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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid biofuel'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Heneman, P. "Change in humidity of solid biofuels." Research in Agricultural Engineering 50, No. 2 (February 8, 2012): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4928-rae.

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Humidity, as one of the most important physical properties of pressed solid biofuels, affects thel calorific value of the biofuel and its consistency. Biofuel humidity depends on the initial humidity of raw material, which varies and depends on many factors. Method of manufacture and place and duration of storage have a considerable effect on solid biofuel humidity as well. Humidity of pressed solid biofuels changes not only during the pressing itself, when temperature increases by compression and a part of contained moisture evaporates, but also in the course of handling and storage under unstable environment conditions with high relative air humidity, when, on the contrary, their humidity gradually increases due to their hygroscopicity. Properties of solid biofuels change with their increasing humidity – their calorific value and consistency decreasing and the share of crumbles increasing.
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2

Saakian, Alexander. "The bioenergy development analysis in Russia and Colombia." АгроЭкоИнфо 2, no. 44 (March 17, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/20212206.

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In this review, an attempt was made to assess the bioenergy potential of renewable energy sources in Russia and Colombia, obtained from plant raw materials (mainly crops). The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the development processes of bioenergy in Russia and Colombia and mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries in this area. To achieve the goal, the tasks were set to assess the bioenergy potential of renewable energy sources, analyze the possibilities and experience of bioenergy production in both countries, analyze energy crops for the production of solid and liquid biofuels, as well as assess the obstacles and prospects for the development of bioenergy in Russia and Colombia. The authors compared the experience of producing such types of biofuels as biodiesel and bioethanol, identified the main laws and regulations of Russia and Colombia on the introduction of biofuel technologies, identified the main types of agricultural crops suitable as raw materials for the production of bioethanol, biodiesel and solid fuels. The authors also identified obstacles, challenges and prospects for the development of the biofuel industry in both countries. Keywords: BIOENERGY, BIOFUEL, BIOFUEL INDUSTRY, PLANT RAW MATERIALS, BIOETHANOL, BIODIESEL, SOLID FUELS, RUSSIA, COLOMBIA
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3

Ivanova, Tatiana, Alexandru Muntean, Bohumi lHavrland, and Petr Hutla. "Quality assessment of solid biofuel made of sweet sorghum biomass." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181002007.

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The present article relates to assessment of energy utilization of sweet sorghum waste biomass as solid biofuel (briquettes). The briquettes were produced from biomass of pure sweet sorghum after juice extraction, mixture of sorghum with wood sawdust (ratio 1:1) and mixture of sorghum with wood shavings (ratio 1:1). Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of produced briquettes were measured in accordance with appropriate standards. The research results showed that the mixed sorghum briquettes with wood shavings have the highest mechanical durability and the lowest ash content; on the other hand, briquettes made of sweet sorghum and wood sawdust havethe best values of all other parameters, including higher calorific values, density, etc. Although addition of residual wood biomass improved the general quality of sorghum based briquettes, it was stated that the briquettes made of pure processed sorghum stalks belong to the category of high quality agricultural solid biofuels. It can be concluded that sweet sorghum is of very good prospects and thus it is a promising biomass feedstock for solid biofuels production (not only for the production of liquid biofuel as it has been used by today and has been known before).
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4

Azimov, Ulugbek, Victor Okoro, and Hector H. Hernandez. "Recent Progress and Trends in the Development of Microbial Biofuels from Solid Waste—A Review." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 6011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196011.

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This review covers the recent progress in the design and application of microbial biofuels, assessing the advancement of genetic engineering undertakings and their marketability, and lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment issues. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a promising sustainable biofuel feedstock due to its high content of lignocellulosic fiber. In this review, we compared the production of fatty alcohols, alkanes, and n-butanol from residual biogenic waste and the environmental/economic parameters to that of conventional biofuels. New synthetic biology tools can be used to engineer fermentation pathways within micro-organisms to produce long-chain alcohols, isoprenoids, long-chain fatty acids, and esters, along with alkanes, as substitutes to petroleum-derived fuels. Biotechnological advances have struggled to address problems with bioethanol, such as lower energy density compared to gasoline and high corrosive and hygroscopic qualities that restrict its application in present infrastructure. Biofuels derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) may have less environmental impacts compared to traditional fuel production, with the added benefit of lower production costs. Unfortunately, current advanced biofuel production suffers low production rates, which hinders commercial scaling-up efforts. Microbial-produced biofuels can address low productivity while increasing the spectrum of produced bioenergy molecules.
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5

Panchuk, М. V., І. М. Semianyk, and I. O, Mandryk. "Solid Biofuel Production Perspectives in Ukraine." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-70-78.

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The reserves of fossil fuel resources in Ukraine are limited, that is why the usage of solid biofuel from renewable raw materials is one of the most important factors of state energy policy directed at the preservation of traditional fuel and energy resources and improvement of the environment condition. The analysis of biological resources is made in this paper, and it is determined that Ukraine has a sufficient potential which is available for energy production and constitutes around 29 million tons of equivalent fuel. Energy crops are an important resource therewith. A potential yield of solid biofuel from perennial energy crops can constitute approximately 35.8 million tons per year. It is shown that raw biomass has a number of disadvantages: low energy density, unstable granulometry, wide spread of moisture content, and low bulk density which are the main problems for its storage and transportation. In order to increase consumer performance properties of biomass, the granulation process is suggested to be used. The implementation of granulation process will allow to eliminate the shortcomings of biological raw material and to transform it into a high-efficiency fuel. One of the most important conditions of effective and profitable functioning of granulated biomass production is the availability and regular supply of raw materials. Therewith, for Ukraine's conditions it is worthwhile to use sets of high-power equipment for its operation both in the places with high concentration of raw materials and small mobile units which can work in stationary conditions and move to the places with sufficient amount of raw materials decreasing the costs of biomass transportation to minimum. At the same time, there is a need in developing new homeland elaborations, both complex process lines and individual equipment units for different capacities. The paper determines the main directions of using granulation products among which are: combustion in pellet boilers, common combustion with coal, and gasification of granulated biomass for obtaining motor oils. It is mentioned that the application of granulation technologies solves not only the energy problems but also a set of other problems: ecological, agricultural, forestry and social ones.
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6

Ho, Shih-Hsin, Congyu Zhang, Fei Tao, Chaofan Zhang, and Wei-Hsin Chen. "Microalgal Torrefaction for Solid Biofuel Production." Trends in Biotechnology 38, no. 9 (September 2020): 1023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.02.009.

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7

Vitázek, Ivan, Janko Klúčik, Tomáš Pinter, and Zuzana Mikulová. "Gas Emissions in Combustion of Biofuel." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 17, no. 3 (October 23, 2014): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2014-0017.

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Abstract Nowadays, biomass or more precisely biofuel is more and more being exploited as a substitute for fossil fuels for heating as well as for example for heating a drying environment. This contribution focuses on assessing a heat source by combusting various types of solid biofuels. It is a boiler VIGAS 25 with AK 2000 regulation for heating a family house. Gaseous emissions were measured using a device TESTO 330-2LL. Firewood, peat briquettes, bark briquettes and hardwood briquettes were burnt. Results of experimental measurements concerning the production of gaseous emissions are processed in tables and graphs depending on boiler performance and combustion time.
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8

Tian, Feiyu, Deliang Xu, and Xinwu Xu. "Extruded Solid Biofuels of Rice Straw Plus Oriented Strand Board Residues at Various Proportions." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133468.

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Disposal of vast agricultural residues has been a nerve-wracking social problem in many agriculture-intensive regions. Open-field combustion both squanders those biomass resources and causes severe atmospheric pollution and hazards. In addition, wood industries yield residues such as sanding powders without value application. Production of biofuels out of these biomass provides a multiple beneficial solution. To that end, this work focused on fabrication of biomass fuels using rice straws (Calorific value: 14.7 MJ/Kg) and wood residues from OSB industries (Calorific value: 17.3 MJ/Kg). Biofuel sticks from various proportions of biomass residues were made using an 18.5 KW industrial biomass extruder without adding bonding agents, achieving densities of 1.0–1.6 g/cm3 and comparative calorific values. The biofuel sticks exhibit moisture sensitivity when subjected to a ten-day conditioning. Release of residual stresses that were created during the densification process led to structural destruction of the products under moisture aggression. It’s highlighted that combination of rice straw particles with OSB residues gives sound extrusion process ability and high combustibility. The blend of rice straws and OSB residues are proven practically feasible for making solid biofuels. It’s suggested to promote the waste-to-wealth technological scheme in addressing the energy crisis worldwide, especially in those regions rich in agricultural residues while poor in non-renewable energy sources.
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9

Carneiro-Junior, José Airton de Mattos, Giulyane Felix de de Oliveira, Carine Tondo Alves, Heloysa Martins Carvalho Andrade, Silvio Alexandre Beisl Vieira de Beisl Vieira de Melo, and Ednildo Andrade Torres. "Valorization of Prosopis juliflora Woody Biomass in Northeast Brazilian through Dry Torrefaction." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123465.

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Torrefaction has been investigated to improve the desirable properties of biomass as solid biofuel, usually used in natura as firewood in several countries. This paper has the main objective to present a broad characterization of the biomass Prosopis juliflora (P. juliflora), investigating its potential as a solid biofuel after its torrefaction process. The methodology was based on different procedures. The experimental runs were carried out at 230, 270, and 310 °C for 30 min, using a bench-scale torrefaction apparatus, with an inert atmosphere. In order to investigate the effect of temperature in constant time, torrefaction parameters were calculated, such as mass yield, energy yield, calorific value, base-to-acid ratio (B/A), and the alkaline index (AI). The physicochemical properties of the torrefied samples were determined and thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the kinetic parameters at four different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min. Pyrolysis kinetics was investigated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods. Highly thermally stable biofuels were obtained due to the great degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose during torrefaction at higher temperatures. The highest heating value (HHV) of the samples varied between 18.3 and 23.1 MJ/kg, and the energy yield between 81.1 and 96.2%. The results indicate that P. juliflora torrefied becomes a more attractive and competitive solid biofuel alternative in the generation of heat and energy in northeast Brazil.
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10

Perea-Moreno, Miguel-Angel, Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro, and Alberto-Jesus Perea-Moreno. "Sustainable Energy Based on Sunflower Seed Husk Boiler for Residential Buildings." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 3407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103407.

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Buildings account for one third of the world’s energy consumption, 70% of which is devoted to heating and cooling. To increase the share of renewables in the energy consumption of buildings, it is necessary to research and promote new sources of green energy. World production of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) was 47.34 million tons in 2016, with a harvested area of 26.20 million hectares, and the main producing countries being Ukraine, the Russian Federation, and Argentina, which produce about half of world production of sunflower seed. The sunflower husk, which represents a percentage by weight of 45%–60% of the seed depending on the sunflower variety, is widely used for the production of feed; however, its energy use is very scarce. The objectives of this study were to analyse the energy properties of sunflower husk as a solid biofuel and to carry out an energy, environmental, economic and operational analysis of a thermal installation fed with this by-product of the sunflower oil industry. The results show that this agro-industrial waste has a Higher Heating Value (HHV) of 17.844 MJ/kg, similar to that of other solid biofuels currently used. In addition, replacing a 430 kW fuel oil boiler with a biomass boiler of the same capacity fed by this biofuel can avoid the emission of 254.09 tons of CO2 per year, as well as obtain an annual energy saving of 75.47%. If we consider the production of sunflower seeds in each country and the sunflower husk were used as biofuel, this would result in a CO2 saving of more than 10 per thousand of the total emissions emitted. The results of this work contribute to the standardization of this by-product as a solid biofuel for thermal energy generation due to its potential to reduce CO2 emissions and increase energy efficiency.
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11

SHI, ALLEN ZIHAO, LIAN PIN KOH, and HUGH T. W. TAN. "The biofuel potential of municipal solid waste." GCB Bioenergy 1, no. 5 (October 2009): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2009.01024.x.

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12

Kostenko, D. M. "A Substantiation of the Main Technical-Economic Characteristics of Energy Plantations and Production of Solid Fuel from Biomass of Energy Crops." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-123-132.

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The article is aimed at substantiating the basic technical-economic characteristics of energy plantations of miscanthus and production of solid fuels from the obtained biomass on the example of a particular project. As a result of the study: the analysis of the production volume of solid biofuels on the basis of quantities from a given area of plantation was carried out; net income of the complex was determined, which was calculated on the basis of accepted production volumes and «reasonable» wholesale prices, which were determined in a costly manner and provided for the provision of a sufficient level of profitability of economic activity; the current (operational) costs of economic activity of the complex were determined, calculated according to the standards established by analogues of industrial production of biomass from energy crops and its processing into solid biofuels. Also the economic feasibility of implementing an investment project on laying the plantation of miscanthus and production of solid biofuels from the resulting biomass was assessed. In general, in the presence of adequate State-based stimulation of solid biofuel production from miscanthus biomass, the economic efficiency of the project will be high, and the project itself is commercially feasible. Prospects for further research in this direction are substantiation of the main technical-economic characteristics together with feasibility of creating complexes for the transformation of solid biofuels into commodity energy – both electric and thermal.
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13

Kostenko, D. M. "A Substantiation of the Main Technical-Economic Characteristics of Energy Plantations and Production of Solid Fuel from Biomass of Energy Crops." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-123-132.

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The article is aimed at substantiating the basic technical-economic characteristics of energy plantations of miscanthus and production of solid fuels from the obtained biomass on the example of a particular project. As a result of the study: the analysis of the production volume of solid biofuels on the basis of quantities from a given area of plantation was carried out; net income of the complex was determined, which was calculated on the basis of accepted production volumes and «reasonable» wholesale prices, which were determined in a costly manner and provided for the provision of a sufficient level of profitability of economic activity; the current (operational) costs of economic activity of the complex were determined, calculated according to the standards established by analogues of industrial production of biomass from energy crops and its processing into solid biofuels. Also the economic feasibility of implementing an investment project on laying the plantation of miscanthus and production of solid biofuels from the resulting biomass was assessed. In general, in the presence of adequate State-based stimulation of solid biofuel production from miscanthus biomass, the economic efficiency of the project will be high, and the project itself is commercially feasible. Prospects for further research in this direction are substantiation of the main technical-economic characteristics together with feasibility of creating complexes for the transformation of solid biofuels into commodity energy – both electric and thermal.
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14

Halysh, Nataliia. "THE DISCRETE MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF COMPANY’S STRATEGY ON THE SOLID BIOFUEL MARKET." Economic Analysis, no. 28(4) (2018): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.04.185.

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Introduction. In the article, the author pays attention to the research of the actual data of the enterprise, which produces the solid biofuel, with the isolation of raw material supply processes and the formation of the finished products’ cost structure. A system of differential equations is developed and presented. It reveals the influence of these factors and the dynamics of the share of the company's presence on the market of solid biofuels. The method of interval data analysis is substantiated. This method gives adequate results in the calculation of forecast intervals of the indicators and influences the adoption of strategic decisions on the presence of the company in the market of commodity products. An interlinear discrete model of the dynamics of the company's share for 2016 and 2017 is constructed, as a result of which its suitability for implementation in the activity of the enterprise is checked and taken into account while developing the strategy for its development. Purpose. The article aims to construct an interval discrete model of a company's market share at solid biofuels’ market using the system of difference equations and analysis of interval data. Based on the justification of the expediency of the chosen method of research, the other goal is identified. It is to develop the proposals for the implementation of this model in the activities of the enterprise for the production of wood pellets as the basis for providing a management strategy of this enterprise in uncertain external environment. Method. Such standard methods of scientific research as method of systematization, method of processing, method of summation of data, method of definition of general summary synthetic indicators, method of presentation of the results in the form of statistical tables, method of graphs and figures have been used in this research. A special method of data analysis based on interval arithmetic and interval data analysis has been implemented. Results. In the paper, scientific and methodological approaches to developing a strategy for the activities of enterprises producing solid biofuels have been improved. The proposals, which are given to the wood pellets’ enterprises, are based on the use of the developed interval model of market share dynamics of the enterprise at the solid biofuel market. It gives the ability to determine the range of values of the expected dynamics of this market share, depending on the cost of its products and the range of values of the market share by the consumption of raw materials. The results and recommendations, which are described in this article, can be used by enterprises producing solid biofuels (in particular, wood pellets) with a differentiated production cycle, which includes input and output logistics.
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15

Kulokas, Mindaugas, Marius Praspaliauskas, and Nerijus Pedišius. "Investigation of Buckwheat Hulls as Additives in the Production of Solid Biomass Fuel from Straw." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020265.

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The aim of this study was to further increase the amount of straw that can be used to produce solid biofuels, as currently only about 130–140 thousand of the 3 million tonnes of straw collected annually in Lithuania are used for solid biofuel production. Therefore, the use of buckwheat hulls as an additive in solid biofuel production was investigated. Mixtures of wheat straw and buckwheat hulls were used for this research, with an increase in buckwheat hulls from 25% to 75% of the total weight of the mixture. Results of the analysis of the chemical composition, moisture, ash, and volatile matter content of the mixtures, as well as their ash properties, were compared with the corresponding results obtained with pure buckwheat hulls, wheat straw, and wood chips. It is observed an increase in all ash melting temperatures by increasing the portion of buckwheat hulls in the mixture. Additionally, the ash shrinkage starting temperature was shown to increase as the total content of buckwheat hulls also increased in the mixture. This increase ranged from 90 °C to 210 °C. Furthermore, the Cl concentration in fuel mixtures and the corrosion risk of equipment are accordingly reduced by using buckwheat hulls, as an addition that does not contain Cl.
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16

Matúš, Miloš, Peter Križan, Juraj Beniak, and Ľubomír Šooš. "EFFECTS OF INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF SOLID BIOFUEL." Acta Polytechnica 55, no. 5 (October 31, 2015): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2015.55.0335.

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The moisture content of densified biomass is a limit parameter influencing the quality of the solid biofuel. It influences its calorific value, density, mechanical strength and dimensional stability as well as the production process of this biofuel. The paper deals with the experimental research of the effect of moisture content of densified material on the final quality of biofuel in the form of logs. Experiments based on the single-axis densification of spruce sawdust were realized by hydraulic piston press, where the densified logs were produced under room temperature. The effect of moisture content on the quality properties of the logs, including density, change of moisture, expansion and physical changes, were studied. The results show the necessary moisture ranges for producing good-quality logs. The experiments were evaluated and the moisture content of the tested material was optimized to achieve the optimum value for the best quality of the solid biofuel.
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17

SÁNCHEZ GATÓN, MIGUEL ÁNGEL, MARIA ISABEL CAMPOS LABADIE, and JOSE JUAN SEGOVIA PURAS. "PREDICTION FOR TOTAL MOISTURE CONTENT IN WOOD PELLETS BY NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS)." DYNA 96, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/9935.

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Mankind consumes as many fossil fuels per year as nature produced during a million years. Furthermore, energy consumption has tripled in the last 60 years, and is expected to be doubled in 2050, due to the technological and economic takeoff of large emerging powers. In light of this scenario, a change in energy policies should be aimed to promote energy efficiency and the use of sustainable energy resources, such as bioenergy, safely and environmental friendly. Biomass fuels take a main role in the EU's energy and climate policies, aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and combating Climate Change. Quality control of biofuels and knowledge of their characteristics reach a large relevance in any industrial application based on the energy use of biofuels. NIRS technology (near infrared spectroscopy, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) is based on the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and material, and now is presented as an encouraging technological tool for quality testing of solid biofuels, since it is a non-destructive and much faster and cheaper analytical technique than traditional ones, which are based on current ISO standards. That interaction appears as spectral vibrations (energy absorption or absorbance) that are properly processed, allowing to measure the most important physical-chemical properties of solid biofuels in a fast, simple and non-destructive way. Wood pellet is the highest quality solid biofuel in the current biomass market, which is regulated by ENplus® certification scheme in the European-wide, ensuring the quality of product to consumers. Low heating value is the most important parameter of solid biofuel, and is strongly linked to total moisture content, so the control of moisture is key factor during pelletizing process. The original research carried out in this work allows to present the development of a NIRS prediction model for total moisture in wood pellets, in the range of values of 5 – 10 %, providing a much faster and more automated methodology for product quality control, both in production plants of wood pellets and in power plants with wood pellets as fuel. Keywords: near infrared spectroscopy, wood pellets, quality control, moisture, prediction model
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18

Tajuddin, Nazrizawati, Jinesh Manayil, Mark Isaacs, Christopher Parlett, Adam Lee, and Karen Wilson. "Alkali-Free Zn–Al Layered Double Hydroxide Catalysts for Triglyceride Transesterification." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120667.

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Zn–Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of general formula [Zn2+(1−x)Al3+x(OH)2]x+(CO32−)x/2·yH2O are promising solid base catalysts for the transesterification of lipids to biofuels. However, conventional synthetic routes employ alkali hydroxide/carbonate precipitants which may contaminate the final LDH catalyst and biofuel. The use of (NH3)2CO3 and NH3OH as precipitants affords alkali-free Zn–Al-LDHs spanning a wide composition range. The hydrothermal reconstruction of calcined Zn–Al-LDHs offers superior solid basicity and catalytic activity for the transesterification of C4–C18 triglycerides with methanol, compared with cold liquid phase or vapour phase reconstruction. Hydrothermally activated Zn3.3–Al-LDH was stable towards leaching during transesterification.
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19

Makisha, Nikolay, and Igor Gulshin. "Solid bio-fuel production at Moscow wastewater treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020702002.

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The article has an aim to describe experience of Moscow in the field of solid bio-fuel production at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Brief assessment of solid biofuel production technology at biological treatment facilities of domestic and mixed sewage (wastewater sludge as a fuel resource) shows its significant potential from the economic, environmental and social points of view that will ensure the sustainable development of the area (cities, regions) of application. Solid biofuel production is a technological stage of sludge treatment at wastewater treatment plants aimed at reducing the sludge mass and changing their physical and mechanical properties for its further use at as a fuel component on condensing and thermal power plants or as alternative fuel for cement production and energy supplements for burning of solid domestic waste. The technology of solid biofuel production is based on removing moisture of wastewater sludge in drying machines. The solid fuel facilities capacity lies in the range of 1 to 130 tons per day, when the entire amount sludge is exposed to drying (effluent humidity of sludge is 10%), or 1 to 400 tons per day when the sludge is partially dried and afterwards is mixed with the initial sludge (effluent humidity of sludge is 40%).
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20

Umar, Ahmed, Musthafa Ottakam Thotyl, and Abdullahi Hadi. "Perovskite-structured Active Solid Catalyst for Biofuel Synthesis." Catalysis for Sustainable Energy 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cse-2019-0001.

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Abstract A solid catalyst tailored to perovskite structure was synthesized and investigated for catalytic activity in a transesterification reaction to form biodiesel. The catalyst has demonstrated high catalytic activity and selectivity for biodiesel under very mild reaction conditions and short reaction times. The catalyst system has shown robust resistance to leaching of the active phase when reused. The performance was attributable to the perovskite structure and the dopant metal used. Hence, this work has shown that the structure and dopant metal of the solid catalyst could be tailored to enhance catalytic activity and durability for renewable fuel synthesis.
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21

Qin, Haiying, Zhigang Zhu, Qinghua Liu, Yifu Jing, Rizwan Raza, Syedkhalid Imran, Manish Singh, Ghazanfar Abbas, and Bin Zhu. "Direct biofuel low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells." Energy & Environmental Science 4, no. 4 (2011): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00420k.

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22

Kronbergs, Ēriks, and Mareks Šmits. "CONDITIONING OF ENERGU CROPS FOR BIOENERGY PRODUCTION." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 3, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2009vol1.1099.

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The main steps of rural policy to the development of renewable energy resources are energy crop production. Latvia can provide for the use of approximately 0.36 million ha of the unused now agricultural land for herbaceous energy crop growing. More than 230 million tones of peat are available for solid biofuel production. Peat is recomended as additive because it improves density and burning properties of herbaceous material solid biofuel. Herbaceous stalk material can be harvested in winter season with humidity less than 15% and used for compacting without drying. The aim of experimental investigation is to determine conditioning methods for solid biofuel production with minimum energy consumption. Common reed stalk material is used for experiments, because it experimentally stated ultimate tensile strength is 256 ± 27 N mm-2. This value testifies that common reeds are twice strongest material than cereal crop stalk materials and conditioning mechanization equipment of common reeds would be useful for other energy crops.
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23

Kronbergs, Andris, Elgars Širaks, Aleksandrs Adamovičs, and Ēriks Kronbergs. "Mechanical Properties of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa) Biomass." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 5, 2015): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol1.901.

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In Latvia approximately of 14.6% of unfarmed agricultural land can be used for herbaceous energy crop growing. Herbaceous energy crops would be as the main basis for solid biofuel production in agricultural ecosystem in future. Herbaceous energy crops as hemp (Cannabis sativa) are grown in recent years and can be used for solid biofuel production. Experimentally stated hemp stalk material ultimate tensile strength the medium value is 85 ± 9 N mm-2. The main conditioning operation before preparation of herbaceous biomass compositions for solid biofuel production is shredding. Therefore hemp stalks were used for cutting experiments. Cutting using different types of knives mechanisms had been investigated. Specific shear cutting energy for hemp samples were within 0.02 – 0.04 J mm-2. Hemp stalk material density was determined using AutoCAD software for cross-section area calculation. Density values are 325 ± 18 kg m-3 for hemp stalks. Specific cutting energy per mass unit was calculated on basis of experimentally estimated values of cutting energy and density.
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Núñez-Moreno, Alejandro, Giacomo Barbieri, and Gerardo Gordillo. "Analysis of the Feasibility of Generating Solid Biofuel from Ulex Europaeus Plants." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería 29, no. 54 (December 14, 2019): e10454. http://dx.doi.org/10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.10454.

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The Ulex europaeus (also known as Common Gorse) represents a threat to the native ecosystems of different Colombian regions. Recently, the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development introduced protocols for its prevention and management. Even though the Ulex europaeus has a high calorific value, a wide-spread solution for its post-processing is not yet available in its affected areas. In Colombia, the most common method for the disposal of the harvested plant is incineration, given that this is the suggested method by Resolution 684 of 2018. Due to the importance of the problem, this investigation is focused on studying the viability of creating solid biofuel alternatives derived from the plant. Grinded material and briquettes were produced with different log/foliage ratios in order to investigate both the domestic and industrial applications of the plant; e.g. heating, cooking and cogeneration, respectively. A proximate and ultimate analysis was performed on the produced samples. The generated solid biofuel presents 75% of the carbon heat value, a high volatile material content (83.3%), and low ash and Sulphur residues (1.41% and 0.15% respectively). These results applied to both dry and humid samples, demonstrated that the produced solid biofuel is adequate for applications oriented towards heat generation. However, further analysis and process optimization is required in order to establish the generation of solid biofuel as an appropriate use of the Ulex europaeus remnants. By further analyzing the overall process; from plant removal, through residue disposal, and finally remnant conversion, the investigations value chain can be better established and possibly established for real world implementation.
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Jasinskas, Algirdas, Ramūnas Mieldažys, Eglė Jotautienė, Rolandas Domeika, Edvardas Vaiciukevičius, and Marek Marks. "Technical, Environmental, and Qualitative Assessment of the Oak Waste Processing and Its Usage for Energy Conversion." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198113.

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The article analyses and evaluates the possibilities of using oak bark, oak leaves, and their mixtures for biofuel. The preparation of this waste for the burning process (milling, granulation) has been investigated and the results have been presented together with the analysis of the prepared granules’ properties—humidity, density, strength, elemental composition, ash content, caloric value, and others. The moisture content of the oak waste granules ranged from 8.1% to 12.5%, and the granules’ density ranged from 975.8 to 1122.2 kg m−3 DM (dry matter). The amount of oak ash found was very high (from 10.4% to 14.7%)—about 10 times higher than that of wood waste granules. The calorific value determined after burning the oak bark and leaves pellets was sufficiently high, ranging from 17.3 to 17.7 MJ kg−1. This thermal value of oak waste granules was close to the calorific value of the herbaceous plant species and some types of wood waste. The environmental impact of burning the granules of oak waste was also assessed. The harmful emissions of carbon monoxide and dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburnt hydrocarbons into the environment were found to be below the permissible limits for the incineration of oak waste granules. The highest CO gas concentration, determined when burning the oak leaves, was 1187.70 mg m−3, and the lowest NOx concentration, determined when burning the oak bark and leaf mixture granules, was 341.2 mg m−3. The coefficient of energy efficiency R of the granulated oak leaves biofuel, when the oak waste biomass moisture content was reduced by 10%, reached 3.64. It was very similar to the results of previous studies of various types of granulated straw biofuel (3.5–3.7). The research results presented show that, given that the main parameters of oak waste meet the basic requirements of solid biofuel, oak bark, leaves, and their mixture can be recommended to be used as solid biofuels.
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Зотова, Elena Zotova, Сафонов, and Andrey Safonov. "Analysis of methodologies for assessing physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of wood pellets." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (April 21, 2014): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3354.

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The paper discusses the methodology for assessing characteristics in relation to this type of wood biofuel. Part of the methods is adopted by the national standards of the Russian Federation, the other part is proposed because of the lack of regulations. Interest in solid biofuels in the last decade has increased steadily, a rather stable market was formed, and there are its own leaders. Until not long ago the absence of legally approved methods for determining physical, mechanical, thermal, chemical characteristics made significant challenges for the development of this promising trend of industrial production, both in Europe and in the Russian Federation.
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Krička, Tajana, Ana Matin, Nikola Bilandžija, Vanja Jurišić, Alan Antonović, Neven Voća, and Mateja Grubor. "Biomass valorisation of Arundo donax L., Miscanthus × giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita for biofuel production." International Agrophysics 31, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0085.

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Abstract In the context of the growing demand for biomass, which is being encouraged by the EU directives on the promotion of the use of renewable energy, recent investigations have been increasingly focused on fast-growing energy crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy properties of three types of agricultural energy crops: Arundo donax L., Miscanthus × giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita. This investigation looked into the content of non-combustible and combustible matter, higher and lower heating values, lignocellulose content, and biomass macro-elements. The results indicate that the energy values of these crops are comparable, while their lignocellulose content shows significant variations. Thus, Arundo donax L. can best be utilised as solid biofuel due to its highest lignin content, while Miscanthus × giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita L. can be used for both liquid and solid biofuels production. As far as Arundo donax L. is concerned, a higher ash level should be taken into consideration.
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Kronbergs, Eriks, and Mareks Smits. "HERBACEOUS BIOMASS SHREDDING FOR BIOFUEL COMPOSITIONS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 23, 2007): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2007vol1.1725.

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The 2003 reform o f the EU Common agricultural policy stimulates farmers to grow more energy crops, including short rotation coppice and other perennial crops. Peat can be used as additive for manufacturing o f solid biofuel, because it improves density, durability o f stalk material briquettes (pellets) and avoid corrosion o f boilers. For these reason herbaceous biomass compositions with peat fo r solid biofuel production is recommended. The main conditioning operation before biomass compacting is shredding. It was stated that common reed stalk material particle size reduction during cutting (shredding) process increased energy consumption very significantly. The calculation o f energy consumption fo r common reed cutting to sizes 0.6 and 0.5 mm was giving results 31.3 k J kg'1 and 43.5 k J kg'1. The shredder cutter bar has to be designed with friction energy losses decreased to minimum. This aim can to be realized by reducing o f area o f cutter bar knives moving into stalk biomass and minimizing biomass pressure (Patent LV13447) on cutter bar.
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Klymenko, Vasyl, Volodymyr Kravchenko, Vasyl Gutsul, Viktoriya Kravchenko, and Viacheslav Bratishko. "Prediction of Effective Elasticity Coefficients of Composite Biofuel." Tehnički glasnik 14, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200311115340.

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It is suggested that fuel pellets made of composites based on solid plant waste should be considered as stochastic systems that are anisotropic in microvolumes but isotropic in the entire structure, i.e. quasi-isotropic in volume. Based on this hypothesis and the analysis of the known micromechanical models for forecasting physical and mechanical constants of composite materials, the expediency of using the Reuss-Voigt and Hashin-Strickman models to determine the effective elastic coefficients of composite biofuels is substantiated. The results of calculations made on these models for a number of two-component biofuel pellets are given. An experimental evaluation of effective Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for two-component pellets with "straw + brown coal" composition was carried out. The obtained results of experimentally determined values of coefficients satisfactorily correspond to their calculated values: deviations are up to 26%. The Reuss-Voigt model was used in the calculations because the conditions required for the application of the Hashin-Strickman model are not met for composite pellets consisting of straw and brown coal. The results of the study will be useful in calculating or selecting press equipment for the production of quality fuel pellets from composites based on solid plant waste.
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López-Sosa, Luis Bernardo, José Juan Alvarado-Flores, Juan Carlos Corral-Huacuz, Arturo Aguilera-Mandujano, Rosa E. Rodríguez-Martínez, Santiago José Guevara-Martínez, Jorge Víctor Alcaraz-Vera, et al. "A Prospective Study of the Exploitation of Pelagic Sargassum spp. as a Solid Biofuel Energy Source." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 8706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238706.

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This study presents a prospective study for the potential exploitation of pelagic Sargassum spp. as a solid biofuel energy source. It was carried out in three stages. First we conducted a morphological, physical-chemical, and structural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (DRX), respectively. Second we evaluated the material’s functional properties as a solid biofuel based on its calorific value and the quantification of polymeric components like hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, as well as thermogravimetric and differential analysis to study the kinetics of its pyrolysis and determine parameters like activation energy (Ea), reaction order (n), and the pre-exponential factor (Z). Third we analyzed the energetic potential considering the estimated volume of pelagic Sargassum spp. that was removed from beaches along the Mexican Caribbean coast in recent years. Results of the kinetic study indicate that Sargassum spp. has an enormous potential for use as a complement to other bioenergy sources. Other results show the high potential for exploiting these algae as an energy source due to the huge volumes that have inundated Caribbean, West African, and northern Brazil shorelines in recent years. As a solid biofuel, Sargassum spp. has a potential energy the order of 0.203 gigajoules (GJ)/m3. In the energy matrix of the residential sector in Mexico, its potential use as an energy source is comparable to the national consumption of firewood. The volume of beachcast Sargassum spp. that was removed from ~8 km of coastline around Puerto Morelos, Mexico in 2018–2019, could have generated over 40 terajoules/year of solid biofuel.
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Bonassa, Gabriela, Lara Talita Schneider, Victor Bruno Canever, Paulo André Cremonez, Elisandro Pires Frigo, Jonathan Dieter, and Joel Gustavo Teleken. "Scenarios and prospects of solid biofuel use in Brazil." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (February 2018): 2365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.075.

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Basso, Daniele, Francesco Patuzzi, Daniele Castello, Marco Baratieri, Elena Cristina Rada, Elsa Weiss-Hortala, and Luca Fiori. "Agro-industrial waste to solid biofuel through hydrothermal carbonization." Waste Management 47 (January 2016): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.013.

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Viotto, Renata Silva, Amanda Alves Domingos Maia, Fábio Minoru Yamaji, and Leandro Cardoso de Morais. "Thermogravimetric investigation of spent shiitake substrate to solid biofuel." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 96, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23026.

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Xiao, Xinxin, and Edmond Magner. "A quasi-solid-state and self-powered biosupercapacitor based on flexible nanoporous gold electrodes." Chemical Communications 54, no. 46 (2018): 5823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc02555j.

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Kraszkiewicz, Artur, Francesco Santoro, and Simone Pascuzzi. "Emmission of Sulphur Oxides from Agricultural Solid Biofuels Combustion." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0034.

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Abstract In the aspect of the course and analysis of products of biomass fuels combustion in grill feed boilers, the combustion process of wheat straw and meadow hay were assessed taking into consideration conditions of SO2 emission. Different types of briquettes used in the research not only had various chemical properties but also physical properties. In the aspect of assessment of energy and organic parameters of the combustion process, the sulphur content in biomass becomes a significant factor at its energy use. Registered emission during combustion of meadow hay biomass referred to wheat biomass was for A and B type briquettes correspondingly higher by ca. 320 and 120%. Differences in SO2 emission at combustion of various biofuel forms in the aspect of the relation with the remaining combustion parameters including mainly with air flow require, however, further research that leads to development of low-emission and high-efficient biofuel combustion technologies in low-power heating devices.
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Haile, Mebrahtu, Hadgu Hishe, and Desta Gebremedhin. "Prosopis juliflora pods mash for biofuel energy production: Implication for managing invasive species through utilization." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.3.205-212.

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Fuels obtained from renewable resources have merited a lot of enthusiasm amid the previous decades mostly because of worries about fossil fuel depletion and climate change. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Prosopis juliflora pods mash for bio-ethanol production and its hydrolysis solid waste for solid fuel. Parameters such as acid concentration (0.5 - 3 molar), hydrolysis times (5-30 min), fermentation times (6-72h), fermentation temperature (25 OC - 40 OC) and pH (4-8) on bio-ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast were evaluated. Results show that the content of sugar increases as the acid concentration (H2SO4) increased up to 1 molar and decreases beyond 1 molar. A maximum sugar content of 96.13 %v/v was obtained at 1 molar of H2SO4 concentration. The optimum conditions for bio-ethanol production were found at 1 molar of H2SO4 concentration (4.2 %v/v), 48 h fermentation time (5.1%v/v), 20 min hydrolysis time (5.57 %v/v), 30 OC fermentation temperature (5.57 %v/v) and pH 5 (6.01 %v/v). Under these optimum conditions, the maximum yield of bio-ethanol (6.01%v/v) was obtained. Furthermore, the solid waste remaining after bio-ethanol production was evaluated for solid fuel application (18.22 MJ/kg). Hence, the results show that Prosopis juliflora pods mash has the potential to produce bio-ethanol. The preliminary analysis of solid waste after hydrolysis suggests the possibility to use it as a solid fuel, implying its potential for alleviating major disposal problems.Article History: Received March 24th 2018 ; Received in revised form September 15th 2018; Accepted October 1st 2018; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Haile, M., Hishe, H. and Gebremedhin, D. (2018) Prosopis juliflora Pods Mash for Biofuel Energy Production: Implication for Managing Invasive Species through Utilization. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(3), 205-212.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.3.205-212
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Attard, Thomas M., Mehrdad Arshadi, Calle Nilsson, Vitaliy L. Budarin, Elizabeth Valencia-Reyes, James H. Clark, and Andrew J. Hunt. "Impact of supercritical extraction on solid fuel wood pellet properties and off-gassing during storage." Green Chemistry 18, no. 9 (2016): 2682–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc02479j.

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Kun-Asa, Kodchakon, Lalita Attanatho, and Prasert Reubroycharoen. "Pyrolysis of Palm Oil in a Continuous Flow Microchannel Reactor." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.166.

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Palm oil is considered as a potential feedstock for biofuel production in Thailand due to its property and availability. In recent years, there has been an increased attention on upgrading of palm oil to biofuels using various technologies. One of the most promising technologies is pyrolysis, in which palm oil is heated at the temperature in the range of 400 to 500 °C under oxygen-free atmosphere. In the present study, the uncoated catalyst and coated catalyst pyrolysis processes of palm oil for biofuel production in a continuous flow microchannel reactor were investigated with various catalyst types (MgO, Al2O3) at 400-500 °C, 2 ml/hr palm oil flow rate, and 0.1 g of catalysts. Liquid product yield, solid product yield and gaseous product yield were determined. The obtained results revealed that the high triglyceride conversion could be achieved at a short reaction time in microchannel reactor, which attributed to the enhancement of both heat and mass transfer. The pyrolysis liquid products composed of hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, and other oxygenated compounds which are the results of triglyceride cracking. Furthermore, product selectivity of palm oil pyrolysis depended on temperature and catalyst type.
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39

Supramono, Dijan, Justin Edgar, Setiadi, and Mohammad Nasikin. "Hydrogenation of non-polar Fraction of Bio-oil from Co-pyrolysis of Corn Cobs and Polypropylene for Bio-diesel Production." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702030.

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Bio-diesel was synthesized by hydrogenating the non-polar fraction of the bio-oil produced from the co-pyrolysis between corncobs and polypropylene. Co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene was conducted in a stirred tank reactor at heating rate of 5°C/min and maximum temperature of 500°C to attain synergetic effect in non-polar fraction yield where polypropylene served as a hydrogen donor and oxygen sequester so that the oxygenate content in the biofuel product reduced. Stirred tank reactor configuration allowed phase separation between non-polar and polar (oxygenate) compounds in the bio-oil. Hydrogenation reaction of the separated non-polar phase, which contained alkenes, was carried out in a pressured stirred tank reactor using a NiMo/C catalyst in order to reduce the alkene content in the bio-oil. The aim of the present work is to reduce the alkene content in the separated non-polar fraction of bio-oil by catalytic hydrogenation to obtain biofuel with low alkene content and viscosity approaching to that of diesel fuel. To quantify effect of the pressure on the alkene composition, the experiment was done at H2 initial pressures of 4, 7, 10, and 13 bar and at corresponding saturation temperatures of octane. The biofuel products were characterized using GC-MS, LC-MS, FTIR spectroscopy, H-NMR, Higher heating values (HHV) and viscometer for comparison with those of commercial diesel fuel. Analysis of the lower molecular weight fractions of biofuels by GC-MS found that the hydrogenation reactor at pressures at 4 and 7 bar produced biofuels with predominant hydrocarbon contents of cycloalkanes and alkanes, while that at 10 and 13 bar produced biofuels with predominant contents of alkanes and alkenes. In comparison, diesel fuel contains mostly alkanes and aromatics. However, analysis over the whole content of bio-oil by H-NMR found that different pressures of reactor hydrogenation did not reduce alkene compositions in biofuels appreciably from alkene composition in bio-oil feed. In comparison, diesel fuel contained mostly alkanes with aromatic composition about 4% and no alkene content. Various data suggest that alkene content in the biofuels be reduced to approach their viscosity to that of diesel fuel. Modification of the hydrogenation reactor is required by improving convective momentum of hydrogen gas into the bio-oil to enhance contact of solid catalyst, hydrogen gas and bio-oil.
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Altland, James. "Use of Processed Biofuel Crops for Nursery Substrates." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-28.3.129.

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Abstract Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) bark availability has decreased, causing shortages in inventory and increased prices for pine bark substrates. One potential alternative to pine bark is the use of biofuel or biomass crops that can be grown locally, harvested, and processed into a suitable substrate. The objective of this research was to assess the suitability of several biofuel crops as alternatives to pine bark in nursery substrates using annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) as a model crop. Across two experiments, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), willow (Salix spp.), corn (Zea mays) stover, and giant miscanthus (Miscanthus ×giganteus) were processed through a hammermill equipped with a 0.95 cm (0.375 in) screen. Pine bark was used as a control. Substrate materials were used either alone, amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss, or amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss and 10% (v/v) municipal solid waste compost. Biofuel-based substrates tended to have greater air space and less container capacity than pine bark substrate. Amending with peat moss, or peat moss and municipal solid waste compost reduced air space and increased container capacity of all substrates. Substrate pH of biofuel-based substrates was higher than pine bark substrates, and was neutral to slightly alkaline. Amending with peat moss reduced pH of biofuel substrates to levels considered more ideal for annual vinca growth. Foliar calcium, magnesium, and iron levels were low across all treatments, although visual foliar deficiency symptoms were not apparent. Shoot growth was greatest in switchgrass and pine bark substrates. Plant growth differed among biofuel and pine bark substrates; however, all plants were considered marketable at the conclusion of the experiment. Modification of chemical and physical properties for each substrate type will be necessary.
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41

Capron, Mark E., Jim R. Stewart, Antoine de Ramon N’Yeurt, Michael D. Chambers, Jang K. Kim, Charles Yarish, Anthony T. Jones, et al. "Restoring Pre-Industrial CO2 Levels While Achieving Sustainable Development Goals." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184972.

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Unless humanity achieves United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and restores the relatively stable climate of pre-industrial CO2 levels (as early as 2140), species extinctions, starvation, drought/floods, and violence will exacerbate mass migrations. This paper presents conceptual designs and techno-economic analyses to calculate sustainable limits for growing high-protein seafood and macroalgae-for-biofuel. We review the availability of wet solid waste and outline the mass balance of carbon and plant nutrients passing through a hydrothermal liquefaction process. The paper reviews the availability of dry solid waste and dry biomass for bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) while generating Allam Cycle electricity. Sufficient wet-waste biomass supports quickly building hydrothermal liquefaction facilities. Macroalgae-for-biofuel technology can be developed and straightforwardly implemented on SDG-achieving high protein seafood infrastructure. The analyses indicate a potential for (1) 0.5 billion tonnes/yr of seafood; (2) 20 million barrels/day of biofuel from solid waste; (3) more biocrude oil from macroalgae than current fossil oil; and (4) sequestration of 28 to 38 billion tonnes/yr of bio-CO2. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) costs are between 25–33% of those for BECCS with pre-2019 technology or the projected cost of air-capture CDR.
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Sunarno, Silvia R.Y, and Syaiful Bahri. "PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN KONSENTRASI KATALIS PADA CRACKING CANGKANG SAWIT MENJADI CRUDE BIO-FUEL." Jurnal Riset Kimia 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v5i1.185.

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ABSTRACT One of solid waste that produced by palm industry is palm oil shell. This waste abundant in Riau about 700.5 ton/day. The shell compositions are cellulosa, hemicellulosa, and lignine. That compounds can be cracked into crude biofuel in slurry reactor with NiMo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The objective of research to study the influence of cracking temperature (300, 310, 320, 330 0C) and concentration of catalyst (0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5%) to yield of crude biofuel and to determine physical and chemical properties. Cracking process used 50 gram palm oil shell size -40+60 mesh, 500 mL silinap and rotation speed of mixing 300 rpm. The maximum yield was obtained 68.6% at temperature 330 0C and catalyst concentration NiMo/ZSM-5 2.5%. The physical properties of crude biofuel were calorimetric value (43.84 MJ/kg), density (1.01 g/mL), viscocity (13.27cSt), acid number (76.11 g NaOH/g sample) and flash point (64 0C). The GC-MS analysis result indicated dominant compounds in crude biofuel were acetic acid (33.94%), phenol (31.71%), furancarboxaldehide (7.78%) and methanol (4.93%). Key words : Catalyst, crude biofuel, palm oil shell
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Marian, G., I. Gelu, B. Istrati, A. Gudîma, B. Nazar, A. Pavlenco, A. Banari, and N. Daraduda. "Quality of pellets produced from agricultural wood residues specific to the Prut river basin." UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 109, no. 1 (2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2021-1(109)-11.

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Quality of pellets produced from agricultural wood residues specific to the Prut river basin This paper presents an overview of the prospects for the use of agricultural wood residues, specific to the climatic zone adjacent to the Prut River and the qualitative characteristics of densified solid biofuels in the form of pellets produced from the main types of the agricultural wood biomass, taken from agricultural plantations in the Republic of Moldova and Botosani, Iasi, Vaslui and Galați counties in Romania. The aim of the paper is to establish the energy potential of the main indigenous agricultural wood residues and to analyze the quality of the pellets produced from these residues. The research results showed that the pellets produced from the studied agricultural residues mainly meet ENPlus 3 requirements for most qualitative parameters, except for those produced from blackberry and currant residues. Residues from the prunning of some types of fruit shrubs can be used to produce pellets by creating mixtures of different proportions, and their qualitative characteristics can be significantly improved by thermo-chemical pre-treatment of the raw material. Keywords: plant biomass, densified solid biofuels, pellets, biofuel, energy potential, agricultural wood residues.
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Mitan, Nona Merry Merpati, Akmal Hakim Azmi, M. N. Nur Fathiah, and Sian Meng Se. "Binder Application in Durian Peels Briquette as a Solid Biofuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.494.

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<p class="TTPAbstract">A research on the application of calcium hydroxide as a binder for briquetting of durian peels has been performed. The main aim of the present research is to improve the structure of the briquette and to observe basic fuel properties of durian peels in the presence of calcium hydroxide. The carbonization of durian peels was carried out at 370 °C for one hour. Durian peels briquette was characterized by the proximate analysis, calorific value, compressive tests and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The briquette was formed by the cyclindricalmould and hydraulic press.The comparison of the compressive strength between durian peels briquette with and without calcium hydroxide as a binder was in the range of 11.41 MPa to 17.38 Mpa. The calorific value of the durian peels briquettevaries from 4968 to 5883 cal/g. The calorific value results show that the durian peels briquette has strong potential to be applied as solid biofuel.<span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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DE ASSUNÇÃO EZIRIO, MARIA JULIA, SUSANA CLAUDETE COSTA, RICARDO LUIS BARCELOS, GABRIEL OSCAR CREMONA PARMA, EMERSON SILVEIRA GASPAROTTO, AFFONSO CELSO GONÇALVES JR., NILTON CEZAR PEREIRA, ALESSANDRA YULA TUTIDA, and RACHEL FAVERZANI MAGNAGO. "MANDARIN PEELS AND RICE HUSKS AS SUBSTRATES FOR SOLID BIOFUEL." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 54, no. 1-2 (February 20, 2020): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2020.54.19.

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46

Križan, Peter, Miloš Matú, Ľubomír Šooš, and Juraj Beniak. "Behavior of Beech Sawdust during Densification into a Solid Biofuel." Energies 8, no. 7 (June 25, 2015): 6382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en8076382.

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47

Zhou, Yuguang, Zongxi Zhang, Yixiang Zhang, Yungang Wang, Yang Yu, Fang Ji, Riaz Ahmad, and Renjie Dong. "A comprehensive review on densified solid biofuel industry in China." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 54 (February 2016): 1412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.096.

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48

SAWAI, Toru, and Tamio IDA. "Current State and Trends on International Standardization of Solid Biofuel." Journal of Smart Processing 5, no. 3 (2016): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7791/jspmee.5.166.

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49

Rather, Mushtaq Ahmad, N. S. Khan, and Rajat Gupta. "Hydrothermal carbonization of macrophyte Potamogeton lucens for solid biofuel production." Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20, no. 1 (February 2017): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2016.08.015.

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50

López, Francisco, Antonio Pérez, Minerva A. M. Zamudio, Hugo E. De Alva, and Juan C. García. "Paulownia as raw material for solid biofuel and cellulose pulp." Biomass and Bioenergy 45 (October 2012): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.05.010.

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