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Hernández-Montoya, Alejandro Raúl, Carlos Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez, Manuel Enríque Rodríguez-Achach, and David Hernández-Enríquez. "Entropy Variations of Multi-Scale Returns of Optimal and Noise Traders Engaged in “Bucket Shop Trading”." Mathematics 10, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10020215.
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In this paper a comparative, coarse grained, entropy data analysis of multi-scale log-returns distribution, produced by an ideal “optimal trader” and one thousand “noise traders” performing “bucket shop” trading, by following four different financial daily indices, is presented. A sole optimal trader is assigned to each one of these four analyzed markets, DJIA, IPC, Nikkei and DAX. Distribution of differential entropies of the corresponding multi-scale log-returns of the optimal and noise traders are calculated. Kullback-Leiber distances between the different optimal traders returns distributions are also calculated and results discussed. We show that the entropy of returns distribution of optimal traders for each analyzed market indeed reaches minimum values with respect to entropy distribution of noise traders and we measure this distance in σ units for each analyzed market. We also include a discussion on stationarity of the introduced multi-scale log-returns observable. Finally, a practical application of the obtained results related with ranking markets by their entropy measure as calculated here is presented.
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Stack, E. M., M. Stiglingh, and A. Koekemoer. "CIR v Niko: A question of economic reality." Southern African Business Review 19 (February 12, 2019): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1998-8125/5794.
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This article analyses the facts and judgment in CIR v Niko, involving the transfer of business assets from a sole trader to a company, the shares of which were substantially owned by the same sole trader. This case changed the inherently flawed, but prevailing practice at that stage of regarding a lump-sum payment from a lock-stock-and-barrel sale of a business as a receipt of a capital nature, to a receipt that needed to be allocated to the various assets included in the sale, and therefore potentially the receipt would be partly of a capital and partly of a revenue nature. Although the conclusion relating to lock-stock-and-barrel sales in general was sound, the submission made in this article is that, in the particular circumstances of the case, the economic reality of the transaction was not considered – virtually no economic gain was realised by J. Niko, the seller and sole owner of the business to a company of which he was also the substantial shareholder. Two subsequent court decisions, which similarly ignored the economic reality of the transactions in the context of a group of companies, followed this judgment. In this article, the problematic nature of the decisions that ignored the economic reality of the transactions is demonstrated with reference to accepted canons of a good taxation system. The article also explains the partial legislative relief that has subsequently been granted for transfers of assets from a person to a company and for transfers within a group of companies, but concludes that there is a need for full recognition of a group of companies as an economic entity for tax purposes.
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Kawala, Mastulah, Theodora Shuwu Hyuha, Ekere William, Peter Walekwa, Gabriel Elepu, and Sloans Chimatiro Kalumba. "Determinants for Choice of Fish Market Channels: The Case of Busia (Uganda/Kenya) Border." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p118.
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The study investigated factors influencing the choice of fish traders’ marketing channel by fish trader and the determinants of their gross margins. A multistage sampling technique of 115 fish traders was used. Four key informants and two focus groups participated in the study. A Probit model was used to determine factors that influenced the choice of fish traders’ marketing channel. Findings from the study revealed that volumes of fish traded per month, distance to market, membership to a fish marketing organization, payment mode, household size, presence of other sources of income were statistically significant in determining traders’ choice of marketing channel. In addition, it was found that a formal trader on average sold 6.882 tons of fish whereas 2.095 tons of fish were sold by the informal trader per month. The study therefore recommends that Informal traders be clustered into a marketing organisation; through which they can be trained on business diversification, collective marketing, and group savings to ease access to credit. It is important to eliminate the challenges encouraging informal cross border fish trade by harmonizing regional fish standards, facilitating exchange and use of fishery trade information. Further, there is need to strengthen the data collection systems in order to have accurate estimates on the contribution of fish to trade and food security.
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Janda, Karel, Gordon Rausser, and Wadim Strielkowski. "Determinants of Profitability of Polish Rural Micro-Enterprises at the Time of EU Accession." Eastern European Countryside 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 177–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2013-0009.
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Abstract Rural micro-enterprises are an important factor in sustainable rural development in post-transitional Eastern Europe. This paper deals with determining the key factors influencing profitability in rural micro-enterprises in Poland. The research design was based on a questionnaire survey of 300 rural micro-enterprises in the food-processing sector in rich and poor Polish provinces. The analysis carried out in this study is centered around the Polish EU accession in May 2004. Similar to other related studies, our results show that EU accession was not perceived as a major change by rural Polish micro-entrepreneurs and that the EU related factors were not significant determinants of their profitability. However, our results also show that the success of the rural food processing micro-enterprise in Eastern Europe is most related to its owner/manager and enterprise characteristics. For the owner/manager the most significant determinants are his/her age and risk-taking as the main motive for establishing an enterprise. The enterprise characteristics that determine the profitability include enterprise location within a region with competitive situation, enterprise size (being a sole trader or family enterprise), IC T advancements in enterprise and the fact whether the enterprise has any certificates for its products. The results have significant implications for the researchers and policy-makers and can become a basis for preparing relevant enterprise support policies in post-transitional Eastern Europe
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Sarma, P. K., M. A. Hossain, A. K. M. M. R. Golap, and D. Mohammed. "Investigation of the complete supply chain management for potatoes in Northern Ireland." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10, no. 1 (October 8, 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12104.
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Supply Chain Management (SCM) is an integral approach of management where lots of beneficiaries work together with their professional interest. Potatoes supply chain like other agricultural products in developed country like the United Kingdom included some important beneficiaries. Interests are not same due to the nature of the professional activity. In distribution systems in developed country always have problems to organise all beneficiaries. Some beneficiaries are discriminated some are not their status as profitable either company or sole trader. In the study, potato farmers of Northern Ireland produce potatoes and these potatoes supposed to be distributed directly to the consumers. As the work in the capitalist society divided in many ways with profit motive, therefore there were many intermediaries between producers and consumers who worked for distributing NI potato to the consumers. They were related together with their own interest and goal. One beneficiary was not thinking about another beneficiary with any kind of interest sacrifice. Finally farmers who were the main producers became discriminated with the price. This is the main problem found in the study. Consumers also have no intention to know the life of farmers. If farmers societyis not survived in sustainable development way then the potatoes will not be cultivated. Therefore in potatoes farming everybody in the society needs to make their attention for the right of the potatoes farmers of NI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12104 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(1): 125132, 2012
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Silalahi, Marina. "RAMUAN OBAT TRADISIONAL SUB-ETNIS BATAK KARO YANG DIPERJUALBELIKAN DI PASAR BERASTAGI DAN KABANJAHE SUMATERA UTARA." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan 15, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26753/jikk.v15i2.293.
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Research has been carried out on the ingredients of traditional Batak Karo medicine which are traded in the Berastagi and Kabanjahe traditional markets, North Sumatra. The study was conducted through an ethnobotany approach. The survey was conducted with free interviews, in-depth, semi-structured, and participatory observations to all traditional medicinal herb traders in the Berastagi and Kabanjahe traditional markets. The local name of the ingredients, benefits, form of packaging, plants, and how to use each ingredient is asked to the trader. In the Berastagi and Kabanjahe traditional markets sold 20 types of traditional medicinal which are divided into parem, tawar and minyak urut (oil for massage). The trader sell 12-18 types of concoctions. The medicinal ingredients are used for more curative purposes than preventive purposes. The traditional ingredients found in this study are classified into herbs because their properties are based on empirical experience only.
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Olayemi, Ayodeji, Akinlabi Oyeyiola, Agostinho Antunes, Céline Bonillo, Corinne Cruaud, and Philippe Gaubert. "Contribution of DNA-typing to bushmeat surveys: assessment of a roadside market in south-western Nigeria." Wildlife Research 38, no. 8 (2011): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11015.
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Context Following recent socioeconomic transformations in western and central Africa, the volume of bushmeat hunting, a traditional source of proteins and revenue for rural populations, has reached unsustainable levels. The morphological identification of species sold on bushmeat market stalls may be challenging because of the presence of cryptic taxa and smoked or processed carcasses. Aims To assess the contribution of DNA-typing to traditional bushmeat surveys. We conducted a case study at a roadside bushmeat market in Asejire, south-western Nigeria, to characterise the mammalian diversity and sketch out the dynamics of the bushmeat trade. Methods We generated a 402-bp Cytochrome b fragment using a ‘universal’ mitochondrial primer pair that successfully amplified across five mammalian orders, and used assignment procedures to assess the taxonomic identification of the traded species. We combined DNA-typing with morphological-based market surveys and questionnaires to half (n = 20) of the market stakeholders. Key results Our combined morphological–DNA-based survey revealed a total of 17 species, representing seven mammalian orders (Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, Hyracoidea, Carnivora, Pholidota and Artiodactyla). DNA-typing allowed identifying the Walter’s duiker, a cryptic, newly described species from the Dahomey Gap, and diagnosing an unidentified primate as the white-throated monkey, Cercopithecus erythrogaster, a species of high conservation concern in Nigeria. K2P pairwise genetic distances among all species exceeded the 11% threshold, indicative of species-level distinction. The most hunted species were the Walter’s duiker and, to a lesser extent, the greater cane rat, Thryonomys swinderianus. Questionnaires to traders revealed that the Asejire roadside market was a straightforward trader–hunter system centralising off-takes from distant hunting sites. Conclusions We showed how mitochondrial DNA-typing combined with assignment procedures improved the characterisation of the mammalian diversity sold on bushmeat markets. The hunted mammalian community consisted of versatile, small- to medium-sized secondary forest species characteristic of the Dahomey Gap assemblage; their sustainable management is in doubt because of the lack of conservation and health awareness within the traders’ community. Implications Given the utility of mitochondrial DNA-typing in identifying species sold in bushmeat markets, we argue in favour of multi-entry investigations to reach a comprehensive characterisation of the bushmeat trade. The building of a web-accessible mtDNA database covering the spectrum of the species hunted for bushmeat would appear to be a valuable diagnostic tool that may help Nigeria and neighbouring countries to set up a rigorous monitoring of wildlife extirpation.
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Hana, Abdulahanaa. "The Concept of "Mabbalu Nabi" Among Traders of Bugis Bone:." Al-Ulum 20, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 473–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/au.v20i2.1406.
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Bugis Bone traders have a term known as "mabbalu' nabi." The term meaning is identified with "mabbalu’ nabi” because the goods are sold at a capital price or even below, then the term "mabbalu' prophet" is a term of sale and purchase that does not include concern profit (profit). Such a concept of buying and selling is irrelevant to the motives of buying and selling in economics. This problem has never been investigated by researchers before. This study is the first study to examine the conception, motives, implementation, and relevance of the term "mabbalu’ nabi” version of the Bugis Bone merchants with the Prophet's trade principles. The results showed that the conceptions and motives of the "mabbalu’ nabi” by Bugis Bone traders varied. Some were in line, and some were out of the Prophet Saw's trading principles consistent professional trader who did not confuse business affairs with afterlife affairs.
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Boakye, Maxwell Kwame, Alfred Ofori Agyemang, Edward Debrah Wiafe, Hubert Olivier Dossou-Yovo, and Meyir Ziekah. "Animals Traded for Traditional Medicine Purposes in the Kumasi Central Market, Ghana: Conservation Implications." Conservation 1, no. 2 (June 13, 2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1020010.
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The Kumasi Central Market is the largest urban open market in Ghana and animals used for medicinal purposes are among the items that are typically displayed for sale. However, no study has been undertaken on the animal species sold for traditional medicine purposes. This study took inventory of animal species traded for medicinal purposes in the Kumasi Central Market and examined their conservation implications. The species recorded to be traded comprised 5 taxonomic classes, belonging to 20 families. Chameleons were found to be the most traded animal species. Seven (23%) of the species traded were found to be threatened under IUCN Red List, with four (13%) species listed on Appendix I of CITES, and eight (26%) species on Schedule I of Wildlife Conservation Regulations of Ghana. Wildlife regulations are not serving as a deterrent to the trade in threatened animal species. There is a need to sensitize traders about the threats faced by these animal species and provide explanations as to why these species should be protected.
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Koppensteiner, Hans-Georg, and María Paz García Rubio. "BGH, Urteil vom 20.10.1999 — Orient-Teppichmuster — Zur Frage der Irreführenden Gestaltung Einer Werbebeilage." European Review of Private Law 10, Issue 5 (October 1, 2002): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/5103424.
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The decision of the German Federal Supreme Court was based on the following set of facts: The defendant was a sole trader in Berlin selling carpets and carpeting. As an insert in a Berlin newspaper he distributed the brochure “Fantastic Choice of Chinese carpets”. On page 4 of this, under the heading “consistent good value”, carpets with Persian patterns were pictured which bore descriptions such as “K. Medaillon-Moud”. “K. Birdjend” or “K. Herati”. The carpets concerned were machine made. The claimant, an association with legal personality, established in order to oversee compliance with the rules relating to unfair competition, considered that this advertisement was misleading and sought an injunction. As the basis for this it was alleged that the format of the brochure and the lay-out of the advertising would lead the reader to think, in the absence of any express reference to the fact that the carpets concerned were woven, that hand-knotted oriental carpets were being advertised. The courts at first and second instance allowed the claim for an injunction, but the Federal Supreme Court dismissed it. In substance the reason for this was that, in answering the question whether advertisements or leaflets conveyed a misleading impression, reference was not to be made to the passing consumer when the goods concerned were not without some value and were reasonably durable (here: carpets). The standard of care of the averagely well-informed and sensible average consumer, whose level of comprehension was decisive, depended on the situation in question. Furthermore, the expressions “passing” and “sensible” were not mutually exclusive. The reader of the advertising brochure in question, who was interested in the acquisition of a carpet, would also read the explanations in small print under each picture, and therefore would not be misled into thinking that an original oriental carpet was being advertised. The following authors examine the decision from the point of view of Spanish and Austrian law.
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HINSLEY, AMY, and DAVID L. ROBERTS. "Assessing the extent of access and benefit sharing in the wildlife trade: lessons from horticultural orchids in Southeast Asia." Environmental Conservation 45, no. 3 (September 20, 2017): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000467.
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SUMMARYThe equitable sharing of benefits from natural resources is a key target of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Trade in its native species is one way in which a country can potentially benefit from its natural resources, and even small-scale traders can now access global markets online. However, little is known about the extent of benefit sharing for many products, and the extent to which the appropriate processes and permits are being used. We surveyed online trade in a lucrative and widely sold product in Southeast Asia (horticultural orchids) to assess the extent of access and benefit sharing. In total, 20.8% (n = 1120) of orchid species from the region were being sold. Although seven out of ten countries were trading, five had very little or no trade in their native species, and the majority of recently described endemic species being traded from non-range states had no reported Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora exports from their country of origin. We suggest that addressing access and benefit-sharing gaps requires wider recognition of the problem, coupled with capacity building in the countries currently benefitting least: Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia. The priority should be to increase botanical capacity and enable these countries to better control the commercialization and trade of their native species.
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Coals, Peter G. R., Nolwazi S. Mbongwa, Vincent N. Naude, and Vivienne L. Williams. "Contemporary Cultural Trade of Lion Body Parts." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 3169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223169.
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Trade in lion parts associated with cultural and traditional use is poorly understood. Here we sought to better understand the role and use of lion body parts in the commercial traditional medicine (muthi) trade of South Africa. In 2019 we conducted a semi-structured questionnaire survey of muthi traders (n = 10) and traditional healers (n = 20) which explored the significance and symbolism of lions, traded parts and preferences, sources and supply of lion parts, and perceived sustainability of lion derivatives in the South African muthi trade. Our results suggest a cultural importance of lion associated with the umndawu ancestral spirit in particular, as well as in the training and practice of cultural–spiritual healers. Lion paws and parts thereof were most frequently reported as sold by traders and demanded by healers, correlating with recent trends in body-part removals from lion mortalities. Respondents indicated that lion parts were obtained from a variety of sources including wild lion populations in neighbouring countries and captive-breeding farms. Our findings are discussed relative to current concerns in lion conservation and highlight a need for further understanding of the traditional medicine complex, the influence that ancestral spirits have on lion body-part trade, and increased engagement with traditional medicine stakeholders.
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Shattuck, Martha Dickinson. "Women and Trade in New Netherland." Itinerario 18, no. 2 (July 1994): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022488.
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If the average person was asked what the name New Netherland brought to mind, quite likely the response would be the fur trade. And to a great degree they would be right in making that association. In the years following Henry Hudson's exploration in 1609 of the river that eventually bore his name and before the founding of the West India Company in 1621, Dutch trading companies and private traders sailed to the New World for the sole purpose of exploiting the fur trade.
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Elwin, Angie, Jennah Green, and Neil D’Cruze. "On the Record: An Analysis of Exotic Pet Licences in the UK." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122373.
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Keeping exotic pets has become a popular habit in the UK in recent decades. Yet, information on the current scale of the trade and the diversity of animals involved is lacking. Here, we review the licensed sale of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals as exotic pets in the UK, identifying current geographical hotspots of trader activity, data gaps, and compliance issues related to this trade. In terms of trade volume, records showed large numbers of individual wild animals, across a wide range of species groups, are being legally sold in the UK. Maximum numbers of exotic pets permitted for sale included 54,634 amphibians, 64,810 reptiles, 23,507 birds, and 6479 mammals. Moreover, nearly 2000 pet traders located in 283 different local authority areas had permission to sell exotic pets. The scope and scale of the trade draws additional attention to the substantial animal welfare challenges associated with it, and our review serves to highlight several shortcomings associated with the licensed exotic pet trade in the UK. Pet shop licences often lacked detailed information about the specific type and number of animals permitted for sale, which raises compliance concerns and hinders efforts to carry out adequate inspection and monitoring. Ninety-five pet traders in England had been given a one star rating, indicating ‘minor failings’ in animal welfare, and some local authorities in England were still operating under the old Pet Animals Act (1951). We recommend that resources should be prioritised and focused towards local authorities in England that are not operating under the new Animal Welfare (Licensing of Activities Involving Animals) (England) Regulations (2018), and that local authorities should improve data reporting on all licenses issued to aid inspection and monitoring.
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Van den Neucker, Tom, and Kevin Scheers. "Mislabelling may explain why some prohibited invasive aquatic plants are still being sold in Belgium." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 423 (2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2022005.
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In Belgium, a voluntary code of conduct intended to prevent introduction of invasive plants through the horticultural trade has been implemented since 2009. European Regulation 1143/2014 that imposes legal bans on a number of plant taxa entered into force in 2015. However, studies regarding the presence of invasive plants in the Belgian horticultural trade remained scarce. In 2016–2017 and in 2020, we surveyed a total of 11 garden centres specialized in water gardening and compiled a list of 285 aquatic plant taxa that were being traded. In 2020, four Belgian Consensus List species and one Communication List species were still offered for sale. Also, three species of Union Concern were still being sold in 2020. The plants of the Belgian Lists that were still being sold in 2020 and all except one of the European Union List plants were mislabelled, either because of misidentification or because a taxonomic synonym was used. Mislabelling may explain why some prohibited plants were still in trade. Therefore, retailers and plant producers should be encouraged to correctly identify the plants that are being traded. Our study illustrates that regular surveys are essential to assess the effectiveness of voluntary codes of conduct and legal trade bans.
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Negreiros, Rísia Lopes, José Henrique Hildebrand Grisi-Filho, Ricardo Augusto Dias, Fernando Ferreira, José Soares Ferreira Neto, Raul Ossada, and Marcos Amaku. "Analysis of the cattle trade network in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 57, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): e171635. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2020.171635.
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We characterized the network of cattle movements in Mato Grosso, Brazil—a state responsible for a significant amount of Brazilian beef exports. In this analysis, we were particularly interested in the importance of slaughterhouses in the network of cattle movements, in the characteristics of the trade for different purposes (especially for reproduction, fattening, and slaughter), and about the importance of the main traders. We found that the median distance of all movements was 79.0 km, with an interquartile range between 37.2 and 163.2 km, which suggests a relatively short-range trade pattern; roughly 20% of the premises purchasing more animals were responsible for 95% of the animals purchased and 20% of the premises selling more animals were responsible for 86% of the animals sold, indicating the importance of the cattle trade hubs. Fitting the degree distribution using a power-law distribution, we obtained a scaling parameter of 2.59, indicating that the cattle movement network of Mato Grosso is less dense than other observed cattle movement networks. The networks for fattening, reproduction, and slaughtering only comprised 73%, 56%, and 25% of all nodes and 52%, 30%, and 17% of all edges, respectively; and slaughterhouses had the highest in-degrees and total degrees, followed by markets and farms, playing the role of main cattle trade hubs. Therefore, slaughterhouses are potentially useful as surveillance points to detect cases, and controlling important trader premises may optimize the use of resources for controlling diseases.
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Miller, Adam E., Demi Gary, Juhardi ansyah, Novia Sagita, Muflihati, Kartikawati, and Sadtata N. Adirahmanta. "Socioeconomic Characteristics of Songbird Shop Owners in West Kalimantan, Indonesia." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291988951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919889510.
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The songbird trade in Indonesia is a major driver of avian species loss. Songbird traders represent the link between trappers and consumers for this lucrative industry, though details on the dynamics of this relationship remain understudied. To understand why songbird shop owners entered the trade, if businesses were lucrative, and assess owner receptiveness to adopting alternative businesses, we investigated socioeconomic characteristics of 95 songbird shop owners via an interview-style survey across 13 regencies in West Kalimantan. Responses from shop owners showed a widespread lack of legal permitting for businesses and the sale of bird species. Indeed, the majority of respondents (63%) did not have the mandatory business permits, which suggests that nonwildlife regulatory laws could be leveraged to reduce the volume of the illegal songbird trade in West Kalimantan. Nearly half of all respondents (40%) noted that bird trading was not their sole income source, nor was it particularly lucrative. More than half (55%) of all bird traders interviewed expressed interest in switching to alternative businesses if given the resources and opportunity to do so. This study offers novel insights into motives of engaging in songbird trade in West Kalimantan. This study also supports the possibility of addressing the songbird trade via a combination of law enforcement and alternative business programs.
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Toudonou, Christian, Angie Elwin, Johannes Penner, Emma Coulthard, John Norrey, David Megson, Mark-Oliver Rödel, et al. "Seeking serpents: Ball python trade in Benin, West Africa." Nature Conservation 50 (October 14, 2022): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.50.86352.
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Ball pythons are traded as bushmeat, leather and belief-based medicine in West Africa, and specimens are exported in large numbers for the exotic pet trade. Here, we focused on understanding the purpose and socio-economic context of this trade in Benin through interviews with 44 actors involved in the trade of this species. We provided a snapshot of trade dynamics during a period when hunters are not predominantly actively involved in supplying eggs, neonates and gravid females for ranching and export as exotic pets. Our findings revealed that hunters and traders were largely focused on supplying the bushmeat and medicine markets in West Africa during this time. We estimated that the 21 collectors engaged in hunting in our study collectively hunt between 576 and 5,083 ball pythons from the wild each year. Collection rates reported by some suggests that they could earn more than 15,000 USD from ball python sales in bushmeat markets annually. Ball pythons hunted in Benin were mainly sold to local customers as “bushmeat” (53%) or for belief-based uses (39%) (including “fetish”, “medicinal products” and “voodoo”). However, cross-border trade with neighboring countries of Togo, Nigeria, and Ghana (or even further) also occurred. Although profitable for some, the scale of this practice, together with the widely reported decline in ball python populations in Benin, raises concern about the sustainability and long-term economic viability of this type of large-scale commercial wildlife trade in West Africa, especially as it occurs alongside extensive ranching practices to support the exotic pet trade.
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Ishaq, Mohammed, and Asifa Hussain. "Ethnic Minority Sole Traders' Experiences of Racial Discrimination." Scottish Affairs 70 (First Serie, no. 1 (February 2010): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2010.0004.
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Kahiya, Eldrede, and Djavlonbek Kadirov. "Informal Cross Border Trade as a Substratum Marketing System: A Review and Conceptual Framework." Journal of Macromarketing 40, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 88–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146719897115.
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We provide a literature review and a conceptual framework on informal cross border trade in Sub-Saharan Africa. Informal cross border trade (ICBT) refers to commercial exchanges conducted across borders by individuals operating as unregistered sole traders. ICBT is a burgeoning part of the informal markets in Sub-Saharan Africa and its existence and persistence carry substantial socio-economic implications. We use “summarizing” and “delineating” techniques to discuss seven themes of ICBT, and cast them as the manifestations of a substratum marketing system - a foundational structure instead of an auxiliary system. We underline implications for scholarship and for policymakers and non-governmental organizations charged with formulating initiatives to manage both ICBT and formal markets.
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Shivambu, Ndivhuwo, Tinyiko C. Shivambu, and Colleen T. Downs. "Predicting the Potential Distribution of Non-Native Mammalian Species Sold in the South African Pet Trade." Diversity 13, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100478.
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The pet trade is one of the main pathways of introduction of several mammals worldwide. In South Africa, non-native mammalian species are traded as pets, and so far, only four of these species are considered invasive. We used a list of 24 companion mammalian species compiled from a previous study. We selected a subset of 14 species for species distribution modeling (SDM) based on their trade popularity, invasion history and potential economic and socio-economic impacts. We aimed to estimate their potential distribution using their distribution records. Our SDM indicated that climate in South Africa was suitable for most traded species. However, commonly and easily available species had the broadest areas of suitable climates, such as house mice (Mus musculus) and Norwegian rats (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, the model with a human footprint suggested a high risk of invasion for Norwegian rats but less for house mice distribution. This assessment suggests the need of strict trade regulations and management strategies for pet mammals with broader suitability, which are already invasive, and most available for sale. In addition, our results provide a baseline approach that can be used to identify mammalian pet species with a potential risk of invasion so that urgent preventive measures can be implemented.
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Gommers, Carina. "CJEU referral on Louboutin’s red sole trade mark." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 11, no. 7 (July 2016): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpw077.
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Martini, Luh Kadek Budi, Putu Sri Astuti, and Luh Komang Candra Dewi. "The Challenge of Traditional Market Traders in Denpasar City with the Problem of Business Management and Sales Strategy." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 07 (July 19, 2018): 20880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/07/551.
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Challenges by traditional fruit market traders in Denpasar are weaknes in business management, bookkeeping administration sales strategy, buyers service, communication techniques, and rotten fruits that do not sell yet untapped. The purposes of this empowerment are to (1 ) improvement of business management, (2) increased of knowledge for traders: bookkeeping administration is the procedure of recording financial transactions and can easily perform financial analysis, sales strategy, especially arrangement of merchandise (display), service to buyers, communication techniques and transactions honest but still profitable, (3) utilization of rotten fruit that is not sold to be processed into MOL (local microorganisms) for the manufacture of organic fertilizers in the household scale. The method used is counseling and training. The results of the activities are as follows: 1) fruit trader group can already well manage its trading business.2) fruit trader group can make good administration and business bookkeeping 3) fruit trader group can make marketing strategy by arranging (display) with well, and already use Show Case for display merchandise, customer visits increased 25%. 4) Fruit merchant group can already utilize rotten fruit as MOL for liquid crop fertilizer
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Pilling, Graham M., Laurence T. Kell, Trevor Hutton, Peter J. Bromley, Alex N. Tidd, and Loes J. Bolle. "Can economic and biological management objectives be achieved by the use of MSY-based reference points? A North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and sole (Solea solea) case study." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 6 (April 23, 2008): 1069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn063.
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Abstract Pilling, G. M., Kell, L. T., Hutton, T., Bromley, P. J., Tidd, A. N., and Bolle, L. J. 2008. Can economic and biological management objectives be achieved by the use of MSY-based reference points? A North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and sole (Solea solea) case study. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1069–1080. We examined the biological and economic impact of changing from management based on single-species limit reference points to one based on alternative targets, using the multispecies multifleet North Sea flatfish fishery. The robustness of reference points was tested against identified changes in plaice and sole biology. Current ICES single-species limit and precautionary biomass and fishing mortality reference points were seldom consistent with each other. Although they were generally robust to biological uncertainty, fishing at Fpa for sole could lead to stock collapse under one biological scenario. Adoption of alternative targets would reduce reliance on current reference points as stocks moved to a more sustainable state. Maximum sustainable yield (MSY), maximum economic yield (MEY), and maximum employment conditions implied different effort levels in the two fleets modelled, and different profits. Ftarget could be achieved with equal effort reductions in both fleets. Changes in stock biology affected the fishing effort required to maximize employment within the fishery, whereas MSY, Fmax, and MEY targets were robust to this uncertainty. Resulting profits and yields did vary widely, however. The selection of target reference points therefore requires stakeholders to define fishery objectives explicitly, against which targets can be evaluated for the resulting trade-offs between risk to stocks, yield, employment, and other social objectives.
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Lasch, Philipp, Steffen Uhlig, Carsten Uhlig, Christian Wilhelm, Nicola Bergmann, and Stefan Wittke. "Development and In-House Validation of an LC–MS and LC–MS/MS Assay for the Determination of Food Fraud for Different Fish Species." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 1330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1330.
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Abstract Background: Fish and fish products are one of the most important food sources of high commercial interest. The global food trade and the associated risks are constantly presenting new challenges to consumer protection and public authorities, which, among other things, demand state-of-the-art analytical methods to ensure food authenticity. Objective: The establishment of MS-based strategies plays a decisive role alongside the (further) development of ELISA- or DNA-oriented methods. Methods: In the present work, therefore, the development and in-house validation of an LC–MS and LC–MS/MS-based assay for authenticity testing of certain fish species is described. Results: Based on the execution of a validated bottom-up LC–electrospray–MS and MS/MS assay and multivariate analysis, the commercially available species Lutjanus malabaricus (red snapper) and Sebastes spp. (redfish) are distinguished from each other, whereas an additional 68 samples [nine additional marine species such as pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), salmon (Salmo salar), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), sole (Solea solea), lemon sole (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), halibut (Reinhardtius hypoglossoides), red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), and great scallop (Pecten jacobaeus)] served as blinded negative controls to ensure the specificity of the assay. Conclusions and Highlights: A promising LC–MS and LC–MSMS based assay has been developed that could enable the detection of fish fraud at the protein level in the future.
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Latif, Abdul, and Ayatullah Ayatullah. "Dampak Kredit Modal Terhadap Peningkatan Usaha Pedagang Kecil di Pasar Sentral Kota Gorontalo." Al-Buhuts 14, no. 02 (December 31, 2018): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/ab.v14i02.889.
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The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of the impact generated by the capital loan to increase small trader business in the central market of Gorontalo city. This research data is obtained through several samples of small traders in the central market of Gorontalo city. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observations and documentation and then the data collected and then analyzed by using inductive thinking analysis that describes or explains and assesses related data related to the impact of business capital credit on business improvement in the central market of Gorontalo city. From the result of the research, it is found that credit indeed has an impact on the improvement of small traders business in the central market of Gorontalo city, it is indicated by the fact that before getting a small capital loan loan it is difficult to increase the commodity sold or the product sold when they have received the credit before they Easy to get additional goods
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Fitra, Joko. "STRATEGI PROMOSI PENJUALAN RITEL TRADISIONAL (Studi Pada Pedagang Sembako Pasar Karangsambung)." Fokus Bisnis : Media Pengkajian Manajemen dan Akuntansi 16, no. 01 (August 16, 2017): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32639/fokusbisnis.v16i01.81.
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This study examines the sales promotion strategies undertaken by traditional retailers, in this case in the Market merchants Karangsambung groceries. Some of the strategies offered by marketing experts may be modified by traders in the Market groceries Karangsambung in promoting the products sold. This is done because of limited resources owned by the merchant.
This research approach uses qualitative descriptive approach. The data collection technique using observation, in-depth interview techniques, and the library to study and documentation. Decision informants conducted by using informants aims. Analysis of the data using analytical models Miles and Huberman comprising the steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that the basic needs trader in the Market Karangsambung keep doing sales promotion in the form of point of purchase, samples, loyalty programs, direct gifts, and gifts for referrals. Implementation of sales promotion conducted by the merchant groceries market Karangsambung influenced by several things such as Marketers (Knowledge and market network owned by the merchant), the availability of marketing costs, the nature of the market (broad market geographically, the market concentration, and the type of buyer), as well as the types of products traded.
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Usman, Sarah. "ANALISIS JENIS USAHA DAN LABA ATAS BIAYA PADA PEDAGANG DI KABUPATEN MANOKWARI." BISMA 13, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bisma.v13i3.13771.
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The objective of this research is to analyze the potential of local traders' economic growth in Manokwari Regency, West Papua based on the type of product sold and the profit to cost ratio. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The research sample consisted of 74 respondents taken randomly using a simple random sampling method at the traditional markets of Sanggeng Market and West Market. Data were processed using SPSS with descriptive statistical methods-frequency. Results showed that the most products sold in traditional markets in Manokwari Regency were tubers and fruits by 28.4%, followed by sea/livestock products and mixed products by 24.3%, and vegetables by 23%. The lowest profit to cost ratio was 0.9 and the highest was 60. The average profit to cost ratio was 7.52 which means that traders in Papua should have been at a better welfare level. Likewise, local businesses should have been grown better. Increasing local trader welfare is also increasing the level of local economic growth. However, many traders can only earn income to fulfill their daily needs. Therefore, they should improve their business skills and knowledge by following some business training and assistance programs.
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BOTHA, J., E. T. F. WITKOWSKI, and C. M. SHACKLETON. "Market profiles and trade in medicinal plants in the Lowveld, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 1 (March 2004): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001067.
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Rising demand for medicinal plants has led to increased pressure on wild plant populations. This, combined with shrinking habitats, means that many species in South Africa are now facing local extinction. In 1997, a study was initiated to determine the extent of trade in medicinal plants in the South African Lowveld (the low lying plains to the east of the Drakensberg escarpment), and to investigate socio-economic factors influencing trade and resource management. Trade was not as extensive in the Lowveld as in major urban markets such as Durban or the Witwatersrand (Johannesburg and surrounding towns), either in terms of the quantity, number or range of species sold, or the numbers of people relying on the trade for an income. In markets assessed in Mpumalanga Province, 176 species were identified (71% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 69 plant families. In Limpopo, 70 different species were identified (84% of the vernacular names encountered in the market place), representing 40 families. Imports were significant in Mpumalanga (33% of the plants on offer), mainly from Mozambique. A detrended correspondence analysis showed substantial differences between species traded in Mpumalanga and those sold in Limpopo. There was little variation in the species stocked by vendors in Mpumalanga, regardless of the season, the attributes of the seller, or whether business was carried out in urban or rural areas. In contrast, there was considerable variation in the stock inventories of the Limpopo traders. Despite the lower levels of local trade, increased harvesting pressure is being experienced regionally, to meet demand in metropolitan centres such as the Witwatersrand. This study showed considerable local variation and complexities in the harvesting and marketing of medicinal plants, with both a national and an international dimension. This dual spatial scale presents both opportunities and challenges in the management of these plants, which need to be addressed simultaneously, particularly with respect to research requirements and development of predictive models and capacity. Cooperation in conservation strategies and policies is required at regional, national and international levels, while ensuring that management initiatives take into account local market conditions and the socio-economic realities facing both consumers and those who depend on the trade for their livelihoods.
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Sayaka, Bambang, Muhammad Maulana, and Deri Hidayat. "An Opportunity And Policy to Improve Performance of Peanut Agribusiness in South Sulawesi." Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian 9, no. 2 (August 26, 2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/akp.v9n2.2011.157-181.
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Peanut agribusiness in South Sulawesi does not develop optimally. During harvest season the peanut production of this province is sufficient to meet local demand and is sold for inter-island trade. During off-season local demand for peanut is fulfilled through inter-island trade and import. The traders usually buy fresh pods and dried pods from the farmers and traders’ profits are earned through processing them into dried beans. Retailers in urban areas sell fresh pods and dried beans. The main consumers of dried beans are local peanut processors. Credit access for the farmers may improve quantity and quality of peanut production. Roads improvement in peanut producing centers may accelerate peanut transportation and reduce its transportation cost. Illegal retribution should be removed. The traders need credit access for their business scale improvement. Partnership between the farmers and the peanut processing companies will enhance peanut agribusiness in South Sulawesi Province.
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Besky, Sarah. "The Future of Price: Communicative Infrastructures and the Financialization of Indian Tea." Cultural Anthropology 31, no. 1 (October 23, 2015): 4–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca31.1.02.
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For more than 150 years, most tea grown on plantations in northeast India has been sold in open-outcry auctions in Kolkata. In this essay, I describe how, in 2009, the Tea Board of India, the government regulator of the tea trade, began to convert auctioning from a face-to-face outcry process to a face-to-computer digital one. The Tea Board hoped that with the implementation of digital technologies, trade would soon revolve around the buying and selling of futures contracts, not individual lots of tea. Despite these efforts, the tea industry has thus far resisted all attempts at financialization. That so prominent a commodity as tea has yet to be financialized provides a unique opportunity to examine the how of financialization—the governmental and technical steps that precede futures and other kinds of derivatives markets. Futures markets rely on a standardized notion of price and of the material things being priced. The story of Indian tea’s resistance to financialization shows how such standardization requires not just a disentangling of commodities at the level of productive infrastructure (that is, the separation of individual trader and thing being traded) but also a reworking of the communicative infrastructure of trading. In this essay, I analyze this reworking by examining the effort to reform how tea is priced at auction. Specifically, I describe a transition in tea valuation from socially embedded price stories to standardized price scenarios.
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Beuving, Joost. "American cars in Cotonou: culture in African entrepreneurship and the making of a globalising trade." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 3 (August 10, 2015): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x15000373.
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ABSTRACTTraders in Cotonou (Bénin), a prominent hub in the Euro–West African second-hand car trade, traditionally sold cars imported from Europe. Since the 2000s however, more and more cars are being imported from the US. Anthropological study of one group of entrepreneurs active in this new business, traders from Niger, reveals an African entrepreneurship at work that follows a distinct social pattern: traders are groomed in close kinship ties in West Africa and then develop new social ties with overseas migrants. Their trade thus becomes embedded in more globalised networks, yet at the same time it loosens and that works against profitable business. Close analysis of their careers reveals a cultural pattern that compels entrepreneurs to become traders, economic opportunity notwithstanding. Whether this is representative of Africa's changing place in the global economic order remains to be seen; however, this article suggests how culture in entrepreneurship may be key to understanding that.
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Machnicka, A. A. "Is a 'red shoe sole' a valid trade mark?" Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 7, no. 3 (February 16, 2012): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpr209.
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Machnicka, A. A. "'Red shoe sole' can constitute a valid trade mark." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 8, no. 1 (December 14, 2012): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jps182.
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Aguert, Marc, Virginie Laval, and Josie Bernicot. "Intonation, contexte et interaction. Sur quels indices les enfants comprennent-ils l'intention du locuteur ?" Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 49 (December 1, 2008): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2008.2763.
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This study investigates the contribution of intonation and context in the understanding of utterances presented in a situational context. In order to find out whether intonation is the sole cue, we separated the intonation from the content of utterances (meaningless syllables). Five- to nine-year old children and a group of adults performed a computerized story-completion task, using multimedia, combining sound and image. This task required them to determine the speaker's intention. In Experiment 1, the stories vary according to intonation (positive vs negative) and context (positive vs negative), generated two types of situations: congruent situations in which the context and the intonation pointed to the same interpretation of the utterance, and incongruent situations in which the context and the intonation pointed to two contradictory interpretations of the utterance. In Experiment 2, cues (intonation and context) are not in competition anymore. Results show that in incongruent situations, the five- and seven-year-olds did not base their interpretation of the utterances on intonation; the opposite was found for the adult group. The nine-year-old started to take intonation into account. However, when the prosodic cue is the sole source of information (Experiment 2), the seven-year-olds are able to take intonation into account.
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Randon, Marine, Olivier Le Pape, Bruno Ernande, Kélig Mahé, Filip A. M. Volckaert, Eric J. Petit, Gilles Lassalle, Thomas Le Berre, and Elodie Réveillac. "Complementarity and discriminatory power of genotype and otolith shape in describing the fine-scale population structure of an exploited fish, the common sole of the Eastern English Channel." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0241429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241429.
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Marine organisms show population structure at a relatively fine spatial scale, even in open habitats. The tools commonly used to assess subtle patterns of connectivity have diverse levels of resolution and can complement each other to inform on population structure. We assessed and compared the discriminatory power of genetic markers and otolith shape to reveal the population structure on evolutionary and ecological time scales of the common sole (Solea solea), living in the Eastern English Channel (EEC) stock off France and the UK. First, we genotyped fish with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms to assess population structure at an evolutionary scale. Then, we tested for spatial segregation of the subunits using otolith shape as an integrative tracer of life history. Finally, a supervised machine learning framework was applied to genotypes and otolith phenotypes to probabilistically assign adults to subunits and assess the discriminatory power of each approach. Low but significant genetic differentiation was found among subunits. Moreover, otolith shape appeared to vary spatially, suggesting spatial population structure at fine spatial scale. However, results of the supervised discriminant analyses failed to discriminate among subunits, especially for otolith shape. We suggest that the degree of population segregation may not be strong enough to allow for robust fish assignments. Finally, this study revealed a weak yet existing metapopulation structure of common sole at the fine spatial scale of the EEC based on genotypes and otolith shape, with one subunit being more isolated. Our study argues for the use of complementary tracers to investigate marine population structure.
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Chiarelli, Andrea. "The impact of dynamic capabilities and market orientation on firm performance: a case study of higher education consulting firms." Small Business International Review 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e312. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/sbir.v5i1.312.
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Dynamic capabilities (DC) and market orientation (MO) have been described as affecting firm performance, particularly in the case of fast-changing markets. They have been analysed for a wide range of firm sizes, but research on DC in the context of sole traders and micro enterprises is scarce. To begin filling this gap, this research focuses on the effects of DC and MO on firm performance in the case of sole traders, micro and small enterprises (MSEs), using higher education (HE) consulting as a case study. HE consulting was chosen as it is comprised of numerous sole traders and MSEs and it is subjected to significant and continual change. Using a survey completed by 60 MSEs based in the UK, Europe and North America, this research found that the sensing capability is a significant determinant of firm performance, alongside what this study defines as operational MO. Furthermore, operational MO was found to significantly moderate the relationship between the learning capability and firm performance. This work suggests that (i) research on DC should be extended to sole traders and MSEs; and (ii) the business literature is ripe for a growing body of applied work on DC going beyond their theoretical validation and looking to develop practical recommendations for firms in different industry sectors.
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Chiarelli, Andrea. "The impact of dynamic capabilities and market orientation on firm performance: a case study of higher education consulting firms." Small Business International Review 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e312. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/sbir.v5i1.312.
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Dynamic capabilities (DC) and market orientation (MO) have been described as affecting firm performance, particularly in the case of fast-changing markets. They have been analysed for a wide range of firm sizes, but research on DC in the context of sole traders and micro enterprises is scarce. To begin filling this gap, this research focuses on the effects of DC and MO on firm performance in the case of sole traders, micro and small enterprises (MSEs), using higher education (HE) consulting as a case study. HE consulting was chosen as it is comprised of numerous sole traders and MSEs and it is subjected to significant and continual change. Using a survey completed by 60 MSEs based in the UK, Europe and North America, this research found that the sensing capability is a significant determinant of firm performance, alongside what this study defines as operational MO. Furthermore, operational MO was found to significantly moderate the relationship between the learning capability and firm performance. This work suggests that (i) research on DC should be extended to sole traders and MSEs; and (ii) the business literature is ripe for a growing body of applied work on DC going beyond their theoretical validation and looking to develop practical recommendations for firms in different industry sectors.
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Phuyal, Nikita, Bipana Maiya Sadadev, Reeta Khulal, Rashmi Bhatt, Santosh Bajagain, Nirjala Raut, and Bijaya Dhami. "Assessing illegal trade networks of two species of pangolins through a questionnaire survey in Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): 22381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8036.15.1.22381-22391.
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Pangolins are among the most extensively traded taxa in southeastern Asia mainly due to the perceived medicinal value of their scales and other body parts, putting them at risk of extinction, however, little is known about their trade status in Nepal. The purpose of the study was to assess the status of pangolin trade in Makwanpur district of Nepal. Semi-structured interview with household (n = 90), key informant survey (n = 15), Four focus group discussion at each study site was conducted. Seizure data (2015–2019) were gathered from the law enforcement agencies to identify and analyze the major trade routes. The majority of the respondents (63%) were well aware of the protection status of pangolins. Further, our study found that historically local peoples used pangolin body parts in making rings, bags, jackets, and musical instruments but at present they stopped it. Pangolin traders were typically middle-aged men and unemployed youth. Majority of the hunting was found to be opportunistic but when pangolins were caught, they were generally sold for additional income. Currently, the seizure data has shown the declining trend of pangolin trade within the Makwanpur district. Community forest user groups and community based anti-poaching units are working actively for the conservation and promulgation of threatened pangolins in the Makwanpur district which had long served as a major trade route to China. Thus, we advocate strengthening border security and the formation of community-based anti-poaching units, followed by mobilization, anti-poaching trainings, security assurance, and incentives for worthy conservation results in pangolin-rich communities. Further, we recommend sustained conservation awareness programs, in addition to alternative livelihood opportunities, for the long-term conservation of pangolins and their habitat.
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Pidlutskyi, Vasyl. "Investigation of the impact of complex loading on the shallow foundations and the formation of a reactive layer in the soil base." Bases and Foundations, no. 45 (December 23, 2022): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/0475-1132.45.2022.55-67.
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The effect of a complex load on the shallow foundations, features of pressure transfer to the base soil, formation of a reactive layer in the soil base, features of determining the dimensions of the sole of square and rectangular foundations, as well as the character of the reinforcement of the foundations and the dependence of the reinforcement of the foundation sole on the stress formed under it were studied . Particular attention is paid to the action of various combinations of complex loads on the foundation, which can lead to separation of the foundation sole and, as a result, to its overturning.
The studies were carried out on the shallow foundations, columnar, made of monolithic reinforced concrete, on which metal columns rest and are fastened with the help of anchor (foundation) bolts. Buildings with a metal frame on such foundations are most often intended for warehouses, production or trade centers, agricultural facilities, service stations and many others.
The effect of additional loads on the foundations during the verification of the accepted sizes of the soles of the foundations is shown. Such additional loads can be: the weight of the foundations, the weight of the soil on the ledges of the foundations, the weight of the backfill under the floor, the weight of the floor structure, the useful load on the floor, the weight of the foundation beam, the weight of the hanging walls, etc.
Under the action of a complex off-center load at different moments of time, as a result of the action of various combinations of loads, under the sole of the foundations there are alternating stresses: average, maximum and minimum, which can lead to separation of the foundation sole. These stresses depend on the accepted dimensions of the foundation sole, and also affect their reinforcement. But the question arises: do the same stresses under the sole of the foundations affect the dimensions of the foundations and the determination of their reinforcement? The paper shows that to check the dimensions of the sole of the foundations, it is necessary to take into account the "standard" stresses under the sole of the foundations, and to determine their reinforcement - completely different stresses. Many scientists and designers are unaware of this fact. Therefore, incorrect consideration of the stresses under the sole of the foundations precisely to determine their reinforcement can lead to incorrect results, which will affect the reliability and cost of the foundations of the above buildings.
The work presents methods of constructing foundations of shallow laying under the action of an off-center load with the aim of absorbing it.
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Yapanto, Lis M. "TATANIAGA DAN MARGIN PEMASARAN IKAN TUNA DI KOTA GORONTALO." Jambura Journal of Animal Science 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35900/jjas.v2i2.5215.
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This study aims to determine the marketing of tuna fish in the city of Gorontalo. The analysis used includes marketing margin analysis, profit analysis, marketing efficiency analysis. The study was conducted in October-December 2019 in Gorontalo City. Tuna marketing institutions include; retailers, traveling vendors, and collectors. Tuna fish marketing in Gorontalo City follows general marketing channels, institutions that carry out marketing activities or functions from the producers to the consumers. Tuna Fish marketing is done alone by fishermen or through retailers, traveling traders and (local) collectors, and then sold directly to consumers. Fishermen sell to the market, limited to retailers and direct consumers, with marketing areas only for traditional markets in the city of Gorontalo. Fishermen sell fish to big traders, then big traders sell Tuna fish to exporters in Bali, Makassar, Palu and Surabaya. Exporters then export tuna fish to foreign countries. The initial price of tuna from producers (fishermen) is IDR 40,000 / kg based on the results of an analysis that shows that the margins of each marketing institution include retailers IDR 20,000 / kg, traveling traders IDR 30,000 / kg and traders gathering IDR 50,000 / kg . The highest margin is the trader 55.56%.
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Bellanger, Manuel, Claire Macher, Mathieu Merzéréaud, Olivier Guyader, and Christelle Le Grand. "Investigating trade-offs in alternative catch share systems: an individual-based bio-economic model applied to the Bay of Biscay sole fishery." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 10 (October 2018): 1663–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0075.
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An individual-based bio-economic model is presented and applied to the Bay of Biscay sole (Solea solea) fishery to investigate alternative quota management systems from a multicriteria perspective. For this study, the model integrates several institutional arrangements related to catch share management. The current French co-management system with nontransferability of quota is compared with an alternative individual transferable quota (ITQ) system in a context of transition to maximum sustainable yield. Trade-offs between ecological and socioeconomic impacts are highlighted and the effectiveness of governance scenarios is discussed in regard to the challenge of capacity adjustment. Results emphasize that the introduction of ITQs is expected to reduce by 40% the number of vessels in the fishery. While effectively mitigating the economic impacts of the transition phase to maximum sustainable yield, ITQs are also expected to increase substantially the fishing effort by trawlers, which may cause ecological concerns. The scenarios tested also include the simulation of a decommissioning scheme where subsequent decommissioned vessels are considerably different from the vessels that would lease out their quotas in an ITQ system, resulting in differentiated ecological and socioeconomic impacts between scenarios.
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Scales, Helen, Andrew Balmford, and Andrea Manica. "Impacts of the live reef fish trade on populations of coral reef fish off northern Borneo." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1612 (January 23, 2007): 989–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0280.
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The live reef fish trade (LRFT) is one of the greatest but least-quantified sources of fishing pressure for several species of large coral reef fish across the Indo-Pacific. For the first time we quantify the localized impact of the LRFT. We collected data from three LRFT traders in northern Borneo, which yielded information on daily fishing effort and the species and mass of all fishes sold every day by individual fishers or vessels over 2, 3 and 8 years. Total monthly catch and relative abundance (catch-per-unit-effort) declined significantly in several species, including the most valuable species the Napoleon wrasse ( Cheilinus undulatus , estimated changes of −98 and −78% over 8 years in catch and relative abundance, respectively) and lower-value bluelined groupers ( Plectropomus oligocanthus : −99 and −81%) and Epinephelus groupers (−89 and −32%). These severe declines were rapid, species-specific and occurred in the first 2–4 years of the dataset and are, we believe, directly attributable to the LRFT. This has crucial implications for future data collection and monitoring if population collapses in other parts of the LRFT and similar wildlife trades are to be successfully detected.
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Behrendt, Stephen D., and Eric J. Graham. "African Merchants, Notables and the Slave Trade at Old Calabar, 1720: Evidence from the National Archives of Scotland." History in Africa 30 (2003): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003132.
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In late 1719 the brigantine Hannover sailed from Port Glasgow on a slaving voyage to the Guinea coast. Shipowner Robert Bogle jr. and partners hired surgeon Alexander Horsburgh as supercargo to supervise their trade for provisions and slaves along the Windward Coast, Gold Coast, and at Old Calabar. The Hannover arrived off the Windward Coast in early March 1720, and during three weeks Horsburgh purchased two tons of rice and 21 enslaved Africans on Bogle's behalf. From 5 April to 2 May he traded on the Gold Coast, loading 75 chests of corn and an additional 22 slaves. The Hannover then proceeded to Old Calabar, and from late May to early July Horsburgh purchased 75 more slaves and 11,400 yams—stowing 6,000 tubers in the week before departure to the Americas. Horsburgh also purchased sixteen slaves on his own account—eight along the Windward and Gold Coasts and eight at Calabar. Illness and death followed the Hannover on its “unaccountable long passage” to the Portuguese island Anno Bom (31 August-4 September) and British colonies Barbados (arriving 31 October) and St. Kitts (November-December).Eighty-seven of 134 Africans survived the voyage, only to be sold as slaves in the West Indies.The journey of the Hannover, noteworthy as one of the few Scottish-based voyages in the British slave trade, is important for Africanists because the surviving ship's accounts contain the first detailed list of African traders and notables in Old Calabar history.
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Akmal, Surya G., Brigitta P. D. Zámečníková-Wanma, Romanus E. Prabowo, Aulia M. Khatami, Jindřich Novák, Miloslav Petrtýl, Lukáš Kalous, and Jiří Patoka. "Marine ornamental trade in Indonesia." Aquatic Living Resources 33 (2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2020026.
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Trade with marine species as ornamentals is an important sector of the international pet trade. The vast majority of these species are collected from the wild and one of the top supplying countries is Indonesia. Detailed evidence on trade with marine resources in Indonesia is lacking or it is hardly accessible. Moreover, the exploitation of ornamental species seems to be mostly uncontrolled. This study presents detailed characteristics of such trade for Indonesia, including the offered species, their sizes, prices, and conservation status, based on data and information obtained from wholesalers in 2018. The main provinces of marine wildlife collecting are also identified. In total, 777 marine vertebrate and invertebrate species were traded, belonging to 174 families including two species classified as endangered: Banggai cardinal fish (Pterapogon kauderni) and zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum). Commonly traded was red lionfish (Pterois volitans), known to be a successful invader. The volume of ornamental marine fish exported from Indonesia in period 2015–2019 was 3 353 983 kgs sold for 33 123 218 USD. The province of Bali was identified as the main exporter of ornamental marine fish within Indonesia. These findings should help to establish sustainable exploitation of marine resources in relation to conservation and wildlife management.
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Rosa, Ierecê L., Cláudio L. S. Sampaio, and Adrianne T. Barros. "Collaborative monitoring of the ornamental trade of seahorses and pipefishes (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in Brazil: Bahia State as a case study." Neotropical Ichthyology 4, no. 2 (June 2006): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252006000200010.
Full textAbstract:
Many species of seahorses and pipefishes (family Syngnathidae) are traded for medicinal purposes and aquaria; some are also sold as souvenirs or curiosities. Brazil is one of the main suppliers of seahorses for the international aquarium trade, nevertheless, little is known about the magnitude of that trade in the country. With regards to pipefishes, virtually nothing is known about their captures for ornamental purposes in Brazil. The present study assesses the magnitude of captures and trade of seahorses and pipefishes, based on data obtained through a collaborative monitoring program established with the main retailer of marine ornamental organisms in the State of Bahia. The syngnathid fishery is conducted in shallow waters never exceeding 7 m, generally by breathhold diving. Both seahorses and pipefishes are mostly caught by hand, and only rarely hand-nets or plastic bags are used. From January/1997 to June/2005, 152 fishers recorded their daily catches of syngnathids. Two species of seahorses, Hippocampus reidi and H. cf. erectus (9,793 specimens captured from 1997 to 2005) and three species of pipefishes, Cosmocampus albirostris, Micrognathus sp. and Syngnathus sp. (143 specimens captured from 1999 to 2005) were traded. H. reidi was the most heavily exploited species.
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Yuliowati, Seti, Febri Apwanti, and Suparmin Suparmin. "KADAR FORMALIN PADA IKAN ASIN JAMBAL ROTI (Arius thalassinus) DI KAWASAN WISATA TELUK PENYU CILACAP TAHUN 2014." Buletin Keslingmas 34, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v34i2.3029.
Full textAbstract:
Background and objectives, Fish was an export commodity that decays faster than fruits andvegetables. Jambal roti fish is salted fish products derived from Manyung fish (Arius thalassinus), is oneof the food ingredients commonly mixed with food additive that forbidden by the government, namelyformalin. The purpose of the study was to determine the formaldehyde levels content in jambal roti (Ariusthalassinus) salted fish sold in Teluk Penyu tourist resort Cilacap 2014.The research design used was descriptive research with lab analyst, to obtain vivid descriptionrelated Jambal roti salted fish (Arius thalassinus)physical condition, measuring the traders knowledgelevel and formaldehyde levels examination jambal roti (Arius thalassinus) salted fish sold in Teluk Penyutourist resort Cilacap 2014.The research results shows from 10 samples the Jambal roti salted fish (Arius thalassinus) physicalcondition measured with organoleptic obtained good categories with 70% percentage. The examinationresults shows that from 10 samples, 9 samples proved negative (did not contain formaldehyde) on thenumber of samples 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10 and 1 sample contained 0.5 mg of formaldehyde which is samplenumber 6.The conclusions drawn was the tested samples number 6 positive containing formaldehyde 0.5 mg,so that sample number 6 declared not safe for public consumption. The trader knowledge level relatedforbidden food additive was poor, researchers need to provide discourse related formaldehyde danger ifused as food additive in the future so that the trader knows about the dangers of formaldehyde was aforbidden food additive.
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Van Houtan, Kyle S., Tyler O. Gagné, Gabriel Reygondeau, Kisei R. Tanaka, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Salvador J. Jorgensen. "Coastal sharks supply the global shark fin trade." Biology Letters 16, no. 10 (October 2020): 20200609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0609.
Full textAbstract:
Progress in global shark conservation has been limited by constraints to understanding the species composition and geographic origins of the shark fin trade. Previous assessments that relied on earlier genetic techniques and official trade records focused on abundant pelagic species traded between Europe and Asia. Here, we combine recent advances in DNA barcoding and species distribution modelling to identify the species and source the geographic origin of fins sold at market. Derived models of species environmental niches indicated that shark fishing effort is concentrated within Exclusive Economic Zones, mostly in coastal Australia, Indonesia, the United States, Brazil, Mexico and Japan. By coupling two distinct tools, barcoding and niche modelling, our results provide new insights for monitoring and enforcement. They suggest stronger local controls of coastal fishing may help regulate the unsustainable global trade in shark fins.
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Drachmann, Emilie Paaske. "Toldbodens nye dronning - den danske kolonialismes im/materielle aftryk." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 75 (November 23, 2021): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/slagmark.v0i75.124134.
Full textAbstract:
Through the analysis of both the direct, the derived and the non-existing imprints of Danish colonialism, the article examines the collective memory of the Danish involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. In 2017, 100 years have passed since Denmark sold its three Caribbean islands to the United States. Since then the collective memory of the Danish-West Indian past has evolved into a patriotic narrative where the Danish territorial loss is framed as a consequence of the noble abolition of the slave trade and thus turned into a moral victory. In this narrative the emphasis is placed on Danes as being the sole active agents of history.
A potentially new imprint, represented in the article by the proposed memorial statue Queen Mary, presents an alternative version of the past by highlighting the Black resistance and power. In this inversion of the colonial hierarchies of power and representation it is made clear how the cityscape of Copenhagen and the Danish historiography are constantly reproducing the patriotic narrative. Hence, the colonial past is present in Danish society today but in a way that coincides with the Danish culture and thus goes unnoticed.
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Permadi, Aef Permadi, and Tatty Yuniarti. "IDENTIFIKASI KANDUNGAN FORMALIN DAN KORELASI PENGETAHUAN DENGAN SIKAP PEDAGANG IKAN ASIN DI PASAR BARU JUWANA." Marinade 5, no. 01 (April 30, 2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/marinade.v5i01.4390.
Full textAbstract:
Processing fish into salted fish is an ancient traditional way that is still widely done in various countries including Indonesia. Although salted fish is very popular with the public, public knowledge about salted fish that is good and safe to consume is still less, it was evidenced by the many circulating salted fish sold in the market containing formalin. The purpose of the study was to identify the formalin content in salted fish in the Pasar Baru, Juwana, Pati City, knowing the character of traders, and the correlation between knowledge and the behavior of salted fish traders. The research methods carried out are by survey method, formalin testing with test kit and Correlation test. The results showed that fish products sold in Pasar Baru Juwana Pati as much as 27.7% of salted fish samples positive for formalin. Types of salted fish products that contain formalin are rebon, teri nasi, sepat, cumi, juwi, kipas, petek, layur, and petek,, Formalin levels are as low as 1.50 mg/kg and highest at 43.49 mg/kg. Characteristics of traders are traders generally aged 51-60 years; most (91.6%) women, more who attend elementary school – high school (58.3%), all married, the longest trading is 0 - 10 years, generally the cost needs to trade around Rp 100,000 – Rp 500,000 and daily income selling salted fish, around Rp. 100,000 – Rp 500,000. The results of the correlation test between the level of knowledge and the behavior of traders show a very strong relationship.