Journal articles: 'Solid fermentation and submerged'

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Colla, Luciane Maria, Aline M. M. Ficanha, Juliana Rizzardi, Telma Elita Bertolin, Christian Oliveira Reinehr, and Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa. "Production and Characterization of Lipases by Two New Isolates ofAspergillusthrough Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/725959.

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Due to the numerous applications of lipases in industry, there is a need to study their characteristics, because lipases obtained from different sources may present different properties. The aim of this work was to accomplish the partial characterization of lipases obtained through submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation by two species ofAspergillus. Fungal strains were isolated from a diesel-contaminated soil and selected as good lipases producers. Lipases obtained through submerged fermentation presented optimal activities at 37°C and pH 7.2 and those obtained through solid-state fermentation at 35°C and pH 6.0. The enzymes produced by submerged fermentation were more temperature-stable than those obtained by solid-state fermentation, presenting 72% of residual activity after one hour of exposition at 90°C. Lipases obtained through submerged fermentation had 80% of stability in acidic pH and those obtained through solid-state fermentation had stability greater than 60% in alkaline pH.

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Sehrawat, Rachna, Parmjit S. Panesar, Reeba Panesar, and Anit Kumar. "Biopigment produced by Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 in submerged and solid state fermentation: a comparative study." Pigment & Resin Technology 46, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-10-2016-0095.

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Purpose Biopigments, natural colors from microbiological origin are of great interest because of their potential advantages over synthetic colorants. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the best possible fermentative conditions for the maximum production of biopigment using solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation by Monascus purpureus MTCC 369. Design/methodology/approach The biopigment was produced using solid state fermentation and submerged with optimized substrate to achieve higher yield. The statistical analysis was carried out using a Microsoft Excel ® (Microsoft Corporation). Findings On comparative analysis, it was observed that solid state fermentation resulted significant accumulation of biopigment (9.0 CVU/g) on the 9th day in comparison to submerged fermentation (5.1 CVU/g) on the 15th day. Practical implications Results revealed that sweet potato peel powder and pea pods provides necessary nutrients required for mycelial growth, and biopigment production, therefore, can be used as potent substrate for biopigment production by Monascus purpureus MTCC 369. Extracted color can be used in confectionery, beverages and pharmaceutical industries. Originality/value This work focuses on utilisation of waste for production of pigment as alternative source to synthetic colorant, and few studies have been carried out using wastes, but no work has been carried out on sweet potato peel to the best of the authors’ knowledge.

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Jovanovic, Mirjana, Damjan Vucurovic, Bojana Bajic, Sinisa Dodic, Vanja Vlajkov, and Rada Jevtic-Mucibabic. "Optimization of the simultaneous production of cellulase and xylanase by submerged and solid-state fermentation of wheat chaff." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 2 (2020): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190530080j.

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Wheat chaff as an agricultural waste represents a cheap raw material for biotechnological processes. With its lignocellulosic composition, it is suitable for producing hydrolytic enzymes for second generation renewable fuel production technologies. The aim of this work was to optimize the process parameters (cultivation temperature 25?35?C, pH value 4?6 and cultivation time 3?7 days) of the cultivating fungi (Trichoderma reesei QM 9414) on a media based on wheat chaff by submerged and solid-state techniques, in order to enhance and compare the two types of simultaneous cellulase and xylanase production. Optimal conditions for the submerged fermentation were 29.65?C for temperature, pH 4.27 and 7 days of cultivation, while for the solid-state fermentation, the optimal conditions were 28.01?C, pH 6.00 and 7 days. The cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of the obtained cultivation broth filtrates were 0.0535 and 0.1676 U mL-1 for the submerged fermentation, and 0.0407 and 0.1401 U mL-1 for the solid-state fermentation, respectively, and with a 26.77 and 13.39 % enhancement of enzyme activity for submerged fermentation, and a 22.96 and 42.66 % enhancement for solid-state fermentation, respectively, compared to the results obtained before optimization.

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Shivanna, Gunashree B., and Govindarajulu Venkateswaran. "Phytase Production byAspergillus nigerCFR 335 andAspergillus ficuumSGA 01 through Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/392615.

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Fermentation is one of the industrially important processes for the development of microbial metabolites that has immense applications in various fields. This has prompted to employ fermentation as a major technique in the production of phytase from microbial source. In this study, a comparison was made between submerged (SmF) and solid-state fermentations (SSF) for the production of phytase fromAspergillus nigerCFR 335 andAspergillus ficuumSGA 01. It was found that both the fungi were capable of producing maximum phytase on 5th day of incubation in both submerged and solid-state fermentation media.Aspergillus nigerCFR 335 andA. ficuumproduced a maximum of 60.6 U/gds and 38 U/gds of the enzyme, respectively, in wheat bran solid substrate medium. Enhancement in the enzyme level (76 and 50.7 U/gds) was found when grown in a combined solid substrate medium comprising wheat bran, rice bran, and groundnut cake in the ratio of 2 : 1 : 1. A maximum of 9.6 and 8.2 U/mL of enzyme activity was observed in SmF byA. nigerCFR 335 andA.ficuum, respectively, when grown in potato dextrose broth.

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Knezevic, Aleksandar, Ivan Milovanovic, Mirjana Stajic, and Jelena Vukojevic. "Ligninolytic enzyme production by Lenzites betulinus on selected plant raw materials." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 120 (2011): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1120333k.

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To get a better insight into the ligninolytic system of Lenzites betulinus, the effect of wheat straw and oak sawdust, as carbon sources, on production of Mn-oxidizing peroxidases and laccase, under solid-state and submerged fermentation, was studied. Obtained results revealed considerable differences related to the both factors affecting enzyme activities. Wheat straw was more favorable carbon source for Mn-oxidizing peroxidases and oak sawdust for laccase activity. Solid-state fermentation of wheat straw was optimal for Mn-dependent peroxidase activity (72.1 Ul-1). In contrary to this, submerged fermentation of the same residue gave the highest level of versatile peroxidase activity (25.4 Ul-1). The peak of laccase activity was noted during solid-state fermentation of oak sawdust (32.3 Ul-1), while this enzyme was not detected under submerged fermentation of any plant residues.

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Indrastuti, Erning, Teti Estiasih, Elok Zubaidah, and Harijono. "Physicochemical Characteristics and In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Spontaneously Combined Submerged and Solid State Fermented Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Flour." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 7 (November 12, 2019): 725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666180515112908.

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Background: High cyanide varieties of cassava must be detoxified before consumption. Several studies showed detoxification of cassava by slicing, submerged fermentation (soaking), solid state fermentation, and drying. One of traditional detoxification is combination of submerged and solid state fermentation and the effect of this processing on cyanide reduction and food properties has not been evaluation yet. Objective: This research studied the effect of solid state fermentation time on physicochemical, starch granule morphology, and in vitro starch digestibility of cassava flour from high cyanide varieties of Malang 4, Malang 6, and Sembung. Methods: Three varieties of high cyanide grated cassavas were soaked for 3 days in ratio of water to cassava 1:1. After draining for 1 hour, grated cassava was placed in a bamboo container and put in a humid place for 3-day solid state fermentation. Fermented grated cassavas were then dried, milled, and analyzed. Results: Solid state fermentation similarly affected cyanide reduction and characteristics of cassava flour for three high cyanide varieties. The detoxification process reduced cyanide to 89.70-93.42% and produced flour with a total cyanide of 8.25-10.89 mg HCN eq/kg dry matters, which is safe to consume. Fermentation decreased cyanide, starch content, titratable acidity, swelling power, and solubility; meanwhile pH, amylose content, water absorption, oil absorption, and in vitro starch digestibility increased in all three varieties studied. Submerged fermentation reduced the pH thus inhibiting the degradation of linamarin and cyanohydrin into free HCN. pH value was increased by solid state fermentation, from 4.43 to 6.90 that optimum for linamarin and cyanohydrin degradation into free HCN. The submerged and solid-state fermentation indeuce spontaneous microbial growth that affected chemical composition of cassava flour. The changes of structure and morphology of starch granules affected pasting properties, and Increased in vitro starch digestibility due to damaged granules. Conclusion: Solid-state fermentation reduced cyanide content of all three cassava varieties into the safe level for consumption, and aiso changed chemical, physical, and functional characteristics and starch digestibility of cassava flour.

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Dharani, G., and NS Kumaran. "Amylase Production from Solid State Fermentation and Submerged Liquid Fermentation by Aspergillus niger." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 47, no. 1 (May 22, 2012): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i1.7310.

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The purpose of this work is to study the optimized cultural conditions for the production of amylase by Aspergillus niger in solid state and submerged liquid fermentation. Four solid substrates banana peel, corn, potato and tapioca with different moisture conditions were taken for solid state fermentation (SSF). Basal medium was used for submerged liquid fermentation (SLF) with different pH (3 to 8), temperature (25, 30, 35 and 40ºC), carbon concentration (1, 2 and 3 g) and nitrogen source (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 g). In SSF, tapioca yielded highest amylase activity and specific activity (4.43U/ml and 4.58U/mg) at 50% moisture content. In SLF, 2 g starch and 0.3 g peptone concentration showed 0.78 and 1.23 U/ml amylase activities under the optimum pH (5) and temperature (30ºC) the amylase activities reached to 0.86 U/ml and 0.76 U/ml respectively. In SSF using tapioca as substrate the enzyme yield is about five times higher than that achieved with submerged liquid culture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i1.7310 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(1), 99-104, 2012

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Tarnopol’skaya, Veronika Valentinovna, Tat'yana Vasil'yevna Ryazanova, Natal'ya Yur'yevna Demidenko, and Oksana Nikolayevna Eryomenko. "TECHNOLOGY OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCESSING WITH PLEUROTUS STRAINS FOR FEED PRODUCTS PRODUCTION." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020048445.

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A technology for pilot production of feed products via microbiological conversion of plant raw materials (mixed substrate of pine sawdust and vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke) by Plerotus ostreatus PO-4.1 and Pleurotus djamor PD-3.2 strains is developed. The technology includes hydrodynamic activation of substrate at the seed stock production stage. The overall technology includes three key stages: submerged fermentation of pure cultures of production strains; submerged-solid phase fermentation of hydrodynamicly activated plant raw materials for seed stock production; solid-state fermentation of mechanically ground plant substrate for feed products production. A successful approbation of submerged-solid state fermentation of production strains on media containing 3% of hydrodynamicly activated raw materials allowed for obtaining seed stock with 14.5 g/l yield of submerged mycelium biomass fully adopted for this type of substrate. Further use of this seed stock biomass at the solid state fermentation stage makes the overall process duration three times shorter compared to existing technologies for direct wood waste bioconversion. The pilot plant results show valuable practicability of plant raw material hydrodynamic activation with the purpose of enhancing its bioaccessibility with consequent increase in degree of microbiological conversion. The product of bioconversion contains 14–16% of protein, biofiber, vitamins and minerals and could be considered for successful use as feed by agricultural enterprises.

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Martău, Gheorghe-Adrian, Peter Unger, Roland Schneider, Joachim Venus, Dan Cristian Vodnar, and José Pablo López-Gómez. "Integration of Solid State and Submerged Fermentations for the Valorization of Organic Municipal Solid Waste." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7090766.

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Solid state fermentation (SsF) is recognized as a suitable process for the production of enzymes using organic residues as substrates. However, only a few studies have integrated an evaluation of the feasibility of applying enzymes produced by SsF into subsequent hydrolyses followed by the production of target compounds, e.g., lactic acid (LA), through submerged-liquid fermentations (SmF). In this study, wheat bran (WB) was used as the substrate for the production of enzymes via SsF by Aspergillus awamori DSM No. 63272. Following optimization, cellulase and glucoamylase activities were 73.63 ± 5.47 FPU/gds and 107.10 ± 2.63 U/gdb after 7 days and 5 days of fermentation, respectively. Enzymes were then used for the hydrolysis of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). During hydrolysis, glucose increased considerably with a final value of 19.77 ± 1.56 g/L. Subsequently, hydrolysates were fermented in SmF by Bacillus coagulans A166 increasing the LA concentration by 15.59 g/L. The data reported in this study provides an example of how SsF and SmF technologies can be combined for the valorization of WB and OFMSW.

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López-Gómez, José Pablo, and Joachim Venus. "Potential Role of Sequential Solid-State and Submerged-Liquid Fermentations in a Circular Bioeconomy." Fermentation 7, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7020076.

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An efficient processing of organic solid residues will be pivotal in the development of the circular bioeconomy. Due to their composition, such residues comprise a great biochemical conversion potential through fermentations. Generally, the carbohydrates and proteins present in the organic wastes cannot be directly metabolized by microorganisms. Thus, before fermentation, enzymes are used in a hydrolysis step to release digestible sugars and nitrogen. Although enzymes can be efficiently produced from organic solid residues in solid-state fermentations (SsF), challenges in the development and scale-up of SsF technologies, especially bioreactors, have hindered a wider application of such systems. Therefore, most of the commercial enzymes are produced in submerged-liquid fermentations (SmF) from expensive simple sugars. Instead of independently evaluating SsF and SmF, the review covers the option of combining them in a sequential process in which, enzymes are firstly produced in SsF and then used for hydrolysis, yielding a suitable medium for SmF. The article reviews experimental work that has demonstrated the feasibility of the process and underlines the benefits that such combination has. Finally, a discussion is included which highlights that, unlike typically perceived, SsF should not be considered a counterpart of SmF but, in contrast, the main advantages of each type of fermentation are accentuated in a synergistic sequential SsF-SmF.

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George, S., V. Raju, T. V. Subramanian, and K. Jayaraman. "Comparative study of protease production in solid substrate fermentation versus submerged fermentation." Bioprocess Engineering 16, no. 6 (1997): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004490050339.

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Patil, Ravindra H., Prakash Krishnan, and Vijay L. Maheshwari. "Production of Lovastatin by Wild Strains of Aspergillus terreus." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 2 (February 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600207.

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A wild fungal strain of Aspergillus terreus, labeled as PM3, was isolated by using the Candida albicans bioassay and confirmed by 18S r DNA analyses. Lovastatin was produced by submerged and solid state fermentations. Of the 30 isolated fungal strains, 11 showed lovastatin production with Aspergillus terreus PM3 being the best with a yield of 240 mg/L at the 10th day of submerged fermentation. Carboxymethylcellulose had a stimulatory effect on lovastatin production. It restricted uncontrolled filamentous growth, induced pellet formation and, thereby, improved lovastatin yield. In solid state fermentation (SSF), of the agro wastes from five crops (bran of wheat and rice, husks of red gram and soybean, and green gram straw), wheat bran showed maximum lovastatin production (12.5 mg/g of dry substrate) at pH 7.1 and a temperature of 30±2°C. Development of a lovastatin production process based on wheat bran as a substrate in SSF is economically attractive as it is a cheap and readily available raw material in agriculture-based countries.

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Reetika, Reetika, HS Oberoi HS Oberoi, and GS Kocher GS Kocher. "Selection of Thermophilic Fungi for Production of Cellulases Under Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation Conditions." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/oct2013/117.

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Yu, Shi Jun, Ying Zhang, and Mei Zhen Fan. "Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis, the Anamorph of Ophiocordyceps sinensis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 140 (November 2011): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.140.253.

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In this work, the volatile compound profiles of mycelia of H. sinensis cultured by solid-state media and submerged fermentation were extracted and determined for the first time. Fifty-one volatile compounds were identified in both mycelia. Phenols and acids and alkanes were found as the major classes of compounds. And butylated hydroxytoluene is the most abundant volatile compound in the both mycelia and accounts for 47.38% and 46.12% of the total volatile compounds in the mycelia cultured by solid-state media and submerged fermentation, respectively.

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Castañeda, C. "PRODUCCIÓN DE XILANASA POR Aspergillus fumigatus EN FERMENTACIÓN EN ESTADOS LÍIQUIDO Y SÓLIDO." Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 17, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbi/revmexingquim/2018v17n1/castaneda.

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Zeltina, M. O., M. P. Leite, J. J. Vanags, A. J. Apine, and U. E. Viesturs. "Submerged fermentation of cellolignin materials (compared with solid-state fermentation and other alternatives)." Acta Biotechnologica 7, no. 2 (1987): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/abio.370070214.

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Oumer, Oliyad Jeilu, and Dawit Abate. "Comparative Studies of Pectinase Production byBacillus subtilis strain Btk 27in Submerged and Solid-State Fermentations." BioMed Research International 2018 (December 4, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1514795.

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The request for enzymes in the global market is expected to rise at a fast pace in recent years. With this regard, there has been a great increase in industrial applications of pectinase owing to their significant biotechnological uses. This study was undertaken with main objectives of meeting the growing industrial demands of pectinase, by improving the yield without increasing the cost of production. In addition, this research highlights the underestimated potential of agroresidues for the production of biotechnologically important products. In this study, the maximum pectinase production attained was using wheat bran, among the tested agroresidues. The production of pectinase was improved from 10.1 ± 1.4 U/ml to 66.3 ± 1.2 U/ml in submerged fermentation whereas it was in solid state fermentation from 800.0 ± 16.2 U/g to 1272.4 ± 25.5 U/g. The maximum pectinase production was observed using YEP (submerged fermentation) and wheat bran (solid state fermentation) at initial pH of 6.5, at 37°C and by supplementing the medium with 3 mM MgSO4.7H2O.

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Ferreira, Viviani, Roberto da Silva, Dênis Silva, and Eleni Gomes. "Production of Pectate Lyase byPenicillium viridicatum RFC3in Solid-State and Submerged Fermentation." International Journal of Microbiology 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/276590.

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Pectate lyase (PL) was produced by the filamentous fungusPenicillium viridicatumRFC3 in solid-state cultures of a mixture of orange bagasse and wheat bran (1 : 1 w/w), or orange bagasse, wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse (1 : 1 : 0.5 w/w), and in a submerged liquid culture with orange bagasse and wheat bran (3%) as the carbon source. PL production was highest (1,500 U mL−1or 300 Ug−1of substrate) in solid-state fermentation (SSF) on wheat bran and orange bagasse at 96 hours. PL production in submerged fermentation (SmF) was influenced by the initial pH of the medium. With the initial pH adjusted to 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, the peak activity was observed after 72, 48, and 24 hours of fermentation, respectively, when the pH of the medium reached the value 5.0. PL from SSF and SmF were loaded on Sephadex-G75 columns and six activity peaks were obtained from crude enzyme from SSF and designated PL I, II, III, IV, V, and VI, while five peaks were obtained from crude enzyme from SmF and labeledPL I′,II′,III′,IV′, andVII′. Crude enzyme and fraction III from each fermentative process were tested further. The optimum pH for crude PL from either process was 5.5, while that for PL III was 8.0. The maximum activity of enzymes from SSF was observed at35∘C, but crude enzyme was more thermotolerant than PL III, maintaining its maximum activity up to45∘C. Crude enzyme from SmF and PL III′showed thermophilic profiles of activity, with maximum activity at 60 and55∘C, respectively. In the absence of substrate, the crude enzyme from SSF was stable over the pH range 3.0–10.0 and PL III was most stable in the pH range 4.0–7.0. Crude enzyme from SmF retained 70%–80% of its maximum activity in the acid-neutral pH range (4.0–7.0), but PIII showed high stability at alkaline pH (7.5–9.5). PL from SSF was more thermolabile than that from SmF. The latter maintained 60% of its initial activity after 1 h at55∘C. The differing behavior of the enzymes with respect to pH and temperature suggests that they are different isozymes.

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Nwe, Nitar, Suwalee Chandrkrachang, Willem F. Stevens, Theingi Maw, Teck Koon Tan, Eugene Khor, and Sek Man Wong. "Production of fungal chitosan by solid state and submerged fermentation." Carbohydrate Polymers 49, no. 2 (August 2002): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8617(01)00355-1.

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Mazumder, Sharmistha, Soumendra K. Basu, and Mina Mukherjee. "Laccase production in solid-state and submerged fermentation byPleurotus ostreatus." Engineering in Life Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 2009): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200700039.

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Castanera, Raúl, Gúmer Pérez, Alejandra Omarini, Manuel Alfaro, Antonio G. Pisabarro, Vincenza Faraco, Antonella Amore, and Lucía Ramírez. "Transcriptional and Enzymatic Profiling of Pleurotus ostreatus Laccase Genes in Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation Cultures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 11 (March 30, 2012): 4037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07880-11.

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ABSTRACTThe genome of the white rot basidiomycetePleurotus ostreatusincludes 12 phenol oxidase (laccase) genes. In this study, we examined their expression profiles in different fungal strains under different culture conditions (submerged and solid cultures) and in the presence of a wheat straw extract, which was used as an inducer of the laccase gene family. We used a reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)-based approach and focused on determining the reaction parameters (in particular, the reference gene set for the normalization and reaction efficiency determinations) used to achieve an accurate estimation of the relative gene expression values. The results suggested that (i) laccase gene transcription is upregulated in the induced submerged fermentation (iSmF) cultures but downregulated in the solid fermentation (SSF) cultures, (ii) theLacc2andLacc10genes are the main sources of laccase activity in the iSmF cultures upon induction with water-soluble wheat straw extracts, and (iii) an additional, as-yet-uncharacterized activity (Unk1) is specifically induced in SSF cultures that complements the activity of Lacc2 and Lacc10. Moreover, both the enzymatic laccase activities and theLaccgene family transcription profiles greatly differ between closely related strains. These differences can be targeted for biotechnological breeding programs for enzyme production in submerged fermentation reactors.

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Chang, Bea-Ven, and Yi-Ming Chang. "Biodegradation of toxic chemicals by Pleurotus eryngii in submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation." Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 49, no. 2 (April 2016): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2014.04.012.

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Zhang, Zhi Guo, and Hong Zhang Chen. "Rapid Estimation of Xanthan and Biomass Concentration during Xanthan Production under Solid State Fermentation on Polyurethane Foam with Near–Infrared Spectroscopy." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1515.

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Recently, some solid state fermentation (SSF) processes of xanthan production were studied. However, quantitative analysis of the concentration of xanthan and biomass is more complicated than that of submerged fermentation. To facilitate the analysis of these components, near–infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used. A NIRS calibration models for rapidly estimating xanthan and biomass concentration in xanthan fermentation on inert support of polyurethane foam was established. The wavenumber and spectral pretreatment method were optimized. The data of cross validation and external validation shows that NIRS was suitable for rapid and accurate quantification of the concentration of xanthan and biomass in solid state fermentation on inert support. This method will provide much convenience for the research of solid state fermentation on inert support.

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Roy, Ram Vinod, Mithu Das, Rintu Banerjee, and Anil K. Bhowmick. "Comparative studies on rubber biodegradation through solid-state and submerged fermentation." Process Biochemistry 41, no. 1 (January 2006): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2005.06.016.

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Viesturs, U. E., S. V. Strikauska, M. P. Leite, A. J. Berzins, and Robert P. Tengerdy. "Combined submerged and solid substrate fermentation for the bioconversion of lignocellulose." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 30, no. 2 (August 5, 1987): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260300219.

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Zeng, Huawei, Qiao Jie, Zeng Xin, Xu Dayong, Xiong Minghua, Li Feng, Sun Jianfan, Jiang Xuan, and Dai Chuanyun. "Optimization of submerged and solid state culture conditions forMonascuspigment production and characterization of its composition and antioxidant activity." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-05-2018-0046.

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PurposeMonascuspigment was widely applied in food processing industry as functional additive, so more attention was paid to the fermentation optimization of pigment production. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the best possible fermentative conditions for maximum production of biopigment using submerged fermentation (SFM) and solid state fermentation (SSF) byMonascus purpureusHBSD 08.Design/methodology/approachThe biopigment was produced by using an SMF and an SSF with optimized substrate to achieve higher yield. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging ability, superoxide anion radical scavenging ability and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. The pigment composition was analyzed by thin layer chromatography.FindingsMaximumMonascuspigment production (79.6 U/ml and 1,102 U/g) were obtained under an SFM and an SFF. The antioxidant activity of the pigment in an SFM was significantly higher than that in an SFM. The composition of pigment was not different in an SFM and an SFF.Originality/valueThe study developed new conditions, andMonascusstrain was a candidate for producing pigment in an SFM and an SFF. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is a first attempt toward comparative evaluation on antioxidant capacity and composition between pigment in an SSF and an SFM. This result will serve forMonascuspigment production.

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Sidi Ahmad, Zuriana, and Mimi Sakinah Abdul Munaim. "EFFECT OF FERMENTATION TIME, MOISTURE CONTENT, AND TEMPERATURE ON SORBITOL PRODUCTION VIA SOLID STATE FERMENTATION PROCESS." Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jceib.v1i1.3812.

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Malaysia is the largest country that has produced many types of waste. One of it is Meranti wood sawdust. These wastes result in a significant environmental problem if not dispose it in the proper manner. The main objective of this article is to produce the high yield of sorbitol by solid state fermentation (SSF) process from pretreated Meranti wood sawdust using bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum (BAA 793; NCIMB 8826). One factorat a time (OFAT) was studied for further process using solid state fermentation (SSF) process and investigated the effect of relevant parameters (fermentation time, range: 2 hours to 14 hours, moisture content, range: 40% to 90%, temperature, range: 25 oC to 45 oC) to the solid-state fermentation (SSF) process in producing high yield of sorbitol. The highest product yield was obtained at 50% moisture content, at 10 hours of fermentation time and 35 oC of incubation temperature where the concentration of sorbitol was 25.68 g/L respectively. This study also showed that the solid state fermentation (SSF) process will produce the high yield of sorbitol production compared to the submerged fermentation and could serve as a-low cost substrate for bioproducts production especially sorbitol

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Slapkauskaite, Jurate, Aiste Kabasinskiene, and Dalia Sekmokiene. "Application of fermented soya as a bacterial starter for production of fermented milk." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 6 (December 31, 2019): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/194/2018-cjfs.

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In order to improve the quality and health safety of fermented milk, soya fermented by different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was used. It was found that soya fermented by solid state (SSF) and submerged (SmF) fermentation can be used for the processing of innovative fermented milk, because the final product is enriched with soya proteins and LAB. Lactobacillus sakei in milk-soya samples, treated with submerged fermentation, was responsible as the strain for low active acidity (pH 4.62), high titratable acidity (99.0 T) and degradation of lactose (up to 4.18%) P ≤ 0.05, lower amounts of D(–) lactic acid isomers, biogenic amines and high acceptability of the final product. The results showed a possibility for innovations to use LAB, especially L. sakei, in soya fermentation and production of fermented milk products of valuable composition.

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Qiu, Li Na, Wei Wei Zhang, Ai Jun Gong, and Ru Lei Yao. "Scale-Up Production of Bacillus Thuringiensis by Box-Type Solid-State Fermentation Equipment." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.299.

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The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) which is considered as the most effective bio-pesticide is widely used in the world. There are mainly two modes for the production of this microbial pesticides: submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation. In this paper, The Scale-up of Kg-class Bt production was studied on wheat bran based media in the Box-type solid-state fermentation equipment made by our lab. The fermentation conditions were optimized and the result show that, Bt production yielded a significant increase in spore count and toxin content at the following conditions: actiactivation of culture for 8h, initial moisture content of solid substrate 55%, pH value 7.5, keeping the thick of inoculated media about 4cm and fermenting for 45 h, Maintaining the temperature within a range of 25-30°C, The bioassay efficacy of the product could be above 13000IU·mg-1, The production of Bt kilograms class by solid-state fermentation was successfully represented as well as providing a strong technical support to the large-scale industrial production of Bt bio-pesticide.

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Cadirci, Bilge Hilal, Ihsan Yasa, and Ali Kocyigit. "Streptomycessp. TEM 33 possesses high lipolytic activity in solid-state fermentation in comparison with submerged fermentation." Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology 46, no. 1 (October 6, 2014): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2014.970693.

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Mukhtar, Hamid, and Ikramul Haq. "Comparative Evaluation of Agroindustrial Byproducts for the Production of Alkaline Protease by Wild and Mutant Strains ofBacillus subtilisin Submerged and Solid State Fermentation." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/538067.

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The present study describes the screening of different agroindustrial byproducts for enhanced production of alkaline protease by a wild and EMS induced mutant strain ofBacillus subtilisIH-72EMS8. During submerged fermentation, different agro-industrial byproducts were tested which include defatted seed meals of rape, guar, sunflower, gluten, cotton, soybean, and gram. In addition to these meals, rice bran, wheat bran, and wheat flour were also evaluated for protease production. Of all the byproducts tested, soybean meal at a concentration of 20 g/L gave maximum production of the enzyme, that is, 5.74 ± 0.26 U/mL from wild and 11.28 ± 0.45 U/mL from mutant strain, during submerged fermentation. Different mesh sizes (coarse, medium, and fine) of the soybean meal were also evaluated, and a finely ground soybean meal (fine mesh) was found to be the best. In addition to the defatted seed meals, their alkali extracts were also tested for the production of alkaline protease byBacillus subtilis, but these were proved nonsignificant for enhanced production of the enzyme. The production of the enzyme was also studied in solid state fermentation, and different agro-industrial byproducts were also evaluated for enzyme production. Wheat bran partially replaced with guar meal was found as the best substrate for maximum enzyme production under solid state fermentation conditions.

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Vandenberghe, Luciana P. S., Carlos R. Soccol, Ashok Pandey, and Jean-Michel Lebeault. "Microbial production of citric acid." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 42, no. 3 (1999): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89131999000300001.

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Citric acid is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage and is extensively used in food and pharmaceutical industries. It is produced mainly by submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger or Candida sp. from different sources of carbohydrates, such as molasses and starch based media. However, other fermentation techniques, e.g. solid state fermentation and surface fermentation, and alternative sources of carbon such as agro-industrial residues have been intensively studied showing great perspective to its production. This paper reviews recent developments on citric acid production by presenting a brief summary of the subject, describing micro-organisms, production techniques, and substrates, etc.

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Silveira, Guilherme Garcia da, Gustavo Monteiro de Oliveira, Eloizio Julio Ribeiro, Rubens Monti, and Jonas Contiero. "Microbial rennet produced by Mucor miehei in solid-state and submerged fermentation." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 6 (November 2005): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000800009.

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The aim of this work was to study the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources in submerged fermentation, and the casein effect on solid-state fermentation on rennin production by Mucor miehei. Biomass peaks reached 6.7; 8.1 and 8 g/L and enzymatic production peaks of 1,066; 857 and 480 Soxhlet Units (S.U.) for glucose concentration of 18; 25 and 35 g/L respectively. Flasks with baffles showed biomass peaks of 6.7; 8.3 and 10 g/L and enzyme activity peaks of 648; 279 and 300 S.U. for the same glucose concentration. The values of 923 and 667 S.U. were obtained when corn steep liquor and Proflo (Cottonseed Nutrients from Traders ®) were used. In SSF system the enzymatic activities were 414, 264 and 167 S.U., when using HCl 0.2 N, 0.3 N and 0.4 N respectively. SSF experiments using 1 and 2 g of casein/gram wheat bran (10% moisture) showed an increase in the enzymatic production (966 and 1,117 S.U.). The results suggested that increase in glucose concentration affected the enzyme synthesis, and casein was the prime factor in the enzyme synthesis induction. SSF showed to be a good system for rennin production.

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VELİOĞLU, Zülfiye, and Raziye ÖZTÜRK ÜREK. "Biosurfactant production by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged and solid-state fermentation systems." TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY 39 (2015): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/biy-1406-44.

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Papagianni, Maria, Sue E. Nokes, and Keith Filer. "Production of phytase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid-state fermentation." Process Biochemistry 35, no. 3-4 (November 1999): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(99)00088-6.

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Mohapatra, S., B. Sarkar, D. P. Samantaray, A. Daware, S. Maity, S. Pattnaik, and S. Bhattacharjee. "Bioconversion of fish solid waste into PHB usingBacillus subtilisbased submerged fermentation process." Environmental Technology 38, no. 24 (March 2017): 3201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1291759.

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Musatti, Alida, Elena Ficara, Chiara Mapelli, Cecilia Sambusiti, and Manuela Rollini. "Use of solid digestate for lignocellulolytic enzymes production through submerged fungal fermentation." Journal of Environmental Management 199 (September 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.022.

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38

Zahn, James A., Richard E. Higgs, and Matthew D. Hilton. "Use of Direct-Infusion Electrospray Mass Spectrometry To Guide Empirical Development of Improved Conditions for Expression of Secondary Metabolites from Actinomycetes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.1.377-386.2001.

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ABSTRACT A major barrier in the discovery of new secondary metabolites from microorganisms is the difficulty of distinguishing the minor fraction of productive cultures from the majority of unproductive cultures and growth conditions. In this study, a rapid, direct-infusion electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) technique was used to identify chemical differences that occurred in the expression of secondary metabolites by 44 actinomycetes cultivated under six different fermentation conditions. Samples from actinomycete fermentations were prepared by solid-phase extraction, analyzed by ES-MS, and ranked according to a chemical productivity index based on the total number and relative intensity of ions present in each sample. The actinomycete cultures were tested for chemical productivity following treatments that included nutritional manipulations, autoregulator additions, and different agitation speeds and incubation temperatures. Evaluation of the ES-MS data from submerged and solid-state fermentations by pairedt test analyses showed that solid-state growth significantly altered the chemical profiles of extracts from 75% of the actinomycetes evaluated. Parallel analysis of the same extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography–ES-MS–evaporative light scattering showed that the chemical differences detected by the ES-MS method were associated with growth condition-dependent changes in the yield of secondary metabolites. Our results indicate that the high-throughput ES-MS method is useful for identification of fermentation conditions that enhance expression of secondary metabolites from actinomycetes.

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Biesebeke, Rob, George Ruijter, Yovita S. P. Rahardjo, Marisca J. Hoogschagen, Margreet Heerikhuisen, Ana Levin, Kenneth G. A. Driel, et al. "Aspergillus oryzaein solid-state and submerged fermentations." FEMS Yeast Research 2, no. 2 (May 2002): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2002.tb00089.x.

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40

Saqib, Abdul A. N., Madiha Hassan, Nahida Farooq Khan, and Shahjahan Baig. "Thermostability of crude endoglucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus grown under solid state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF)." Process Biochemistry 45, no. 5 (May 2010): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2009.12.011.

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41

Menezes, Bruna dos Santos, Kátia dos Santos Morais, Aparecido Almeida Conceição, Juliana Gomes Barreto Souza Leite, Fábia Giovana do Val de Assis, Félix Gonçalves Siqueira, and Patrícia Lopes Leal. "Biomass of unconventional plants from Brazilian semiarid as substrate for hydrolytic enzymes production by Aspergillus niger under solid and submerged fermentation." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 43 (April 19, 2021): e48257. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v43i1.48257.

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Aspergillus niger KIJH was grown in solid and submerged fermentation using leaves and roots (with and without bark) of plants typically from Brazilian semiarid as substrate to produce a multienzymatic extract, which was characterised for its potential biotechnological applications. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was applied to select the most promising plants biomass as induction substrates for the production of hydrolytic enzymes by fungus. The best biomasses were used as substrate in submerged fermentation (SmF) assays at two scales. Samples of up scale fermented culture were partially purified by ultrafiltration and activity and pH and temperature stability of CMCase and xylanase were evaluated. A. niger KIJH produced hydrolytic enzymes under SSF containing unconventional plants biomass from Brazilian semiarid. In SmF conditions, maximum CMCase (0.264 U mL-1) and xylanase (1.163 U mL-1) activities were induced by Jacaratia corumbensis. Scaling up the SmF to 500 mL of medium was able to maintain constant the production of CMCase (0.346 U mL-1) and xylanase (1.273 U mL-1) on the fermented culture. Ultrafiltered and concentrated extract presented CMCase activities practically constant in all temperature ranges (30-80°C) and pH (3.0-9.0), while xylanase optimum activity temperature was 50°C and pH in the range of 3.0 to 5.0. CMCase activity remained stable for 24 hours at 50°C and xylanase was reduced in 53% after two hours incubation at the same temperature. CMCase and xylanase obtained by A. niger KIJH cultivated in submerged culture containing J. corumbensis as carbon source may have application in biotechnology processes that require enzymes that remain active under routine extreme conditions.

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42

Chandra, M. Subhosh, B. Rajasekhar Reddy, and Yong-Lark Choi. "Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes by Aspergillus niger on Solid and Submerged State Fermentation." Journal of Life Science 18, no. 8 (August 30, 2008): 1049–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2008.18.8.1049.

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43

Hansen, Gustav H., Mette Lübeck, Jens C. Frisvad, Peter S. Lübeck, and Birgitte Andersen. "Production of cellulolytic enzymes from ascomycetes: Comparison of solid state and submerged fermentation." Process Biochemistry 50, no. 9 (September 2015): 1327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2015.05.017.

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44

Saharkhiz, Saeed, Davood Mazaheri, and Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati. "EVALUATION OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM CAROB PODS BYZymomonas mobilisANDSaccharomyces cerevisiaeIN SOLID SUBMERGED FERMENTATION." Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology 43, no. 5 (April 15, 2013): 415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2012.741642.

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45

Crestini, Claudia, Boris Kovac, and Giovanni Giovannozzi-Sermanni. "Production and isolation of chitosan by submerged and solid-state fermentation fromLentinus edodes." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 50, no. 2 (April 20, 1996): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260500202.

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46

Téllez-Téllez, M., F. J. Fernández, A. M. Montiel-González, C. Sánchez, and G. Díaz-Godínez. "Growth and laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged and solid-state fermentation." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 81, no. 4 (December 2008): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1628-6.

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Poosarla Venkata, Giridhar, and T. S. Chandra. "Xylanase production by halophilic bacterium Gracilibacillus sp. TSCPVG under solid state fermentation." Research Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/167rjbt9221.

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We previously demonstrated the production and purification of novel halo-acid-alkali-thermo-stable xylanase from halophilic bacterium Gracilibacillus sp. TSCPVG using submerged fermentation (SmF). In this work, we further showed the production of halophilic xylanase by solid state fermentation (SSF) from halophilic bacterium Gracilibacillus sp. TSCPVG using cheap solid-substrate wheat bran. High levels of enzyme titers (657 U/g dw) were obtained after varying certain SSF parameters such as incubation period, particle size, moisture ratio, salinity, pH, temperature and by supplementing different carbon and nitrogen sources externally to the fermentation medium. This bacterium could be a novel strain due to its ability to produce high titers of xylanase with extremophilic characters even under the conditions of SSF. Thus, this beneficiary role may lead to a substantial reduction in the overall cost of enzyme production and may have a huge impact on the economics of hemicellulose degradation under high saline conditions.

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Ravindran, Rajeev, Shady Hassan, Gwilym Williams, and Amit Jaiswal. "A Review on Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes to Industrially Important Enzymes." Bioengineering 5, no. 4 (October 28, 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5040093.

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Agro-industrial waste is highly nutritious in nature and facilitates microbial growth. Most agricultural wastes are lignocellulosic in nature; a large fraction of it is composed of carbohydrates. Agricultural residues can thus be used for the production of various value-added products, such as industrially important enzymes. Agro-industrial wastes, such as sugar cane bagasse, corn cob and rice bran, have been widely investigated via different fermentation strategies for the production of enzymes. Solid-state fermentation holds much potential compared with submerged fermentation methods for the utilization of agro-based wastes for enzyme production. This is because the physical–chemical nature of many lignocellulosic substrates naturally lends itself to solid phase culture, and thereby represents a means to reap the acknowledged potential of this fermentation method. Recent studies have shown that pretreatment technologies can greatly enhance enzyme yields by several fold. This article gives an overview of how agricultural waste can be productively harnessed as a raw material for fermentation. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of studies conducted in the production of different commercially important enzymes using lignocellulosic food waste has been provided.

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Maftukhah, Siti. "Cellulase Enzyme Production Using Solid State Fermentation Method From Waste – A Review." UNISTEK 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/unistek.v6i2.197.

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Solid fermentation (SSF) has built credibility in recent years in the biotechnology industry because its application has the potential to produce biologically active secondary metabolites, in addition to animal feed, fuel, food, industrial chemicals and pharmaceutical products, it has also emerged as an alternative interesting method that replaces the submerged fermentation method(SmF). This paper reviews the meaning of SSF, the factors that influence the success of SSF, the advantages and disadvantages of SSF, the meaning of cellulase enzymes, the use of cellulase enzymes and the production of cellulase enzymes using SSF from waste. The waste consists of agricultural waste and food processing waste with various microorganisms, optimization and pretreatment. So that the various levels of enzyme activity produced depend on the type of waste.

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Minjares-Carranco, Alfredo, Blanca A. Trejo-Aguilar, Guillermo Aguilar, and Gustavo Viniegra-González. "Physiological comparison between pectinase-producing mutants of Aspergillus niger adapted either to solid-state fermentation or submerged fermentation." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 21, no. 1 (July 1997): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00212-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid fermentation and submerged'

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