Journal articles: 'Solid phase content'

1

Shimizu, Yoshihisa, Noboru Takei, and Yutaka Terashima. "Roles of solid components on the sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) onto natural solids from the vapor phase." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0291.

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The sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from the vapor phase was investigated by batch sorption experiments. The role of solid components in natural solids was evaluated with a model solid phase system, consisting of six individual model solid phases (humic acid, montmorillonite, kaolinite, amorphous aluminosilicate gel, amorphous iron oxides, and amorphous manganese oxides) and two binary model solid phases (montmorillonite with amorphous aluminosilicate gel and montmorillonite with amorphous iron oxides). Experimental results indicated that swelling clays, which are represented by the montmorillonite, are a dominant sorbent in natural solids. The amorphous metal oxides of aluminosilicate and iron effectively block the sorption site of the swelling clay. The water associated with model solid phases (i.e., moisture content) reduces the sorption. The reduction rate, normalized with respect to the sorption onto each model solid phase of zero moisture content, is greater for the inorganic model solid phases than for humic acid. The sorption experiments with natural solids observed a greater reduction rate for the natural solid of low organic carbon content. Therefore, it was hypothesized that moisture content of the swelling clays in a natural solid is smaller than that of the organic matter.

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Dubský, Martin, Šárka Chaloupková, Lukáš Kaplan, Stanislava Vondráčková, and Pavel Tlustoš. "Use of solid phase of digestate for production of growing horticultural substrates." Horticultural Science 46, No. 1 (March 29, 2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/221/2016-hortsci.

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Solid phase of digestate (SD) of agricultural biogas plants, containing undecomposed fibrous fractions of organic matter, is usable as a constituent of growing substrates. The content of soluble salts and available nutrients is limiting for SD addition into growing substrates. For addition of SD with initial 80% moisture its content of ammonium nitrogen and available potassium is limiting. The SD with natural moistness can be used in peat based substrates up to 10% volume. The content of ammonium nitrogen during the drying of SD with the use of waste heat from biogas plants is decreased. Optimal proportion of dry SD (dSD) in peat based substrates ranged from 20 to 40% volume. Peat based substrates with 20% volume of dSD had suitable physical and chemical (e.g. content of available potassium<br /> < 300 mg/l) properties. These dSD-peat growing substrates have been successfully tested in greenhouse experiments with pot plants (Petunia, Impatiens, and Pelargonium). The addition of dSD to peat based substrates increased air capacity and decreased easily available water content. However, the basic fertilization of the dSD-peat growing substrates is necessary to optimize the content of nutrients.

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Siegel, J. A., L. Mortelmans, E. van Cutsem, V. van den Maegdenbergh, M. de Roo, and J. L. Urbain. "Effect of Solid-Meal Caloric Content on Gastric Emptying Kinetics of Solids and Liquids." Nuklearmedizin 28, no. 04 (1989): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629481.

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In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the caloric content of a physiological test meal on the gastric emptying kinetics of solids and liquids. 22 healthy male volunteers were studied in two groups matched for age. After an overnight fast, each volunteer underwent the same test procedure; in the first group (G I), 10 volunteers received a meal consisting of bread,111In-DTPA water and 1 scrambled egg labeled with 99mTc-labelled sulphur colloid; in the second group (G II) 12 volunteers were given the same meal but with 2 labeled eggs in order to increase the caloric content of the solid phase meal. Simultaneous anterior and posterior images were recorded using a dualheaded gamma camera. Solid and liquid geometric mean data were analyzed to determine the lag phase, the emptying rate and the half-emptying time for both solids and liquids. Solid and liquid gastric half-emptying times were significantly prolonged in G II compared to G I volunteers. For the solid phased, the delay was accounted for by a longer lag phase and a decrease in the equilibrium emptying rate. The emptying rate of the liquid phase was significantly decreased in G II compared to G I. Within each group, no statistically significant difference was observed between solid and liquid emptying rates. We conclude that the caloric content of the solid portion of a meal not only alters the emptying of the solid phase but also affects the emptying of the liquid component of the meal.

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Shimizu, Y., N. Takei, and Y. Terashima. "Sorption of Organic Pollutants from Vapor Phase: The Effects of Natural Solid Characteristics and Moisture Content." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0388.

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The sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) from vapor phase onto natural solids was investigated by batch sorption experiments. The effects of natural solid characteristics and moisture content on the sorption of TCE vapor were evaluated. As natural solids, six different US EPA soils and sediments were used. The moisture content of each natural solid was adjusted at four different values, including oven-dried condition. The linear sorption coefficients of TCE from the vapor phase (Kd’) were about one to four orders of magnitude greater than those from the aqueous phase. The Kd’ values for the oven-dried natural solids had poor correlation to the organic carbon content of natural solids. These results indicated that the sorption of TCE vapor was not controlled by the organic carbon referenced hydrophobic sorption. The Kd’ values for the oven-dried natural solids, however, correlate well with the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and swelling clay content of natural solids. The interaction of TCE molecules with the exchangeable cations on natural solid surface could be a dominant sorption mechanism. The Kd’ values decreased with increasing the moisture content of natural solids. The water on natural solid surface interferes the vapor-phase sorption of TCE onto the surface cations.

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Vodyanitskii, Yu N., and A. T. Savichev. "Refining Total Oxygen Content in the Solid Soil Phase." Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin 74, no. 3 (July 2019): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0147687419030086.

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Maglia, F., C. Milanese, U. Anselmi-Tamburini, and Z. A. Munir. "Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis microalloying of MoSi2 with Nb and V." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 8 (August 2003): 1842–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0257.

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Microalloying of MoSi2 to form Mo(1−x)MexSi2 (Me = Nb or V) was investigated by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis method. With alloying element contents up to 5 at.%, a homogeneous C11b solid solution was obtained. For higher contents of alloying elements, the product contained both the C11b and the hexagonal C40 phases. The relative amount of the C40 phase increases with an increase in the content of alloying metals in the starting mixture. The alloying element content in the hexagonal C40 Mo(1−x)MexSi2 phase was nearly constant at a level of about 12 at.% for all starting compositions. In contrast, the content of the alloying elements in the tetragonal phase is considerably lower (around 4 at.%) and increases slightly as the Me content in the starting mixture is increased.

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Wachowski, Marcin, Justyna Zygmuntowicz, Robert Kosturek, Katarzyna Konopka, and Waldemar Kaszuwara. "Manufacturing of Al2O3/Ni/Ti Composites Enhanced by Intermetallic Phases." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133510.

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In this study, ceramic–metal composites in the Al2O3/Ti/Ni system were fabricated using the slip casting method. Two series of composites with 15 vol.% metal content and different solid phase contents were obtained and examined. A proper fabrication process allows obtaining composites enhanced by intermetallic phases. The microstructure of the base powders, slurries, and sintered composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Analysis of the sedimentation tendency of slurries was carried out. The phase composition of the sintered samples was examined by X-ray diffraction analysis. A monotonic compression test was used to investigate the mechanical properties of the composites. A fractography investigation was also carried out. The research conducted revealed that the slip casting method allows the obtaining of composites enhanced by intermetallic phases (TiNi, Ni3Ti). The results show the correlation between solid-phase content, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the composites.

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Kang, Jun-Gu, Jun-Ik Son, Ji-Su Min, Mi-Jeong Jang, Young Hyun Kwon, Ha-Nyoung Yoo, Young-Jae Ko, Jun-Hwa Kwon, Tae-Wan Jeon, and Sun-Kyoung Shin. "Analyzing Methods for Biomass Content in the Solid/Gas Phase." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 33, no. 8 (December 30, 2016): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2016.33.8.810.

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9

Capitán-Vallvey, L. F., O. Duque, G. Mirón-Garcı́a, and R. Checa-Moreno. "Determination of protein content using a solid phase spectrophotometric procedure." Analytica Chimica Acta 433, no. 1 (April 2001): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01269-1.

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10

Zhang, D. L., and T. B. Massalski. "Solid state reactions between Pd and Si induced by high energy ball milling." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 1 (January 1994): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.0053.

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Solid state reactions induced by high energy ball milling between Pd and Si have been studied. X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry have been used to characterize the resulting phases. During milling, Pd and Si react by diffusion to form different phases depending on the Si content in the starting mixture. With a low Si content of 19 at. %, an amorphous phase forms of the same composition. On continued milling, this amorphous phase partially crystallizes into Pd9Si2 and Pd2Si compounds. With the Si content equal to or higher than 33 at. %, no amorphous phases were observed. Instead, the Pd2Si phase is produced. For powder composition corresponding to the stoichiometric compound Pd2Si (33 at. % Si), the Pd2Si forms and remains stable during further milling. With Si content equal to or higher than 50 at. %, the initially produced Pd2Si is destabilized by a reaction with the remaining Si to form PdSi, which is a metastable phase at the temperature of ball milling. It is very unlikely that an amorphous phase of a composition equal to or higher than 33 at. % Si could be produced by ball milling in the Pd-Si system. This is because the Pd2Si phase forms very easily through the reaction between Pd and Si, and this reaction competes effectively with glass formation.

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11

Zhu, Bin, Mingmei Zhu, Jie Luo, Xiaofei Dou, Yu Wang, Haijun Jiang, and Bing Xie. "Distribution Behavior of Phosphorus in 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 Solid Solution Phase and Liquid Slag Phase." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081103.

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In this paper, the CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 dephosphorization slag system during the premier and middle stage of the converter process was studied, the effect of slag composition on the distribution ratio and activity coefficient of P in the n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 (recorded as nC2S-C3P) solid solution phase and liquid slag phase in the slag system was studied used by the high temperature experiment in laboratory, the theoretical calculation of thermodynamics, and the scanning electron microscope and the energy dispersive spectrometer (recorded as SEM/EDS). The research results show that when the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the distribution ratio of phosphorus (recorded as LP) in the liquid slag phase increases by 3.34 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, the LP in the liquid slag phase decreases by 94.21%. In the initial slag, when the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the LP decreases by 70.07%. When FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, the LP increases by 6.15 times. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, the LP increased by 10.67 times. When the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the liquid slag phase (recorded as γP2O5(L)) increases by 54.33 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, γP2O5(L) decreases by 99.38%. When the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the solid solution phase (recorded as γP2O5(SS)) in the solid solution phase decreases by 98.85%. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, γP2O5(SS) increases by 1.14 times. When the binary basicity decreases from 3.5 to 2.0, n decreases from 0.438 to 0.404. When the FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, n decreases from 0.477 to 0.319. When the P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, n decreases from 0.432 to 0.164. The decrease of binary basicity and the increase of FeO and P2O5 content in the initial slag can reduce the value of n and enrich more phosphorus in the solid solution phase. The results can not only provide a theoretical basis for industrial production, but also lay a theoretical foundation for finding more effective dephosphorization methods.

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Алтунин, Р. Р., Е. Т. Моисеенко, and С. М. Жарков. "Структурные фазовые превращения при твердофазной реакции в тонких двухслойных пленках Al/Pt." Физика твердого тела 60, no. 7 (2018): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2018.07.46130.352.

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AbstractA sequence of phases forming during the solid-phase reaction in Al/Pt bilayer thin films has been investigated by in situ electron diffraction. It is shown that the amorphous PtAl_2 phase forms first during the solid-phase reaction initiated by heating. Upon further heating, PtAl_2, Pt_2Al_3, PtAl, and Pt_3Al crystalline phases sequentially form, which is qualitatively consistent with an effective formation heat model. The content of phases forming during the reaction has been quantitatively analyzed and the structural phase transformations have been examined.

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Wang, Dao Wu, Xin Xia Feng, Xiao Long Li, and Long Zhang. "Solid-Phase Extraction of Salidroside by Electrospun Nanofibers." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.161.

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Abstract. The article established electrospun nanofibers as extraction medium to enrich and purify salidroside and detected the content changes by high performance liquid chromatography. 4 g polystyrene was dissolved in 20 mL butanone for spinning. The electrospun nanofibers was processed and loaded into solid extraction column. 3 mL sample was injected and eluted by 10 mL methanol at the speed of 2 mL/min, collecting the elution for the HPLC analysis. The results show that the relative content of solidroside increased from 24% to 55% and the extraction recovery was above 92%. The method is simple and convenient. It can replace traditional solid phase extraction to enrich solidroside.

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Bourouina, Amine, Valérie Meille, and Claude de Bellefon. "About Solid Phase vs. Liquid Phase in Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010060.

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A critical review of conclusions about the putative heterogeneous mechanism in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling by supported Pd solids is reported. In the first section, the turnover frequencies (TOF) of 20 well-established homogeneous catalysts are shown to be in the range 200 to 1,000,000,000 h − 1 . The evidences used to prove a heterogeneous mechanism are discussed and another interpretation is proposed, hypothesizing that only the leached species are responsible for the catalytic reaction, even at ppb levels. Considering more than 40 published catalytic systems for which liquid phase Pd content have been reported, activities have been computed based on leached Pd concentrations and are shown to be in the range TOF 150 to 70,000,000 h − 1 . Such values are compatible with those found for the well-established homogeneous catalysts which questions the validity of the conclusions raised by many papers about the heterogeneous (solid) nature of Suzuki-Miyaura catalysis. Last, a tentative methodology is proposed which involves the rational use of well-known tests (hot-filtration test, mercury test…) to help to discriminate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms.

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Yamazaki, Takahiro, Akira Uehara, Katsuya Kozawa, Yoshihide Kimisima, and Masatomo Uehara. "Chemical Phase Separation of Superconductive and Ferromagnetic Domains inZnNNi3−xCox." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/902812.

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Various ZnNyNi3−xCoxcompounds with differing Co content,x, were synthesized, and their magnetic properties were investigated. Uniform solid solutions could not be obtained at low Co content (x<0.75); instead micrometer-scaled ferromagnetic ZnNyNi0.6Co2.4domains formed embedded within a superconductive ZnNNi3bulk, showing chemical phase separation of superconductive ZnNNi3and ferromagnetic ZnNyNi0.6Co2.4. At intermediate levels of Co concentration (0.75<x<2), this two-phase separation might persist, and the superconductive behavior was strongly suppressed in this composition region. Only at high Co concentration (x>2) the uniform ferromagnetic solid solution ZnNyNi3−xCox(with most likelyy=0.5) formed. The phase separation behavior is intrinsic to the system, reflecting the existence of a miscibility gap in ZnNyNi3−xCoxfor the samples withx<2, and was shown not to be attributable to incomplete synthesis. In the two-phased samples, high-quality granular contact between the superconductor and ferromagnet has been realized, suggesting that the production of useful devices requiring high-quality contacts between superconductors and ferromagnets may be possible by making use of this two-phase situation.

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Shishatskii, Y. I., A. A. Derkanosova, and S. A. Tolstov. "Thermodynamics of phase equilibrium in solid-liquid and solid-gas systems." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-30-35.

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The thermodynamic equilibrium of a two-phase system is described by the Gibbs equation, which includes state parameters. On the basis of the Gibbs equation and the combined equation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic potentials are written: internal energy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy. If the two phases are in equilibrium, then the temperatures, pressures and chemical potentials of these phases are equal to each other. Equalities express the conditions of thermal and mechanical equilibrium, as well as the condition for the absence of a driving force for the transfer of a component across the interface. For a two-phase system, the Gibbs-Duhem equation connects the volume and entropy of 1 mole of the mixture, the content of any component, expressed in mole fractions. Extraction from lupine particles with cheese whey (solid-liquid system) is considered. The driving force of the extraction process in the solid-liquid system is the difference between the concentration of the solvent at the surface of the solid C and its average concentration C0 in the bulk of the solution. The concentration at the interface is usually taken to be equal to the concentration of a saturated solution of Cn, since equilibrium is established rather quickly near the surface of a solid. Then the driving force of the process is expressed as Cn – C0. A curve for the extraction of extractives from lupine with cheese whey was plotted by superimposing low-frequency mechanical vibrations.

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Topolov, V. Yu. "Domain type-phase content interrelations in perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solutions." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 77, no. 8 (August 2013): 1020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873813080418.

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Lukanina, Yu K., E. V. Belenko, P. A. Sakharov, and A. V. Khvatov. "Polymeric stabilization of drilling drills with low content of solid phase." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 921 (September 11, 2020): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/921/1/012015.

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Figueiras, Fábio, Joaquim M. Vieira, M. E. Guzik, J. Legendziewicz, Pedro B. Tavares, and Vitor S. Amaral. "The Effects of Ca and Mn Excess Co-Doping in CMR Manganites Solid Solution Structures." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.294.

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A comprehensive study of CMR manganite related phases, particularly those that develop under the effects of Ca and Mn-excess co-doping is undertaken. The relationships between phase composition, processing and observed crystalline structure are investigated for co-precipitated powders of composition La1-xCaxMn1+zO3+δ, thermally treated at 800 and 1000 °C in air for Ca contents of x=0.10 and x=0.15 and Mn content from z=0 up to z=0.88. A relevant structural transition from orthorhombic to rhombohedric symmetry is observed as a function of Mn excess near 25% A site vacancies. This solid solution is in equilibrium with the conjugated phases, either LaMn7O12 at 800°C, or Mn3O4 at 1000°C, respectively. Results suggest that at the polymorphic phase transition the solid solution is stable enough to slow down Mn diffusion into the perovskite cell. Ca-doping introduces stability in the perovskite structure and broadens the domain for phase formation reaction. The solid solution limit of the Ca-manganite solid solution is set above 50% Mn excess.

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Fang, Ming Hao, Jun Tong Huang, Zhao Hui Huang, Yan Gai Liu, Bin Jiang, and Peng Peng. "Solid Phase Synthesis and Sintering Properties of Yttrium Iron Garnet." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.588.

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Single phase YIG powders were synthesized successfully using Fe2O3 and Y2O3 as starting materials by solid state reaction, and YIG ceramics were prepared by pressureless sintering. The influence of synthesizing temperature and Fe2O3 content on the final production were studied The effect of Fe2O3 content on volume density and microstructure of the sintered YIG was also investigated. The results showed that single phase YIG powders were synthesized by solid state reaction at 1400°C for 3h. When Fe2O3 content was excessive 3 wt%, YIG ceramics with a density of 5.294g·cm-3 was fabricated by sintering at 1480°C for 2.5h.

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Martínez-Richa, Antonio, and Regan Silvestri. "Determination of Phase Content in Multiphase Polymers by Solid-State NMR Techniques." Materials Science Forum 714 (March 2012): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.714.51.

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Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has emerged as a relatively facile technique for the characterization of multi-component polymer systems. In particular, it has emerged to be a useful technique for probing the molecular structure, conformation and dynamics of polymer chains at interfaces between phases in various types of multi-component polymer systems including nanomaterials. The usefulness of solid-state NMR stems from its ability to non-destructively probe not only the bulk of the polymer, but moreover its ability to selectively probe the interface or interphase. As such, the technique has been extensively exploited in the study of multi-component polymer systems. To achieve13C spectral resolution in the solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS), dipolar decoupling and cross-polarization are applied which enables the study of individual carbon atoms directly with excellent resolution and sensitivity. Some examples of applications of this technique to the study of multiphase aliphatic polyesters are reviewed herein.

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Xu, H. L., J. Y. Wang, H. Zhang, and J. H. Tay. "A comparative study of anaerobic digestion of food waste in a single pass, a leachate recycle and coupled solid/liquid reactors." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0073.

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A single pass reactor (R1), a leachate recycle reactor (R2) and a coupled solid/liquid bioreactor (R3-Rm) for anaerobic digestion of food waste were comparatively investigated in terms of digestion process and treatment efficiency. The coupled solid/liquid bioreactor is an enhanced two-phase system and distinctive from a traditional two-phase process with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor as the methanogenic phase and a circulation of treated leachate between the acidification and methanogenic phases. In comparison with R1 and R2, R3-Rm enhanced the digestion process and increased the methane content of biogas. 100% of the R3-Rm methane yield was from the methanogenic phase with average methane content of 71%. The significant enhancement was also confirmed by the removal of 79% of total organic carbon (TOC), 60% of volatile solids (VS) and 80% of total COD in 12 days running of R3-Rm. However, no active methane fermentation was detected in R1 and R2 during 60 days operation. The results in this laboratory-scale study show that the rapid accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) due to the rapid acidification of food waste inhibits the development of effective methane fermentation in single pass and leachate recycle reactors. The coupled solid/liquid bioreactor is more efficient in converting food waste into methane and carbon dioxide.

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Skidmore, T. A., and S. J. Milne. "Phase development during mixed-oxide processing of a [Na0.5K0.5NbO3]1−x–[LiTaO3]x powder." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 8 (August 2007): 2265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0281.

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Powders of the solid lead-free piezoelectric ceramic solution [Na0.5K0.5NbO3]1−x–[LiTaO3]x, x = 0.06, were produced using a mixed-oxide process. Phase analysis indicated the formation of an orthorhombic solid solution at 800 °C, which coexisted with intermediate binary niobate and tantalate phases. A tetragonal main-phase solid solution was formed at ⩾950 °C, along with minor quantities of a tungsten bronze phase. Addition of 3 wt% excess alkali carbonates to the starting powders allowed the orthorhombic solid solution to be retained to 1100 °C and prevented formation of the secondary tungsten bronze phase. Elemental chemical analysis confirmed changes in alkali oxide composition, consistent with volatilization losses, particularly of potassium and lithium oxides. Phase stability near the reported morphotropic phase boundary is shown to be sensitive to alkali oxide content.

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Zhou, Yun, and Xiao Qing Zuo. "Modeling Powder Extrusion Pastes for Forming 410L Stainless Metallic Honeycombs." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 2099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2099.

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A thin-wall 410L Stainless metallic honeycomb has been fabricated successfully by extruding and sintering processing. The extruded pastes are a combination of two phases: a solid phase composed of metallic powder carried by a fluid solution of water, binder and additives. The key to forming high quality, defect free honeycombs lies in the optimization of paste properties and is contingent on solids loading and fluid-phase rheology. To develop a model that predicts paste rheology, capillary rheometry was used to characterize powder pastes and binder gels used as the fluid phase. Suspension viscosity models were successfully applied to permit rapid optimization of solids content and binder gel solution for extrusion of honeycombs.

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Yao, Shuang, Liang Zhao, Qun Hu Xue, Wei Liu, and Xue Feng Fu. "The Effect of MgO Stabilizer on the Phase Composition and Microstructure of Zirconia Metering Nozzle Matrix." Key Engineering Materials 871 (January 2021): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.147.

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The phase composition and microstructure of ZrO2 metering nozzle matrix doped with different content stabilizer were researched by XRD, SEM and EDS. Result showed that the content of cubic phase increased accompanied with monoclinic phase decreased after sintering, different content of stabilizer made phase transition not the same; After sintering in the solid solution formed by MgO and ZrO2, with closer location to the MgO particles, substitution degree was more obvious, but the diffusion and solid solution state of the stabilizer were far from uniform.

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Zhang, Z. T., H. P. Nie, and K. Yan. "Sb distribution in the phases of SiO2 saturated Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system in air." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy, no. 00 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb200406030z.

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Sb distribution in the phases of SiO2 saturated Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system has been determined for the first time through high-temperature experiment and quenching techniques, followed by Electron probe X-ray microanalysis(EPMA) in air(Ptot= 1 atm, PO2= 0.21 atm). The phases were quantified in the temperature range of 900?C-1200?C and the effects of Fe/SiO2(mass fraction) and CaO/SiO2(mass fraction) on Sb2O3 content in the Sb-Fe-O-SiO2-CaO system were investigated at 1200?C. The results indicate that the Sb-containing phase primarily existed in the solid solution phase at 1200?C. With the increase of temperature from 1100?C to 1200?C, the Sb2O3 content in the solid solution phase increased drastically from 7.52 wt% to 17.36 wt%. Lowering the values of CaO/SiO2 and Fe/SiO2 in the smelting process effectively reduced Sb2O3 content in the slag. The verification experiment results suggest that the antimony content in slag was 0.57 wt%, the crude antimony yield rate was lower than 4%,and the crude antimony grade was beyond 94 wt%, which can achieve the reduction of antimony content in the slag.

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SOBOLEV, V. L., and V. M. ISHCHUK. "TWO-PHASE NUCLEI IN PARAELECTRIC PHASE OF Pb1-x(Li1/2La1/2)x(Zr1-yTiy)O3 SOLID SOLUTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 24n25 (October 10, 2001): 3366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201007798.

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The phase transition from the paraelectric phase to ordered phases in Pb1-x(Li1/2La1/2)x(Zr1-yTiy)O3 with compositions close to the ferroelectric - antiferroelectric - paraelectric triple point in the Ti-content - temperature phase diagram is studied. X-ray diffraction is used to identify two - phase (antiferroelectric and ferroelectric) nuclei embeded in a paraelectric matrix. The relation between these two-phase nuclei in paraelectric phase and the diffuseness of the phase transition is discussed.

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28

Porkuian, Olga, Vladimir Morkun, and Natalia Morkun. "Measurement of the ferromagnetic component content in the ore suspension solid phase." Ultrasonics 105 (July 2020): 106103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106103.

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29

Syahputra, M. Rio, Ferry F. Karwur, and Leenawaty Limantara. "Analisis Komposisi dan Kandungan Karotenoid Total dan Vitamin A Fraksi Cair dan Padat Minyak Sawit Kasar (CPO) Menggunakan KCKT Detektor PDA." Jurnal Natur Indonesia 10, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jnat.10.2.89-97.

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This study was carried out on two phases of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to determine the total and composition ofcarotenoid and vitamin A content. Total of carotenoid was analyzed using spectrophotometer UV-Vis, and then theresult was calculated by Gross (1991) equation. The vitamin A content was calculated by NAS-NRC equation (1974).The type and composition of both phases of CPO were determined by Choo’s method (1994) by using HPLC withPhoto Diode Array (PDA) detector. The sample was prepared in two methods, with and without saponification. Theresult shows that total carotenoids in liquid and solid phase of CPO are 536 ± 13.2 g/g (liquid), 352 ± 17.7 μg/g(solid) and the vitamin A were 89.4 ± 2.2 RE (liquid), 58.7 ± 3.0 RE (solid), respectively. The carotenoid compositionsof both phases of CPO were dominated by - and -carotenes. The result shows that - and -carotenes preparedby saponification method in liquid phase are 29.03% and 60.88%, and without saponification (direct method) are28.14% and 59.44%. The result for solid phase shows that - and -carotenes by saponification are 25.89% and60.81%, and without saponification (direct method) are 30.00% and 56.92%. The research also shows the advantagesof using HPLC with PDA detector for identification and analysis of type and carotenoid composition.

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30

Orts, William J., David L. VanderHart, Terry L. Bluhm, and Robert H. Marchessault. "Cocrystallization in random copolymers of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) and its effect on crystalline morphology." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-258.

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Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and solid state CPMAS l3C NMR were used to describe the crystalline morphology of a series of bacterially produced poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) copolymers containing random distributions of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV). Modeling of SAXS results showed that the morphology of this isodimorphic system is better described by two phases, crystalline and amorphous, having defects within each domain. This is in contrast to a model with a large interfacial region between phases. For the 3HV composition range 0–27 mol%, the polymer crystallizes in a poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)-type crystalline lattice. Solid state NMR results showed that there is significant incorporation of the 3HV minor component into the poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) crystalline phase over this composition range. The ratio of the 3HV content in the crystalline phase relative to the overall 3HV content is not linear, but increases with increasing 3HV. For the 21 and 27% 3HV samples, the 3HV content in the crystalline phase is as much as 2/3 of the overall 3HV content. Inclusion of 3HV is correlated to an increase in crystalline disorder (as measured by SAXS), implying that it is easier to accommodate the bulkier 3HV comonomer into a crystalline region that already contains defects. Keywords: bacterial polyesters, poly(3-hydroxyalkanates), small-angle X-ray scattering, solid state NMR, cocrystallization.

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31

Burmistrz, Piotr, and Michał Burmistrz. "Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke plant wastewater." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 11 (October 22, 2013): 2414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.506.

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The subject of examinations presented in this paper is the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between solid and liquid phases in samples of raw wastewater and wastewater after treatment. The content of 16 PAHs according to the US EPA was determined in the samples of coke plant wastewater from the Zdzieszowice Coke Plant, Poland. The samples contained raw wastewater, wastewater after physico-chemical treatment as well as after biological treatment. The ΣPHA16 content varied between 255.050 μg L−1 and 311.907 μg L−1 in raw wastewater and between 0.940 and 4.465 μg L−1 in wastewater after full treatment. Investigation of the distribution of PAHs showed that 71–84% of these compounds is adsorbed on the surface of suspended solids and 16–29% is dissolved in water. Distribution of individual PAHs and ΣPHA16 between solid phase and liquid phase was described with the use of statistically significant, linear equations. The calculated values of the partitioning coefficient Kp changed from 0.99 to 7.90 for naphthalene in samples containing mineral-organic suspension and acenaphthylene in samples with biological activated sludge, respectively.

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32

Xu, Jingyuan, Zhanghua Lian, Jian Hu, and Min Luo. "Prediction of the Maximum Erosion Rate of Gas–Solid Two-Phase Flow Pipelines." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102773.

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Erosion is one of the important reasons for the thickness decrease and perforation of the pipe walls. Understanding the gas–solid two-phase flow pipe erosion mechanism is the basis for monitoring pipe erosion. According to the structural characteristics and working conditions of the gas–solid two-phase flow pipeline in a gas transmission station, a gas–solid two-phase flow pipe erosion finite element model was established and validated by combining it with field test data. Then, the gas–solid two-phase flow pipeline erosion characteristics under different pressures, solid contents, throttle valve openings, and pipe diameters were studied. On this basis, a maximum erosion rate prediction equation was put forward after verification by using actual wall thickness detection data. Results show the following: (1) The absolute error of the maximum erosion rate between the model results and the test datum is ≤10.75%. (2) The outer cambered surface of the bend after the throttle valve is the most seriously eroded areas. (3) The maximum erosion rate increases with pressure, solid content and throttle valve opening increasing, but, along with the change of the pipe diameter, the maximum erosion rate increases at first and then decreases with pipe diameter increasing for throttle valve openings of 20% and 30%, and it decreases with pipe diameter increasing for a throttle valve opening of 50%. (4) A maximum erosion rate prediction equation, involving pressure, solid content, opening of the throttle valve, and pipe diameter, is proposed and is verified that the absolute percentage error between the prediction equation calculation results and the field test datum is ≤11.11%. It would seem that this maximum erosion rate prediction equation effectively improves the accuracy of predicting the gas–solid two-phase flow pipe erosion rate in a gas transmission station.

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Cvijić, Marko, and Janvit Golob. "Preparation of a solid product with high water content and water retention properties." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2020-0023.

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AbstractThis work presents the development of a solid product with a high water content (99.08%) and water retention properties. Water was chosen as a potential carrier of a volatile active substance and water retaining properties of material were studied at a temperatures and relative air humidity values with the support of the theory of drying. The study first confirmed the role of Gibbs’ phase rule in the research of solid-gas phase equilibrium, and second presented drying kinetics developed from Fick’s second law and expressed with the first term of the Fourier equation. Solutions of equations for phase equilibrium and mass transfer enabled the calculation of Luikov’s parameters, which are important for equilibrium relations and for the diffusivity of water in a solid for mass transfer prediction. The obtained thermodynamic and kinetic parameters enabled product characterisation that may be important for the prediction of retention times.

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Pohorenko, Yuliia, Anatoliy Omel’chuk, and Anton Nagornyi. "CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLID SOLUTIONS Pb0,86 xSmxSn1,14F4+x." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 87, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.87.01.2021.13-22.

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In the PbF2 – SmF3 – SnF2 system, heterovalent substitution solid solutions Pb0.86-xSmxSn1,14F4+x (0 < x ≤ 0.15) with the structure β-PbSnF4 are formed. The unit cell parameters of solid solutions are satisfactorily described by Vegard’s rules. The electrical conductivity of the obtained samples decreases in the entire temperature range compared to Pb0.86Sn1.14F4 due to the introduction of SmF3 (at x≤0.08) in the initial structure. It brings them closer to the values of the electrical conductivity of β-PbSnF4. However, at temperatures above 520 K, the electrical conductivity of solid solutions is almost twice higher than that of the initial phase Pb0.86Sn1.14F4 (σ553 = 0.054 and 0.023 S/cm, respectively). The electrical conductivity of solid solutions increases with the Sm3+ content, reaching maximum values at x = 0.1. The Pb0.76Sm0.10Sn1.14F4.10 phases have the highest electrical conductivity and the lowest activation energy (σ373 = 1.08 • 10-2 S/cm). The substitution of Pb2+ ions by Sm3+ ions in the fluoride-conducting phase Pb0,86Sn1,14F4 helps to increase the electrical conductivity by almost an order of magnitude compared to the initial phase and by two orders of magnitude compared to β-PbSnF4. The ionic conductivity activation energy increases in the low-temperature region generally with increasing the SmF3 content and decreases proportionally at temperatures above 430 K. The nature of the dependence of the activation energy on the concentration of the heterovalent substituent and its value indicate that the conductivity of the obtained samples is provided by highly mobile interstitial fluoride ions in the structure of solid solutions. The Hebb-Wagner polarization saturation method was used to determine the electronic conductivity of the samples. It is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the ionic one. The fluorine ion transfer numbers are 0.99 and do not depend on the substituent content.

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35

Gogola, Peter, Zuzana Gabalcová, Martin Kusý, and Henrich Suchánek. "The Effect of Sn Addition on Zn-Al-Mg Alloy; Part I: Microstructure and Phase Composition." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185404.

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In this study, the addition of Sn on the microstructure of Zn 1.6 wt.% Al 1.6 wt.% Mg alloy was studied. Currently, the addition of Sn into Zn-Al-Mg based systems has not been investigated in detail. Both as-cast and annealed states were investigated. Phase transformation temperatures and phase composition was investigated via DSC, SEM and XRD techniques. The main phases identified in the studied alloys were η(Zn) and α(Al) solid solutions as well as Mg2Zn11, MgZn2 and Mg2Sn intermetallic phases. Addition of Sn enabled the formation of Mg2Sn phase at the expense of MgxZny phases, while the overall volume content of intermetallic phases is decreasing. Annealing did not change the phase composition in a significant way, but higher Sn content allowed more effective spheroidization and agglomeration of individual phase particles.

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36

Giese, S., A. Bezold, M. Pröbstle, A. Heckl, S. Neumeier, and M. Göken. "The Importance of Diffusivity and Partitioning Behavior of Solid Solution Strengthening Elements for the High Temperature Creep Strength of Ni-Base Superalloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 12 (October 7, 2020): 6195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-06028-0.

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AbstractThe creep resistance of single-crystalline Ni-base superalloys at elevated temperatures depends among others on solid solution strengthening of the γ-matrix. To study the influence of various solid solution strengtheners on the mechanical properties, a series of Ni-base superalloys with the same content of different alloying elements (Ir, Mo, Re, Rh, Ru, W) or element combinations (MoW, ReMo, ReW) was investigated. Nanoindentation measurements were performed to correlate the partitioning behavior of the solid solution strengtheners with the hardness of the individual phases. The lowest γ′/γ-hardness ratio was observed for the Re-containing alloy with the strongest partitioning of Re to the γ-matrix. As a result of the creep experiments in the high-temperature/low-stress regime (1373 K (1100 °C)/140 MPa), it can be concluded that solid solution hardening in the γ-phase plays an essential role. The stronger the partitioning to the γ-phase and the lower the interdiffusion coefficient of the alloying element, the better the creep resistance. Therefore, the best creep behavior is found for alloys containing high contents of slow-diffusing elements that partition preferably to the γ-phase, particularly Re followed by W and Mo.

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37

Stamenkovic, Ivica, Olivera Stamenkovic, Ivana Bankovic-Ilic, Miodrag Lazic, Vlada Veljkovic, and Dejan Skala. "The gas holdup in a multiphase reciprocating plate column filled with carboxymethylcellulose solutions." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 12 (2005): 1533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0512533s.

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Gas holdup was investigated in a gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reciprocating plate column (RPC) under various operation conditions. Aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt, CMC) solutions were used as the liquid phase, the solid phase was spheres placed into interplate spaces, and the gas phase was air. The gas holdup in the RPC was influenced by: the vibration intensity, i.e., the power consumption, the superficial gas velocity, the solids content and the rheological properties of the liquid phase. The gas holdup increased with increasing vibration intensity and superficial gas velocity in both the two- and three-phase system. With increasing concentration of the CMC PP 50 solution (Newtonian fluid), the gas holdup decreased, because the coalescence of the bubbles was favored by the higher liquid viscosity. In the case of the CMC PP 200 solutions (non-Newtonian liquids), the gas holdup depends on the combined influence of the rheological properties of the liquid phase, the vibration intensity and the superficial gas velocity. The gas holdup in the three-phase systems was greater than that in the two-phase ones under the same operating conditions. Increasing the solids content has little influence on the gas holdup. The gas holdup was correlated with the power consumption (either the time-averaged or total power consumption) and the superficial gas velocity.

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38

Kim, Han Sol, and Won Yong Kim. "Mechanical Property and Elastic Modulus of Metastable Ti-Nb Based Alloys with Si Addition." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1427.

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Mechanical Property and elastic modulus of Ti-Nb based alloys with various Si content, prepared by water quenching from high temperature β phase field, cold rolling and recrystallization heat treatment followed by water quenching, were investigated in terms of tensile test and resonance vibration method. TEM observations revealed that in addition to orthorhombic structured α" phase and bcc structured β phase, an intermediate ω phase is characterized in the microstructure. The volume fraction ratio of constituent phases was dependent upon Nb and Si contents. In as-quenched samples yield strength increased with increasing Si content. This propensity was similar to the cold rolled alloys. In recrystallized samples however, yield strength decreased slightly with increasing Si content even though the alloy containing higher Si content showed smaller grain size. From these results, it is found that strength of the present alloy influences largely on solid solution hardening and phase stability but does weakly on grain size. Yield strength of cold rolled sample was higher than as-quenched and recrystallized samples. Elastic modulus values were measured to 55GPa, 63GPa and 44GPa for as-quenched, cold rolled and recrystallized samples, respectively. The variations of yield strength and elastic modulus values were interpreted in terms of changes in microstructure as well as grain size and phase stability.

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39

Tsau, Chun-Huei, Chen-Yu Yeh, and Meng-Chi Tsai. "The Effect of Nb-Content on the Microstructures and Corrosion Properties of CrFeCoNiNbx High-Entropy Alloys." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 3716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223716.

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This work studied the effect of niobium-content on the microstructures, hardness, and corrosion properties of CrFeCoNiNbx alloys. Results indicated that the microstructures of these alloys changed from granular structures (CrFeCoNi alloy) to the hypereutectic structures (CrFeCoNiNb0.2 and CrFeCoNi0.4 alloys), and then to the hypoeutectic microstructures (CrFeCoNiNb0.6 and CrFeCoNi alloys). The lattice constants of the major two phases in these alloys, fcc and Laves phases (hcp), increased with the increasing of Nb-content because of solid-solution strengthening. The hardness of CrFeCoNiNbx alloys also had the same tendency. Adding niobium would slightly lessen the corrosion resistance of CrFeCoNiNbx alloys in 1 M deaerated sulfuric acid and 1 M deaerated sodium chloride solutions, but the CrFeCoNiNbx alloys still had better corrosion resistance in comparison with commercial 304 stainless steel. In these dual-phased CrFeCoNiNbx alloys, the fcc phase was more severely corroded than the Laves phase after polarization tests in these two solutions.

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Putri, Soraya Annisa, Akbar Nugroho Confera, Syafrudin Syafrudin, and Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan. "Compost Solid-phase Microbial Fuel Cell (CSMFC) Performance using Graphene and Graphite as Electrodes." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 17, no. 3 (November 27, 2020): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v17i3.324-333.

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Organic waste is a type of waste produced by many sector, which need to managed appropriately. During its development, composting is one of the organic waste management efforts that is often be applied, Another alternative organic waste management in the form of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) has emerged. Several researchers conducted studies on MFC performance which was influenced by many factors, especially the electrode which contributes to the electron transfer process. This study has a concern about energy optimization through CSMFC technology using different electrode’s material. Electrode materials from Graphene and Graphit has good electro-conductivity and has a large surface area, making it suitable for bacteria to adhere. The sampled reactors are consists of two types of electrodes in the form of graphite and graphene. Each materials has anode and cathode ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The samples measured into three kinds, which called a mature compost measurement, electrochemical measurement, and biochemical measurement. Some collected sampling data were then processed and analyzed statistically using SPSS software. The processed and analyzed data included the calculation of power density, total N, C/N ratio, and moisture content. Any data like voltage (V) and electric current (I) are needed to obtain a power density. The highest average voltage, current, power and power density are produced by the N3 reactor (graphene 3:1) that is 269 x 10-3 V, 163 x 10-6 A, 56 x 10-6 Watt and 1.914 x 10-3 W / m2. There is no significant effect of variations in the type of electrode (graphite and graphene) on CSMFC performances.

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41

Nguyen, Giang Tien, Du Huy Nguyen, and Mai Anh Nguyen. "Synthesis of the reversed stationary phase for solid phase extraction using trimethoxyoctadecyl silane." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i1.536.

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Octadecyl grafting silica was synthesized using trimethoxyoctadecyl silane. Reaction conditions were optimized so that the carbon percentage of resulted material was similar to that of commercial products. Temperature and catalyst played very important roles in the reaction. The material was also undergone the end-capping process to reduce unreacted silanol groups. Final product owned 14.1 % of carbon content and 75 % of the unreacted silanols. Retention behavior of product was tested and compared to the same noes available on the market. Results showed that both resulted material and commercial had the same retention properties.

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42

Dybowski, Bartlomiej, Tomasz Rzychoń, and Bartosz Chmiela. "The Influence of Strontium on the Microstructure of Cast Magnesium Alloys Containing Aluminum and Calcium." Key Engineering Materials 607 (April 2014): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.607.37.

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The influence of strontium addition on the microstructure of a Mg-9Al-2Ca alloy was investigated. The microstructure of Mg-9Al-2Ca-xSr alloys consists of α-Mg, (Mg,Al)2Ca with C15 structure, Al4Sr and AlxMny phases. The addition of strontium decreases the grain size of the α-Mg phase and decreases the aluminum content dissolved in the α-Mg solid solution. Moreover, the volume fraction of the Al4Sr phase increases with increasing strontium content. Strontium does not influence on the volume fraction of (Mg,Al)2Ca phase.

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43

Ya, Мianovska, Projdak Yu, Kamkina L, Ankudinov R, Babenko O, and Кirichok V. "Solid phase reaction between components of the charge in the areas burning solid fuel and features of formation liquid phase." 2,2020 (125) 2,2020, no. 2,2020 (125) (March 2020): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.2.2020.04.

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Objective. The influence of solid-phase reactions in the agglomerated charge layer on the quality of manganese ag-glomerate is considered. Research methodology. Thermodynamic analysis was used to establish the predominance of reactions. The phase (mineral) composition of manganese concentrates and the experimental agglomerate was investigated by X-ray diffraction method on a DRON-2 diffractometer in monochromatic Cuα radiation. The interplanar distances at the corresponding values of the X-ray reflection intensity from the investigated samples of concentrates and agglomerate were determined by comparing the obtained data with the corresponding tabular data given in the reference books on X-ray diffraction analysis of substances. Sintering of the experimental agglomerate was performed on a laboratory agglomeration bowl. Research results. It is established that the dissociation of higher manganese oxides begins at relatively low temperatures and proceeds in stages to the formation of MnO. Since the chemical affinity of manganese for oxygen is significant, reduction to metallic Mn was not observed, as this requires a high content of reducing agent and a reducing atmosphere, which is difficult to achieve in real agglomeration processes. Dissociation of rhodochrosite carbonate concentrate and gradual dissociation of dolomitized limestone leads to an increase in CO2 content in the atmosphere. Slag bonds are represented by compounds Mn2SiO4, MnO • Al2O3, Mg2SiO4, CaO • MgO • SiO2, 2CaO • SiO2. Thermodynamic calculations show that at moderate temperatures, compounds such as calcium ferrites are not formed, which is likely for the interaction between basic flux oxides and manganese oxides. Scientific novelty. Studies have shown that CaO does not completely convert to a slag bond, and even with a basicity of order 1, there is undigested lime. White spots are formed in the structure of the finished agglomerate. Such an agglomerate during transportation and storage loses strength and a large amount of trifles is formed..

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Ma, Chao, Xiao Dong Chen, Yin Qiu Kong, and Li Ming Che. "Phase Diagram of Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) Composed of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Gelatin." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.286.

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Phase diagram of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and gelatin is of paramount importance for the application of such system in microencapsulation of bioactive compounds. Phase separation of PEG/gelatin aqueous solution was investigated in the present work and the phase diagram of resultant ATPS was reported for the first time. The results show that phase separation will happen if the solid content of PEG/gelatin aqueous solution is higher than a critical value, resulting in an ATPS. The resultant ATPS consists of a low-density phase enriched in PEG and a dense phase enriched in gelatin. The phase compositions of the resultant ATPS were determined accurately using the method developed. The phase diagrams obtained show that higher solid content is required for the phase separation of PEG10,000/gelatin aqueous solution when compared with that of PEG20,000/gelatin one. And PEG is found to be more hydrophilic when compared with gelatin.

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45

Xu, Ch F., K. H. Chen, Z. F. Gu, L. Y. Cheng, D. D. Ma, G. Cheng, G. H. Rao, and Q. R. Yao. "Phase diagram of the Nd2Fe14B–Sm2Fe14B pseudo-binary system." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715022062.

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The phase relations in the (1−x)Nd2Fe14B–xSm2Fe14B system over the whole concentration range have been studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Crystal structure parameters for all studied compositions of (Nd1−xSmx)2Fe14B have been determined by full-profile Rietveld refinements. These results revealed that all intermediate alloys of (Nd1−xSmx)2Fe14B are similar to the end member of the investigated system, Nd2Fe14B, with a tetragonal structure (space groupP42/mnm). The formation of continuous solid solutions has been found in this system. The normalized lattice parameters and unit-cell volumes of (Nd1−xSmx)2Fe14B solid solutions decrease linearly with increasing Sm content. The DTA measurements show that the melting temperature of (Nd1−xSmx)2Fe14B increases linearly with increasing Sm content and no metastable phases were detected. Based on the DTA data and XRD results, a tentative phase diagram for the pseudo-binary system Nd2Fe14B–Sm2Fe14B has been constructed.

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Chang, Fei, Zhong Bing He, and Quan Zhou. "Solid-Phase Preparation of Al-TiO2 for Efficient Separation of Bioderived Product Danshensu." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8579528.

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Four kinds of Al-TiO2 solid samples with different Ti/Al ratios of 1 : 0.1, 1 : 0.09, 1 : 0.07, and 1 : 0.05 were synthesized via a solid-phase synthesis method and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, BET, and other techniques. The prepared solids were used for separation of the bioderived product danshensu, the content of which was determined by UV spectrophotometry. Moreover, the effects of extract concentration, PH value, adsorption time, and ethanol elution volume were investigated. The results showed that these Al-TiO2 samples had good adsorption and desorption ability. Especially, the solid Al-TiO2 with a Ti/Al ratio of 1 : 0.05 is more suitable for the separation of danshensu, exhibiting a higher adsorption (77.70%) under 2 h adsorption time and pH = 3; meanwhile, the high desorption rate (70.29%）was received under 80% ethanol and the sample concentration of 3.0 mg/mL.

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47

Stolper, Edward M., Oliver Shorttle, Paula M. Antoshechkina, and Paul D. Asimow. "The effects of solid-solid phase equilibria on the oxygen fugacity of the upper mantle." American Mineralogist 105, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7162.

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Abstract Decades of study have documented several orders of magnitude variation in the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of terrestrial magmas and of mantle peridotites. This variability has commonly been attributed either to differences in the redox state of multivalent elements (e.g., Fe3+/Fe2+) in mantle sources or to processes acting on melts after segregation from their sources (e.g., crystallization or degassing). We show here that the phase equilibria of plagioclase, spinel, and garnet lherzolites of constant bulk composition (including whole-rock Fe3+/Fe2+) can also lead to systematic variations in fO2 in the shallowest ~100 km of the mantle. Two different thermodynamic models were used to calculate fO2 vs. pressure and temperature for a representative, slightly depleted peridotite of constant composition (including total oxygen). Under subsolidus conditions, increasing pressure in the plagioclase-lherzolite facies from 1 bar up to the disappearance of plagioclase at the lower pressure limit of the spinel-lherzolite facies leads to an fO2 decrease (normalized to a metastable plagioclase-free peridotite of the same composition at the same pressure and temperature) of ~1.25 orders of magnitude. The spinel-lherzolite facies defines a minimum in fO2 and increasing pressure in this facies has little influence on fO2 (normalized to a metastable spinel-free peridotite of the same composition at the same pressure and temperature) up to the appearance of garnet in the stable assemblage. Increasing pressure across the garnet-lherzolite facies leads to increases in fO2 (normalized to a metastable garnet-free peridotite of the same composition at the same pressure and temperature) of ~1 order of magnitude from the low values of the spinel-lherzolite facies. These changes in normalized fO2 reflect primarily the indirect effects of reactions involving aluminous phases in the peridotite that either produce or consume pyroxene with increasing pressure: Reactions that produce pyroxene with increasing pressure (e.g., forsterite + anorthite ⇄ Mg-Tschermak + diopside in plagioclase lherzolite) lead to dilution of Fe3+-bearing components in pyroxene and therefore to decreases in normalized fO2, whereas pyroxene-consuming reactions (e.g., in the garnet stability field) lead initially to enrichment of Fe3+-bearing components in pyroxene and to increases in normalized fO2 (although this is counteracted to some degree by progressive partitioning of Fe3+ from the pyroxene into the garnet with increasing pressure). Thus, the variations in normalized fO2 inferred from thermodynamic modeling of upper mantle peridotite of constant composition are primarily passive consequences of the same phase changes that produce the transitions from plagioclase → spinel → garnet lherzolite and the variations in Al content in pyroxenes within each of these facies. Because these variations are largely driven by phase changes among Al-rich phases, they are predicted to diminish with the decrease in bulk Al content that results from melt extraction from peridotite, and this is consistent with our calculations. Observed variations in FMQ-normalized fO2 of primitive mantle-derived basalts and peridotites within and across different tectonic environments probably mostly reflect variations in the chemical compositions (e.g., Fe3+/Fe2+ or bulk O2 content) of their sources (e.g., produced by subduction of oxidizing fluids, sediments, and altered oceanic crust or of reducing organic material; by equilibration with graphite- or diamond-saturated fluids; or by the effects of partial melting). However, we conclude that in nature the predicted effects of pressure- and temperature-dependent phase equilibria on the fO2 of peridotites of constant composition are likely to be superimposed on variations in fO2 that reflect differences in the whole-rock Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios of peridotites and therefore that the effects of phase equilibria should also be considered in efforts to understand observed variations in the oxygen fugacities of magmas and their mantle sources.

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48

Slámová, Margarita, P. Sláma, and Miroslav Cieslar. "The Influence of Alloy Composition on Phase Transformations and Recrystallization in Twin-Roll Cast Al-Mn-Fe Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.365.

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Twin-roll casting (TRC) is an advantageous substitution for Direct-Chill (DC) casting in the manufacturing of rolled aluminium products. The results of a study of the phase transformations and their interaction with recrystallization occurring during the annealing of TRC Al-Mn based alloys are reported. Four alloys with different contents of Mn, Si and Fe were investigated. Precipitation was studied by resistometric measurements in the course of a heating at linear rate. The microstructural processes responsible for the observed changes in resistivity were identified by TEM examinations of quenched specimens. The changes in the microstructure and solute content during homogenisations at 450°C and 610°C were monitored by conductivity and hardness measurements and polarised light microscopy. It was elucidated that the temperature and kinetics of phase transformations are influenced not only by the content of Mn, but also by Si content. In alloys with low Si content, the decomposition of solid solution and the transformation of primary phases occur in much larger temperature range than in the alloys with high Si content. The precipitation of Mn and Si, concurrent to recrystallization, was observed to retard the latter, especially in alloys with high Mn and Si content.

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49

Jordáková, I., J. Dobiáš, M. Voldich, and J. Poustka. "Determination of vinyl chloride monomer in food contact materials by solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 21, No. 1 (November 18, 2011): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3472-cjfs.

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The present study concerns the optimisation of the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS/SPME) combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the vinyl chloride monomer determination. Samples of PVC materials were analysed using the Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane (CX/PDMS) 75 µm fibre. For this fibre, the achieved limit of detection was 0.05 µg/kg, and that of quantification 0.17 µg/kg, respectively, with RSD 5%. The levels of VCM found ranged from 0.29 to 0.44 mg/kg, in the case of foil, the VCM content determined was 3.65 mg/kg which means that the maximal limit allowed was exceeded.  

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50

Yang, Fei Hua, Qiang Zhang, Chun Ping Li, Jia Yu Zhan, and Hong Yu Zhang. "Heavy Metals Distribution in Gas and Solid Phases during Refuse Derived Fuel Incineration." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1164.

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Using the self-made experimental device, when MSW RDF was incinerated at temperature of 500°C ~900°C for 60min, Hg almost evaporated into the gas phase. With the increase of incineration temperature, concentration of 6 kinds of heavy metals in the gas phase increased and in the solid phase reduced significantly. The addition of 5% chlorine can make the concentration in gas phase of 8 kinds of heavy metal increased and heavy metal content of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg in the solid phase decreased sharply. When the content of organic chlorine increased to a certain extent, no-volatile heavy metals such as Ni, Cr, concentration in the gas phase increased by about 30%. Compared with adding 5% PVC, the difference of adding 10% PVC is not significant. For Pb, Zn, concentrations in the gas phase increased and in the solid phase decreased slightly with water increasing, but effects on Cu were smaller, while on Hg, Cd, Ni, Cr, almost no effects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid phase content'

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