Academic literature on the topic 'Sole trader'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sole trader"
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Hernández-Montoya, Alejandro Raúl, Carlos Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez, Manuel Enríque Rodríguez-Achach, and David Hernández-Enríquez. "Entropy Variations of Multi-Scale Returns of Optimal and Noise Traders Engaged in “Bucket Shop Trading”." Mathematics 10, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10020215.
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In this paper a comparative, coarse grained, entropy data analysis of multi-scale log-returns distribution, produced by an ideal “optimal trader” and one thousand “noise traders” performing “bucket shop” trading, by following four different financial daily indices, is presented. A sole optimal trader is assigned to each one of these four analyzed markets, DJIA, IPC, Nikkei and DAX. Distribution of differential entropies of the corresponding multi-scale log-returns of the optimal and noise traders are calculated. Kullback-Leiber distances between the different optimal traders returns distributions are also calculated and results discussed. We show that the entropy of returns distribution of optimal traders for each analyzed market indeed reaches minimum values with respect to entropy distribution of noise traders and we measure this distance in σ units for each analyzed market. We also include a discussion on stationarity of the introduced multi-scale log-returns observable. Finally, a practical application of the obtained results related with ranking markets by their entropy measure as calculated here is presented.
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Stack, E. M., M. Stiglingh, and A. Koekemoer. "CIR v Niko: A question of economic reality." Southern African Business Review 19 (February 12, 2019): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5794.
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This article analyses the facts and judgment in CIR v Niko, involving the transfer of business assets from a sole trader to a company, the shares of which were substantially owned by the same sole trader. This case changed the inherently flawed, but prevailing practice at that stage of regarding a lump-sum payment from a lock-stock-and-barrel sale of a business as a receipt of a capital nature, to a receipt that needed to be allocated to the various assets included in the sale, and therefore potentially the receipt would be partly of a capital and partly of a revenue nature. Although the conclusion relating to lock-stock-and-barrel sales in general was sound, the submission made in this article is that, in the particular circumstances of the case, the economic reality of the transaction was not considered – virtually no economic gain was realised by J. Niko, the seller and sole owner of the business to a company of which he was also the substantial shareholder. Two subsequent court decisions, which similarly ignored the economic reality of the transactions in the context of a group of companies, followed this judgment. In this article, the problematic nature of the decisions that ignored the economic reality of the transactions is demonstrated with reference to accepted canons of a good taxation system. The article also explains the partial legislative relief that has subsequently been granted for transfers of assets from a person to a company and for transfers within a group of companies, but concludes that there is a need for full recognition of a group of companies as an economic entity for tax purposes.
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Kawala, Mastulah, Theodora Shuwu Hyuha, Ekere William, Peter Walekwa, Gabriel Elepu, and Sloans Chimatiro Kalumba. "Determinants for Choice of Fish Market Channels: The Case of Busia (Uganda/Kenya) Border." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p118.
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The study investigated factors influencing the choice of fish traders’ marketing channel by fish trader and the determinants of their gross margins. A multistage sampling technique of 115 fish traders was used. Four key informants and two focus groups participated in the study. A Probit model was used to determine factors that influenced the choice of fish traders’ marketing channel. Findings from the study revealed that volumes of fish traded per month, distance to market, membership to a fish marketing organization, payment mode, household size, presence of other sources of income were statistically significant in determining traders’ choice of marketing channel. In addition, it was found that a formal trader on average sold 6.882 tons of fish whereas 2.095 tons of fish were sold by the informal trader per month. The study therefore recommends that Informal traders be clustered into a marketing organisation; through which they can be trained on business diversification, collective marketing, and group savings to ease access to credit. It is important to eliminate the challenges encouraging informal cross border fish trade by harmonizing regional fish standards, facilitating exchange and use of fishery trade information. Further, there is need to strengthen the data collection systems in order to have accurate estimates on the contribution of fish to trade and food security.
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Janda, Karel, Gordon Rausser, and Wadim Strielkowski. "Determinants of Profitability of Polish Rural Micro-Enterprises at the Time of EU Accession." Eastern European Countryside 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 177–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2013-0009.
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Abstract Rural micro-enterprises are an important factor in sustainable rural development in post-transitional Eastern Europe. This paper deals with determining the key factors influencing profitability in rural micro-enterprises in Poland. The research design was based on a questionnaire survey of 300 rural micro-enterprises in the food-processing sector in rich and poor Polish provinces. The analysis carried out in this study is centered around the Polish EU accession in May 2004. Similar to other related studies, our results show that EU accession was not perceived as a major change by rural Polish micro-entrepreneurs and that the EU related factors were not significant determinants of their profitability. However, our results also show that the success of the rural food processing micro-enterprise in Eastern Europe is most related to its owner/manager and enterprise characteristics. For the owner/manager the most significant determinants are his/her age and risk-taking as the main motive for establishing an enterprise. The enterprise characteristics that determine the profitability include enterprise location within a region with competitive situation, enterprise size (being a sole trader or family enterprise), IC T advancements in enterprise and the fact whether the enterprise has any certificates for its products. The results have significant implications for the researchers and policy-makers and can become a basis for preparing relevant enterprise support policies in post-transitional Eastern Europe
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Sarma, P. K., M. A. Hossain, A. K. M. M. R. Golap, and D. Mohammed. "Investigation of the complete supply chain management for potatoes in Northern Ireland." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10, no. 1 (October 8, 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12104.
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Supply Chain Management (SCM) is an integral approach of management where lots of beneficiaries work together with their professional interest. Potatoes supply chain like other agricultural products in developed country like the United Kingdom included some important beneficiaries. Interests are not same due to the nature of the professional activity. In distribution systems in developed country always have problems to organise all beneficiaries. Some beneficiaries are discriminated some are not their status as profitable either company or sole trader. In the study, potato farmers of Northern Ireland produce potatoes and these potatoes supposed to be distributed directly to the consumers. As the work in the capitalist society divided in many ways with profit motive, therefore there were many intermediaries between producers and consumers who worked for distributing NI potato to the consumers. They were related together with their own interest and goal. One beneficiary was not thinking about another beneficiary with any kind of interest sacrifice. Finally farmers who were the main producers became discriminated with the price. This is the main problem found in the study. Consumers also have no intention to know the life of farmers. If farmers societyis not survived in sustainable development way then the potatoes will not be cultivated. Therefore in potatoes farming everybody in the society needs to make their attention for the right of the potatoes farmers of NI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12104 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(1): 125132, 2012
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Silalahi, Marina. "RAMUAN OBAT TRADISIONAL SUB-ETNIS BATAK KARO YANG DIPERJUALBELIKAN DI PASAR BERASTAGI DAN KABANJAHE SUMATERA UTARA." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan 15, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26753/jikk.v15i2.293.
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Research has been carried out on the ingredients of traditional Batak Karo medicine which are traded in the Berastagi and Kabanjahe traditional markets, North Sumatra. The study was conducted through an ethnobotany approach. The survey was conducted with free interviews, in-depth, semi-structured, and participatory observations to all traditional medicinal herb traders in the Berastagi and Kabanjahe traditional markets. The local name of the ingredients, benefits, form of packaging, plants, and how to use each ingredient is asked to the trader. In the Berastagi and Kabanjahe traditional markets sold 20 types of traditional medicinal which are divided into parem, tawar and minyak urut (oil for massage). The trader sell 12-18 types of concoctions. The medicinal ingredients are used for more curative purposes than preventive purposes. The traditional ingredients found in this study are classified into herbs because their properties are based on empirical experience only.
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Olayemi, Ayodeji, Akinlabi Oyeyiola, Agostinho Antunes, Céline Bonillo, Corinne Cruaud, and Philippe Gaubert. "Contribution of DNA-typing to bushmeat surveys: assessment of a roadside market in south-western Nigeria." Wildlife Research 38, no. 8 (2011): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11015.
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Context Following recent socioeconomic transformations in western and central Africa, the volume of bushmeat hunting, a traditional source of proteins and revenue for rural populations, has reached unsustainable levels. The morphological identification of species sold on bushmeat market stalls may be challenging because of the presence of cryptic taxa and smoked or processed carcasses. Aims To assess the contribution of DNA-typing to traditional bushmeat surveys. We conducted a case study at a roadside bushmeat market in Asejire, south-western Nigeria, to characterise the mammalian diversity and sketch out the dynamics of the bushmeat trade. Methods We generated a 402-bp Cytochrome b fragment using a ‘universal’ mitochondrial primer pair that successfully amplified across five mammalian orders, and used assignment procedures to assess the taxonomic identification of the traded species. We combined DNA-typing with morphological-based market surveys and questionnaires to half (n = 20) of the market stakeholders. Key results Our combined morphological–DNA-based survey revealed a total of 17 species, representing seven mammalian orders (Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, Hyracoidea, Carnivora, Pholidota and Artiodactyla). DNA-typing allowed identifying the Walter’s duiker, a cryptic, newly described species from the Dahomey Gap, and diagnosing an unidentified primate as the white-throated monkey, Cercopithecus erythrogaster, a species of high conservation concern in Nigeria. K2P pairwise genetic distances among all species exceeded the 11% threshold, indicative of species-level distinction. The most hunted species were the Walter’s duiker and, to a lesser extent, the greater cane rat, Thryonomys swinderianus. Questionnaires to traders revealed that the Asejire roadside market was a straightforward trader–hunter system centralising off-takes from distant hunting sites. Conclusions We showed how mitochondrial DNA-typing combined with assignment procedures improved the characterisation of the mammalian diversity sold on bushmeat markets. The hunted mammalian community consisted of versatile, small- to medium-sized secondary forest species characteristic of the Dahomey Gap assemblage; their sustainable management is in doubt because of the lack of conservation and health awareness within the traders’ community. Implications Given the utility of mitochondrial DNA-typing in identifying species sold in bushmeat markets, we argue in favour of multi-entry investigations to reach a comprehensive characterisation of the bushmeat trade. The building of a web-accessible mtDNA database covering the spectrum of the species hunted for bushmeat would appear to be a valuable diagnostic tool that may help Nigeria and neighbouring countries to set up a rigorous monitoring of wildlife extirpation.
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Hana, Abdulahanaa. "The Concept of "Mabbalu Nabi" Among Traders of Bugis Bone:." Al-Ulum 20, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 473–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/au.v20i2.1406.
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Bugis Bone traders have a term known as "mabbalu' nabi." The term meaning is identified with "mabbalu’ nabi” because the goods are sold at a capital price or even below, then the term "mabbalu' prophet" is a term of sale and purchase that does not include concern profit (profit). Such a concept of buying and selling is irrelevant to the motives of buying and selling in economics. This problem has never been investigated by researchers before. This study is the first study to examine the conception, motives, implementation, and relevance of the term "mabbalu’ nabi” version of the Bugis Bone merchants with the Prophet's trade principles. The results showed that the conceptions and motives of the "mabbalu’ nabi” by Bugis Bone traders varied. Some were in line, and some were out of the Prophet Saw's trading principles consistent professional trader who did not confuse business affairs with afterlife affairs.
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Boakye, Maxwell Kwame, Alfred Ofori Agyemang, Edward Debrah Wiafe, Hubert Olivier Dossou-Yovo, and Meyir Ziekah. "Animals Traded for Traditional Medicine Purposes in the Kumasi Central Market, Ghana: Conservation Implications." Conservation 1, no. 2 (June 13, 2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1020010.
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The Kumasi Central Market is the largest urban open market in Ghana and animals used for medicinal purposes are among the items that are typically displayed for sale. However, no study has been undertaken on the animal species sold for traditional medicine purposes. This study took inventory of animal species traded for medicinal purposes in the Kumasi Central Market and examined their conservation implications. The species recorded to be traded comprised 5 taxonomic classes, belonging to 20 families. Chameleons were found to be the most traded animal species. Seven (23%) of the species traded were found to be threatened under IUCN Red List, with four (13%) species listed on Appendix I of CITES, and eight (26%) species on Schedule I of Wildlife Conservation Regulations of Ghana. Wildlife regulations are not serving as a deterrent to the trade in threatened animal species. There is a need to sensitize traders about the threats faced by these animal species and provide explanations as to why these species should be protected.
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Koppensteiner, Hans-Georg, and María Paz García Rubio. "BGH, Urteil vom 20.10.1999 — Orient-Teppichmuster — Zur Frage der Irreführenden Gestaltung Einer Werbebeilage." European Review of Private Law 10, Issue 5 (October 1, 2002): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5103424.
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The decision of the German Federal Supreme Court was based on the following set of facts: The defendant was a sole trader in Berlin selling carpets and carpeting. As an insert in a Berlin newspaper he distributed the brochure “Fantastic Choice of Chinese carpets”. On page 4 of this, under the heading “consistent good value”, carpets with Persian patterns were pictured which bore descriptions such as “K. Medaillon-Moud”. “K. Birdjend” or “K. Herati”. The carpets concerned were machine made. The claimant, an association with legal personality, established in order to oversee compliance with the rules relating to unfair competition, considered that this advertisement was misleading and sought an injunction. As the basis for this it was alleged that the format of the brochure and the lay-out of the advertising would lead the reader to think, in the absence of any express reference to the fact that the carpets concerned were woven, that hand-knotted oriental carpets were being advertised. The courts at first and second instance allowed the claim for an injunction, but the Federal Supreme Court dismissed it. In substance the reason for this was that, in answering the question whether advertisements or leaflets conveyed a misleading impression, reference was not to be made to the passing consumer when the goods concerned were not without some value and were reasonably durable (here: carpets). The standard of care of the averagely well-informed and sensible average consumer, whose level of comprehension was decisive, depended on the situation in question. Furthermore, the expressions “passing” and “sensible” were not mutually exclusive. The reader of the advertising brochure in question, who was interested in the acquisition of a carpet, would also read the explanations in small print under each picture, and therefore would not be misled into thinking that an original oriental carpet was being advertised. The following authors examine the decision from the point of view of Spanish and Austrian law.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sole trader"
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Jullian, Nadège. "La cession de patrimoine." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G019.
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La cession de patrimoine est une institution récente du droit positif. Introduite par la loi n° 2010-658 du 15 juin 2010 relative à l’Entrepreneur Individuel à Responsabilité Limitée (EIRL), elle a pour objet la transmission d’un patrimoine entre vifs. Cependant, son avènement se heurte à la célèbre théorie subjective du patrimoine qui, élaborée par AUBRY et RAU à la fin du XIXème siècle, fait du patrimoine une émanation de la personne. Ainsi conçu comme indissociable de la personne, le patrimoine ne peut en être séparé même par voie de cession. Dès lors se pose la question de savoir comment la figure de la cession de patrimoine a pu être admise dans notre droit.L’introduction de la cession de patrimoine invite en réalité à revenir sur la théorie du patrimoine, et ce afin de comprendre comment ce qui jusqu’à présent ne pouvait être réalisé du vivant de la personne peut désormais l’être. De cette analyse, il ressort que, sous certaines conditions, une personne peut volontairement céder un patrimoine dans son intégralité et sans liquidation préalable. La transmission opérant à titre universel, elle peut prendre plusieurs formes, notamment celle d’une vente ou d’une donation du patrimoine (Première partie. L’admission de la cession de patrimoine).Le caractère novateur de la cession de patrimoine a rendu très délicat l’élaboration de son régime. Dépassé par un bouleversement qu’il a causé mais dont les implications dépassent parfois l’imagination, le législateur a certes organisé la cession du patrimoine de l’EIRL, mais en concevant un régime tout à la fois imparfait et lacunaire. Afin de corriger et de compléter ce qui doit l’être, il faut, plutôt que de concevoir le droit ex nihilo, puiser dans l’existant, et tout spécialement dans les règles régissant déjà certaines transmissions universelles de patrimoine, comme le droit des fusions et des transmissions successorales. Pour autant, ces règles doivent être adaptées aux spécificités de la cession de patrimoine que sont, d’une part, la réalisation entre vifs et, d’autre part, – la pluralité des patrimoines étant désormais admise – le maintien possible du patrimoine comme universalité distincte chez le cessionnaire (Seconde partie. Le régime de la cession de patrimoine)The transfer of estate is a recent institution in French substantive law. It was established under Law N° 2010-658 of 15 June 2010 (The Limited Liability Sole Trader [EIRL] Act) and provides for inter-vivos transfers of estates. However, the concept comes into direct conflict with AUBRY and RAU’s famous late 19th century subjective theory of estates, according to which an estate issues from a person. Because an estate cannot be dissociated from the person who holds it, the link between the person and his or her estate cannot be severed, even by way of a transfer. The question thus arises as to how the very notion of transfer of estate could find its way into French law. The introduction of the transfer of estate into French law is actually an invitation to review the theory of estates, in order to understand how something that so far could not be achieved in a person’s lifetime has now become possible. It thus appears that under some conditions a person may willingly dispose of his or her whole estate without any prior liquidation. As the transfer is essentially a universal transaction, it may take several forms such as that of a sale or a gift of property (Part I : Establishing the transfer of estate in French law).The establishment of a legal framework for such a new concept was a delicate matter. Parliament was initially overtaken by the disruption it had caused and what were for all intent and purposes unforeseen (if not inforeseeable) implications. It did organise the transfer of estate as applied to Limited Liability Sole Traders [EIRL] but the resulting framework was both defective and incomplete. If one is to correct and complete the existing framework, one should not devise legal rules ex nihilo but rather draw from existing rules, particularly those that already govern some forms of universal transfers of estate, such as the law of mergers and acquisitions and the law of successions. Still, these rules must be adapted to the specificities of the transfer of estate, namely inter-vivos gifts and, now that French law recognises the plurality of estates, the possibility for the transferee to hold the estate separately from his own assets (Part II : Setting the rules for the transfer of estate)
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Bubeníková, Edita. "Podnikatelský plán." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113077.
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This paper consists of theoretical and practical part. The first one is trying to clarify the basic terms of having a business and also reviews the terms of business plan in general. Regarding the plan, the paper is discussing various methods of strategic analysis, then describing basic marketing ideas and activities, and finally explaining terms of personal resources and work organization. This paper is also introducing the main facts about financial planning and resources including financial analysis with all possible methods and guidelines. Last but not least, the theory is dealing with risk management. The practical part shows particular business plan of an existing business unit - the group of sole traders Bušim. The plan is analyzing the past and current situation of businessmen group. The plan then gives some relevant recommendations for the future business development of the company on the basis of detected data.
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Ponthieu, Marie. "Spéciation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols et les solutions des sols : du modèle au terrain." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30059.
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Les problèmes de pollution des sols par des éléments traces métalliques étant de plus en plus nombreux, il est important de comprendre le comportement des métaux au sein de ces sols et d'appréhender leur transfert. Cette compréhension passe par une description des interactions entre ces éléments et les principaux compartiments réactifs des sols (matière organique, oxydes de fer et de manganèse et argiles). L'objectif de ce travail était de développer une approche basée sur la combinaison de plusieurs modèles pour l'étude de la Spéciation des éléments traces métalliques dans le sol et la solution du sol. Les modèles utilisés pour décrire les interactions des métaux avec les principales phases reactives du sol sont CD-MUSIC (oxydes de fer amorphes et cristallisés), NICA-Donnan (matière organique et oxydes de manganèse) et un modèle d'échange cationique basé sur. La convention de Gaines Thomas (argiles). Ce travail implique dans un premier temps la définition de constantes permettant de décrire les interactions des métaux étudiés (Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn) avec les oxydes de fer et de manganèse, une partie de ces informations n'étant pas disponible dans la littérature. La combinaison de ces modèles a été appliquée à deux sites naturels. Le premier est situé dans le Nord de la France à proximité d'une usine pyrométallurgique, il est contaminé en métaux par dépôts atmosphériques et le deuxième, situé en Bretagne est contaminé en cuivre et en zinc par épandage intensif de lisier porcin. Les résultats de la modélisation ont été comparés avec des résultats analytiques (extractions chimiques sélectives, utilisation d'une membrane échangeuse de cations et études EXAFS réalisées au cours de travaux antérieurs), afin de valider l'approche utiliséeNowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metals behavior in soils and to appreciate their transfer. The fate of the metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive soil compartments (organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays). The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several model to study metal ion speciation in the soil and the soil solution. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC (amorphous and crystallized iron oxides), NICA-Donnarf (organic matter and manganese oxides), cationic ion exchange model (clays). First, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) with iron and manganese oxides, a part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after the validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to two contaminated soils located in the North of France (atmospheric deposits) and in Brittany (intensive pig manure applications)
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Tolu, Julie. "Spéciation et mobilité du sélénium présent dans les sols à l’état de traces : contribution aux prévisions à long terme." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3002/document.
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Les analyses de sûreté du stockage des déchets radioactifs HAVL nécessite une évaluation à long terme (≈ 10 000 ans) des risques, pour l’homme et l’environnement, associés à une contamination des sols par le sélénium. Une méthodologie a donc été développée pour déterminer les espèces séléniées (spéciation) présentes à l’état de traces dans les sols (μg kg-1 ; contexte radiologique) et estimer, leur capacité à être lessivées et leurs phases de rétention. Combinée à l’utilisation du traceur 77Se(IV), l’existence de processus lents impliqués dans la rétention et la transformation chimique de Se dans les sols a été mise en évidence, suggérant l’étude de Se natif pour estimer et modéliser sa mobilité à long terme. L’investigation de Se natif dans 29 sols aux caractéristiques contrastées a montré l’influence de la matière organique sur la nature des espèces susceptibles d’être lessivées (organique et colloïdale) et sur sa mobilité (stabilisation de Se dans la phase solide via les associations organo-minérales)A radioactive isotope of selenium was shown to be among the most critical radionuclide forsafety assessment of high level and long lived nuclear waste repository in case of hypotheticalsoil contamination. A methodology was thus developed to determine Se species (speciation)present in soils at trace level (μg kg-1; radiological context) in assessing their leaching andretention phases (distribution). Combined to a 77Se(IV) tracer, kinetically limited processes were shown to be involved in Se retention and chemical transformations in soils, suggesting that native Se behavior is particularly relevant for its long term mobility assessment and modeling. The investigation of native Se speciation and distribution in 29 soils has finally highlighted that soil organic matter impact the nature of Se species susceptible to be leached (organic and colloidal compounds) and the Se mobility (Se stabilization in solid phase via organo-mineral associations)
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Jacobs, Arnaud. "Phytoextraction du cadmium et du zinc de sols urbains :optimisation de la culture de Noccaea caerulescens." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/277908.
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La problématique de la contamination des sols urbains et agricoles par les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) est un enjeu majeur en termes de santé publique et de protection de l’environnement. Dans le contexte de l’expansion de l’agriculture urbaine et des jardins communautaires souvent localisés sur des sites contaminés, il existe un intérêt fort pour le développement de méthodes de décontamination moins coûteuses que les méthodes de remédiation conventionnelles et qui préservent l’intégrité et la fertilité du sol. La phytoextraction est une technique écologique de remédiation des sols contaminés en ETM qui repose sur l’utilisation de plantes accumulatrices de métaux pour diminuer les concentrations en ETM dans le sol. La crucifère européenne Noccaea caerulescens (tabouret calaminaire), hyperaccumulatrice de zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) et nickel (Ni), s’est imposée comme plante phytoextractrice modèle vu ses étonnantes capacités d’accumulation in natura. Cependant, les conditions de culture optimales de N. caerulescens sont largement méconnues.L’optimisation de la phytoextraction du Cd et du Zn avec N. caerulescens a donc constitué l’objectif principal de ce travail. Nous avons mené des essais de terrain à Bruxelles sur des sites dont les sols sont modérément contaminés en ETM. Le premier objectif était de comparer l’efficacité d’extraction des populations calaminaires du Sud de la France (CAL-SF) et des populations non-métallicoles luxembourgeoises (NMET) de N. caerulescens. En parallèle, un deuxième objectif était de tester l’effet de plusieurs pratiques de culture sur la croissance et l’accumulation afin de développer un itinéraire technique performant. Un dernier objectif était d’étudier l’influence des paramètres édaphiques sur l’efficacité de la phytoextraction. Nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois sur le terrain que les populations NMET sont nettement plus efficaces pour l’extraction du Zn que les populations CAL-SF et qu’elles combinent à la fois une meilleure production de biomasse et une plus grande résistance aux herbivores et aux pathogènes. Ce travail de thèse souligne que le cycle de vie – annuel ou bisannuel – est un déterminant important de la vitesse de croissance, du rendement d’extraction et du cycle de culture à privilégier. Nos résultats montrent que l’itinéraire technique le plus performant est celui d’un repiquage à l’automne de plantules à cycle bisannuel à densité élevée (100-120 plantes m-²), suivi d’une longue saison de culture (12 mois), tandis que pour des plantes annuelles il faut favoriser une installation au printemps. Enfin, la croissance de N. caerulescens est essentiellement stimulée par des hautes teneurs en matière organique, une faible densité apparente, une texture limoneuse et un bon apport en azote. Ce dernier élément entraîne cependant une baisse des concentrations en ETM dans les plantes quand sa teneur augmente dans le sol. La fertilisation azotée ne devrait donc être utilisée qu’en cas de forte carence azotée.Ce travail a permis de démontrer qu’une culture de N. caerulescens pouvait extraire jusqu’à 18 % du Cd total (CAL-SF) et 10 % du Zn total (NMET) dans les 20 premiers cm de sols modérément contaminés (jusqu’à 10 mg Cd kg-1 et 1000 mg Zn kg-1). À condition d’augmenter et de stabiliser les rendements de biomasse aérienne, la phytoextraction du Cd avec N. caerulescens pourrait donc être une technique pour décontaminer des sols modérément contaminés en Cd tels que les sols agricoles ou les sols urbains.Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Roulier, Stéphanie. "Caractérisation hydro-dispersive in situ de sols non saturés par infiltration d'eau et de soluté : cas de sols structurés et de sols hétérogènes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802313.
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La modelisation quantitative du transfert de l'eau et des solutes dans la zone non saturee des sols necessite la mesure in situ des parametres hydro-dispersifs. L'infiltrometrie sous pression controlee couplee a l'utilisation de traceurs de l'ecoulement de l'eau est pour cela un outil efficace et simple a mettre en uvre sur le terrain. La modelisation des transferts et l'analyse des resultats des calculs conduit a une methode simplifiee de caracterisation hydro-dispersive par infiltrometrie. La conductivite hydraulique k et la sorptivite s sont estimees a partir de l'analyse aux temps courts ou aux temps longs de l'infiltration cumulee. La methode mono-tracage est utilisee pour le calcul de la fraction d'eau mobile f. Une nouvelle methode d'estimation du coefficient de dispersion d est proposee. Elle est telle que d reste l'unique parametre a ajuster sur les donnees issues de l'echantillonnage du sol a la fin de l'infiltration. L'incertitude d'estimation est de plus definie pour chacun des parametres. Le domaine de validite des methodes est precise a partir de donnees generees numeriquement. Pour le calcul de k, s et f, il est defini a partir des temps caracteristiques de l'ecoulement de l'eau, de la lame de solution infiltree et de la dispersivite du milieu. La validite du mode de determination de d depend du nombre adimensionnel pext. Trois sols sont caracterises in situ. La porosite bimodale des deux premiers induit une forte augmentation des parametres hydrodynamiques a l'approche de la saturation, et de f avec la taille moyenne de pores hydrauliquement fonctionnels. Le troisieme est soumis a l'encroutement de surface. Les resultats de la caracterisation hydro-dispersive renforces par l'observation du reseau poral sur lames minces montre que le role des croutes de surface sur l'infiltrabilite est minimise par rapport a celui du sol sous-jacent. De plus, le sol sous-jacent semble protege de la coalescence par les croutes de surface.
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Varrault, Gilles. "Étude cinétique de l'extraction des métaux traces des sols : application à l'évaluation de l'efficacité de techniques de réhabilitation in situ." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077156.
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Lévèque, Thibaut. "Biomonitoring environnemental et sanitaire des sols pollués par les éléments traces métalliques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0093/document.
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Dans un contexte où les préoccupations environnement-santé sont croissantes à l’échelle globale. Améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de biodisponibilité et d’(éco)toxicité des polluants métalliques persistants est un enjeu prioritaire, notamment en raison de leur omniprésence observée dans les écosystèmes en relation avec leur compartimentation et spéciation . Le ver de terre est utilisé pour évaluer la qualité des sols ; de plus cet organisme du sol de par ses activités de bioturbation a une influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques. Des tests d’écotoxicité en conditions contrôlées sur vers de terre ont donc été réalisés avec différents sols et espèces de vers. Puis une étude d’impact sur les communautés de vers a été effectuée sur un site pollué présentant un gradient de concentration. L’influence de la bioturbation du ver sur la phytodisponibilité des polluants a été étudiée grâce à des expériences en mésocosmes. Finalement, des mesures de bioaccessibilité des polluants ont été réalisées in vitro sur des sols et végétaux pollués dans différents contextes : friches industrielles, jardins potagers, terrain de sport. L’objectif étant d’étudier le lien entre biodisponibilité pour l’homme, caractéristiques des sols et contexte de pollution. Deux approches complémentaires ont été développées : recherche scientifique liés aux mécanismes et développement d’outils, de procédures pratiques utilisables par les gestionnaires et évaluateurs de risques. L’écotoxicité des métaux et métalloïdes (notés ETM) sur les vers de terre n’est pas simplement régie par leurs concentrations totales, mais dépend fortement des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des sols. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des communautés de ver de terre présentes sur un site contaminé permet d’évaluer la qualité des sols puisqu’on constate un impact sur les l’abondance, la diversité et le taux de juvénile des vers. De plus, la bioturbation du ver de terre augmente significativement la biodisponibilité des ETM pour les plantes potagères telles que la laitue. Finalement, la bioaccessibilité humaine des ETM est régi par de nombreux facteurs liés en particulier au contexte de pollution. Cette fraction bioaccessible des ETM est directement responsable de leur cytotoxicité sur les cellules intestinales. Ces différents résultats ont été complétés par des études mécanistiques (IR, EXAFS, XANES, µ-XRF)In a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, μ-XRF)
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Joubert, Antoine. "Etude de l’effet de facteurs environnementaux sur les processus biogéochimiques de mobilisation du Pb, Zn, Cd, As et Hg dans les sols : Modélisation empirique de la mobilité et phytodisponibilité des ETM." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10019/document.
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La pollution des sols par les Eléments Traces Métalliques est un problème majeur car, contrairement aux autres milieux, le sol possède une plus faible capacité à s’épurer. Les différents modèles empiriques exprimant la solubilité et le coefficient de distribution Kd de ces polluants inorganiques dans les sols ne tiennent pas compte de l’influence des facteurs environnementaux. Le travail de thèse a consisté à étudier l’effet de facteurs environnementaux, dits « sensibles au changement global », sur la mobilité de Cd, Pb, Zn, As et Hg dans les sols, à l’aide d’un plan factoriel fractionnaire 24-1. Onze échantillons de sol représentatifs de 3 sites d’études industriels et agricoles des bassins de la Meuse et de l’Ebre ont été étudiés dans le cadre du projet européen AQUATERRA. Le comportement de As n’est pas significativement corrélé à la nature intrinsèque des échantillons de sol mais à l’augmentation de la température et à une condition anoxique. Ces facteurs stimulent les activités microbiennes de solubilisation de As tels que réduction dissolutive microbienne des oxyhydroxydes de Fe et la réduction de As(V). La forte implication de l’activité microbienne permet de modéliser la mobilité de As en fonction des facteurs environnementaux, pour l’ensemble des 11 échantillons de sol. A l’inverse, le comportement de Cd, Pb et particulièrement Zn, est très significativement corrélé à la nature des échantillons de sol et notamment le pH du sol. Enfin, la phytodisponibilité de Cd, Pb, Zn et As a été estimée, à l’aide d’un système à compartiment, et modélisée de manière empirique, afin de permettre une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes de transfert sol-plantePollution induced by trace elements in soils is a major environmental problem because, compared to atmospheric and water pollution, the soil environment is much less resilient. Few studies have been conducted on the effect of environmental factors on trace elements mobility. The different empirical models expressing trace elements solubility and distribution coefficient in soils don’t take into account the effect of these factors. The thesis study the effect of global-change-sensitive factors on Cd, Pb, Zn, As and Hg mobility in soils, using a 24-1 fractional factorial design. Eleven soil samples representative of the 3 industrial and agricultural studied sites of the Meuse and Ebro basins have been studied in the framework of the European AQUATERRA project. As behaviour is not significatively linked to intrinsic nature of soil samples but to the temperature increase and to an anaerobic condition. These factors stimulate microbial activities involved in As solubilisation processes such as microbial dissolutive reduction of Fe oxyhydroxydes and As(V) reduction. The strong influence of microbial activity allow to model As mobility as a function of environmental factors for the whole 11 soil samples. On the contrary, Cd, Pb and above all Zn behaviour, are correlated very significatively to the nature of soil samples like soil pH. Finally, Cd, Pb, Zn and As phytoavailability have been assessed thanks to a compartment system and modelled empirically which aims to better estimate of soil-plant transfer processes
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Abdul, Rida Abdul Motalibe Mohammad. "Biosurveillance de la contamination du sol : apport de l'étude des lombriciens à l'évaluation des risques liés aus éléments traces." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20124.
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L'objectif du travail a ete d'evaluer les risques ecologiques resultant des teneurs des sols en 5 elements traces (cd, cu, ni, pb et zn). Ces elements ont deux origines: geologiques et anthropogenetiques. Ce travail a ete realise a partir de 186 points d'etude repartis dans 6 sites au sud de la france. Les sols etudies ont des proprietes physicochimiques tres variees. L'etude montre d'une part la possibilite d'effectuer une biosurveillance directe (sur le terrain) de la contamination par les elements traces des milieux terrestres et d'autre part l'interet d'utiliser les lombriciens comme outils de mesure et de comparaison des niveaux de bio-contamination (bio-indication physiologique). Cette bioconcentration depend de la teneur totale en elements traces des sols mais aussi des proprietes physicochimiques et des categories ecologiques lombriciennes. Partant de ces bioconcentrations de contaminants observes, il a ete possible de faire une evaluation des transferts importants des contaminants depuis les lombriciens vers leurs predateurs, ceux-ci se sont averes preoccupants. En outre, nous avons constate la disparition (bio-indication existentielle), dans des sols contamines par les elements traces, d'un genre lombricien anecique (scherothe ca spp. ) important dans le fonctionnement d'ecosystemes (erosion, chaines alimentaires, degradation de la matiere organique et liberation des elements necessaires aux plantes et aux microorganismes. . . ). L'etude a montre egalement que les analyses partielles et les etudes en microcosmes contribuent peu a la connaissance ecotoxicologique
Books on the topic "Sole trader"
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Sole Trader and Partnership Accounts Tutorial. Worcester: Osborne Books Ltd., 2010.
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Moore, N. E. J. Growing pains - from sole trader to big business. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1997.
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Sole trader and partnership accounts workbook (ap1): Accounts preparation 1. [Place of publication not identified]: Osborne Books Ltd, 2012.
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Hare, P. G. The sole-trader company and managerial behaviour in a transition economy. [Edinburgh]: Heriot-Watt University, Dept. of Economics, 1994.
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Webb, Kenneth J. The big step forward: Accountancy records system and guide for the self-employed, either as sole trader or partnership. Great Yarmouth: K.J. Webb, 1993.
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Ltd, School of Accountancy. The accounts of sole traders and partnerships. London: CAET, 1986.
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(Firm), Binder Hamlyn, ed. Sole trader, partnership or limited company?. London: Binder Hamlyn, 1987.
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Redfern, Robert. Sole Trader Accounting - a Complete Bookkeeping Training Kit. Independently Published, 2017.
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Sole Trader Accounts Book: UK - A4 Accounting Cash Book / Bookkeeping Ledger for Sole Traders, Freelancers and Small Businesses. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sole trader"
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Hussey, Jill, and Roger Hussey. "The Balance Sheet of a Sole Trader." In Business Accounting, 87–101. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14784-7_7.
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Hussey, Jill, and Roger Hussey. "The Final Accounts of a Sole Trader." In Business Accounting, 102–12. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14784-7_8.
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Hussey, Jill, and Roger Hussey. "The Profit and Loss Account of a Sole Trader." In Business Accounting, 73–86. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14784-7_6.
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Price, Terry. "Business organisation (I): sole traders, partnerships and companies." In Mastering Business Law, 206–18. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13549-3_14.
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Limmack, Robin John. "Forms of Business Organisation (I): Sole Traders and Partnerships." In Financial Accounting and Reporting, 215–40. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17898-8_11.
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Brenner, Andrea, and Bernhard Wolf. "Wer soll das bezahlen?" In Der Anti-Stress-Trainer für Gastronomen, 69–76. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22191-1_6.
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Muzaka, Valbona. "Dealing with Public Health and Intellectual Property for Pharmaceuticals at the World Trade Organization." In Health for Some, 183–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230244399_12.
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Buchmann, Knud Eike. "Kann/soll ich etwas zur Trauer um mich sagen?" In Sterben und Tod, 167–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49756-2_22.
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Martínez, I., M. Santaella, G. Ros, and M. J. Periago. "Improvement of Ca and P Contents and in Vitro Availability in Sole Fish-Based Infant Beikosts." In Therapeutic Uses of Trace Elements, 47–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0167-5_8.
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Künzel, Christine. "»So soll sie laufen mit gesträubtem Haare...«: Zur Bedeutung der Auflösung der Frisur im Kontext der Darstellung sexueller Gewalt." In Haar tragen, 121–38. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412331702-007.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Sole trader"
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Cojocaru, Cristina. "SOLE TRADER UNDER THE ROMANIAN LEGISLATION." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb11/s02.056.
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Liping Wang. "The effect study of trade protection on trade flows and trade order of Chinese textiles." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4686539.
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Chen, Hsieh, Hooisweng Ow, and Martin E. Poitzsch. "Optimization of Tracer Injection Schemes for Improved History Matching." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206142-ms.
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Abstract Interwell tracers are powerful reservoir surveillance tools that provide direct reservoir flow paths and dynamics, which, when integrated with near real-time production optimization, can greatly improve recovery factor, and return on investment, the so-called "Advanced Tracers System" (ATS). Applying full field ATS is attractive for resource-holders, especially for those with large waterflood operations. However, to scale up ATS to cover large fields with potentially tens to hundreds of injectors and producers, the required unique tracer variations ("barcodes") and materials and associated analysis may increase rapidly. Here, we explore different tracer injection schemes that can acquire the most information while using reduced numbers of tracers, thereby controlling costs in field operations. We tested the designs of various modified tracer injection schemes with reservoir simulations. Numerical experiments were performed on synthetic fields with multiple injector and producer wells in waterflooding patterns. Two tracer injection schemes were considered: In Scheme 1, all injectors were injected with unique tracers representing the most information-rich case. In Scheme 2, some injectors were injected with the same tracers ("recycling" the same barcodes), and some injectors received no tracer injection ("null" barcodes). Production and tracer breakthrough data was collected for history matching after waterflooding simulations on the synthetic fields. The ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation with tracers algorithm was used for history matching. We calculated the root-mean-square errors (RMSE) between the reference data and the history matched production simulation data. To improve the statistics, 20 independent testing reference synthetic fields were constructed by randomizing the number and locations of high permeability zones crossing different injectors and producers. In all cases, the history matching algorithms largely reduced the RMSE thereby enhancing reservoir characterization. Analyzing the statistical significance with p-values among testing cases, first, as expected, the data mismatch is highly significantly lower after history matching than before history matching (p < 0.001). Second, the data mismatch is even lower when history matching with tracers (both in Scheme 1 and 2) than without tracers (p < 0.05), demonstrating clearly that tracers can provide extra information for the reservoir dynamics. Finally, and most importantly, history matching with tracers in Scheme 1 or in Scheme 2 result in statistically the same data mismatch (p > 0.05), indicating the cost-saving "recycling" and "null" tracer barcodes can provide equally competent reservoir information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the history matching qualities deriving from different tracer injection schemes. We showed that through optimal designs of the tracer injections, we can acquire very similar information with reduced tracer materials and barcodes, thus reducing costs and field operational complexities. We believe this study facilitates the deployment of large-scale reservoir monitoring and optimization campaigns using tracers such as ATS.
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Chen, Hsieh, Sehoon Chang, Gawain Thomas, Wei Wang, Afnan Mashat, and Hussain Shateeb. "Comparison of Water and Gas Tracers Field Breakthrough." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205863-ms.
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Abstract We are developing new classes of barcoded advanced tracers, which, compared to present commercial offerings, can be optically detected in an automated fashion. The eventual goal for the advanced tracers is to deploy cost-effective, ubiquitous, long-term, and full-field tracer tests in supporting large-scale waterflooding optimization for improved oil recovery. In this paper, we compare model predictions to breakthrough data from two field tests of advanced tracers in a pilot during water alternating gas (WAG) cycles, where gas tracer tests have recently been performed as well. Two advanced tracer injections were performed at the test site. For the first injection, only a dipicolinic acid based advanced tracer (DPA) was injected. For the second injection, DPA and a phenanthroline- based advanced tracer, 4,7-bis(sulfonatophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (BSPPDA), was injected in conjunction with a commercially available fluorobenzoic acid-based tracer (FBA) to benchmark their performance. Produced water samples were collected weekly for tracer analysis. Both newly developed 2D-high performance liquid chromatography/time-resolved fluorescence optical detection method (2D-HPLC/TRF) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to construct the breakthrough curves for the advanced tracers. In parallel, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect FBA tracer. Gas tracer tests have been performed on the same field. Since DPA, BSPPDA and FBA tracers were water tracers as designed, they were expected to appear in between gas tracer breakthroughs, and we observed exactly that for BSPPDA and FBA. Unexpectedly, the DPA predominantly appeared along with gas tracer breakthroughs, suggesting its favorable compatibility with the gas phase. We suspect the presence of some gas components rendered the medium more acidic, which likely protonates DPA molecules, thereby alters its hydrophilicity. A wealth of information could be gathered from the field tests. First, all tracers survived not only the harsh reservoir conditions but also the irregular WAG injections. Their successful detection from the producers suggested robustness of these materials for reservoir applications. Second, the breakthrough curves of the BSPPDA tracers using optical detection method were very similar to those of FBA tracers detected by GC-MS, substantiating the competency of our in-house materials and detection methods to the present commercial offerings. Finally, even though DPA has passed prior lab tests as a good water tracer, its high solubility to gas phase warrants further investigation. This paper summarizes key results from two field trials of the novel barcoded advanced tracers, of which both the tracer materials and detection methods are new to the industry. Importantly, the two co- injected advanced tracers showed opposite correlations to the gas tracers, highlighting the complex physicochemical interactions in reservoir conditions. Nevertheless, the information collected from the field trials is invaluable in enabling further design and utilization of the advanced tracers in fulfilling their wonderful promises.
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Chatterjee, Monalisa, Sean Toh, Ahmed Alshmakhy, Yann Bigno, and Paul Hewitt. "Advanced Research and Development in Unconventional Use of Tracer Technology for EOR and IOR: What lies beyond?" In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207431-ms.
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Abstract Over the last few decades, tracers have provided crucial insights on fluid flow behavior assessing reservoir connectivity. For years, they had been viewed as mostly passive molecules that go with the flow of the injected fluid and uncover pathways between injectors and producers. The proposed paper sheds light on some interesting newer frontiers of tracer applications with unconventional uses to gain further flow insight from an oil and gas reservoir. Although primarily developed for interwell applications, newer and more sophisticated genres of tracers have found their way to assist with well fluid flow behavior. Inflow tracer applications, used for phase flow diagnostics, have been around for a few decades now. However, with several parameters like physical space restrictions, temperature, solid support selection, multi-phase flow, initial surge and target concentrations at play, it was soon realised that an extended lifetime was needed to provide techno-economic benefits during reservoir monitoring. Microencapsulation of tracer molecules is one of the newer developed techniques that has shown significant extension to tracer life in controlled release tracer applications as well as improved dispersibility within fracking fluid. Newer synthesis mechanisms like microencapsulation have been developed to linearize inflow tracer release profiles that has led to a substantial increase in tracer lifetime. As the research and development progressed, newer tracers such as frac bead tracers were developed allowing long term fluid flowback monitoring in fracture stimulated wells. In parallel, it is still an active field of investigation as to how tracers can be integrated with common downhole completion and topside equipment of a well to accurately detect early water breakthrough. The paper discusses the advances in these target areas where chemistry is constantly being upgraded to suit end user needs. Novel applications and ‘out-of-the-box’ uses have been developed in the last couple of years where inflow tracers have found a modified use within the gas lift system in a well and integrated with the top-side flow arm of the well, eradicating the need for individual sampling of wells and detection of water breakthrough at an early onset, thus aiding timely decision making and improved recovery from the well. Real time analysis of tracers have attracted attention for quite some time now. The paper also discusses the latest development in this area and the challenges associated with real field applications. While advancements in versatility of the tracer molecules have been published prior in literature, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no work has been published to date that discusses the latest advances in unconventional uses of the tracer molecules aiding EOR and IOR processes.
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ZHANG, QIAN-NAN, XIAO-NA HE, and MIRAJ AHMED BHUIYAN. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TRADE STATUS AND DETERMINANTS BETWEEN CHINA AND "ONE BELT- ONE ROAD" COUNTRIES-BASED ON TRADE GRAVITY MODEL." In 2021 International Conference on Management, Economics, Business and Information Technology. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35616.
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“One Road-One Belt”, (Belt and Road Initiative, BRI) reminiscent of the Silk Road, is a massive infrastructure and trade project, initiated by China; that would stretch from East Asia to Europe, somehow recognized by the international community. Despite of criticism of this project, it is considered as an effective tool for promoting regional and bilateral trade deals. In this paper we have pointed out the problems that hindered the bilateral trades among countries along the route. Based on Trade gravity Model; bilateral trade model between China and the countries along the “Belt and Road” was empirically tested in the article, followed by some suggestions.
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Brown, T., L. Bromberg, and M. Cole. "Results of Compact Stellarator engineering trade studies." In 2009 23rd IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering - SOFE. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fusion.2009.5226447.
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Taleghani, Arash Dahi, and Ping Puyang. "Efficiency of Multi-Zone Fracturing in Vertical Wells: A Case Study." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11623.
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Extensive multi-zone multistage hydraulic fracturing treatments are now being executed in low permeability oil and gas fields around the world. Due to the limited access to the subsurface, post-treatment assessments are mainly limited to few techniques such as tiltmeter, microseismic and tracer-logs. The first two techniques are mainly used to determine fracture extension; however, fracture height and fracture initiation at all perforation clusters could only be confirmed through radioactive tracer logs or detailed pressure analysis. In this paper, we consider real examples from a field from Central America and investigate potential problems led to the limited generation of fractures in multi-zone treatments. For instance, some of the post-frac radioactive logs show very low concentration of tracers at some perforated zones in comparison with other zones. On the other hand in some cases, tracer logs indicate presence of tracers in deeper or shallower zones. Different reasons could cause fracture growth in non-perforated zones, including but not limited to: perforation design problems, casing/cement integrity problems, lack of containment, instability of fracture growth in one or some of the zones, and finally making a mistake in selecting lithology for fracturing. In this paper, some of these issues have been examined for a few sample wells using treatment pressure data, petrophysical logs and post-frac tracer logs. Some recommendations in designing the length and arrangement of perforations to avoid these problems in future fracturing jobs are provided at the end of this paper.
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Noll, Robert J. "Some trade issues for EMI windows." In SPIE's 1994 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by Paul Klocek. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.187361.
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Aihkisalo, Tommi, and Eila Ovaska. "Identifying Architectural Design Trade-Offs in Service Registry Features." In 2017 IEEE Symposium on Service-Oriented System Engineering (SOSE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sose.2017.14.
Full textReports on the topic "Sole trader"
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Kulwicki, Allison. AARP Travel Research: Solo Travel. AARP Research, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.26419/res.00093.001.
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Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, Manlio De Domenico, Giuseppe Mangioni, Simone Righi, and Annamaria Simonazzi. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.
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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.
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Krishna, Kala. Limiting Emissions and Trade: Some Basic Ideas. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16147.
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Harrison, Ann, and Gordon Hanson. Who Gains from Trade Reform? Some Remaining Puzzles. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6915.
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Taylor, Alan. Globalization, Trade, and Development: Some Lessons From History. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9326.
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Chaudhuri, Shubham, and John McLaren. Some Simple Analytics of Trade and Labor Mobility. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13464.
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Giordano, Paolo, and Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil. Trade in Services in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Overview of Trends, Costs, and Policies. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003801.
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Trade in services is becoming increasingly relevant. Changing technologies have transformed the landscape, making international trade possible in sectors that were once considered nontradable. But the lack of consistent, reliable data prevents analysts from fully understanding and accurately describing trade in services. Despite this limitation, this report aims to outline Latin America and the Caribbeans competitiveness in global services markets. It concludes that the region still focuses on traditional sectors like travel and transportation, despite some green shoots in nontraditional services, and that costs remain high in comparison with other regions of the world. Furthermore, the regulatory framework in the region is still weak, and although several modern trade agreements are already in place, there is still room for improvement. Sound policies to further develop trade in services and boost competitiveness in nontraditional sectors such as computer or business services would help the region to diversify its export baskets and build trade resilience.
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Fung, K. C. Accounting for Chinese Trade: Some National and Regional Considerations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5595.
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Doughty, C., and G. S. Bodvarsson. Some design considerations for the proposed Dixie Valley tracer test. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6118274.
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Ibarra-Yunez, Alejandro. Spaghetti Regionalism or Strategic Foreign Trade: Some Evidence for Mexico. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9692.
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