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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid acid catalysts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Hidayati, Nur, Rahmah Puspita Sari, and Herry Purnama. "Catalysis of glycerol acetylation on solid acid catalyst: a review." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 12 (2021): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.12.414-423.

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Biodiesel is a substitute fuel that is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable. The need for biodiesel continues to increase. Biodiesel is made through the process of transesterification of triglycerides and alcohol. Glycerol is a side-effect of biodiesel products with a capacity of 10% of the total weight of its production. Glycerol is the simplest glyceride compound and has several functions as a primary ingredient in chemical production. Through acetylation, glycerol is converted to a material that has a higher sale value. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are th

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2

Tyufekchiev, Maksim, Jordan Finzel, Ziyang Zhang, et al. "A New Method for Solid Acid Catalyst Evaluation for Cellulose Hydrolysis." Sustainable Chemistry 2, no. 4 (2021): 645–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem2040036.

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A systematic and structure-agnostic method for identifying heterogeneous activity of solid acids for catalyzing cellulose hydrolysis is presented. The basis of the method is preparation of a supernatant liquid by exposing the solid acid to reaction conditions and subsequent use of the supernatant liquid as a cellulose hydrolysis catalyst to determine the effects of in situ generated homogeneous acid species. The method was applied to representative solid acid catalysts, including polymer-based, carbonaceous, inorganic, and bifunctional materials. In all cases, supernatant liquids produced from

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3

Mardina, Primata, Hesti Wijayanti, Abubakar Tuhuloula, Erita Hijriyati, and Sarifah. "Corncob residue as heterogeneous acid catalyst for green synthesis of biodiesel: A short review." Communications in Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21924/cst.6.2.2021.460.

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The utilization of an appropriate catalyst in biodiesel production depends on the free fatty acid content of vegetable oil as a feedstock. Recently, heterogeneous acid catalysts are widely chosen for biodiesel production. However, these catalysts are non-renewable, highly expensive and low stability. Due to the aforementioned drawbacks of commercial heterogeneous acid catalyst, a number of efforts have been made to develop renewable green solid acid catalysts derived from biomass. Published literature revealed that the application of the biomass derived solid acid catalysts can achieve up to 9

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4

Jiang, Qimeng, Guihua Yang, Fangong Kong, Pedram Fatehi, and Xiaoying Wang. "High Acid Biochar-Based Solid Acid Catalyst from Corn Stalk for Lignin Hydrothermal Degradation." Polymers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071623.

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Solid acid catalysts generally show the disadvantage of low acid amount and low recycling rate. To solve these problems, corn stalk-based solid acid catalysts were synthesized through carbonization and sulfonation processes in this work. The results showed that besides the rod-like structure inherited from raw corn stalk, the catalysts contained some small broken pieces on the surface, and the specific surface area varied from 1120 to 1640 m2/g. The functional groups (-SO3H) were successfully introduced onto the surface of the obtained solid acid catalysts. The acid amount varied between 1.2 a

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Testa, Maria Luisa, and Valeria La Parola. "Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Inorganic Materials as Efficient Catalysts in Various Applications: A Minireview." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (2021): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101143.

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Acid catalysis is widely used in the chemical industry, and nowadays many efforts are being focused on replacing the more common homogeneous catalysts with heterogeneous ones in order to make greener the industrial processes. In this perspective, sulfonic solid acid materials represent a valid alternative to the homogenous mineral acid in several acid catalyzed reactions. In this minireview, an overview of the recent advances on the preparation, stability and application of these materials is reported. Special attention is addressed to the sustainability of the considered processes, starting f

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6

Shi, Chunjie, Xiaofeng Yu, Wei Wang, Haibing Wu, Ai Zhang, and Shengjin Liu. "The Activity and Cyclic Catalysis of Synthesized Iron-Supported Zr/Ti Solid Acid Catalysts in Methyl Benzoate Compounds." Catalysts 13, no. 6 (2023): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13060971.

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The catalytic activity and cyclic catalysis of different methyl benzoates were studied by using a series of Lewis solid acid catalysts. The iron-supported zirconium/titanium solid acid catalysts were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and BET. The details of catalytic activity and cyclic catalysis verified that the catalyst catalyzed the reactions of 31 benzoic acids with different substituents and methanol. In addition, the mechanism was revealed according to the microstructure, acid strength, and specific surface area of the catalysts, and the yields of methyl benzoates by the GC-MS. Zr ion

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7

Liu, Yun, Zong Ming Zheng, and Jin Qi Zhu. "Experimental Study on Cellulose Hydrolysis Using Active Carbon-Based and Carbon Nanotube-Based Solid Acid Catalysts." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.178.

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Three kinds of carbon-based solid acid catalysts were prepared to hydrolyze cellulose with activated carbon (AC) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the carrier. The prepared solid acid catalysts were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD, FTIR and TG analysis. The catalytic activities of these prepared solid acid catalysts for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose were further investigated. The catalysts bearing hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulfonic groups is thermally stable. Due to the amorphous multi-layered structure and the large number of defected structure, AC

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8

Thomas, Sir John Meurig. "Solid Acid Catalysts." Scientific American 266, no. 4 (1992): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0492-112.

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9

Corma, Avelino. "Solid acid catalysts." Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 2, no. 1 (1997): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(97)80107-6.

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10

Abedin, Md Ashraful, Swarom Kanitkar, Nitin Kumar, et al. "Probing the Surface Acidity of Supported Aluminum Bromide Catalysts." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (2020): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080869.

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Solid acid catalysis is an important class of reactions. The principal advantages of solid acid catalysts as compared to their corresponding fluid acids include minimal waste and ease of product separation. One type of these catalysts is based on aluminum bromide (Al2Br6), which is a stronger Lewis acid than Al2Cl6. In this report, Al2Br6 is grafted on commercial mesoporous silica (CMS), SBA-15 and silica gel to create a solid catalyst similar to the silica-supported Al2Cl6 superacid. These supported Al2Br6 catalysts were characterized by NH3-Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD), pyridine D

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11

Manayil, Jinesh, Adam Lee, and Karen Wilson. "Functionalized Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas: Tunable Hydrophobic Solid Acids for Biomass Conversion." Molecules 24, no. 2 (2019): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020239.

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The catalytic deoxygenation of bio-based feedstocks to fuels and chemicals presents new challenges to the catalytic scientist, with many transformations either performed in or liberating water as a byproduct during reaction. The design of catalysts with tunable hydrophobicity to aid product and reactant adsorption or desorption, respectively, is vital for processes including (trans)esterification and condensation reactions employed in sustainable biodiesel production and bio-oil upgrading processes. Increasing surface hydrophobicity of catalyst materials offers a means to displace water from t

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12

Vasić, Katja, Gordana Hojnik Podrepšek, Željko Knez, and Maja Leitgeb. "Biodiesel Production Using Solid Acid Catalysts Based on Metal Oxides." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020237.

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The development of solid acid catalysts, especially based on metal oxides and different magnetic nanoparticles, gained much awareness recently as a result of the development of different nano-based materials. Solid acid catalysts based on metal oxides are promising for the (trans)esterification reactions of different oils and waste materials for biodiesel production. This review gives a brief overview of recent developments in various solid acid catalysts based on different metal oxides, such as zirconia, zinc, titanium, iron, tungsten, and magnetic materials, where the catalysts are optimized

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13

Ansanay, Yane, Praveen Kolar, Ratna Sharma-Shivappa, Jay Cheng, Sunkyu Park, and Consuelo Arellano. "Pre-treatment of biomasses using magnetised sulfonic acid catalysts." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 48, no. 2 (2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2017.594.

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There is a significant interest in employing solid acid catalysts for pre-treatment of biomasses for subsequent hydrolysis into sugars, because solid acid catalysts facilitate reusability, high activity, and easier separation. Hence the present research investigated pretreatment of four lignocellulosic biomasses, namely Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L ‘Alamo’), Gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides), Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and Triticale hay (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) at 90°C for 2 h using three carbon-supported sulfonic acid catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized via impregnating

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14

Hidayati, Nur, Titik Pujiati, Elfrida B. Prihandini, and Herry Purnama. "Synthesis of Solid Acid Catalyst from Fly Ash for Eugenol Esterification." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 14, no. 3 (2019): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.14.3.4254.683-688.

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A series of fly ash-based heterogeneous acid catalysts were prepared by chemical and thermal treatment. Fly ash was chemically activated using sulfuric acid and followed by thermal activation. Characterization methods of XRD, BET, SEM-EDX, and the performance in esterification of eugenyl acetate production was carried out to reveal the physical and chemical characteristics of prepared catalysts. Activated catalyst showed high silica content (96.5%) and high BET surface area of 70 m2.g-1. The catalyst was proven to be highly active solid acid catalyst for liquid phase esterification of eugenol

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15

Chen, Fang, Xiangju Meng, and Feng-Shou Xiao. "Mesoporous Solid Acid Catalysts." Catalysis Surveys from Asia 15, no. 1 (2010): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10563-010-9107-3.

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16

Sun, Zhendong, Jinbo Wu, and Baicheng Feng. "Catalytic synthesis of DHHB using solid acids." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2873, no. 1 (2024): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2873/1/012017.

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Abstract DHHB (Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate) is a widely regarded UV absorber with a high degree of safety, excellent efficiency and good solubility characteristics. In the conventional method of DHHB synthesis, H2SO4 is not effective as a catalyst. To address this drawback, we synthesized solid acid (sulfonic acid group-modified ion exchange resin) catalysts to replace H2SO4 by suspension polymerization modification and optimized the process. The experimental results showed that the yield of DHHB could reach 85% at 110 °C for 10 h, and the conversion of DHHB could be maintained

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17

Nnaji, J. C. "ADVANCES IN BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS: THE ROLE OF VARIOUS CATALYSTS." Open Journal of Engineering Science (ISSN: 2734-2115) 1, no. 1 (2020): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojes.v1i1.83.

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Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning, and biodegradable fuel which can be synthesized from readily available domestic and natural sources, such as edible, non-edible and waste cooking oils, which may serve as a substitute to petro-diesel. It is produced by catalytic transesterification of fats and oils. A number of researches has been devoted to discovering a benign catalyst, especially heterogeneous acid catalyst that could convert non-edible and waste cooking oils with high free fatty acid into biodiesel, in an attempt to reduce the cost of production. The cost of production of biodiesel

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18

Kumar, S. Senthil, Arjun Sunil Rao, Arul K. Lakshmikandhan, S. Boobalan, and Basavaraj S. Sannakashappanavar. "A Remedy for Global Warming through the Effective Use of Waste Dye Effluents for the Synthesis of AlSiO4 Solid Acid Catalysts with Carbon Dioxide Decomposition." Asian Journal of Chemistry 37, no. 7 (2025): 1601–13. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.33712.

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Global concern about its rising levels in the atmosphere has led to the search for novel strategies to decrease CO2 productions. In this regard, this article presents a new type of catalyst for spontaneous decomposition of CO2. Novel AlSiO4 mesoporous solid acid catalysts are synthesized by different type of dye molecules as templates like anionic dye (Congo red (AlSiO4-15), brilliant yellow (AlSiO4-22) and cationic dye (rhodamine-B (AlSiO4-13R)), nitroso dye (naphthol green-B (AlSiO4-13N)). Here, harmful templates were avoided by using waste dye effluents as an appropriate template for the so

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19

Wangsa, Wangsa, Remi Ayu Pratika, Tyas Sekar Ningrum, and Karna Wijaya. "Sulfuric Acid-Activated Silica Gel as a Potential Solid Acid Catalyst." Key Engineering Materials 920 (May 16, 2022): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3y31y4.

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The conversion of silica gels into sulfated silicas (SO4/SiO2) have been carried out. The sulfation process of the catalysts was carried out by impregnation of sulfuric acids at concentrations of 1; 2; and 3 M and calcination temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 °C. Sulfation with 2 M H2SO4 and calcination temperature of 600 °C (SS2-600) produced a catalyst with the highest acidity value (5.13 mmol NH3 g-1). XRD analysis showed the formation of amorphous SiO2 phase, whereas SSA analysis showed that the SS2-600 catalyst had a mesoporous structure with a surface area of 147.728 m2/g, a total pore v

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20

Suryandari, Ade Sonya, Tantular Nurtono, W. Widiyastuti, and Heru Setyawan. "Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon Aerogel from Coir Fiber as Solid Acid Catalyst for Esterification." Key Engineering Materials 971 (December 20, 2023): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-gwku7p.

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The increasing human population drives up energy consumption, particularly in the transportation and industrial sectors. Due to the limited and non-renewable availability of fossil fuels encourages various technological developments in the field of renewable energy, including biodiesel. Biodiesel is a biodegradable, non-toxic, and environmentally favorable renewable fuel. One of typical technique of biodiesel production is involving esterification reaction between fatty acids and alcohols by addition acid catalyst to enhance reaction rate. Solid acid catalysts are widely utilized for esterific

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21

Tan, Xiaofang, Junhao Mao, Guoqing Ren, Yu Chang, Lijuan Jia, and Tiancheng Liu. "The Hydrolyzation and Hydrolysis Rates of Chlorodifluoromethane during Catalytic Hydrolysis over Solid Acid (Base) MoO3(MgO)/ZrO2 Catalyst." Crystals 12, no. 7 (2022): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070935.

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Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) is one of the air pollutants that destroy the ozone layer and warm the earth. In order to degrade HCFC-22, the catalytic hydrolysis method is currently the most effective environmental technology. Herein, we prepare solid acid MoO3/ZrO2 and solid base MgO/ZrO2 catalysts for the degradation of HCFC-22, with a particular focus on revealing the effects of the catalyst preparation methods, calcination temperatures, and hydrolysis temperatures on the hydrolyzation and hydrolysis rates of HCFC-22. The catalysts are characterized by XRD, N2 isothermal adsorption–desorp

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22

Yarmo, Mohd Ambar, Raja Saadiah Raja Shariff, Siti Rohaya Omar, Juan Joon Ching, and Roziana Haron. "New Perspective in Recent Solid Acid Catalyst." Materials Science Forum 517 (June 2006): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.517.117.

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This paper will review on the latest development on solid acid catalysts used in industries as well in research activities. Application of heterogeneous acid catalysis becomes current trend for many industries due to world wide environmental concern. Conventional synthetic or natural zeolites widely used for petrochemical processing, has some limitation because its pore size is normally smaller than reactant molecules. To overcome this challenge new delaminated zeolite process was introduced. In this process specific synthetic zeolite (i.e. ferrierite) was swelled up using specific surfactant

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23

Elmira, HUSEYNOVA, SHIRALIYEVA Ulkar, IMANOVA Nasiba, BAGIROVA Ziba, ISMAYILOVA Kamala, and NADJAFOVA Saida. "JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF CATALYST FOR THE OXIDATION OF C3- C4 ALDEHYDES INTO ACIDS AND THEIR MODIFICATION." Journal of Natural Science and Technologies 1, no. 1 (2022): 19–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7241379.

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The catalysts used to oxidize unsaturated aldehydes into the corresponding acids are complex oxide systems. The main component of such oxide systems is molybdenum. Molybdenum itself, without additives, is not used as an independent catalyst. The most widespread use as an additive is phosphorus, which markedly increases the stability of the molybdenum catalyst. Significantly improve the properties of the catalyst named the presence of vanadium as well, an important role played by such elements as copper, antimony, tungsten, iron, tellurium, and bismuth. The presence of these elements brings the

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Liu, Shenghua, Xudong Mao, Hao Chen, Xinbo Zhu та Guohua Yang. "Catalytic-CO2-Desorption Studies of BZA-AEP Mixed Absorbent by the Lewis Acid Catalyst CeO2-γ-Al2O3". Molecules 28, № 11 (2023): 4438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114438.

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Traditional organic amines exhibit inferior desorption performance and high regeneration energy consumption. The implementation of solid acid catalysts presents an efficacious approach to mitigate regeneration energy consumption. Thus, investigating high-performance solid acid catalysts holds paramount importance for the advancement and implementation of carbon capture technology. This study synthesized two Lewis acid catalysts via an ultrasonic-assisted precipitation method. A comparative analysis of the catalytic desorption properties was conducted, encompassing these two Lewis acid catalyst

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25

Sebati, Wilhemina, Suprakas Sinha Ray, and Richard Moutloali. "Synthesis of Porous Organic Polymer-Based Solid-Acid Catalysts for 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Production from Fructose." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (2019): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080656.

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Herein, we report the synthesis of nanoporous polytriphenylamine polymers (PPTPA) by a simple one-step oxidative polymerization pathway and the materials were sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid to introduce acidic sulfonic groups to the polymers to form solid acid catalysts (SPPTPA). Magnetic properties were added to SPPTPA catalysts by depositing Fe3O4 nanoparticles to develop (FeSPPTPA) solid acid catalysts, for performing dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is regarded as a sustainable source for liquid fuels and commodity chemicals. XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM,

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26

Ren, Jie, Yin Shan Lou, Hai Kuan Yuan, and Lian Shen. "Relationships Between Acidity and Catalytic Performance of Solid Acid in Synthesis of Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB)." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1447.

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Through the benzene alkylation experiments with long chain olefin over solid acid catalysts activated at different temperature in the fixed-bed reactor, the kinetics of alkylation reaction and the deactivation kinetics of catalyst were established. The results showed that the activity and stability of catalyst decreased with increasing the activation temperature of catalysts. The reaction rate constant (k) and the deactivation rate constant (kd) of catalyst in kinetic models were also estimated through the optimization method, respectively. The acidity of catalyst was characterized by ammonia

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27

Du, Fangli, Xuequan Xian, Yanming Li, and Lanyu Ma. "The Properties of Lignin-Based Solid Acid Prepared Under Different Carbonization Temperatures and Catalytic Behavior Comparison on Lignin Pyrolysis." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 16, no. 5 (2022): 737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2022.2224.

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Lignin was used as the carbon source to synthesize carbon-based solid acid catalyst via carbonization-sulfonation process under different carbonization temperatures. The properties of the solid acid catalysts were examined by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, EA, N2 adsorption–desorption, and SEM. The analysis results revealed that the change in the carbonization temperatures can lead to the catalyst with different surface area, acid density and thermal properties; the catalytic activity of solid acid catalysts on the lignin pyrolysis was also investigated. By exploring the pyrolysis conditions, a maximum bio-

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28

Hassan, Abdull Hafidz, Muzakkir Mohammad Zainol, Siti Norazian Ismail, Mohd Asmadi, Kamarul Ridwan Zainuddin, and Norazah Abd Rahman. "Physical and Chemical Characterization of Lignin-Based Carbon as Acidic Catalyst." Materials Science Forum 1118 (March 22, 2024): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3gactv.

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Lignin, one of the interesting carbon sources which underutilized, gives great interest in transforming into value-added material, specifically as a solid acid catalyst. In this study, lignin undergoes heat treatment at temperatures 400–600 °C for 1 and 2 h, followed by sulfonation on a 1:10 (carbon-to-acid, g/mL) ratio in a reflux setup at 150 °C for 15 h to produce lignin carbon acid catalysts. The characterization of the catalysts was performed by the elemental analyzer, N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and acid density calculation. The effects of lignin carbon p

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Ghafuri, Hossein, Peyman Hanifehnejad, Zeynab Rezazadeh, and Afsaneh Rashidizadeh. "Sulfonated Graphitic Carbon Nitride (Sg-C3N4): A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Organo-Catalyst for Condensation Reactions." Proceedings 41, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-23-06611.

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Currently, constructing solid acid catalysts with well-defined structures, environmentally benign, with high catalytic activity, easy separation, and high chemical stability is the most important area of industrial and environmental concern. Over the past few decades, porous conjugated polymers have been employed as stable catalyst supports for various organic transformations. Among these materials, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been widely studied in the field of photocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis, due to its high surface area and great physical and chemical stability. Herein,

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Podolean, Iunia, Mara Dogaru, Nicolae Cristian Guzo, et al. "Highly Efficient Ru-Based Catalysts for Lactic Acid Conversion to Alanine." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (2024): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030277.

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The primary objective of this research was to develop efficient solid catalysts that can directly convert the lactic acid (LA) obtained from lignocellulosic biomass into alanine (AL) through a reductive amination process. To achieve this, various catalysts based on ruthenium were synthesized using different carriers such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), beta-zeolite, and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Among these catalysts, Ru/MNP demonstrated a remarkable yield of 74.0% for alanine at a temperature of 200 °C. This yield was found to be superior not only to the Ru/CNT (55.7%) and Ru/

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Jeong, Sangmin, Ki-Joon Jeon, Young-Kwon Park, Byung-Joo Kim, Kyong-Hwan Chung, and Sang-Chul Jung. "Catalytic Properties of Microporous Zeolite Catalysts in Synthesis of Isosorbide from Sorbitol by Dehydration." Catalysts 10, no. 2 (2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10020148.

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As bisphenol A has been found to cause hormonal disturbances, the natural biomaterial isosorbide is emerging as a substitute. In this study, a method for isosorbide synthesis from sorbitol was proposed by dehydration under high temperature and high pressure reaction. Microporous zeolites and Amberlyst 35 solid acids with various acid strengths and pore characteristics were applied as catalysts. In the synthesis of isosorbide from sorbitol, the acidity of the catalyst was the main factor. MOR and MFI zeolite catalysts with high acid strength and small pore size showed low conversion of sorbitol

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Zhang, Rui, Han Wu, Jiantao Li, et al. "Waste Incineration Fly Ash-Based Bifunctional Catalyst for Upgrading Glucose to Levulinic Acid." Catalysts 15, no. 4 (2025): 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15040402.

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The safe and resource-efficient utilization of waste incineration fly ash (WIFA) has emerged as a pressing challenge in solid waste management. In this work, WIFA was used to prepare a bifunctional catalyst (Metalsx/4@WIFA-S) for the production of levulinic acid (LA) from glucose. The yield of LA was 42.3% with water as the solvent. Moreover, adding 20% γ-valerolactone (GVL) to the system increased the yield to 50.7%. Reaction kinetics and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to elucidate the mechanism by which the solvent system enhanced the catalytic performance of the Metalsx/4@WIFA-

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Wang, Qiufeng, Jiaqi Hao, and Zhenbo Zhao. "Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Sulfonated Porous Carbon Derived from Biomass." Australian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 1 (2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch17154.

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In this study, a series of sulfonated carbon solid acid catalysts was prepared by a template method using fructose as the carbon source and zinc chloride as the catalyst and template. The reaction involving fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was investigated using these catalysts with microwave assistance in dimethyl sulfoxide. The influence of different catalysts, catalyst amount, microwave power, fructose content, and reaction temperature, as well as the reusability of the catalyst, were investigated. The prepared catalysts were characterised by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR

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Trombetta, Marcella, Guido Busca, Maurizio Lenarda, et al. "Solid acid catalysts from clays." Applied Catalysis A: General 193, no. 1-2 (2000): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00413-5.

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Okuhara, Toshio. "Water-Tolerant Solid Acid Catalysts." Chemical Reviews 102, no. 10 (2002): 3641–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0103569.

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Lenarda, Maurizio, Loretta Storaro, Giuliano Pellegrini, Luca Piovesan, and Renzo Ganzerla. "Solid acid catalysts from clays." Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 145, no. 1-2 (1999): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1169(99)00019-9.

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CORMA, A. "ChemInform Abstract: Solid Acid Catalysts." ChemInform 28, no. 25 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199725286.

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THOMAS, J. M. "ChemInform Abstract: Solid Acid Catalysts." ChemInform 23, no. 38 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199238300.

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Yu, Xiaofeng, Chunjie Shi, Yueling Cheng, Yejing Zhu, Renyuan Song, and Shengfei Hu. "Synthesis of a Series of Methyl Benzoates through Esterification with a Zr/Ti Solid Acid Catalyst." Catalysts 13, no. 5 (2023): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13050915.

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Methyl benzoate (MB) compounds are prepared by reacting various benzoic acids with methanol using an acidic catalyst. In this study, the solid acids of zirconium metal solids fixed with various substances were studied. We determined that zirconium metal catalysts with fixed Ti had the best activity. The catalytic synthesis of a series of MB compounds using titanium zirconium solid acids was studied. The direct condensation of benzoic acid and methanol using a metallic Lewis acid without other auxiliary Bronsted acids is reported for the first time.

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Dadakhodzhaev, A. T., D. Kh Yakibova, O. K. Muratkulov, et al. "Development of Sulfuric Acid Catalysts Produced from a Spent Vanadium Catalyst." Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, no. 8 (2023): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-8-32-35.

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Research was carried out on the application of the spent vanadium catalyst from the production of sulfuric acid and solid residuals after sulfuric acid leaching of vanadium as a support for the vanadium catalyst in the same process. The results of studying the characteristics of the obtained supports and catalysts were presented. The possibility of setting up non-waste processing of spent catalysts was shown.

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Wilson, Karen, and James H. Clark. "Solid acids and their use as environmentally friendly catalysts in organic synthesis." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 7 (2000): 1313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072071313.

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Tightening environmental legislation is driving the fine and speciality chemicals industries to consider alternative processes that avoid the use of conventional mineral acids. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in these processes would vastly simplify catalyst removal, minimizing the amount of waste formed. However, diffusion limitation of liquids within porous solids dictates that effective solid acids for liquid-phase reactions require the use of mesoporous materials &lt;20_100Å. Recent developments in materials chemistry has led to the discovery of a family of ordered mesoporous silica

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Guedes, Ana Paula de Melo, Débora Luísa Rosendo Tomé De Miranda, Amanda Duarte Gondim, and Claudio Gabriel Lima Junior. "Niobium Pentoxide as an Acid Catalyst: An Overview." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 10, no. 7 (2024): 19766. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl10iss7pp19766.

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The global chemical industry is under increasing pressure to adopt more sustainable practices, as most chemical products exceed environmental safety limits. Given that chemical production largely relies on catalytic processes, the development of solid acid catalysts has become crucial for more sustainable production. Among these catalysts, niobium pentoxide stands out due to its strong acid sites, which remain active in the presence of water, and its stability under hydrothermal conditions. Recent studies have demonstrated that these solids maintain their catalytic activity even in the presenc

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Lu, Baotian, Gaocong Pen, He Zhao, et al. "POLYESTERIFICATION CATALYSS OF ALKYD RESINS BY SOLID ACID CATALYSTS." Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry 2, no. 4 (1985): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/j.issn.1000-0518.1985.4.53.

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Lu, Baotian, Gaocong Pen, He Zhao, et al. "POLYESTERIFICATION CATALYSS OF ALKYD RESINS BY SOLID ACID CATALYSTS." Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry 2, no. 4 (1985): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/j.issn.1000-0518.1985.4.5358.

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Ameen, Mariam, Mohammad Tazli Azizan, Suzana Yusup, et al. "Effects of Ultrasound Irradiation on Synthesis of Solid Acid Catalysts." Key Engineering Materials 701 (July 2016): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.701.67.

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The studies based on morphological characterization to assess the effects of ultrasound irradiation on synthesis of solid acid catalysts. Three sets of catalyst formulation were synthesized by both wet impregnation method and ultrasound assisted methods with different wt. % of Ni loading on γ-Al2O3. The XRD, BET, TEM and FESEM techniques were used to characterize the nano-particles. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the synthesized catalysts particles using ultrasound irradiation were in nano size range (1-24.5 nm) with equal dispersion of metal oxide, high surface area with incre

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Clohessy, Jack, and Witold Kwapinski. "Carbon-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production—A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10030918.

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In recent years, a new class of superior heterogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production has emerged. These catalysts offer advantages over their predecessors such as high surface area, elevated acid site density, enhanced catalyst activity, good operation stability and relevant economic affordability in an environmentally friendly frame. This review was concerned with carbon-based solid acid (CBAS) catalysts derived from both carbohydrate and pyrolysis products. A series of CBASs with various origins such as D-glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose and vegetable oil asphalt, converted to ch

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Ravindra B. Malabadi, Sadiya MR, Kiran P. Kolkar, and Raju K. Chalannavar. "Biodiesel production via transesterification reaction." Open Access Research Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 2 (2023): 010–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjst.2023.9.2.0064.

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Global warming, climate change, local air pollution, ozone depletion, acid rain and depletion of fossil fuel are the major global environmental issues. Presently, non-renewable fossil fuels meet up to 80% of the world’s energy demand. Rapid consumption of fossil fuels as well as rising environmental pollution caused by extreme CO2 emissions, sulphur dioxide, and aromatic hydrocarbons has become crucial in searching for a clean and renewable energy source such as biodiesel. With continuous growth in the world’s population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth, fossil fuel

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Li, Wei Xing, Ying Xiang Ni, and Wei Hong Xing. "Synthesis of Sulfated Zirconia Solid Acids and their Activities for Hydrolysis of Ethyl Lactate." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1529.

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A kind of solid acid (sulfated zirconia) was proposed to be used as the catalyst for the hydrolysis of ethyl lactate because esterification-hydrolysis was usually applied to produce lactic acid of high purity. The sulfated zirconia was prepared via a simple chemical precipitation and impregnation approach. The prepared catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, TG-DSC, FT-IR, and NH3-TPD. Catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts was evaluated by the hydrolysis reaction of ethyl lactate. The characterization results showed that the prepared sulfated zirconia was of tetragonal phase at th

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Setyaningsih, Sri, Maisari Utami, Akhmad Syoufian, Eddy Heraldy, Nasih Widya Yuwono, and Karna Wijaya. "Synthesis of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Acid and Na<sub>2</sub>O/ZrO<sub>2</sub> Solid Base Catalysts Using Hydrothermal Method for Biodiesel Production from Low-Grade Crude Palm Oil." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 22, no. 1 (2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.65404.

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Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that can be produced through esterification as well as transesterification reactions. This work presents a series of zirconia catalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method on various concentrations in acidic (H2SO4 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 M) and basic (NaOH 1, 2, 3, and 4 M) solution to get a catalyst with the highest acidity or basicity. Characterizations of the catalysts were performed by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, surface area analysis, acidity, and basicity test. The most active acid catalyst activity was evaluated for the esterification of low-grade crude palm oil

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Liu, Lu, and Xiaofei Philip Ye. "Nonthermal Plasma Induced Fabrication of Solid Acid Catalysts for Glycerol Dehydration to Acrolein." Catalysts 11, no. 3 (2021): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030391.

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The feasibility of fabricating better solid acid catalysts using nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology for biobased acrolein production is demonstrated. NTP discharge exposure was integrated in catalyst fabrication in air or argon atmosphere. The fabricated catalysts were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption, in comparison to regularly prepared catalysts as a control. Further, kinetic results collected via glycerol dehydration experime

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