be photoprotective. However, their potential for hu

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Lee, Marcus, Huan Zhang, Yongcui Sha, et al. "Low-latitude zooplankton pigmentation plasticity in response to multiple threats." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (2019): 190321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190321.

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Crustacean copepods in high-latitude lakes frequently alter their pigmentation facultatively to defend themselves against prevailing threats, such as solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visually oriented predators. Strong seasonality in those environments promotes phenotypic plasticity. To date, no one has investigated whether low-latitude copepods, experiencing continuous stress from UVR and predation threats, exhibit similar inducible defences. We here investigated the pigmentation levels of Bahamian ‘blue hole’ copepods, addressing this deficit. Examining several populations varying in pr

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Strehl, Claudine, Timo Heepenstrick, Peter Knuschke, and Marc Wittlich. "Bringing Light into Darkness—Comparison of Different Personal Dosimeters for Assessment of Solar Ultraviolet Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (2021): 9071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179071.

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(1) Measuring personal exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses a major challenges for researchers. Often, the study design determines the measuring devices that can be used, be it the duration of measurements or size restrictions on different body parts. It is therefore of great importance that measuring devices produce comparable results despite technical differences and modes of operation. Particularly when measurement results from different studies dealing with personal UV exposure are to be compared with each other, the need for intercomparability and intercalibration factors b

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Kift, Richard, Lesley Rhodes, Mark Farrar, and Ann Webb. "Is Sunlight Exposure Enough to Avoid Wintertime Vitamin D Deficiency in United Kingdom Population Groups?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (2018): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081624.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is required for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, and experimental studies have indicated the levels of sun exposure required to avoid a vitamin D deficient status. Our objectives are to examine the sun exposure behaviours of different United Kingdom sectors and to identify if their exposure is enough to maintain winter circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D above deficiency (>25 nmol/L). Data are from a series of human studies involving >500 volunteers and performed using the same protocols in Greater Manchester, UK (53.5° N) in healthy white Caucasian adolescent

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Dahabra, Layan, Grace Broadberry, Adam Le Gresley, Mohammad Najlah, and Mouhamad Khoder. "Sunscreens Containing Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Enhanced Efficiency: A Strategy for Skin Cancer Prevention." Molecules 26, no. 6 (2021): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061698.

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Unprotected exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may damage the DNA of skin cells and can lead to skin cancer. Sunscreens are topical formulations used to protect skin against UVR. The active ingredients of sunscreens are UV filters that absorb, scatter, and/or reflect UVR. Preventing the formation of free radicals and repairing DNA damages, natural antioxidants are also added to sunscreens as a second fold of protection against UVR. Antioxidants can help stabilise these formulations during the manufacturing process and upon application on skin. However, UV filters and antioxi

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Milito, Alfonsina, Immacolata Castellano, and Elisabetta Damiani. "From Sea to Skin: Is There a Future for Natural Photoprotectants?" Marine Drugs 19, no. 7 (2021): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19070379.

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In the last few decades, the thinning of the ozone layer due to increased atmospheric pollution has exacerbated the negative effects of excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and skin cancer has become a major public health concern. In order to prevent skin damage, public health advice mainly focuses on the use of sunscreens, along with wearing protective clothing and avoiding sun exposure during peak hours. Sunscreens present on the market are topical formulations that contain a number of different synthetic, organic, and inorganic UVR filters with different absorbance profi

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Ramalho, Rondon, Luiz Carlos Takita, Cesar Augusto Sobrinho, et al. "Basal cell carcinoma - epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, and association with inflammation biomarkers. A review." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 3 (2020): 246–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss3.2226.

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Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm in humans, with low mortality, high morbidity, and exposure to solar radiation (UVB and UVA) is the most critical risk factor. Ultraviolet B rays generate mutagenic photoproducts in DNA and mutations in important genes regulating cellular functions, such as the tumor suppressor gene TP53. Ultraviolet A rays generate cytotoxic and mutagenic free radicals, potentiating the effects of UVB rays.. There is current evidence to support the role of inflammatory biomarkers related to tumorigenesis of basal cell carcinoma.

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Swaminathan, Ashwin, Simone L. Harrison, Natkunam Ketheesan, et al. "Exposure to Solar UVR Suppresses Cell-Mediated Immunization Responses in Humans: The Australian Ultraviolet Radiation and Immunity Study." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139, no. 7 (2019): 1545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.025.

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