Journal articles: 'Solid-liquid extraction'

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Jokić, S., D. Velić, M. Bilić, A. Bucić-Kojić, M. Planinić, and S. Tomas. "Modelling of solid-liquid extraction process of total polyphenols from soybeans." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 3 (July 1, 2010): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/200/2009-cjfs.

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The influence of the solvent, temperature, and extraction time on the extractability of total polyphenols from milled soybeans variety Ika was investigated. The study was performed in order to select the most suitable solvent (water; 50, 60, 70, and 80% aqueous ethanol) for achieving the highest yield of total polyphenols. The most effective solvent (50% aqueous ethanol solution) was used for monitoring the kinetics and modelling of solid-liquid extraction of total polyphenols from soybeans, average particle size 0.459 mm, at solid-liquid ratio of 20 ml/g (ratio of the solvent volume per g of raw material). The total polyphenols content in the soybean extract was determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu micro-methods at 765 nm. The applicability of different mathematical models (Peleg, Page, and Logarithmic models) to describe the kinetics of the solid-liquid extraction process of total polyphenols from soybeans was studied as well. The results exhibited a significant influence of the solvent and temperature on the kinetics and extraction yield of total polyphenols from soybeans. The best extraction yield of total polyphenols was obtained using 50% aqueous ethanol solution at 80°C after 120 min (4.322 mg GAE/g<sub>db</sub>). The extraction yield of total polyphenols in soybean extracts increased by increasing the extraction temperature and extending the duration of the extraction process. The mathematical models applied showed a good agreement with the experimental results, which allows their application in modelling and optimisation of solid-liquid extraction process for the extraction of total polyphenols from soybeans.

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Yang, Ling, and Cheng Zheng. "Optimization of the Technology of Extracting Dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis by Orthogonal Experimental Design." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1709.

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The optimum extracting condition of dihydromyricetin from ampelopsis was studied. The MAE conditions, such as the extraction solvent volume, extraction temperature, and the period of extraction, were all studied in the orthogonal test. The most suitable conditions for the extractions were showed as follows: the extracting temperature was 95°C,the extracting time was 15min,and the solid-liquid leaching ration was 1:20.

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Nagy, Júlia, and Tibor Veress. "Systematic Error for Extraction of Controlled Substances from Plant/Fungal Materials." Journal of Chromatographic Science 58, no. 10 (September 18, 2020): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa067.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate the applicability of a mathematical model developed for the description of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of cannabinoids from marijuana and hashish for liquid extraction of other substances. The mentioned model is applicable for dynamic SFE whose implementation is analogous to liquid–solid extraction in quasi-counter current mode. According to this model, quasi-counter current liquid–solid extractions were designed by calculation of component transport constants for extractions of psilocin from hallucinogenic mushroom, mescaline from hallucinogenic cactus, harmine from tropical lyan and salvinorin A from hallucinogenic sage. The mentioned model was found to be suitable for the determination of extraction time needed to reach a predefined extraction recovery for quasi-counter current liquid–solid extractions, as well, which allows the elimination of systematic error caused by the non-extracted part. The calculated component transport constants predict the expectable velocity of the extraction, i.e., the higher the component transport constant is, the higher the extraction velocity is. For mushrooms, it could be stated that preliminary treatment of mushrooms with liquid nitrogen significantly increases the extractability of psilocin.

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Naviglio, Daniele, Pierpaolo Scarano, Martina Ciaravolo, and Monica Gallo. "Rapid Solid-Liquid Dynamic Extraction (RSLDE): A Powerful and Greener Alternative to the Latest Solid-Liquid Extraction Techniques." Foods 8, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8070245.

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Traditionally, solid-liquid extractions are performed using organic and/or inorganic liquids and their mixtures as extractant solvents in contact with an insoluble solid matrix (e.g., the Soxhlet method) or using sequential atmospheric pressure systems that require long procedures, such as maceration or percolation. The objective of this procedure is the extraction of any compounds that can be carried out from the inner solid material to the outlet, resulting in a solution containing colorants, bioactive compounds, odorous substances, etc. Over the years, in the extraction techniques sector, there have been many important changes from the points of view of production, quality, and human and environmental safety due to improvements in technology. In more recent times, the interest of the scientific community has been aimed at the study of sustainable processes for the valorization of extracts from vegetables and food by-products, through the use of non-conventional (innovative) technologies that represent a valid alternative to conventional methods, generally through saving time and energy and the formation of fewer by-products. Therefore, with the development of principles based on the prevention of pollution, on a lower risk for human health, and on a low environmental impact, new systems have been implemented to reduce extraction times and solvent consumption, to improve efficiency, and to increase the productivity of the extracts. From this point of view, rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE), performed using the Naviglio extractor, compared to traditional applications, is a technique that is able to reduce extraction times, generally leads to higher yields, does not require heating of the system, allows one to extract the active ingredients, and avoids their degradation. This technique is based on a new solid-liquid extraction principle named Naviglio’s principle. In this review, after reviewing the latest extraction techniques, an overview of RSLDE applications in various research and production sectors over the past two decades is provided.

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Jiang, Yi Hua, and Xin Long Jiang. "Response Surface Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Conditions of Anthocyanins from Black Soybean Hull." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.672.

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Surface response optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) conditions of anthocyanins from black soybean hull with the factors of ethanol concentration, microwave power, extraction time, solid/liquid ratio (g:mL) on the yield of anthocyanin were studied. The results showed that ethanol concentration and ratio of liquid to solid had most important influence; the interaction of ethanol concentration and ratio of liquid to solid,interaction of microwave power and extraction time had significant influence on extraction anthocyanins from black soybean hull. The optimum extracting conditions of anthocyanin from black soybean hull were as follows: adding 1:40.00 (m:v) of 60.35% alcohol (pH2.0) and extracting for 74.26 s under the power of 237.86 W.

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Wang, Jin, Yong-Ming Zhao, Ya-Ting Tian, Chun-Lin Yan, and Chun-Yan Guo. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds fromInula helenium." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/157527.

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds fromInula heleniumwas studied. Effects of ethanol concentration, ultrasonic time, solid-liquid ratio, and number of extractions were investigated. An orthogonal array was constructed to optimize UAE process. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration, 30%; solid-liquid ratio, 1 : 20; number of extractions, 2 times; extraction time, 30 min. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of total phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid was6.13±0.58and1.32±0.17 mg/g, respectively. The results showed that high amounts of phenolic compounds can be extracted fromI. heleniumby ultrasound-assisted extraction technology.

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Ding, Yubin, Ksenia Morozova, Matteo Scampicchio, Angelo Morini, and Massimiliano Ferrari. "A novel cascade approach to extract bioactive compounds from officinal herbs." Italian Journal of Food Science 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v34i2.2137.

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This research aims to compare a novel cascade extraction method with a conventional solid–liquid extraction method, both assisted by ultrasounds. The cascade extraction method consists of a sequential series of extractions performed with the same hydroalcoholic solvent, which is reused from one herb to the other. In practice, a hydroalcoholic solution is firstly used to extract one botanical herb. The resulting extract is then reused for the extraction of a second herb. The process is repeated as many times as the number of herbs composing the final formulation. The main advantage of this approach is firstly the lower need of solvents compared with the individual extraction procedures, where a fresh solvent is needed on each extraction step. Furthermore, extracts of the two methods (solid liquid vs cascade extraction) were characterized with several antioxidant assays (DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP) and total phenolic content (TPC). The results show that the solid–liquid extraction method achieves similar yields to total phenols and similar TAC in comparison to the extracts obtained by the cascade extraction method. Also, the HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that both methods lead to similar chromatographic profiles either when analyzed by an electrochemical detector (CoulArray) or by a spectrometric diode array detector (DAD). However, our findings support the idea that the cascade extraction method obtains extracts richer of minor peaks, showing a more complex bioactive profile. Such results could be explained considering that the solvent used during the series of cascade extractions was enriched not only by antioxidants but also by plant surfactants, like saponins, which increase the solvent solubility. Overall, this research shows that the cascade extraction method can not only provide officinal herb extracts with similar phenolic yield and antioxidant capacity than conventional solid–liquid extraction but also with a more complex bioactive profile compared to traditional solid–liquid extraction and with a minor consumption of solvents.

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Chen, Chun Gang, Fen Xia Han, Yuan Zhang, and Yu Zhong Shi. "Extraction of Flavonoids from Clovers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.360.

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The extraction of flavonoids from clovers was optimized to maximize flavonoid yield Y in this study. A central composite design of response surface methodology involving extracting time, liquid-solid ratio, extracting temperature and ethanol concentration was used, and second-order model for Y was employed to generate the response surfaces. The optimum condition for Y was determined as follows: extracting time 24min, liquid-solid ratio 20, extracting temperature 80°C, and ethanol concentration 72%. Under the optimum condition, the flavonoid yield was 2.49%.

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Wu, Xiao Tong, Qi Wei Ren, Jie Zhang, Ji Zhao, Su Ting Han, and Cui Ying Li. "Optimization of Extraction Condition of Mycelium Polysaccharide from Tricholoma mongolium by Response Surface Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.770.

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In this paper, the hot water extraction conditions of mycelium polysaccharide ofTricholoma mongoliumwere investigated. By single-factor experiments, ethanol amount was determined at three times and the other factors (liquid–solid ratio, extraction temperature and time) were chosen to further optimize extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). The Center Composite experimental results showed the optimum extraction conditions as follows: a temperature of 85.38°C, a liquid–solid ratio of 31.78 g/ mL and a extraction time of 2.18 h. Under these conditions, two extractions sufficiently reached the maximal the rate of mycelium polysaccharide 7.23%.

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Shyam Sunder, Govind Sharma, Sandhya Adhikari, Ahmad Rohanifar, Abiral Poudel, and Jon R. Kirchhoff. "Evolution of Environmentally Friendly Strategies for Metal Extraction." Separations 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7010004.

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The demand for the recovery of valuable metals and the need to understand the impact of heavy metals in the environment on human and aquatic life has led to the development of new methods for the extraction, recovery, and analysis of metal ions. With special emphasis on environmentally friendly approaches, efforts have been made to consider strategies that minimize the use of organic solvents, apply micromethodology, limit waste, reduce costs, are safe, and utilize benign or reusable materials. This review discusses recent developments in liquid- and solid-phase extraction techniques. Liquid-based methods include advances in the application of aqueous two- and three-phase systems, liquid membranes, and cloud point extraction. Recent progress in exploiting new sorbent materials for solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and bulk extractions will also be discussed.

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Ma, Yu Xiang, Ben Guo Liu, Liang Bin Hu, and Miao Yan Wang. "Extraction of Pectin from Pomelo Peel." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.933.

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The extraction of pectin from pomelo peel was optimized to maximize pectin yield Y in this study. A central composite design of response surface methodology involving extracting time, extracting temperature, liquid-solid ratio and pH was used, and second-order model for Y was employed to generate the response surfaces. The optimum condition for Y was determined as follows: extracting time 1h, extracting temperature 95 °C, liquid-solid ratio 25, pH 1. Under the optimum condition, the pectin yield was 20.98%.

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Wang, Hui, Ling Ma, and Wei Ma. "The Extractive Technique of Active Constituent in Six Insecticidal Plants." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 2586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.2586.

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In this study, the soakage extraction method and the ultrasonic extraction method were used to extract active ingredients from Artemisia annua, Artemisia sieversiana, Artemisia mongolica，Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia lavandulaefolia and Artemisia japonica. Using the orthogonal experiment design, we studied the effects of four factors: extraction time, solid-liquid ratio, fineness and extraction times, on extracting active ingredients from Artemisia annua. We also optimized the extraction conditions of the ultrasonic wave method. The results showed that 95% ethanol solution was the best solvent for extracting components in these six species of Artemisia. The best extraction method was ultrasonic extraction method. The optimum extraction conditions of ultrasonic extraction were 1:20 of solid-liquid ratio, one time of extraction, 40 of degree of fineness and 40 minutes of extraction time.

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Tang, Xiu Hua, and Feng Zhen Zhang. "Study on Ultrasonic Extraction of Oligomeric Proantho Cyanidin from Chestnut Shell." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2880.

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In this paper, the ultrasonic extraction method of Oligomeric Proantho Cyanidin with chestnut shells as raw materials is studied. Using single factor method we study the effects of different extraction time, extraction reagent, extracting agent concentration and ultrasonic power on the extraction rate of Oligomeric Proantho Cyanidin. After analyzing these various factors, we make the orthogonal experiment with the factors including extraction time, extraction agent concentration, extraction temperature, solid-liquid ration, and get the optimal conditions. The experimental results show that the optimum extraction conditions are as follow: time of 30 min, extracting agent of 40% (v %) ethanol aqueous solution, extraction temperature of 40 °C, solid-liquid ratio of 1: 25 g/mL and ultrasonic power of 100 w; under these conditions the extraction rate of Oligomeric Proantho Cyanidin is 3.418%.

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Pan, Zhong Wei, Wen Ting Weng, Hui Bing Yan, Yu Li Yu, Tian Ci Wu, and Jing Ding Pan. "Studies on Temperature Dependent Ionic Liquid Solid-Liquid Extraction Behavior of Rare Earth." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.817.

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Temperature dependent solid-liquid extraction behavior of eight rare earth elements (REs) was investigated using N-butyl pyridinium hexafluorophosphate ([BPPF6) as an ionic liquid solvent and 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) as an extractant at 80 °C. Parameters including the amount of [BPPF6, HQ concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and pH were investigated and optimized. The extracted species was neutral REQ3 in the RE3+-[BPPF6-HQ solid-liquid extraction system. The extraction percentage of RE3+ could be higher than 99%. The recovery of RE3+ extracted into [BPPF6 can be achieved using the mixture of hydrazine hydrate and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid as stripping agents. The extraction equilibrium constants and the pH1/2 values of eight REs and their separation factors between adjacent rare earths were estimated and comparatively studied. REs were extracted into solid ionic liquid phase with smaller volume and concentrated to some extent. Furthermore the temperature dependent solid-liquid extraction allows to recover [BPPF6 after the extraction procedures. These results indicate that the proposed procedure can be used for the preconcentration and separation of REs using [BPPF6 with high melting point.

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Chua, Lee Suan, Abirame Segaran, and Hoi Jin Wong. "Identification of Phytochemicals from the Water Extract of Eurycoma longifolia Roots using Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Extraction Based Fractionation Techniques." Acta Chimica Slovenica 68, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2020.6154.

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Phytochemicals in the water extract of Eurycoma longofolia roots were identified using both solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction based fractionation techniques. A reversed phase C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) was used as solid-liquid extraction, whereas solvent partition was applied as liquid-liquid extraction. Total saponin was increased after fractionation. A few known quassinoids; eurycomanone, 13α(21)-epoxyeurycomanone, pasakbumin D, 13β,18-dihydroeurycomanol and 13β,21-dihydroxyeurycomanol were identified from the 40% and 60% methanol fractions of SPE. Solvent partition extract using ethyl acetate was found to have the highest saponin content compared to butanol and chloroform fractions. Subsequent acetone precipitation of the organic fractions recovered a formylated hexose trimer and other saccharide-containing compounds. Ethyl acetate effectively recovered saponins from E. longofolia water extract using liquid-liquid extraction followed by acetone precipitation.

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Semenyshyn, Yevgen, Volodymyr Atamanyuk, Tetiana Rymar, Oleksandr Ivashchuk, and Anna Hlukhaniuk. "Mass Transfer in the Solid-Liquid System: Mechanism and Kinetics of the Extraction Process." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 14, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.01.121.

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Huang, Dan, You Qing Liu, Yuan Liang, and Xiang Mao. "Optimization of Extracting Condition of Active Components in Perilla by Ultrasonic." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.713.

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Using ultrasonic-extraction technology, the condition of extracting the active compounds-flavonoids and rosmarinic acid ofPerillawas studied. The effects of four main factors include ultrasonic power, temperature, time and solid-liquid ratio on the extraction-rate of the flavonoids and the rosmarinic acid ofPerillawere reviewed by single factor experiments,and the flavonoids and the rosmarinic acid was determined by NaNO2-Al (NO3)3-NaOH method and FeSO4method. On the base of single factor experiments, the extraction technique was optimized in the orthogonal test. The result showed that temperature was the most important factor in the influencing factors on the extraction-rate. The subsequence of importance was temperature > time > solid-liquid ratio > ultrasonic. The optimal extraction conditions were: extraction solvent 3%borax, solid-liquid ratio 1:50(w/v), ultrasonic power 300W, time 90min , temperature 75°C. Under the optimum technological conditions, 34.64mg/g of flavonoids and rosmarinic acid fromPerillacould be obtained.

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Rodríguez, Rogelio, Jessica Avivar, Luz O. Leal, Víctor Cerdà, and Laura Ferrer. "Strategies for automating solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction in radiochemical analysis." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 76 (February 2016): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.09.009.

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Liu, Shu Yu, Hui Zhang, Hui Wang, Jian Song, and Rui Feng Yan. "Extraction of Oil from Jatropha Seeds." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1652.

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Solid liquid extraction technique was applied for the extraction of oil from jatropha seeds．The optimum conditions for the lab scale solid liquid extraction were obtained at temperature at 40°C, extraction time of 4 h, ratio of liquid to solid of 8/1 (v/m) and n-hexane as a solvent. Under the optical conditions, the yield of Jatropha seeds oil was up to 31.42%.

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Gao, Kun Yang, Xiao Feng Huang, Yong Yang, Lei Yang, Qi Dong Xia, Yan Fu Wei, Tao Zhou, and Yang Song Qin. "Advances on the Extraction and Separation Technologies in Tea Aroma Components Research." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.421.

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Study on the tea aroma components is greatly significant, which are important factors in tea quality valuation.In recent years, nine main methods are under consideration：simultaneous distillation and solvent extraction, vacuum distillation extraction, steam distillation under reduced pressure, headspace analysis, solid-phase micro-extractions, headspace solid-phase micro-extractions, tea liquid absorption, supercritical fluid extraction and electronic nose. Meanwhile, advantages and disadvantages of each method were analyzed, in order to conduct technological guidance on the extraction and separation technologies in tea aroma components and provide a theoretical basis in improvement of each method.

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Wang, Shu Ya, Jun Gao, Yi Lu Chen, Jun Zhou, Xiao Yu Yong, Xiao Ning Liu, Ya Bing Zhang, Xiao Feng Liu, Yong Ming Sun, and Tao Zheng. "Optimisation of the Ethanol-Based Heat Reflux Extraction of Isoflavones from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Root." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.180.

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Ethanol-based heat reflux extraction has been successfully applied in extracting isoflavone compounds from the dried root of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. The different extraction factors including ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time, ratio of solid/liquid and number of extraction cycles has been studied on the influence of the extraction yield of isoflavone compounds. And the orthogonal experiment has been used to optimize the extracting conditions. A variety of indicators were employed to evaluate the extraction efficiency, including the yield of puerarin, daidzein and total isoflavone. The optimal extraction technology was as follows: extraction temperature 90°C, ratio of solid/liquid 1:6, ethanol concentration 90% and extraction 2 h. Under the optimal conditions extraction rates of puerarin, daidzein and total isoflavone were 37.51±0.64 mg/g, 2.63±0.03 mg/g and 117.4±0.89 mg/g. The study of this article can provide theoretical basis for large-scale production of puerarin, daidzein and total isoflavone.

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Zhu, F. G., and S. H. Zhou. "A Contactor for Liquid−Liquid and Liquid−Solid Extraction of Vanillin." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 41, no. 9 (May 2002): 2316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie010258d.

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Benassi, Laura, Ivano Alessandri, and Irene Vassalini. "Assessing Green Methods for Pectin Extraction from Waste Orange Peels." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061766.

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In this work, we assess three different methods for the extraction of pectin from waste orange peels, using water as extracting solvent. “Hot-water”, Rapid Solid Liquid Dynamic (RSLD) and microwave-assisted extractions have been compared and evaluated in terms of amount and quality of extracted pectin, as well as embodied energy. This analysis provides useful guidelines for pectin production from food waste according to green procedures, enabling the identification of acidic “hot-water” as the most sustainable extraction route.

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Potocka-Banaś, Barbara, Teresa Dembińska, and Krzysztof Borowiak. "Efficiency evaluation of extraction methods of selected benzodiazepine derivatives from human serum and whole blood and the reactivity phenomenon in immunoassay for benzodiazepines." Diagnostyka Laboratoryjna 52, no. 2 (September 12, 2016): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.3641.

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The aim of the study was to compare efficiency of various extraction methods of benzodiazepine derivatives: diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam. The study compared the recovery of benzodiazepines isolated from biological material (blood and human blood serum) using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. The efficiency of each extraction was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. In addition, benzodiazepines immunoassay reactivity was estimated. The following methods of extraction were used: liquid-liquid extraction (a classical liquid-liquid extraction and microextraction), solid- -phase extraction (Baker’s columns and United Chemical Technologies’ (UTC columns). The reactivity was evaluated using V-Twin System with EMIT technology by Siemens. The results showed that the lowest recovery (nitrazepam – 16%, diazepam – 23%, flunitrazepam – 28%, estazolam – 37%) was obtained using liquid-liquid microextraction of whole blood and the highest recovery was obtained in solid-phase extraction of whole blood using United Chemical Technologies’ columns (nitrazepam – 86%, diazepam – 89%, estazolam – 91%, flunitrazepam – 94%). The lowest recovery in classical liquid-liquid extraction was obtained for diazepam isolated from whole blood (36%), and the highest – for flunitrazepam isolated from serum (74%). Solid-phase extraction with Baker’s columns was successful only in case of drugs isolation from serum and the recovery range from 57% to 89% for flunitrazepam. The results indicated higher efficiency of solid-phase extraction, especially with use of columns specific for the extraction of benzodiazepines. The immunoassay analysis showed a decreased reactivity of the tested benzodiazepine derivatives on the reagent used for the EMIT assay. Comparative analysis of the recovery efficiency of selected benzodiazepine derivatives led to the conclusion that use of solid-phase extraction should be considered more often in routine toxicological analysis. The knowledge of benzodiazepine derivatives cross-reactivity in immunoassay method is essential for correct interpretation of obtained results.

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Schneider, Yannik K., Solveig M. Jørgensen, Jeanette Hammer Andersen, and Espen H. Hansen. "Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Liquid–Liquid Phase Extraction Using Ethyl Acetate and Liquid–Solid Phase Extraction Using Poly-Benzyl-Resin for Natural Products." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 10241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110241.

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A key step in the process of isolating microbial natural products is the preparation of an extract from a culture. This step determines which molecules will be available for detection in the subsequent chemical and biological analysis of a biodiscovery pipeline. In the present study we wanted to document potential differences in performance between liquid–liquid extraction using ethyl acetate and liquid–solid extraction using a poly-benzyl-resin. For the comparison of the two extraction protocols, we spiked a culture of Flavobacterium sp. with a diverse selection of natural products of microbial and plant origin to investigate whether the methods were comparable with respect to selectivity. We also investigated the efficiency of the two extraction methods quantitatively, using water spiked with a selection of natural products, and studied the quantitative effect of different pH levels of the aqueous solutions on the extraction yields of the two methods. The same compounds were extracted by the two methods, but the solid-phase extract contained more media components compared with the liquid-phase extract. Quantitatively, the two extraction methods varied in their recovery rates. We conclude that practical aspects could be more important when selecting one of the extraction protocols, as their efficiencies in extracting specific compounds were quite similar.

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You, Li Juan, Ting Zhou, Xue Feng Wang, Yong Xu, Gang Rao, and Xin Meng. "Study on the Extraction of Arsenic in Destruction Residues of Arsenical Chemical Weapons." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2874.

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In order to treat these arsenical residues produced when some arsenical chemical weapons were destroyed in Nanjing and recycle the arsenic, sulfuric acid was used as the extraction agent to extract the arsenic contained in the residuals, and single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were carried out to study the effects of factors including concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, shaking speed and time on the extraction effect. The results show that these five factors all have some effect on the arsenic extraction rate with the degree in the following order: Liquid-to-solid ratio> temperature> extraction agent concentration > time > shaking speed; when the sulfuric acid concentration is 1.2 mol/L and the liquid-to-solid ratio is 30, keeping the shaking speed at 200 r/min and extracting the residues at 40 °C for 2h, the arsenic extraction rate of the residues could reach up to 98.95%.

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Du, Lin Na, Jia Song, Ling Jun Meng, Jia Hui Lu, Qing Fan Meng, and Li Rong Teng. "Application of Two Modeling Methods in Optimization for Adenosine Extraction from Mycelium of Cordyceps Militaris." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.826.

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An experimental mixture design coupled with data analysis by means of both response surface methodology(RSM) and artificial neural network(ANN) was applied to explore the optimum process parameters for adenosine extraction from cultured mycelium of Cordyceps militaris. With the extraction rate of adenosine as index, the critical factors selected for the investigation were extracting temperature, extracting time and solid-liquid radio. The results obtained by the application of ANN were more reliable since better statistical parameters were obtained. The optimum extraction procedure was as follow: extracting time 2.3 h, extracting temperature 48 °C, solid-liquid ratio 1:38 g⋅mL-1. Under the optimal conditions, the corresponding response value predicted for adenosine production was 4.59 mg g-1, which was confirmed by validation experiments.

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Bai, Xin Peng, Xiao Lei Zhao, Zhi Yong Guo, and Xiao Qin Liu. "Optimization of Processing Parameters for the Blitzkrieg Extraction of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L) Seed Oil." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.785.

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A simple and rapid blitzkrieg extraction procedure has been developed and optimized for hexane extraction yield from the noni (Morinda citrifolia L) seed. Several variables that could potentially affect the extraction efficiency, namely, solid: liquid ratio (g /mL), blitzkrieg extraction voltage (V), extracting time (s) have been optimized by means of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions were the ratio of material to liquid 95g/500mL, blitzkrieg extraction voltage 148V and extracting time 79s. Under the optimum operating conditions, the extraction yield was 10.42 %, a drastic reduction of the blitzkrieg extraction time (79 s vs. 8 h) was achieved, comparable with the reflux extraction.

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Kai, Tang, Yan Jie, and Huang Xin. "A Technological Research on Synergetic Extraction of Momordica charantia L. Saponin Using Microwave-Surfactant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.384.

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In this paper, microwave-surfactant assisted extraction of saponin from Momordica Charantia.L was studied. The content of saponin was determined by the method of vanillin-acetic acid and perchloric which were used as developer. Four main factors including extraction powder, extraction time, ratio of solid to liquid and surfactant concentration were studied by orthogonal experiments. Results showed that extraction powder was the most significant influential factor, followed by extraction time and ratio of solid to liquid. Surfactant concentration showed the minimum influence. The optimum extraction conditions were: extraction powder 400W, extraction time 5min, ratio of solid to liquid 1:12g/mL and surfactant concentration 0.03mol/L, under which the extraction yield of saponin reached 4.69%.

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Chen, An Hui, Shang Long Chen, En Qi Liu, Ji Wu Li, Ying Shao, Chuan Li Zhang, and Yong Hua Wu. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Cassia Seeds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.121.

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The ethanol concentration, solid-to-solvent ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time were optimized by using orthogonal array design, an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was formed for extracting total flavonoids from Cassia Seeds. The optimal conditions for total flavonoids preparation were found to be extracted at 55 °C for 40 min with 75% (v/v) ethanol and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 (g/mL). The UAE was proven more efficient than the conventional extraction (CE) technique, which could be considered a time-saving method. Therefore, the UAE could be a promising candidate for extracting phenolic phytochemicals from natural plants.

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Yang, Guo En, Gui Wu Wang, Zhi Ping Wu, and Xiang Zhou Li. "Study on Steam Extraction Technology Assisted by Microwave of Anise Star Oil from the Fruit of Illicium verum Hook. f." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 2935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2935.

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Evaluated with the yield of anise star oil, steam extraction method assisted by microwave is studied for the extraction of anise star oil from Illicium verum Hook. f. in contrast with the traditional steam distillation (SD) method in this paper. The new optimal steam extraction technology assisted by microwave of anise star oil is obtained as: extracting time 80 minutes, solid-liquid ratio(g/mL) 1:7, size of material 80~100 mesh and extracting temperature 80°C. Average yield of anise star oil is up to 11.6% (g/g) under the above technology. Size of material is the most important influencing factor in the extraction process. The optimal traditional steam distillation technology is: extracting time 120 minutes, solid-liquid ratio(g/mL) 1:6, size of material 80~100 mesh and extracting temperature 100°C , the average yield of anise star oil is only 9.81% (g/g). The steam extraction technology assisted by microwave has advantages in both the technological conditions and the yield of anise star oil than the traditional steam distillation technology.

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Kraševec, Ida, and Helena Prosen. "Solid-Phase Extraction of Polar Benzotriazoles as Environmental Pollutants: A Review." Molecules 23, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102501.

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Polar benzotriazoles are corrosion inhibitors with widespread use; they are environmentally characterized as emerging pollutants in the water system, where they are present in low concentrations. Various extraction methods have been used for their separation from various matrices, ranging from classical liquid–liquid extractions to various microextraction techniques, but the most frequently applied extraction technique remains the solid-phase extraction (SPE), which is the focus of this review. We present an overview of the methods, developed in the last decade, applied for the determination of benzotriazoles in aqueous and solid environmental samples. Several other matrices, such as human urine and plant material, are also considered in the text. The methods are reviewed according to the determined compounds, sample matrices, cartridges and eluents used, extraction recoveries and the achieved limits of quantification. A critical evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of the published methods is given.

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Tang, D. S., Y. J. Tian, Y. Z. He, L. Li, S. Q. Hu, and B. Li. "Optimisation of ultrasonic-assisted protein extraction from brewer’s spent grain." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 1 (February 18, 2010): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/178/2009-cjfs.

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Response surface methodology was employed to optimise the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of protein from brewer’s spent grain. Three variables, namely the extraction time (min), ultrasonic power (W/100 ml of extractant), and solid-liquid ratio (g/100 ml) were investigated. Optimal conditions were determined and tri-dimensional response surfaces were plotted using mathematical models. The ANOVA analysis indicated that all the quantities determined, i.e. the extraction time, ultrasonic power, and solid-liquid ratio, had significant positive linear and negative quadratic effects on the protein yield. Optimum conditions for the extraction of protein were found to be: the extraction time of 81.4 min, ultrasonic power of 88.2 W/100 ml of extractant, and solid-liquid ratio of 2.0 g/100 ml. The optimal predicted protein yield obtained was 104.2 mg/g BSG while the experimental yield of protein was in agreement with the predicted value.

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Du, Hai Yan, Zhi Jian Shen, and Yang Li. "Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Capsaicin from Chili Pepper Powder." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1591.

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The extraction of capsaicin from chili pepper powder by microwave-assisted technique has been investigated in a microwave chemical synthesis instrument. Orthogonal test was conducted on the basis of single-factor experiment. The parameters used for the optimization were solid-liquid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature. The capsaicin was quantified by UV/Vis spectrophotometric determination. The influence of three factors on the extraction yield of capsaicin from chilli by microwave method decreases in the order: temperature> solid-liquid ratio>time. The optimum extraction conditions are at 120°C and solid-liquid ratio of 25mg/mL for 90-min. Under this condition，the extraction yield of capsaicin is 3.85%.

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Zhang, Tao, Lian Jie Wang, and Hui Chen. "Protein Extraction of the Long-Term Room Temperature Storage Wheat Straw." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1252.

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Study on extract protein from long-term room temperature storage of wheat straw,utilize L9(34) Orthogonal experiment on the basis of single factor test.Study the impact of extraction time,extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio on protein extraction yield of wheat straw.Result show factors affect wheat straw protein extraction rate in the order of extraction time>extraction temperature>liquid ratio>blank test,the optimal conditions is 50°C, the solid-liquid ratio 1:20 extract for 12 hours.Measured extraction yield is 21.761%.

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Yang, Guo En, Xiang Zhou Li, Min Zhang, and Ying He Li. "Study on Water Extraction Technology of Litsea cubeba Essential Oil from the Seed of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Assisted by Microwave and Ultrasonic." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1113.

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Evaluated with the yield of litsea cubeba essential oil, water extraction technology of essential oil from the seed of Litsea Cubeba (Lour.) Pers. assisted by microwave and ultrasonic is studied for the first time in this paper. The optimal water extraction technology of litsea cubeba essential oil assisted by pure microwave is as follows: extracting time 40 minutes, microwave power 650 W, solid-liquid ratio 1:4 (g/mL). Average yield of litsea cubeba essential oil is up to 10.287% (g/g) under the above optimal technology. The optimal water extraction technology of litsea cubeba essential oil assisted by microwave together with ultrasonic is as follows: extracting time 8 minutes, microwave power 600 W, solid-liquid ratio 1:7 (g/mL), extracting temperature 85 . Average yield of litsea cubeba essential oil is up to 14.188% under the above optimal technology. Microwave and ultrasonic can effectively enhance the extraction process of litsea cubeba essential oil.

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Yuan, Chao, Ben Guo Liu, Yong Sheng Chen, and Yu Zhen Chen. "Optimization of Preparation of Jujube Juice by Response Surface Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.981.

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The extraction process of jujube juice was optimized based on soluble solid and total acid contents in this study. A central composite design of response surface methodology involving liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, enzyme dosage and extraction temperature was used, and second-order model for the yield was employed to generate the response surface. The optimum condition for the process was determined as follows: liquid-solid ratio 8, extraction time 2.5h, enzyme dosage 0.25%, extraction temperature 50 °C. The soluble solid and total acid contents at the optimum condition were 10.48% and 0.78 %, respectively.

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Yang, Biyun, Mengyuan Zhang, Haiyong Weng, Yong Xu, and Lihui Zeng. "Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) of Kinsenoside Compound from Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)." Molecules 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010193.

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The purpose of this study was to establish an extraction method for the kinsenoside compound from the whole plant Anoectochilus roxburghii. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method were used to extract and determine the content of kinsenoside, while response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process. The best possible range for methanol concentration (0–100%), the liquid-solid ratio (5:1–30:1 mL/g), ultrasonic power (240–540 W), duration of ultrasound (10–50 min), ultrasonic temperature (10–60 °C), and the number of extractions (1–4) were obtained according to the single factor experiments. Then, using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface analysis, the optimum extraction conditions were obtained with 16.33% methanol concentration, the liquid-solid ratio of 10.83:1 mL/g and 35.00 °C ultrasonic temperature. Under these conditions, kinsenoside extraction yield reached 32.24% dry weight. The best conditions were applied to determine the kinsenoside content in seven different cultivation ages in Anoectochilus roxburghii.

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Hughes, David Emlyn, and Keith E. Gunton. "Representing Isocratic Multicomponent Solid-Phase Extraction Data by an Extension of Liquid-Liquid Extraction Theory." Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 7 (April 1995): 1191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00103a009.

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Shintani, H. "Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) of Blood Urea Compared with Liquid-Liquid Extraction Regarding Artifact Formation." Journal of Liquid Chromatography 18, no. 11 (June 1995): 2167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826079508010262.

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Tašev, Krste, Iirina Karadjova, Sonja Arpadjan, Julijana Cvetković, and Trajče Stafilov. "Liquid/liquid extraction and column solid phase extraction procedures for iron species determination in wines." Food Control 17, no. 6 (June 2006): 484–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.02.010.

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Ren, Zhong Jie, Yu Yang, Ya Qin Xu, Xing Guo Li, and Ze Yuan Yu. "Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Blackcurrant Using RSM." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1821.

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Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was applied for polysaccharides from blackcurrant and response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the effects of processing parameters on polysaccharides yields. Three major independent variables such as ultrasonic power (W), extraction time (min), liquid to solid ratio (mL/g) were studied. The optimal extraction conditions of polysaccharides were determined as follows: ultrasonic power 402.2 W, extraction time 25.5 min, liquid to solid ratio 20.3:1 mL/g. Under a modified conditions (ultrasonic power 400W, extraction time 25 min, liquid to solid ratio 20:1 mL/g, the experimental yield of polysaccharides was 11.19%, which was agreed closely with the predicted value (11.24%).

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Hidayah, Nur Nadiatul, and Sumaiya Zainal Abidin. "The evolution of mineral processing in extraction of rare earth elements using solid-liquid extraction over liquid-liquid extraction: A review." Minerals Engineering 112 (October 2017): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.07.014.

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Dzharov, V. V., A. P. Mishra, M. A. Shariati, M. S. Atanassova, and S. Plygun. "PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS IN SOLID–LIQUID EXTRACTION OF AQUEOUS ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF CHICORY (CICHORIUM INTYBUS L.) LEAVES." Food and Raw Materials 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21179/2308-4057-2016-2-32-37.

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Karakose, A., S. Sanli, N. Sanli, and I. Bulduk. "Evaluation of patulin in commercial baby foods by solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography PDA detection." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 33, No. 1 (June 3, 2016): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/198/2014-cjfs.

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Tian, Yao, Yu Yang, Ping Gao, Jin Hong Wang, Ya Qin Xu, and Ze Yuan Yu. "Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Flavonols and Anthocyanins from Blueberry Using RSM." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2423.

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Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method was developed for continued extraction of flavonols and anthocyanins from Blueberry. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize experimental conditions for extraction of flavonols and anthocyanins. Three major independent variables such as ultrasonic power (W), extraction time (min), liquid to solid ratio (mL/g) were studied. The optimal extraction conditions of flavonols and anthocyanins were determined as follows: ultrasonic power 512.7 W, extraction time 29.8 min, liquid to solid ratio 9.5:1 mL /g. Under a modified condition (ultrasonic power 510W, extraction time 30 min, liquid to solid ratio 10:1 mL /g), the experimental yields of flavonols and anthocyanins were 0.806mg/g and 2.903mg/g respectively, which were agreed closely with the predicted values (0.804mg/g and 2.899mg/g).

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Neto, Angelo Capri, and Celio Pasquini. "Flow system for liquid–solid extraction and pre-concentration using a renewable extracting solid phase." Analytica Chimica Acta 472, no. 1-2 (November 2002): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00940-6.

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Silvestro, Luigi, and Simona Rizea Savu. "An update on solid phase-supported liquid extraction." Bioanalysis 7, no. 17 (September 2015): 2177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.15.144.

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Evans, Otis, Betty J. Jacobs, and Arnold L. Cohen. "Liquid–solid extraction of tributyltin from marine samples." Analyst 116, no. 1 (1991): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9911600015.

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Romdhane, M. "Investigation in solid–liquid extraction: influence of ultrasound." Chemical Engineering Journal 87, no. 1 (May 28, 2002): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(01)00206-6.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid-liquid extraction'

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