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1
Jia, Mingxun, Tunan Li, Daotong Yang, Luhua Lu, Limei Duan, Jinghai Liu, and Tong Wu. "Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Challenges." Batteries 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2023): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9100488.
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The lithium-sulfur battery has garnered significant attention from both researchers and industry due to its exceptional energy density and capacity. However, the conventional liquid electrolyte poses safety concerns due to its low boiling point, hence, research on liquid electrolytes has gradually shifted towards solid electrolytes. The polymer electrolyte exhibits significant potential for packaging flexible batteries with high energy density owing to its exceptional flexibility and processability, but it also has inherent disadvantages such as poor ionic conductivity, high crystallinity, and lack of active groups. This article critically examines recent literature to explore two types of polymer electrolytes, namely gel polymer electrolyte and solid polymer electrolyte. It analyzes the impact of polymers on the formation of lithium dendrites, addresses the challenges posed by multiple interfaces, and investigates the underlying causes of capacity decay in polymer solid-state batteries. Clarifying the current progress and summarizing the specific challenges encountered by polymer-based electrolytes will significantly contribute to the development of polymer-based lithium-sulfur battery. Finally, the challenges and prospects of certain polymer solid electrolytes in lithium-sulfur battery are examined, thereby facilitating the commercialization of solid polymer electrolytes.
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Kim, A.-yeon, Hun-Gi Jung, Hyeon-Ji Shin, and Jun tae Kim. "Binderless Sheet-Type Oxide-Sulfide Composite Solid Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024745mtgabs.
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Lithium-ion batteries have been used as energy sources not only for small electronic devices but also for high-capacity and high-energy-density applications such as electric vehicles. However, the use of flammable organic liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries has raised safety concerns in various applications. Therefore, solid-state batteries using flame-retardant inorganic materials are considered a more reasonable direction for future energy sources due to their high safety and high energy density. Solid electrolytes(SEs) are divided into oxide-based, sulfide-based, and polymer-based. Each solid electrolyte has its own advantages and disadvantages. Oxide-based solid electrolytes (e.g., Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3 (LLTO), Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP)) are air-stable and exhibit excellent electrochemical properties over a wide potential range. However, their high interfacial resistance may limit their practical application as batteries. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes (e.g., Li6PS5X (X=Cl, Br, I), Li10GeP2S12, (100-x)Li2S-xP2S5)) have high ionic conductivity, ductile properties, low interfacial resistance, and good room temperature workability. However, they are vulnerable to atmospheric instability, which can produce toxic gases such as H2S, and are relatively electrochemically unstable with Li metal. Polymer-based solid electrolytes, such as those made from polymers like PEO, PVDF, PAN, etc. that are compounded with other solid electrolytes (oxides, sulfides, etc.), offer the advantage of being able to form solid electrolyte membranes over large areas. But they have low ionic conductivity and weak mechanical properties of the polymer itself, limiting their practical application. To apply solid-state batteries to practical high-energy density energy storage devices such as electric vehicles, high ion conductivity, electrochemical stability, high mechanical properties, and large area formation of the electrolyte layer are essential. Solid electrolytes are mainly formed in powder form, and without a polymer binder, it is limited to apply as a film for large-capacity storage devices. Here, we fabricated a freestanding sheet-type Al-LLZO oxide-based solid electrolyte that forms a 3D network without a polymer material using an electrospinning method. In addition, we prepared a oxide-sulfide composite solid electrolyte membrane by impregnating LPSCl sulfide-based solid electrolyte into the Al-LLZO solid electrolyte sheet. As a result, This process removed the polymer and improved both the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. Furthermore, it was possible to achieve both large-area and film characteristics without the need for a polymer.
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Ponam and Parshuram Singh. "Synthesis and characterization of PEO and PVDF based polymer electrolytes with Mg(NO3)2 ionic salt as ionic conductivity improver." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2062, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2062/1/012031.
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Abstract The demand for solid polymer electrolytes is increasing continuously because of their better mechanical properties, stability, and strength while compared with liquid or gel electrolytes. However, the polymers are having poor ionic conductivity that can be improved by adding ionic salt during solid electrolyte production. Further, not all the electrolytes are compatible with polymers also the concentration of ionic salt beyond some limit not only decrease the ionic conductivity of solid electrolyte but also decrease the strength as well. In the present work, the mixture of two different polymers (10% PEO and 90% PVDF) is selected as the parent polymer for the production of solid polymer electrolytes. Mg(NO3)2 is used as ionic salt to increase the ionic conductivity and other properties of electrolytes. The concentration of Mg(NO3)2 is taken in 10%, 15%, and 20% (w%w) to the parent polymer, and the effects are analyzed on ionic conductivity. It is found that the addition of Mg(NO3)2 improves the ionic conductivity of electrolytes with a higher rate initially but the rate of increase of ionic conductivity decreases after 15%. Further, better thermal conduction and other properties are observed for the electrolyte having a 15% Mg(NO3)2 concentration. The detailed results are given in the present work.
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Dolle, Mickael, Lea Caradant, Nina Verdier, Gabrielle Foran, Paul Nicolle, David Lepage, Arnaud Prébé, and David Aymé-Perrot. "(Invited) Polymer Blends As Electrolytes in All-Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 6 (August 28, 2023): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-016994mtgabs.
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Advantages of polymer electrolytes include material flexibility, good interfacial compatibility and easy processability. However, these materials typically possess room temperature ionic conductivities, oxidation stability windows and mechanical strengths that are too low for them to be useful electrolyte materials in all-solid-state batteries (ASSB). One reason for this is that polymer properties that favor improved ionic conductivity such as high polymer chain mobility are generally not compatible with good mechanical strength making these properties difficult to optimize simultaneously. One strategy that has been investigated to this effect is polymer blending. The idea is that polymers with good ionic conductivity can be blended with thermoplastic or elastomeric materials that have high mechanical resistance to create a new electrolyte material with the properties of its combined parts. In this work, polymers with good ionic conductivity were combined with thermoplastic materials with high mechanical strength via melt processing methods to yield solid polymer electrolytes. The resultant electrolyte materials show promising results when implemented in composite electrodes and electrolytes for use in ASSB which will be discussed in this talk.
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Kanai, Yamato, Koji Hiraoka, Mutsuhiro Matsuyama, and Shiro Seki. "Chemically and Physically Cross-Linked Inorganic–Polymer Hybrid Solvent-Free Electrolytes." Batteries 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2023): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9100492.
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Safe, self-standing, all-solid-state batteries with improved solid electrolytes that have adequate mechanical strength, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability are strongly desired. Hybrid electrolytes comprising flexible polymers and highly conductive inorganic electrolytes must be compatible with soft thin films with high ionic conductivity. Herein, we propose a new type of solid electrolyte hybrid comprising a glass–ceramic inorganic electrolyte powder (Li1+x+yAlxTi2−xSiyP3−yO12; LICGC) in a poly(ethylene)oxide (PEO)-based polymer electrolyte that prevents decreases in ionic conductivity caused by grain boundary resistance. We investigated the cross-linking processes taking place in hybrid electrolytes. We also prepared chemically cross-linked PEO/LICGC and physically cross-linked poly(norbornene)/LICGC electrolytes, and evaluated them using thermal and electrochemical analyses, respectively. All of the obtained electrolyte systems were provided with homogenous, white, flexible, and self-standing thin films. The main ionic conductive phase changed from the polymer to the inorganic electrolyte at low temperatures (close to the glass transition temperature) as the LICGC concentration increased, and the Li+ ion transport number also improved. Cyclic voltammetry using [Li metal|Ni] cells revealed that Li was reversibly deposited/dissolved in the prepared hybrid electrolytes, which are expected to be used as new Li+-conductive solid electrolyte systems.
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Sadeghzadeh, Rozita, Mickaël Dollé, David Lepage, Arnaud Prébé, Gabrielle Foran, and David Aymé-Perrot. "(Digital Presentation) Post-Treatment Study on Blended Polymer for Solid-State Lithium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272468mtgabs.
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The widely used Li batteries (LiBs) is the most established rechargeable energy storage device. Therefore, the development of new electrode and electrolyte materials is essential for improving battery performance. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been presented as safer alternatives for liquid electrolytes as they tend to be non-flammable, have enough mechanical strength to resist dendrite growth, and do not leak. However, these materials tend to be less conductive than liquid electrolytes. This problem can be solved by solid-state gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), which have lately received more attention. In fact, present a possible solution to this dilemma as they combine the ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the increased safety of SPE to develop of electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and good mechanical stability.1 This work presents a preparation of in-situ GPE from SPE which produce by dry process in order to take advantage of the easy processability of SPE and the higher ionic conductivity of GPE.2, 3 The initial SPE was prepared by combining two polymers with LiTFSI (bis(trifluorormethanesulfonyl)imide) via extrusion mixing. This method of GPE processing was also found to improve other aspects of the electrolyte such as thermal and electrochemical properties which were characterized using cycling voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Additionally, the salt-polymer interaction in the GPE was characterized using FTIR, NMR, and the homogeneity of the polymer blend study by SEM-EDX. The cell of LFP/electrolyte/ Li metal showed a high capacity near to the theoretical one at C/20 at temperature 60 C. Additionally, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is around 10-5 S/cm. These first results confirmed that this blend of the polymers is a good electrolyte candidate for lithium batteries. Verdier, N.; Lepage, D.; Zidani, R.; Prebe, A.; Ayme-Perrot, D.; Pellerin, C.; Dolle, M.; Rochefort, D., Cross-linked polyacrylonitrile-based elastomer used as gel polymer electrolyte in Li-ion battery. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2019, 3 (1), 1099-1110. Ma, C.; Cui, W.; Liu, X.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Y., In situ preparation of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries: Progress and perspectives. InfoMat 2021. Verdier, N.; Foran, G.; Lepage, D.; Prébé, A.; Aymé-Perrot, D.; Dollé, M., Challenges in Solvent-Free Methods for Manufacturing Electrodes and Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries. Polymers 2021, 13 (3), 323.
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Sadeghzadeh, Rozita, David Lepage, Arnaud Prébé, Gabrielle Foran, David Ayme-Perrot, and Mickael Dolle. "Advancing Lithium Battery Performance through Gel Electrolytes: Investigating EC-Based Blends with HNBR and PEC for Enhanced Conductivity." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 8 (December 22, 2023): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0283319mtgabs.
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Li-ion batteries (LiBs), the most established rechargeable energy storage devices, are currently at closing the gap of their theoretical capacity. That is the main reason why Lithium metal batteries (LMB) have recently regained interest, mainly because of the higher theoretical energy densities achievable with this technology. Therefore, the development of new electrode and electrolyte materials is essential for improving battery performance. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been presented as safer alternatives for liquid electrolytes which are used commercially in these devices as they tend to be non-flammable, have enough mechanical strength to resist lithium dendrite growth, and do not leak. However, solid polymer electrolytes are less conductive than liquid electrolytes. Improved ionic conductivity in solid electrolyte materials can be obtained through the use of solid-state gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). These materials combine the ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the increased safety of SPE resulting in electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and good mechanical stability.1 This study introduces a novel approach to creating in-situ gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) from solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) using melt processing followed by sample heating. 2, 3This method capitalizes on the easy processability of SPEs. Initially, the SPE was prepared by blending two polymers with LiTFSI (bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) through extrusion mixing. The sample was then converted into a GPE via a controlled heating step. Compared to the initial SPE, the resultant GPE possessed improved thermal and electrochemical properties. In this presentation, we will provide supportive data derived from IR, DSC, and NMR analyses to highlight the differences linked to changes in salt-polymer interactions in the GPE. Verdier, N.; Lepage, D.; Zidani, R.; Prebe, A.; Ayme-Perrot, D.; Pellerin, C.; Dolle, M.; Rochefort, D., Cross-linked polyacrylonitrile-based elastomer used as gel polymer electrolyte in Li-ion battery. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2019, 3 (1), 1099-1110. Ma, C.; Cui, W.; Liu, X.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Y., In situ preparation of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries: Progress and perspectives. InfoMat 2021. Verdier, N.; Foran, G.; Lepage, D.; Prébé, A.; Aymé-Perrot, D.; Dollé, M., Challenges in Solvent-Free Methods for Manufacturing Electrodes and Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries. Polymers 2021, 13 (3), 323.√
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He, Binlang, Shenglin Kang, Xuetong Zhao, Jiexin Zhang, Xilin Wang, Yang Yang, Lijun Yang, and Ruijin Liao. "Cold Sintering of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12/PEO Composite Solid Electrolytes." Molecules 27, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 6756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196756.
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Ceramic/polymer composite solid electrolytes integrate the high ionic conductivity of in ceramics and the flexibility of organic polymers. In practice, ceramic/polymer composite solid electrolytes are generally made into thin films rather than sintered into bulk due to processing temperature limitations. In this work, Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO)/polyethylene-oxide (PEO) electrolyte containing bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as the lithium salt was successfully fabricated into bulk pellets via the cold sintering process (CSP). Using CSP, above 80% dense composite electrolyte pellets were obtained, and a high Li-ion conductivity of 2.4 × 10−4 S cm–1 was achieved at room temperature. This work focuses on the conductivity contributions and microstructural development within the CSP process of composite solid electrolytes. Cold sintering provides an approach for bridging the gap in processing temperatures of ceramics and polymers, thereby enabling high-performance composites for electrochemical systems.
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Wang, Wei Min. "Discussion on the Effect Factors of the Conductivity Performance of PEO-Based Polymer Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 571 (September 2012): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.571.22.
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Polymer electrolytes since the 1970s, the PV Wright, PEO polymers and inorganic salts can form complexes with high ionic conductivity. Thereafter, on a global scale, set off a craze of the theory with solid polymer electrolyte materials research and technology development, a lot of research work has been in the field to start and made great achievements in the preparation and study of different substrate materials composite polymer electrolytes, the most promising as lithium solid electrolyte materials. The polymer matrix itself large to have a high degree of crystallinity, this is very unfavorable to ion transport, therefore, to try to expand the ion transport required for the amorphous region and increase the migration of the polymer chain, and the electrolyte conductivity the rate is not only related with the polymer matrix, but also by the factors of the salt type and concentration of organic plasticizer and nano inorganic filler types and add methods.
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Yahya, Wan Zaireen Nisa, Wong Theen Meng, Mehboob Khatani, Adel Eskandar Samsudin, and Norani Muti Mohamed. "Bio-based chitosan/PVdF-HFP polymer-blend for quasi-solid state electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells." e-Polymers 17, no. 5 (August 28, 2017): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0305.
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AbstractDye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged to become one of the most promising alternatives to conventional solar cells. However, long-term stability and light-to-energy conversion efficiency of the electrolyte in DSSCs are the main challenges in the commercial use of DSSCs. Current liquid electrolytes in DSSCs allow achieving high power conversion efficiency, but they still suffer from many disadvantages such as solvent leakage, corrosion and high volatility. Quasi-solid state electrolytes have therefore been developed in order to curb these problems. A novel polymer electrolyte composed of biobased polymer chitosan, poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide ionic liquid and iodide/tri-iodide redox salts in various compositions is proposed in this study as a quasi-solid state electrolyte. Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR) studies on the polymer electrolyte have shown interactions between the redox salt and the polymer blend. The quasi-solid state electrolyte tested in DSSCs with an optimised weight ratio of PVdF-HFP:chitosan (6:1) with ionic liquid electrolyte PMII/KI/I2 has shown the highest power conversion efficiencies of 1.23% with ionic conductivity of 5.367×10−4 S·cm−1 demonstrating the potential of using sustainable bio-based chitosan polymers in DSSCs applications.
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Jean-Fulcrand, Annelise, Eun Ju Jeon, Schahrous Karimpour, and Georg Garnweitner. "Cross-Linked Solid Polymer-Based Catholyte for Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Batteries 9, no. 7 (June 23, 2023): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070341.
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All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) are a promising next-generation battery technology. They exhibit high energy density, while mitigating intrinsic problems such as polysulfide shuttling and lithium dendrite growth that are common to liquid electrolyte-based batteries. Among the various types of solid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) are attractive due to their superior flexibility and high safety. In this work, cross-linkable polymers composed of pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA) and tri(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether (PEG), are incorporated into sulfur–carbon composite cathodes to serve a dual function as both a binder and electrolyte, as a so-called catholyte. The influence of key parameters, including the sulfur–carbon ratio, catholyte content, and ionic conductivity of the electrolyte within the cathode on the electrochemical performance, was investigated. Notably, the sulfur composite cathode containing 30 wt% of the PETEA-PEG copolymer catholyte achieved a high initial discharge capacity of 1236 mAh gS−1 at a C-rate of 0.1 and 80 °C.
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Mukbaniani, Omari, Jimsher Aneli, Tamara Tatrishvili, and Eliza Markarashvili. "Solid Polymer Electrolyte Membranes on the Basis of Fluorosiloxane Matrix." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 15, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.02.198.
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Hydrosilylation reactions of 2,4,6,8-tetrahydro-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4H) with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl acrylate at 1:4.2 ratio of initial compounds catalysed by platinum catalysts have been studied and corresponding adduct D4R' has been obtained. Ring opening polymerization of D4R in the presence of dry potassium hydroxide has been carried out and comb-type polymers with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl propionate side groups have been obtained. The synthesized product D4R and polymers were analyzed by FTIR, 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. The solid polymer electrolyte membranes have been obtained via sol-gel reactions of polymers with tetraethoxysilane doped with lithium trifluoromethylsulfonate (triflat) and lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide. It has been found that the electric conductivity of the polymer electrolyte membranes at room temperature changes in the range of (1.9•10-6) – (5.9•10-10) S•cm-1.
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Wang, Bo. "Polymer-Mineral Composite Solid Electrolytes." MRS Advances 4, no. 49 (2019): 2659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.317.
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ABSTRACTPolymer-mineral composite solid electrolytes have been prepared by hot pressing using lithium ion-exchanged bentonite (LIEB) and mineral derived LATSP (Li1.2Al0.1Ti1.9Si0.1P2.9O12) NASICON materials as solid electrolyte fillers in the polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer containing LiTFSI salt. The mineral based solid electrolyte fillers not only increase ionic conductivity but also improve thermal stability. The highest ionic conductivities in the PEO-LIEB and PEO-LATSP composites were found to be 9.4×10-5 and 3.1×10-4 S·cm-1 at 40°C, respectively. The flexible, thermal stable and mechanical sturdy polymer-mineral composite solid electrolyte films can be used in the all-solid-state batteries.
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Gao, Hongcai, Nicholas S. Grundish, Yongjie Zhao, Aijun Zhou, and John B. Goodenough. "Formation of Stable Interphase of Polymer-in-Salt Electrolyte in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries." Energy Material Advances 2020 (December 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/1932952.
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The integration of solid-polymer electrolytes into all-solid-state lithium batteries is highly desirable to overcome the limitations of current battery configurations that have a low energy density and severe safety concerns. Polyacrylonitrile is an appealing matrix for solid-polymer electrolytes; however, the practical utilization of such polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state cells is impeded by inferior ionic conductivity and instability against a lithium-metal anode. In this work, we show that a polymer-in-salt electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile with a lithium salt as the major component exhibits a wide electrochemically stable window, a high ionic conductivity, and an increased lithium-ion transference number. The growth of dendrites from the lithium-metal anode was suppressed effectively by the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to increase the safety features of the batteries. In addition, we found that a stable interphase was formed between the lithium-metal anode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to restrain the uncontrolled parasitic reactions, and we demonstrated an all-solid-state battery configuration with a LiFePO4 cathode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte, which exhibited a superior cycling stability and rate capability.
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Gao, Hongcai, Nicholas S. Grundish, Yongjie Zhao, Aijun Zhou, and John B. Goodenough. "Formation of Stable Interphase of Polymer-in-Salt Electrolyte in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries." Energy Material Advances 2021 (January 7, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/1932952.
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The integration of solid-polymer electrolytes into all-solid-state lithium batteries is highly desirable to overcome the limitations of current battery configurations that have a low energy density and severe safety concerns. Polyacrylonitrile is an appealing matrix for solid-polymer electrolytes; however, the practical utilization of such polymer electrolytes in all-solid-state cells is impeded by inferior ionic conductivity and instability against a lithium-metal anode. In this work, we show that a polymer-in-salt electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile with a lithium salt as the major component exhibits a wide electrochemically stable window, a high ionic conductivity, and an increased lithium-ion transference number. The growth of dendrites from the lithium-metal anode was suppressed effectively by the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to increase the safety features of the batteries. In addition, we found that a stable interphase was formed between the lithium-metal anode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte to restrain the uncontrolled parasitic reactions, and we demonstrated an all-solid-state battery configuration with a LiFePO4 cathode and the polymer-in-salt electrolyte, which exhibited a superior cycling stability and rate capability.
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Lee, Kyoung-Jin, Eun-Jeong Yi, Gangsanin Kim, and Haejin Hwang. "Synthesis of Ceramic/Polymer Nanocomposite Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17562.
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Lithium-ion conducting nanocomposite solid electrolytes were synthesized from polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), LiClO4, and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) ceramic particles. The synthesized nanocomposite electrolyte consisted of LATP particles and an amorphous polymer. LATP particles were homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix. The nanocomposite electrolytes were flexible and self-standing. The lithium-ion conductivity of the nanocomposite electrolyte was almost an order of magnitude higher than that of the PEO/PMMA solid polymer electrolyte.
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Gupta, Sandhya, Pramod K. Singh, and B. Bhattacharya. "Low-viscosity ionic liquid–doped solid polymer electrolytes." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 8 (May 30, 2018): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318778763.
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Polymer electrolyte films based on poly(ethylene oxide) doped with salt sodium nitrate and ionic liquid (IL; 1-ethyl 3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate) have been prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and impedance spectroscopy. The relative percentage of crystallinity of polymer electrolytes has been calculated by using DSC thermograms and electrical properties by using impedance spectroscopy. The incorporation of IL in polymer matrix increases the conductivity of polymer electrolyte. The maximum value of ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte is found to be 1.93 × 10−4 S m−1 with 9 wt% IL.
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Chen, Xi. "(Invited) Ion Transport and Interface Resistance in Polymer-Based Composite Electrolytes and Composite Cathode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 6 (August 28, 2023): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-016983mtgabs.
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Solid-state electrolytes are promising to enable the next generation batteries with higher energy density and improved safety. However, each major class of solid electrolytes has intrinsic weaknesses. By combining different classes of solid electrolytes, such as a polymer electrolyte and an oxide ceramic electrolyte, one can potentially overcome the intrinsic weaknesses of each component and develop a composite electrolyte to achieve high ionic conductivity, good mechanical properties, good chemical stability, and adhesion with the electrodes. In this presentation, we show that the interfacial resistance strongly affects the ionic conductivity of polymer/oxide ceramic composite electrolytes, in both the ceramic-in-polymer design where ceramic particles are dispersed within the polymer electrolyte matrix as well as the polymer-in-ceramic design where a three dimensionally interconnected ceramic scaffold is developed. The quantification of the interfacial resistance, the origin of this resistance, as well as the strategies to minimize it are discussed. In a second case, we examine the effect of interfaces on ion transport in a polymer based composite cathode consisting of LiFePO4 (LFP), carbon and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). The structure and dynamics of PEO and lithium ion mobility are studied by small angle neutron scattering and quasi-elastic neutron scattering. The results show that Li ion mobility in PEO/LiTFSI in the composite cathode is only 30% of the bulk electrolyte. This suggests a key bottleneck that limits the rate performance of polymer-based solid-state batteries originates from the sluggish ion transport in the polymer electrolyte confined in the cathode.
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Choi, Kyoung Hwan, Eunjeong Yi, Kyeong Joon Kim, Seunghwan Lee, Myung-Soo Park, Hansol Lee, and Pilwon Heo. "(Invited) Pragmatic Approach and Challenges of All Solid State Batteries: Hybrid Solid Electrolyte for Technical Innovation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 6 (August 28, 2023): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-016988mtgabs.
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For the growth of electric vehicle market, lithium-ion batteries (LIBS) used in the EVs still requires safety and reliability. Unfortunately, large-scale application of the LIBs is being challenged due to the fact that the use of flammable liquid electrolytes has caused safety issues such as leakage and fire explosion. In this respect, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have been intensively studied to ensure the safety and mileage that are superior to the current LIBs. In terms of solid electrolytes, oxide electrolytes not only shows high ionic conductivity (10-4 ~ 10-3 S/cm) but also high mechanical strength to suppress surface dendrite formation. In addition, the oxide electrolytes possess advantages such as non-flammability, high thermal stability, and excellent electrochemical stability (~ 6 V), enabling high temperature/high voltage operations of oxide-based ASSBs. However, most of oxide materials require a sintering process at high temperatures to form a planar solid electrolyte. And a lack of flexibility results in non-uniform electrolyte/electrode contact in the battery, which makes it difficult to apply the rigid oxide electrolyte directly. On the other hand, solid polymer electrolytes have also been actively investigated due to no leakage, good electrolyte/electrode contact, easy processing, flexibility, and good film formability. However, the solid polymer electrolytes have critical disadvantages such as low ionic conductivity at room temperature and low thermal/mechanical stability, which precludes commercialization of solid polymer-based ASSBs despite their advantages. To overcome each disadvantages of oxide and polymer electrolytes, we developed hybrid electrolytes for improved ionic conductivity, easy processing, and formation of continuous electrolyte/electrode interface. In this presentation, pragmatic approach and current challenges related to solid batteries will be discussed including innovative manufacturing process. Hybrid electrolytes and their synergistic effect on the battery performance as a promissing solution will be presented [Fig. 1]
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Spencer Jolly, Dominic, Dominic L. R. Melvin, Isabella D. R. Stephens, Rowena H. Brugge, Shengda D. Pu, Junfu Bu, Ziyang Ning, et al. "Interfaces between Ceramic and Polymer Electrolytes: A Comparison of Oxide and Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for Hybrid Solid-State Batteries." Inorganics 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10050060.
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Hybrid solid-state batteries using a bilayer of ceramic and solid polymer electrolytes may offer advantages over using a single type of solid electrolyte alone. However, the impedance to Li+ transport across interfaces between different electrolytes can be high. It is important to determine the resistance to Li+ transport across these heteroionic interfaces, as well as to understand the underlying causes of these resistances; in particular, whether chemical interphase formation contributes to giving high resistances, as in the case of ceramic/liquid electrolyte interfaces. In this work, two ceramic electrolytes, Li3PS4 (LPS) and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO), were interfaced with the solid polymer electrolyte PEO10:LiTFSI and the interfacial resistances were determined by impedance spectroscopy. The LLZTO/polymer interfacial resistance was found to be prohibitively high but, in contrast, a low resistance was observed at the LPS/polymer interface that became negligible at a moderately elevated temperature of 50 °C. Chemical characterization of the two interfaces was carried out, using depth-profiled X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, to determine whether the interfacial resistance was correlated with the formation of an interphase. Interestingly, no interphase was observed at the higher resistance LLZTO/polymer interface, whereas LPS was observed to react with the polymer electrolyte to form an interphase.
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Spencer Jolly, Dominic, Dominic L. R. Melvin, Isabella D. R. Stephens, Rowena H. Brugge, Shengda D. Pu, Junfu Bu, Ziyang Ning, et al. "Interfaces between Ceramic and Polymer Electrolytes: A Comparison of Oxide and Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for Hybrid Solid-State Batteries." Inorganics 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10050060.
Full textAbstract:
Hybrid solid-state batteries using a bilayer of ceramic and solid polymer electrolytes may offer advantages over using a single type of solid electrolyte alone. However, the impedance to Li+ transport across interfaces between different electrolytes can be high. It is important to determine the resistance to Li+ transport across these heteroionic interfaces, as well as to understand the underlying causes of these resistances; in particular, whether chemical interphase formation contributes to giving high resistances, as in the case of ceramic/liquid electrolyte interfaces. In this work, two ceramic electrolytes, Li3PS4 (LPS) and Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO), were interfaced with the solid polymer electrolyte PEO10:LiTFSI and the interfacial resistances were determined by impedance spectroscopy. The LLZTO/polymer interfacial resistance was found to be prohibitively high but, in contrast, a low resistance was observed at the LPS/polymer interface that became negligible at a moderately elevated temperature of 50 °C. Chemical characterization of the two interfaces was carried out, using depth-profiled X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, to determine whether the interfacial resistance was correlated with the formation of an interphase. Interestingly, no interphase was observed at the higher resistance LLZTO/polymer interface, whereas LPS was observed to react with the polymer electrolyte to form an interphase.
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Won, Eun-Seo, and Jong-Won Lee. "Biphasic Solid Electrolytes with Homogeneous Li-Ion Transport Pathway Enabled By Metal-Organic Frameworks." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552248mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Solid-state batteries based on nonflammable inorganic solid electrolytes provide a promising technical solution that can resolve the safety issues of current lithium-ion batteries. Biphasic solid electrolytes comprising Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet and polymer have been attracting significant interest for solid-state Li batteries because of their mechanical robustness and enhanced Li+ conductivity, compared to conventional polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, the hybridization allows for the fabrication of thin and large-area electrolyte membranes without the need for high-temperature sintering of LLZO. However, the non-uniform distribution of LLZO particles and polymer species in biphasic electrolytes may cause uneven Li+ conduction, which results in poor interfacial stability with electrodes during repeated charge–discharge cycling. In this study, we report a biphasic solid electrolyte with homogeneous Li+ transport pathway achieved by a metal–organic framework (MOF) layer. To regulate and homogenize the Li+ flux across the interface between the electrolyte and electrode, a free-standing, biphasic solid electrolyte membrane is integrated with the MOF nanoparticle layer. A mixture of plastic crystal (PC) and polymeric phase is infused into porous networks of the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane, producing the percolating Li+ conduction pathways. The MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane is found to form the smooth and uniform interface with nanoporous channels in contact with the electrodes, effectively facilitating homogeneous Li+ transport. A solid-state battery with the MOF-integrated electrolyte membrane shows the enhanced rate-capability and cycling stability in comparison to the battery with the unmodified biphasic electrolyte. This study demonstrates that the proposed electrolyte design provides an effective approach to improving the interfacial stability of biphasic electrolytes with electrodes for long-cycling solid-state batteries. [1] H.-S. Shin, W. Jeong, M.-H. Ryu, S.W. Lee, K.-N. Jung, J.-W. Lee, Electrode-to-electrode monolithic integration for high-voltage bipolar solid-state batteries based on plastic-crystal polymer electrolyte, Chem. Eng. J, published online. [2] T. Jiang, P. He, G. Wang, Y. Shen, C.-W. Nan, L.-Z. Fan, Solvent-free synthesis of thin, flexible, nonflammable garnet-based composite solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 10 (2020) 1903376.
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Ataollahi, Narges, Azizan Ahmad, H. Hamzah, M. Y. A. Rahman, and Mohamed Nor Sabirin. "Ionic Conductivity of PVDF-HFP/MG49 Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 501 (April 2012): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.501.29.
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Blend-based polymer electrolytes composed of PVDF-HFP/MG-49 (70/30) and LiClO4 as lithium salt has been studied. Solution casting method was applied to prepare the polymer electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the electrolyte films. The maximum value of 2.51×10ˉ6 S cm-1 was obtained at ambient temperature for the 30 wt. % of LiClO4 and the conductivity increased to 1.10×10ˉ3 S cm-1 by increasing the temperature up to 383 K. FTIR spectra demonstrated that complexation occurred between the polymers and lithium salt.
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Khan, Mohammad Saleem, Rahmat Gul, and Mian Sayed Wahid. "Studies on thin films of PVC-PMMA blend polymer electrolytes." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0028.
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Abstract Thin films of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend polymers complexed with different concentrations of LiClO4 salt, containing ethylene carbonate (EC) as the plasticizer, were fabricated by the solution cast procedure. Ionic conductivity, thermal stability and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were undertaken. AC impedance measurements were done in the temperature range of 20–70°C. The highest ionic conductivity at room temperature was found to be 2.23×10-5 S cm-1 for the sample containing 15 wt% of LiClO4 salt. The XRD technique was used to investigate the structure and complex formation of solid polymer electrolytes. There was a decrease in degree of crystallinity. The amorphous nature of complexed solid polymer blend electrolyte films increased, due to the addition of LiClO4 salt. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) revealed the effect of salt on the thermal stability of the polymer electrolytes. It was found that these polymer electrolyte systems show stability up to about 280°C. It was also found that, with increased LiClO4 salt content in complexed polymer electrolyte systems, the degradation temperature decreased.
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Ashraf, Juveiriah M., Myriam Ghodhbane, and Chiara Busa. "The Effect of Ionic Carriers and Degree of Solidification on the Solid-State Electrolyte Performance for Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitor." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272490mtgabs.
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To eliminate electrolyte leakage, the development of safe and flexible supercapacitors necessitates solid-state electrolytes which integrate both high mechanical and electrochemical capabilities. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes, which constitute a polymer matrix along with an aqueous electrolytic phase, are a viable answer to this problem. Recently, gel electrolytes have gained a lot of attention in flexible and wearable electronic devices due to their remarkable advancements. However, the limitation in the multi-functional abilities and high-performance in such gels hinders the practical usage of such devices. On the electrochemical perspective, the performance of the gel electrolyte depends on the type of ionic carrier (acidic, alkaline, or salt-based), size of the ion, solvent concentration, type of polymer, as well as the interaction between the polymer and other components. Moreover, the performance of the electrolyte differs with the electrode-electrolyte interface and thus is highly dependent on the electrode material. For this reason, it is vital to carry a parametric study to evaluate the effect of the above stated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the ionic carrier (namely H3PO4, KOH and LiCl) as well as the solvent concentration on architecturally engineered PVA-based electrolytes’ performance in free-standing CNT supercapacitor using a bio-based compound, cellulose as a binder. The dependence of the electrolyte’s mechanical structure for long term stability is further evaluated by using the optimized concentration of each (H3PO4, KOH and LiCl) by freezing and de-freezing the gel to form membrane-like films, as a result of the increased physical cross-linking. The supercapacitors are studied for their capacitance, charge/discharge capabilities as well their long-term stability and also compared with aqueous electrolyte for the three aforementioned ionic carriers.
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Cheon, Hyeong Jun, and Mincheol Chang. "A Flame-Retardant Polymer Electrolyte for Safe and Long-Life Lithium Metal Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642305mtgabs.
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With the increasing demand for batteries with high energy density, lithium metal anode-based batteries are suitable candidates. Although lithium metal is an attractive material with excellent theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh/g) and very redox potential (-3.04 V vs. strandard hydrogen electrode), it causes electrolyte leakage, combustion, and explosion problems due to dendrite growth. In the case of conventional liquid electrolytes, dendrites grow more freely and flammable organic solvents are used, making them unsuitable for use with lithium metal anodes. On the contrary, solid polymer electrolyte-based batteries have the advantage of being able to achieve higher energy density as well as better stability to lithium metal. However, the organic component of the solid polymer electrolyte is still flammable, and the polymer/ceramic composite material is also generally flammable, so the safety issue cannot be completely avoided. Here, we show that the addition of a flame retardant effectively reduces the flammability of solid polymer electrolytes. The solid electrolyte consisted of a combination of PEO and flame retardant DMMP, and the composed LFP/solid polymer electrolyte/Li cell exhibited improved cycle stability and ionic conductivity. Figure 1
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Touidjine, Amina, Vincent Calmes, Mélanie Dendary, Philippe Borel, Paulin Truche, and Thibaut Dussart. "Solid-State Polymer Battery: Manufacturing Process and Characterization." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024720mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Solid-state batteries are a promising technology that could provide higher energy density, better safety, longer cycle life and a wider operating temperature range than current commercial LiBs [1] . The solid electrolyte is the main component of all-solid-state batteries. It can be ceramic, glass, polymer, or a mixture. Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPEs) have received distinctive attention, especially by industry, owing to their potential advantages such as safety, lightweight, high flexibility, and realistic processability. However, despite fast growing interest in solid-state technology, reports on the scalable production of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries using electrodes with meaningful areal capacities are rather scarce [2] . Moreover, chemical, and mechanical challenges remain. The intimate contact between the electrode and the solid electrolyte is difficult due its non-infiltrative nature. This lack of intimate contact severely limits the cycling properties [3] . The development of effective strategies to alleviate the issue of physical contact is imperative in the engineering of solid-state batteries [4] . In the frame of SAFELiMOVE (Advanced all Solid stAte saFE Lithium Metal technology tOwards Vehicle Electrification) project, we assemble a solid-state pouch based on lithium metal anode, a solid polymer electrolyte layer and a compatible cathode. In work, we report on a reliable fabrication process of large-scale all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries using cathodes prepared by CIDETEC, lithium anode provided by Hydro-Quebec, polymers provided by CICe, inorganic filler provided by SCHOTT and a solid polymer electrolyte manufactured at SAFT. All-solid-state lithium-ion battery pouch cells have been successfully built with consistent electrochemical performance. Cycling that shows the good performance of those cells and the lesson learned regarding their cycling conditions will be presented. [1] J. Motalli, “A solid future Nature, 526, S96 (2015) [2] Ningxin Zhang et al “Scalable preparation of practical 1Ah all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries cells and their abuse tests”, Journal of Energy Storage 59 (2023) 106547 [3] Li et al.“Atomically Intimate Contact between Solid Electrolytes and Electrodes for Li Batteries” Mater 1, 1001-1016, October 2, 2019. [4] Theodosios Famprikis, Pieremanuele Canepa, James A. Dawson, M. Saiful Islam and Christian Masquelier“Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries” Nature Materials-August 2019. Figure 1
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Erlangga, Irfani Faiq, Sylvia Ayu Pradanawati, Azzah Dyah Pramata, and Nur Laila Hamidah. "Corn Starch-Sodium Acetat Composite Material from Industrial Waste Fly Ash for Solid Electrolyte Polymer Ionic Conductivity in Supercapacitor Application." Engineering Chemistry 5 (January 19, 2024): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-kqn5dt.
Full textAbstract:
Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is a safer alternative to use than liquid electrolytes. This research focuses on the highest conductivity with fly ash filler in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on corn starch, using the solution casting method. The crystallinity and interaction between fly ash and Na+ ions of solid polymer electrolyte were seen by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), then Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), showing a shift in functional groups due to the interaction of SiO2 in fly ash and Na+ ions, and surface morphology forms was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Ionic conductivity was analyzed by Electrochemical impedance Spectrometry (EIS). solid polymer electrolyte with fly ash showed the highest ionic conductivity 2,51 x 10-4 S/cm, at room temperature with addition fly ash 10%. the highest conductivity result was corresponding with amorphous peak with same concetration on XRD. SPE based on corn starch with Fly ash filler has potential to be used as a solid polymer electrolyte in supercapacitors.
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Zou, Junyan, and Teng Ben. "Recent Advances in Porous Polymers for Solid-State Rechargeable Lithium Batteries." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 4804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224804.
Full textAbstract:
The application of rechargeable lithium batteries involves all aspects of our daily life, such as new energy vehicles, computers, watches and other electronic mobile devices, so it is becoming more and more important in contemporary society. However, commercial liquid rechargeable lithium batteries have safety hazards such as leakage or explosion, all-solid-state lithium rechargeable lithium batteries will become the best alternatives. But the biggest challenge we face at present is the large solid-solid interface contact resistance between the solid electrolyte and the electrode as well as the low ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte. Due to the large relative molecular mass, polymers usually exhibit solid or gel state with good mechanical strength. The intermolecules are connected by covalent bonds, so that the chemical and physical stability, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance and fire resistance are good. Many researchers have found that polymers play an important role in improving the performance of all-solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries. This review mainly describes the application of polymers in the fields of electrodes, electrolytes, electrolyte-electrode contact interfaces, and electrode binders in all-solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries, and how to improve battery performance. This review mainly introduces the recent applications of polymers in solid-state lithium battery electrodes, electrolytes, electrode binders, etc., and describes the performance of emerging porous polymer materials and materials based on traditional polymers in solid-state lithium batteries. The comparative analysis shows the application advantages and disadvantages of the emerging porous polymer materials in this field which provides valuable reference information for further development.
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Park, Habin, Anthony Engler, Nian Liu, and Paul Kohl. "Dynamic Anion Delocalization of Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte for High-Performance of Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023227mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been considered as next-generation energy storages due to their extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1). However, current LMBs, using conventional liquid electrolytes, still could not fulfill the demand of soaring expansion of energy era, such as electrical vehicles, because of their safety issues, originated by uncontrollable electrolytic side reaction on the lithium, resulting unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and vicious lithium dendritic growth [1]. Also, carbonate-based liquid electrolytes have an intrinsic flammability, and the lithium dendrite, which short-circuits a cell, can lead to severe safety hazard with the unfavorable flammability of current liquid system when they are ignited. Therefore, solid-state electrolytes have been spotlighted recently for a pathway for safe, and high energy and power LMBs, due to their superior thermal stability and low vapor pressure, while maintaining suitable electrolytic performances. In this study, solid-state single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs), utilizing dynamic anion delocalization (DAD), realizing high ionic conductivity and dimensional stability for high-performance LMB, are studied. The SICPEs enable superior lithium transference number, resulting in highly reduced concentration gradient of lithium cation along the electrolyte to suppress the undesirable lithium dendritic growth. However, SICPEs have prominently lower ionic conductivity than dual-ion conducting polymer electrolyte (DICPEs), which is a critical issue to make a slower charge/discharge for SICPEs [2]. Although an approach utilizing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), using a liquid solvent as a plasticizer, has been exploited to increase the ionic conductivity of SICPEs, GPEs have struggled with lower mechanical stability, compared to solid state, and still existing flammability issue with the plasticizer. The novel plasticizer, which is described here, can interact with bulky anionic polymer matrix, so that the negative charge can be dispersed onto the whole complex by DAD. Once the bulky complex is formed by DAD, the dissociation of lithium cation from anionic matrix can be easier with the decreased activation energy and higher ionic conduction. While increasing the ionic conductivity with DAD, the nature of polymeric plasticizer will highly suppress flammability. DAD allows the membrane endure more tensile strength due to the dynamic structural change in crosslinking state, so that the polymer electrolyte can tolerate dendritic growth of lithium by morphological change on an electrode surface. The obvious advantages of DAD-induced solid polymer electrolytes in this study for a high energy and power, and ultra-safe LMB can present a novel approach of polymer electrolyte design to the astronomical demand of energy storages. [1] F. Ahmed, I. Choi, M.M. Rahman, H. Jang, T. Ryu, S. Yoon, L. Jin, Y. Jin, W. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 34930-34938. [2] D.-M. Shin, J.E. Bachman, M.K. Taylor, J. Kamcev, J.G. Park, M.E. Ziebel, E. Velasquez, N.N. Jarenwattananon, G.K. Sethi, Y. Cui, J.R. Long, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1905771.
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Chattopadhyay, Jayeeta, Tara Sankar Pathak, and Diogo M. F. Santos. "Applications of Polymer Electrolytes in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review." Polymers 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2023): 3907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15193907.
Full textAbstract:
Polymer electrolytes, a type of electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries, combine polymers and ionic salts. Their integration into lithium-ion batteries has resulted in significant advancements in battery technology, including improved safety, increased capacity, and longer cycle life. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing ion transport mechanism, fundamental characteristics, and preparation methods of different types of polymer electrolytes, including solid polymer electrolytes and gel polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, this work explores recent advancements in non-aqueous Li-based battery systems, where polymer electrolytes lead to inherent performance improvements. These battery systems encompass Li-ion polymer batteries, Li-ion solid-state batteries, Li-air batteries, Li-metal batteries, and Li-sulfur batteries. Notably, the advantages of polymer electrolytes extend beyond enhancing safety. This review also highlights the remaining challenges and provides future perspectives, aiming to propose strategies for developing novel polymer electrolytes for high-performance Li-based batteries.
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Sabrina, Qolby, Hilwa Kamilah, Christin Rina Ratri, Titik Lestariningsih, and Sitti Ahmiatri Saptari. "Properties of Bacterial Cellulose/Polyvinyl Composite Membrane for Polymer Electrolyte Li ion Battery." Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research 12, no. 1 (April 26, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2023.012.01.663.
Full textAbstract:
High ionic conductivity and porous properties of material play important role as a solid polymer electrolyte in Li ion battery application. In this study, a bacterial cellulose (BC)- based polymer was modified with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Blending the polymer host is one more approach to work on the morphology pore and electrochemical properties of polymer electrolytes. The slurry of BC is rich of fibers that contribute to forming of the pore template for solid electrolyte membrane. Polyvinyl act as material to creating pore and increases the polymer segmental ion lithium mobility. Pore morphology of BC-PVA and -PVP composite membrane homogeneously distributed by SEM observations. The presence of many pores makes the tensile strength of the BC PVA membrane lower. For solid electrolytes purposes, it does not affect battery performance but has a greater possibility for battery lifetime. The presence of pores contributes to the absorption of electrolytes membranes. In addition, enhancement of the conductivity upon addition of salt is correlated to the enhancement of pores from solid polymer electrolyte. The conductivity of BC-PVA composite is reported 8.7 x 10-5 Scm-1 , and this ion conductivity is slightly higher than conductivity in BC-PVP 8.4 x 10-7 Scm-1 at room temperature. In the future, BC-PVA can be applied for solid electrolyte membranes material based on cellulose.
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Stolz, Lukas, Martin Winter, and Johannes Kasnatscheew. "Perspective on the mechanism of mass transport-induced (tip-growing) Li dendrite formation by comparing conventional liquid organic solvent with solid polymer-based electrolytes." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 13, no. 5 (August 9, 2023): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1724.
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A major challenge of Li metal electrodes is the growth of high surface area lithium during Li deposition with a variety of possible shapes and growing mechanisms. They are reactive and lead to active lithium losses, electrolyte depletion and safety concerns due to a potential risk of short-circuits and thermal runaway. This work focuses on the mechanism of tip-growing Li dendrite as a particular high surface area lithium morphology. Its formation mechanism is well-known and is triggered during concentration polarization, i.e. during mass (Li+) transport limitations, which has been thoroughly investigated in literature with liquid electrolytes. This work aims to give a stimulating perspective on this formation mechanism by considering solid polymer electrolytes. The in-here shown absence of the characteristic “voltage noise” immediately after complete concentration polarization, being an indicator for tip-growing dendritic growth, rules out the occurrence of the particular tip-growing morphology for solid polymer electrolytes under the specific electrochemical conditions. The generally poorer kinetics of solid polymer electrolytes compared to liquid electrolytes imply lower limiting currents, i.e. lower currents to realize complete concentration polarization. Hence, this longer-lasting Li-deposition times in solid polymer electrolytes are assumed to prevent tip-growing mechanism via timely enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation on fresh Li deposits, while, as stated in previous literature, in liquid electrolytes, Li dendrite tip-growth process is faster than solid electrolyte interphase formation kinetics. It can be reasonably concluded that tip-growing Li dendrites are in general practically unlikely for both, (i) the lower conducting electrolytes like solid polymer electrolytes due to enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation and (ii) good-conducting electrolytes like liquids due to an impractically high current required for concentration polarization.
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Widiarti, Nuni, Woro Sumarni, and Lysa Setyaningrum. "THE SYNTHESIS OF CHITOSAN POLYMER MEMBRANE/PVA AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY BATTERY FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v6i1.6880.
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The eco-friendly materials which have not commonly developed as energy storage alternative sources are solid electrolytes. Chitosan is one of the natural polymer potentially used as the material of solid electrolytes. The purpose of this study is to determine the conductivity value of chitosan polymers electrolytes-PVA-glutaraldehyde-NH4Br by varying amount of chitosan and ammonium bromide salt (NH4Br). The polymer electrolyte membrane was made using phase inversion method. Electrolyte polymer is made by mixing chitosan, PVA, glutaraldehyde, and NH4Br to become homogenous liquid and then printed it in petri dish. Polymer electrolyte with chitosan variation of 2; 2.4; 2.8 and 3.2 g has highest ionic conductivity of 1.4983 x 10-2 S/cm with the addition of 2.8 g that can be used as the optimum composition. The variations of salt (NH4Br) were 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1 g has the highest ionic conductivity in the point of 2.4385 x 10-2 S/cm with the addition of 0.6 g. The characterization result of FTIR shows OH group at the wavenumber of 3362.02 cm-1, C-O group at 1740.43 cm-1, and C=N group at 1542.41 cm-1. Synthesized polymer can be used as a battery that has 0.43 V voltage.
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Owensby, Kyra, Wan-Yu Tsai, Ritu Sahore, and Xi Chen. "Lithium Morphology Evolution through Crosslinked Poly(ethylene oxide) Solid Polymer Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 7 (August 28, 2023): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0172820mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Solid-state, lithium metal batteries are promising candidates for developing the safe, energy-dense devices needed to transition to an electrified economy. However, lithium is highly reactive, making it thermodynamically unstable when in contact with many electrolyte materials. Achieving uniform Li plating and stripping during cycling is the key for enabling high energy Li metal batteries. The lithium stripping and plating mechanism is complicated as it can be affected by the cathode, electrolyte and lithium anode, and the resulting solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In particular, the mechanism is not well understood in solid polymer electrolytes. In this work, we investigate lithium morphology evolution through a solid polymer electrolyte at different stages of battery cycling. Crosslinked poly(ethylene oxide) (xPEO) solid polymer electrolyte is used as a model electrolyte and full cells using single crystal LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) cathode, dry xPEO electrolyte and lithium from two commercial sources are assembled. Our results show that different lithium sources lead to different Coulombic efficiencies and capacity fade rate of the full cells assembled. The lithium morphology evolution at different stages of cycling is examined using scanning electron microscopy and the lithium plating/stripping mechanism are compared between these two commercial lithium anodes. Furthermore, the lithium morphology is compared to a gel polymer composite electrolyte with the same host polymer (xPEO). The dry solid polymer produces a smoother morphology than the gel polymer composite electrolyte without pit formation. A better understanding of the roles of each of these components (pristine Li surface chemistry, microstructure, dry vs gel polymer electrolyte) is essential to control for uniform lithium stripping and plating.
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K Manjula, K. Manjula, and V. John Reddy. "Na+ Ion Conducting Nano-Composite Solid Polymer Electrolyte – Application to Electrochemical Cell." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 1204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380515.
Full textAbstract:
Various concentrations of Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MCNT) fillers dispersed PVDF- HFP: NaClO4 nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NPE) were prepared by solution casting technique. The dispersion of MCNT nano fillers raised the accessibility of more ions for attaining the highest conductivity. Electrical conductivity, Ohmic resistance (RΩ), Polarisation resistanace (Rp), and Warburg impedance (W) were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which revealed ion transport mechanics in the polymer electrolytes. The best ionic conductivity is found to be 8.46 × 10-3 Scm-1 for the 7 wt.% dispersed MCNT Nanocomposite Solid Polymer electrolyte among all polymer electrolyte samples. Electrochemical cell was made by PVDF-HFP:NaClO4 : MCNT polymer electrolyte and exhibited 1.95 V open circuit voltage and 2.5 mA short circuit current, respectively.
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Liu, Gao. "(Invited) Lithium Phosphorus Sulfide Chloride-Polymer Composite Via Solution-Precipitation Process for Improving Stability Toward Dendrite Formation of Li-Ion Solid Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02173mtgabs.
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Improving the mechanical strength of ceramic solid electrolytes such as lithium phosphorus sulfide families for pressure-driven dendrite blocking as well as reducing the electronic conductivity to prevent a dendrite formation inside the electrolytes are very important to extend the lifespan of all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries. Here, we propose a low-temperature solution−precipitation process to prepare polymer−solid electrolyte composites for a highly uniform polymer distribution in the electrolyte to enhance their mechanical strength and reduce their electronic conduction. The composites with up to 12 wt % of polymer are prepared, and the composites exhibit high ionic conductivities of up to 0.3 mS/cm. Furthermore, the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte composites on Li striping/plating cycles is investigated. We confirm that the proposed solution precipitation process makes the composite much more stable than the bare solid electrolyte and causes them to outperform similar composites from the other existing preparation methods, such as mechanical mixing and solution dispersion.
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Tomi, Ryu, Tashima Daisuke, and Kawabata Toshihiko. "Characteristics of electric double-layer capacitors based on solid polymer electrolyte composed of sodium polyacrylate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2368, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2368/1/012002.
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Despite the low cost and high ionic conductivity of aqueous electrolytes, their practical applications are limited because a low withstand voltage of 1.2 V The energy density increases in proportion to the withstand voltage which is a crucial factor for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with solid polymer electrolytes. In this study, the electrolyte solution was made into a viscous solid polymer electrolyte to improve the withstand voltage of the electrolyte. The solid polymer electrolyte was prepared from sodium polyacrylate and doped with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and pure water. Sodium polyacrylate can absorb water at the temperature of 16-28 °C and exhibits suitable ion transfer. The EDLCs consisted of a distilled Japanese shochu-waste-activated-carbon electrode, a titanium mesh collector, and a solid polymer electrolyte. All the processes were performed at room temperature. Their electrochemical characteristics were measured using cyclic voltammetry (CV). From CV, the withstand voltage, cycle range, and specific capacitance were evaluated. The performance of the solid polymer electrolyte varied depending on the weight ratio of the constituent sodium polyacrylate and the molar concentrations of the KOH. Here, the value of molar concentration and its variation, depends on the weight ratio of the material. With the addition of sodium polyacrylate, the withstand voltage, which was 1.2 V, rose to over 2 V. Some of the samples increased up to 5 V. In the cycle measurement, the rate of decrease in capacity exceeded 20% after 250 cycles.
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Sahore, Ritu, Beth L. Armstrong, Changhao Liu, and Xi Chen. "A Three-Dimensionally Interconnected Composite Polymer Electrolyte for Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024378mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
High energy density of solid-state batteries requires a thin solid electrolyte separator layer (<30 μm), that can sustain high currents and is easily processable. Polymer-ceramic composite electrolytes can potentially fulfill these requirements by combining the advantages of each type. Ceramic electrolytes have high room-temperature ionic conductivity, transference number of one, and mechanical strength to suppress lithium dendrites, whereas polymer electrolytes are easily processable and can form conformable interfaces with the electrodes. High interfacial-impedance between polymer and ceramic electrolytes make the composites with dispersed ceramic particles less attractive.1 A composite electrolyte architecture where a three-dimensionally interconnected porous ceramic is filled with polymer electrolyte, previously reported by our group, can avoid the interfacial impedance issue, although for thin composite membranes, the interfacial impedance between ceramic framework and excess polymer layer on top/bottom surface will still dominate the overall impedance.2 Here we will present fabrication and electrochemical evaluation of ~150 μm thick composite electrolytes with the above-described 3D-interconnected ceramic architecture. The 3-D framework is obtained by partially sintering Ohara ceramic particle tapes obtained via tape casting, which are filled with curable polymer electrolyte precursors. To obtain a thin (5 μm), uniform polymer electrolyte layer on both surfaces, spray coating was employed. The resulting composite membrane exhibited good dendritic resistance in symmetric cell cycling, improved transference number compared to the polymer electrolytes. We also found significantly improved flexibility of the composite electrolytes with plasticization, however, at the cost of reduction in ionic conductivity due to damage to the ceramic network caused by plasticizer-induced swelling of the cross-linked polymer electrolyte. This research was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy for the Vehicle Technologies Office’s Advanced Battery Materials Research Program (Tien Duong, Program Manager). This abstract has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan). References Chen, X. C.; Liu, X.; Samuthira Pandian, A.; Lou, K.; Delnick, F. M.; Dudney, N. J., Determining and Minimizing Resistance for Ion Transport at the Polymer/Ceramic Electrolyte Interface. ACS Energy Letters 2019, 4 (5), 1080-1085. Palmer, M. J.; Kalnaus, S.; Dixit, M. B.; Westover, A. S.; Hatzell, K. B.; Dudney, N. J.; Chen, X. C., A three-dimensional interconnected polymer/ceramic composite as a thin film solid electrolyte. Energy Storage Materials 2020, 26, 242-249.
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Tang, Chenxia, Zhiyu Xue, Shijie Weng, Wenjie Wang, Hongmei Shen, Yong Xiang, Le Liu, and Xiaoli Peng. "A Biodegradable Polyester-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium Batteries." Nanomaterials 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2023): 3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13233027.
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The low ionic conductivity, narrow electrochemical window, poor interfacial stability with lithium metal, and non-degradability of raw materials are the main problems of solid polymer electrolytes, restricting the development of lithium solid-state batteries. In this paper, a biodegradable poly (2,3-butanediol/1,3-propanediol/succinic acid/sebacic acid/itaconic acid) ester was designed and used as a substrate to prepare biodegradable polyester solid polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries using a simple solution-casting method. A large number of ester-based polar groups in the amorphous polymer become a high-speed channel for carrying lithium ions as a weak coordination site. The biodegradable polyester solid polymer electrolyte exhibits a wide electrochemical window of 5.08 V (vs. Li/Li+), high ionic conductivity of 1.03 mS cm−1 (25 °C), and a large Li+ transference number of 0.56. The electrolyte exhibits good interfacial stability with lithium, with stable Li plating/stripping behavior at room temperature over 2100 h. This design strategy for biodegradable polyester solid polymer electrolytes offers new possibilities for the development of matrix materials for environmentally friendly lithium metal solid-state batteries.
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Badi, Nacer, Azemtsop Manfo Theodore, Saleh A. Alghamdi, Hatem A. Al-Aoh, Abderrahim Lakhouit, Pramod K. Singh, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, and Gaurav Nath. "The Impact of Polymer Electrolyte Properties on Lithium-Ion Batteries." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153101.
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In recent decades, the enhancement of the properties of electrolytes and electrodes resulted in the development of efficient electrochemical energy storage devices. We herein reported the impact of the different polymer electrolytes in terms of physicochemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Since LIBs use many groups of electrolytes, such as liquid electrolytes, quasi-solid electrolytes, and solid electrolytes, the efficiency of the full device relies on the type of electrolyte used. A good electrolyte is the one that, when used in Li-ion batteries, exhibits high Li+ diffusion between electrodes, the lowest resistance during cycling at the interfaces, a high capacity of retention, a very good cycle-life, high thermal stability, high specific capacitance, and high energy density. The impact of various polymer electrolytes and their components has been reported in this work, which helps to understand their effect on battery performance. Although, single-electrolyte material cannot be sufficient to fulfill the requirements of a good LIB. This review is aimed to lead toward an appropriate choice of polymer electrolyte for LIBs.
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Liao, Cheng Hung, Chia-Chin Chen, Ru-Jong Jeng, and Nae-Lih (Nick) Wu. "Application of Artificial Interphase on Ni-Rich Cathode Materials Via Hybrid Ceramic-Polymer Electrolyte in All Solid State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 6 (August 28, 2023): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0161050mtgabs.
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Among many cathode materials, nickel-rich LiNi0.83Co0.12Mn0.05O2 (NCM 831205) has been spotlighted as one of the most feasible candidates for next-generation LIBs because of its high discharge capacity (~200 mAh/g). However, NCM 831205 shows significant performance degradation, which is mostly attributed to cation mixing, surface side reactions, and intrinsic structural instability originating from the large volume changes during repeated cycling. Conventional lithium ion batteries (LIB) normally use flammable nonaqueous liquid electrolytes, resulting in a serious safety issue in use. In this respect, all-solid-state batteries (ASSB) are regarded as a fundamental solution to address the safety issue by using a solid state electrolyte in place of the conventional liquid one. This work employed lithium sulfonate (SO3Li) tethered polymer, obtained from sulfonation of commercial polymer, to serve as the artificial protective coating on the active NCM831205 of the cathode for ASSB based on hybrid PEO-ceramic solid electrolyte. The coating layer should prevent direct contact of electrolyte with the cathode, thus avoid the negative effects such as microcracks of NCM831205 and undesired CEI formation. The preparation of hybrid ceramic-polymer electrolyte through a solvent-free process. The hybrid electrolytes exhibit good flexibility and processability with respect to pure ceramic and pure PEO polymer electrolyte. It is demonstrated that the hybrid electrolytes can penetrate into cathode under 60°C, providing a good Li+ transfer channel inside the battery. Moreover, the sulfone based polymer protective coating could effectively improve the electrochemical stability of the NCM831205 without sacrificing the battery performance. Keywords: NCM831205, Artificial Polymer Coating, All-Solid-State Batteries
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Wittig, Marina, and Bernhard Rieger. "Synthesis of a Conceptual New Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-022289mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
The increasing global population and the rapid change in climatic conditions strengthens the demand for a more efficient handling of energy consumption and energy storage technologies. In this context, all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) as next-generation rechargeable lithium-ion batteries offer an improved energy and power density based on the integration of novel separators and electrode materials. In comparison to their liquid representatives, ASSBs provide a higher intrinsic safety via non-flammable components and in addition greater long-term durability. In relation to common electrolyte classes, solid polymers stand out due to their good mechanical flexibility, easy film-formation ability, good contact supply between cell components, and lower production costs, favoring the application as electrolytes, protective coatings, as well as additives in cathode composites. Among a variety of polymers, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is a well-studied and established host polymer due to its great ability to dissolve lithium salts like LiBH4, LiPF6 or LiTFSI. Based on a low glass transition temperature (Tg) of about - 60 to - 50 °C, PEO shows a high degree of polymer chain flexibility which facilitates the migration of the lithium cations through the solid electrolyte. Nevertheless, its semi-crystalline character often leads to low conductivities below its melting point (Tm) of around 60 °C, making pure PEO unattractive as solid electrolyte. Copolymerization, the addition of a small amount of solvent to produce so called gel polymer electrolytes, the addition of some plasticizers, or the interplay of polymer and inorganic fillers try to counteract this trend. The synthetical concept behind this work is aiming to benefit from the flexible nature of PEO, and at the same time to improve the ionic conductivities and especially the lithium migration by structural realignment away from a dual-ion towards a single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte (SICPE). The polar PEO-backbone ensures polymer chain mobility, whereas a rigid aromatic structure unit as side chain bears the fixed anionic group. The immobilization of the anionic charges on the polyether backbone tends to guide the electrolyte to higher lithium transference numbers, fewer polarization effects, and the suppression of dendrite growth, resulting in an overall improved cell performance. Synthesis steps via the novel SICPE are characterized with the help of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal analyses of the homopolymer already show the positive influence of the flexible PEO-backbone by lowering the Tg from 100 to 150 °C for related aliphatic derivatives down to 60 to 80 °C in our case. On the basis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, the interplay of chemical, thermal, and electrochemical key properties is investigated. The gained results tend to open a discussion panel concerning occurring challenges for solid-state polymer electrolytes and the interdependencies between electrolyte constitution and polymer characteristics.
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Virya, Alvin, Julian Rosas, Jobey Chua, and Keryn Lian. "LiNO3-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Solid Electrochemical Capacitors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 35 (July 7, 2022): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01351513mtgabs.
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Solid-state, thin, and flexible electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are promising power sources for wearable electronics such as smart textiles and medical sensors. One of the key enablers for safe and high performance solid electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is aqueous-based neutral pH polymer electrolytes (NPPEs) [1-2]. NPPEs containing chloride [3-5] or sulfate salts [6-8] as ion conductors, have been demonstrated high ionic conductivities with wide cell voltage window (>1.5 V, beyond the typical limit of aqueous-based systems). While nitrate solution can also offer similarly wide potential window (demonstrated in liquid electrolytes [9]), their polymer electrolytes may offer several additional advantages: (i) better compatibility with wide-range of polymers from its chaotropic nature, (ii) good thermal stability from deep eutectic temperature with water, and (iii) good water-retaining ability from hygroscopic nature that allows for higher retention than sulfates while maintaining better structural integrity than chlorides. In this study, we aim to: (i) develop a class of high performance LiNO3 based NPPEs, (ii) investigate the underlying material characteristics of the NPPE that support good electrochemical performance, and (iii) demonstrate its application in solid EDLC devices using carbon-based electrodes. The polymer electrolytes utilizing either polyacrylamide or poly(vinyl alcohol) host with various amount of LiNO3 have been systematically studied for their ionic conductivities and performance in solid capacitive devices. While increasing the salt content can lead to higher ionic conductivity, the mechanical properties may be compromised from excessive water absorption. The optimized electrolytes exhibited a high ionic conductivity (>20 mS cm-1) at ambient, relatively high conductivity retention at sub-zero temperatures, and long shelf-life (>30 days). These electrolytes maintained well-hydrated ions and would enable solid-state double layer capacitors, without any separator. References: [1] K. Fic et al., "Novel insight into neutral medium as electrolyte for high-voltage supercapacitors," Energy & Env. Sci., 2, 2012. [2] C. Zhong et al., "A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors," Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 2015. [3] G. Wang et al., “LiCl/PVA Gel Electrolyte Stabilizes Vanadium Oxide Nanowire Electrodes for Pseudocapacitors,” ACS Nano, 6, 2012. [4] X. Peng et al., “A zwitterionic gel electrolyte for efficient solid-state supercapacitors,” Nat. Comm., 7, 2016. [5] A. Virya and K. Lian, “Polyacrylamide-lithium chloride polymer electrolyte and its applications in electrochemical capacitors,” Electrochem. Comm., 74, 2016 [6] N. Batisse and E. Raymond- Piñero, “A self-standing hydrogel neutral electrolyte for high voltage and safe flexible supercapacitors,” J. Power Sources, 348, 2017. [7] A. Virya et al., "Na2SO4-polyacrylamide electrolytes and enabled solid-state electrochemical capacitors," Batteries & Supercaps, 2019. [8] T. Gu and B. Wei, “High-performance all-solid-state asymmetric stretchable supercapacitors based on wrinkled MnO2/CNT and Fe2O3/CNT macrofilms,” J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 2016. [9] K. Fic et al., “Comparative operando study of degradation mechanisms in carbon-based electrochemical capacitors with Li2SO4 and LiNO3 electrolytes,” Carbon, 120, 2017.
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Yen, Dean, Sha Tan, Xiao-Qing Yang, Yu-chen Karen Chen-Wiegart, and Enyuan Hu. "Electrochemical and Structural Study on PVDF-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024425mtgabs.
Full textAbstract:
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used today in powering devices from portable electronics to electric vehicles. Despite their great success, this battery chemistry relies on organic solvent-based liquid electrolytes which are highly flammable, leading to major safety concerns. In contrast, solid-state batteries, which are based on solid-state electrolytes, are regarded to have much better safety characteristics and potentially higher energy density than the conventional lithium-ion batteries. Solid-state electrolytes usually include ceramics, polymers, gels, and composites. Among them, polymer materials have attracted considerable attention due to their great interfacial contact, flexibility, and easy fabrication. In particular, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer electrolyte is a promising candidate as it can potentially provide a high voltage window and enable high energy density solid-state batteries. However, the current PVDF-based polymer electrolyte is still not compatible with high voltage cathodes, such as layered lithium transition metal oxides and the interaction between the salt and PVDF polymer has not been fully elucidated. We have systematically studied the PVDF-based electrolytes with different salts and salt combinations, including lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiBETI). The optimized electrolyte delivers excellent performance for solid-state Li||LiFePO4 cells, achieving a specific capacity of over 150 mAh/g and lasting more than 50 cycles with over 99% capacity retention. Similar tests have also been applied to lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC), and the preliminary results show promising cycling stability and capacity retention. In addition to electrochemical study, we employed a range of synchrotron-based X-ray techniques, including diffraction, pair distribution function analysis, and absorption spectroscopy, to investigate the interactions between the polymer and lithium salt in the polymer electrolytes. This knowledge will provide valuable information for designing new polymer electrolyte systems. Acknowledgments: The work at Brookhaven National Laboratory was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technology Office of the U.S. Department of Energy through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program under contract DE-SC0012704. This research used beamline 23-ID-2 and 28-ID-2 of the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-SC0012704.
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N.Vijaya, N. Vijaya, D. Vinoth Pandi, and S. Selvasekarapandian S.Selvasekarapandian. "Characterization of Plasticized Solid Polymer Electrolyte by AC Impedance Spectroscopy." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (June 1, 2012): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2013/133.
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Lin, Ziyang, and Zhuofan Wang. "Application of Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Sodium Batteries." MATEC Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338603019.
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Rechargeable sodium-ion batteries have become more attractive because of its advantages such as abundant sodium resources and lower costs compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. In keeping with the future development of high-capacity secondary batteries, solid-state batteries, which use solid electrolytes instead of liquid organic electrolytes, are expected to overcome the challenges of traditional lithium-ion batteries in terms of energy density, cycle life and safety. Among various electrolytes, polymer matrices have great potential and application in flexible solid-state sodium batteries, as they can form large molecular structures with sodium salts, exhibit low flammability and excellent flexibility. But there are still challenges including low ionic conductivity, poor wettability, electrode/electrolyte interface stability and compatibility, which can limit battery performance and hinder practical applications. The preparation, benefits, and drawbacks of polymer-based solid-state sodium batteries (SSBs) are examined in this article based on an overview of solid electrolytes from the perspectives of polymer-based sodium battery materials, solid polymer electrolytes, and composition polymer electrolytes. Finally, it provides insights into the challenges and potential developments for polymer-based solid-state sodium batteries in the future.
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Lee, Yan Ying, and Andre Weber. "Harmonization of Testing Procedures for All Solid State Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-022340mtgabs.
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All Solid State Batteries (ASSBs) with lithium-ion based conducting solid state electrolytes are considered the next generation high performance batteries. They enable high power densities due to their single ion conducting solid electrolyte, eliminating salt concentration gradients and related polarization losses in the cell, and ensuring an unrivalled level of safety due to their non-combustibility. Currently, a variety of ASSBs based on different solid state electrolytes such as polymers, thiophosphates, oxides and combinations thereof are being developed. One general problem with ASSBs is establishing and maintaining contact between the solid electrolyte and the active material phase during production and cycling, respectively. In conventional lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), this contact is ensured by the liquid state of the electrolyte, but in ASSBs, chemical expansion and contraction of the active material during lithiation and delithiation can detach this contact, resulting in decreased capacity due to the loss of active material. As a consequence, ASSBs are often operated under pressurized conditions, applying pressures significantly exceeding those in conventional LiBs. The same holds for the operating temperature window. Especially for polymer electrolyte-based ASSBs, they are often operated at higher temperatures to compensate for the low ionic conductivity of polymers at room temperature. With respect to cell testing, such operating requirements must be considered, and testing protocols are designed according to the individual requirements of the tested cell. This contribution aims to provide an overview of testing protocols for various types of ASSBs applied to different cells with polymer-, thiophosphate-, oxide-, and hybrid-electrolytes. These protocols will be compared with standardized testing routines for conventional LiBs. Based on this compilation, a harmonized testing procedure that covers the special requirements of the individual cell types and enables a fair comparison of different ASSBs is suggested. Additionally, examples of ASSB testing results will be discussed, taking into consideration the harmonization of different testing parameters.
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Liang, Xinghua, Dongxue Huang, Linxiao Lan, Guanhua Yang, and Jianling Huang. "Enhancement of the Electrochemical Performances of Composite Solid-State Electrolytes by Doping with Graphene." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 3216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183216.
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With high safety and good flexibility, polymer-based composite solid electrolytes are considered to be promising electrolytes and are widely investigated in solid lithium batteries. However, the low conductivity and high interfacial impedance of polymer-based solid electrolytes hinder their industrial applications. Herein, a composite solid-state electrolyte containing graphene (PVDF-LATP-LiClO4-Graphene) with structurally stable and good electrochemical performance is explored and enables excellent electrochemical properties for lithium-ion batteries. The ionic conductivity of the composite electrolyte membrane containing 5 wt% graphene reaches 2.00 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C, which is higher than that of the composite electrolyte membrane without graphene (2.67 × 10−4 S cm−1). The electrochemical window of the composite electrolyte membrane containing 5 wt% graphene reaches 4.6 V, and its Li+ transference numbers reach 0.84. Assembling this electrolyte into the battery, the LFP/PVDF-LATP-LiClO4-Graphene /Li battery has a specific discharge capacity of 107 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and the capacity retention rate was 91.58% after 100 cycles, higher than that of the LiFePO4/PVDF-LATP-LiClO4/Li (LFP/PLL/Li) battery, being 94 mAh g−1 and 89.36%, respectively. This work provides a feasible solution for the potential application of composite solid electrolytes.
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Mu, Xiaowei, Anyang Wang, and Nianqiang Wu. "Plasma Modification of Interfaces in Ceramic Nanofiber–Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 6 (August 28, 2023): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-016987mtgabs.
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Ceramic–polymer composite electrolytes hold a great promise as next-generation electrolytes because of strong mechanical properties and wide electrochemical stability window. However, it remains challenges in improving ionic conductivity and lithium ion transference numbers. In this work, plasma treatment has been performed on Li0.33La0.557Ti0.995Al0.005O3 (LLATO) nanofibers. The treated nanofibers are then incorporated with a polymer matrix to form a composite electrolyte. Plasma treatment has modulated oxygen vacancies, functional groups, polarity, and interfacial interaction of LLATO-polymer. This has improved lithium ion transport at interface of LLATO-polymer electrolyte. As a result, the LLATO-polymer electrolyte shows enhanced ionic conductivity and mechanical performance. This work has implication in design of ceramic-polymer composite electrolytes for solid state lithium metal batteries.