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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid recovered fuel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 June 2025

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1

Vaisberg, L. A., and N. V. Mikhailova. "Municipal Solid Waste Separation forthe Production of Solid Recovered Fuel." Ecology and Industry of Russia 20, no. 12 (2016): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2016-12-4-8.

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2

Štofová, Lenka, Petra Szaryszová, and Bohuslava Mihalčová. "Testing the Bioeconomic Options of Transitioning to Solid Recovered Fuel: A Case Study of a Thermal Power Plant in Slovakia." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061720.

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This paper deals with the state and perspectives of bioenergy development in the context of exploiting the potential of available natural resources. We analyse the economic benefits of transitioning to alternative biofuel within the research task in cooperation with the Vojany black coal power plant. Within the applied methodology, a non-parametric data envelopment analysis method was used to confirm the most economically efficient types of fuels used in the combustion process. The assumption of fuel efficiency was confirmed by testing fuel combustion combinations directly in the power plant. The transition to 100% combustion of solid recovered fuel creates the potential for sustainable production of the analysed power plant and compliance with the current emission values of basic pollutants and new stricter limits, which will be binding in the EU from August 2021. The proposed solutions were analysed by Monte Carlo simulation. An estimate of the economic results achieved by the power plant was simulated, assuming a complete transition to solid recovered fuel. The results of the study support the feasibility of creating a circular waste management market, with the Vojany black coal power plant as the largest user of solid recovered fuel in Slovakia and abroad.

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3

Kemppainen, K., M. Siika-aho, A. Östman, et al. "Hydrolysis and composition of recovered fibres fractionated from solid recovered fuel." Bioresource Technology 169 (October 2014): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.069.

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4

Lorber, Karl E., Renato Sarc, and Alexia Aldrian. "Design and quality assurance for solid recovered fuel." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (2012): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x12440484.

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5

Pedersen, Morten Nedergaard, Peter Arendt Jensen, Klaus Hjuler, Mads Nielsen, and Kim Dam-Johansen. "Agglomeration and Deposition Behavior of Solid Recovered Fuel." Energy & Fuels 30, no. 10 (2016): 7858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00839.

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6

Čespiva, J., J. Skřínský, J. Vereš, M. Wnukowski, J. Serenčíšová, and T. Ochodek. "Solid recovered fuel gasification in sliding bed reactor." Energy 278 (September 2023): 127830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127830.

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7

Park, Sein, Heesung Moon, Junik Son, Jungu Kang, and Taewan Jeon. "Estimation of Energy Recovery Efficiency in Solid Recovered Fuel Manufacturing and Use Facilities." Sustainability 17, no. 2 (2025): 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020440.

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The importance of waste energy is increasing with increasing emphasis on carbon neutrality. Solid recovered fuels (SRFs) are manufactured to recycle waste into fuel form and can replace fossil fuels by recovering the heat generated by using them. This study calculated the manufacturing and energy recovery efficiency of SRF facilities. The manufacturing efficiency was calculated as the amount of SRFs manufactured compared to the amount of input waste. The energy recovery efficiency was calculated using the R1 method, which is applied to incineration heat energy recovery facilities. The manufacturing efficiency was 69.5%, which varies depending on the combustible material content of input waste. The energy recovery efficiency was 85.4%, which satisfied Korean energy recovery efficiency facility standards. Our study highlights the manufacturing and use of SRFs as one of the options for recycling waste and its potential as a substitute for fossil fuels.

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8

Afolabi, Oluwasola O. D., and M. Sohail. "Comparative evaluation of conventional and microwave hydrothermal carbonization of human biowaste for value recovery." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 12 (2017): 2852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.164.

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This paper compares conventional and microwave hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of human biowaste (HBW) at 160 °C, 180 °C and 200 °C as a potential technology to recover valuable carbonaceous solid fuel char and organic-rich liquor. Also discussed are the influence of HTC heating methods and temperature on HBW processing conversion into solid fuel char, i.e. yield and post-HTC management, dewaterability rates, particle size distribution and the carbon and energy properties of solid fuel char. While HTC temperatures influenced all parameters investigated, especially yield and properties of end products recovered, heating source effects were noticeable on dewatering rates, char particle sizes and HBW processing/end product recovery rate and, by extension, energy consumed. The microwave process was found to be more efficient for dewatering processed HBW and for char recovery, consuming half the energy used by the conventional HTC method despite the similarity in yields, carbon and energy properties of the recovered char. However, both processes reliably overcame the heterogeneity of HBW, converting them into non-foul end products, which were easily dewatered at &lt;3 seconds/g total solids (TS) (c.f. 50.3 seconds/g TS for a raw sample) to recover energy-densified chars of ≈17 MJ/kg calorific value and up to 1.4 g/l of ammonia concentration in recovered liquor.

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9

Kakaras, Emmanuel, Panagiotis Grammeus, Michails Agraniotis, et al. "Solid recovered fuel as coal substitute in the electricity generation sector." Thermal Science 9, no. 2 (2005): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0502017k.

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According to the 1999/31 EC Directive, municipal solid waste should not be disposed for landfill from 2005. In this way, more environmental friendly waste management options are promoted towards the volume reduction and limitation of negative consequences. In this context, attention is focused on the utilization of solid recovered fuels derived from the waste treatment as coal substitute in large-scale power plants. Such activities are realized within an EU-funded project RECOFUEL, in which the solid recovered fuels co-combustion with brown coal is demonstrated in two commercial-scale PF-boilers at R WE Power's power plant site in Weisweiler, Germany. During testing the thermal share of solid recovered fuels in the overall thermal input was adjusted to some 2%, resulting into a feeding rate of about 2 x 12.5 tons per hour. NTUA-LSB in cooperation with IVD-University of Stuttgart, Germany, is responsible for the boiler measurements and the characterization of boilers operational behavior. Among the main activities are the technology transfer of co-combustion practice in the Balkan countries and the perspectives of its future application in the Greek region, with respect to the special characteristics of the Greek brown coal and municipal solid waste. Co-combustion tests of brown coal and solid recovered fuels, that have been taken place up to now, have been successfully performed and the strict European emission limits are kept. The waste quantities in Greece that can be utilized are estimated in 200,000 Mg/year while their utilization in existing thermal plants is expected to bring savings of 3% lignite use and avoidance of up to 200,000 Mg CO2 per year.

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10

Kim, Daegi, Kwanyong Lee, and Kiyoung Park. "Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for solid recovered fuel and energy recovery." Journal of the Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 29, no. 1 (2015): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2015.29.1.057.

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11

Mikhailova, Lyudmyla, Viktor Dubik, Oleksandr Dumanskyi, and Oleksandr Kozak. "Possibilities of landfills and solid waste sites for energy production in Ukraine." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 15, no. 1 (2024): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machinery/1.2024.86.

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Dynamic changes in the energy sector towards the priority of renewable energy are stimulated by the political decisions in the European integrated environment aimed at achieving climate neutrality within the framework of the European Green Deal. The study aims to provide an in-depth investigation of the potential of landfills and solid waste sites for energy production in Ukraine. The study was conducted using general scientific methods, in particular, analysis and synthesis, abstraction, and comparison. The study examined the issues of developing the bioenergy potential of solid waste sites in Ukraine, including organisational, regulatory, technological, financial and investment aspects. The position of various operations for bioenergy waste processing in the solid waste management system, in particular, anaerobic digestion and solid fuel production, was identified, and an analysis of several thermal waste processing technologies was carried out. Among the features and characteristic requirements for the biogas production process using anaerobic methodology, the aspects of technological availability and economic feasibility are highlighted. The study examines the experience of production and use of organic Refuse Derived Fuel and Solid Recovered Fuel produced from solid waste sites, proving the need to optimise the regulatory support for biogas production at solid waste sites storage sites in the national legislative field. The article emphasises the possibility of practical use of Refuse Derived Fuel and Solid Recovered Fuel, in a partial format, to offset the shortage of fossil fuels in Ukraine and actively implement the concept of a sustainable green course for rational waste management. The results obtained can be used to improve the optimisation of strategic programmes for solid waste management in terms of their bioenergy potential

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12

Salah El-Deen, R., M. Abdelrazik, Hussien A., and S. Elagroody. "Low Cost Technology for Solid Recovered Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste." Scientific Journal of October 6 University 3, no. 2 (2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/sjou.2016.31768.

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13

Lee, Seung-Won. "Effect of Flocculant Injection Ratio in Microwave Drying for BIO-SRF(Solid Recovered Fuel) of Swage Sludge." Journal of the Korean Society for Environmental Technology 22, no. 1 (2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26511/jkset.22.1.3.

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14

Shinya, Fumitaka, Hirokazu Tsuboi, Atsushi Miyata, Masao Shimada, and Hiromasa Yamashita. "Practical use of new system for highly efficient recovery of energy from sewage and garbage." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 3 (2015): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.062.

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This study discusses efforts being made to realize energy self-sufficiency in a sewage treatment plant, and to achieve both energy conservation with low-load water treatment based on thorough, intensive solid–liquid separation and ‘energy production’ by using sludge treatment capable of converting recovered biomass into energy with maximum efficiency. Intensive solid–liquid separation resulted in higher suspended solids and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal rates than those achieved with conventional primary settling tanks. Using thermophilic digestion of raw sludge, recovered by intensive solid–liquid separation, and garbage as substrates, the Volatile Solids (VS) decomposition rate was 70% and generated digestion gas was 759 Nm3/t-loaded VS on average under conditions of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 5 days and a VS load of 6.0 kg-VS/m3/day. The generated digestion gas was totally used to generate power with phosphoric acid fuel cells.

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15

Radojevic, Milos, Martina Balac, Vladimir Jovanovic, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, and Nebojsa Manic. "Thermogravimetric kinetic study of solid recovered fuels pyrolysis." Chemical Industry 72, no. 2 (2018): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind171009002r.

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In the Republic of Serbia there are significant quantities of coffee and tire wastes that can be utilized as Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and used as an additional fuel for co?combustion with coal and biomass in energy production and cement industry sectors. Differences between SRF and base fuel are a cause of numerous problems in design of burners. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetic parameters for the thermochemical conversion of selected SRF using Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). Samples of coffee and tire waste were used for the experimental tests. Thermal analysis was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere at three different heating rates 10, 15 and 20 K/min for each sample, while it was heated from room temperature up to 900?C. Two sample sizes x <0.25 mm and 0.25 < x <0.5 mm of each SRF were used in experiments, in order to obtain reliable Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) data for estimation of kinetic parameters for SRF pyrolysis. Experimental results were used for determination of pre-exponential factor and activation energy according to methods presented in the literature. Presented research provides valuable data of coffee and tire waste that can be used for the burners design.

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16

Mikhailova, N. V., and A. V. Yasinskaya. "Undesirable Substances Reduction in Solid Fuel Recovered from Municipal Solid Waste of Russia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 835, no. 1 (2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/835/1/012007.

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17

Bessi, C., L. Lombardi, R. Meoni, A. Canovai, and A. Corti. "Solid recovered fuel: An experiment on classification and potential applications." Waste Management 47 (January 2016): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.012.

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18

Kim, Bomin, Dohyung Kim, and Chan-gyu Park. "Development of marine waste pretreatment guidelines for ISO TC 300 standard proposal." Society for Standards Certification and Safety 14, no. 4 (2024): 185–95. https://doi.org/10.34139/jscs.2024.14.4.185.

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Marine waste, which is causing major problems in the environment, continues to increase and has a significant impact on humans and the marine environment. In the past, marine waste was disposed of by landfill or incineration, but landfill is difficult to utilize anymore due to the long decomposition time and problems of securing landfill sites, and incineration due to environmental pollution problems caused by carbon dioxide and carcinogens. Various policies and technologies are being developed to solve the marine waste problem, and various studies related to conversion of marine plastic into solid fuel are being conducted from a resource utilization perspective. In this study, we examined various technologies aimed at addressing the issue of marine waste, as well as the current status of standardization under ISO TC 300 related to solid fuels to promote the use of marine waste as solid recovered fuel. Additionally, we developed guidelines for marine waste preprocessing facilities to facilitate the conversion of marine waste into solid fuel through preprocessing.

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19

Kim, Sang-Kyun, Kee-Won Jang, Ji-Hyung Hong, Yong-Won Jung, and Hyung-Chun Kim. "Estimated CO2 Emissions and Analysis of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) as an Alternative Fuel." Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 7, no. 1 (2013): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2013.7.1.048.

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20

Nasrullah, Muhammad, Pasi Vainikka, Janne Hannula, Markku Hurme, and Pekka Oinas. "Elemental balance of SRF production process: solid recovered fuel produced from municipal solid waste." Waste Management & Research 34, no. 1 (2015): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x15615697.

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21

Montané, Daniel, Sònia Abelló, Xavier Farriol, and César Berrueco. "Volatilization characteristics of solid recovered fuels (SRFs)." Fuel Processing Technology 113 (September 2013): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.026.

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22

Tu, Shao-Fu, Yu-Ming Chu, Tse-Lun Chen, Hsing-Cheng Hsi, Hwong-wen Ma, and Yu-Chieh Ting. "Valorization of solid digestate through biochar production for toluene adsorption and enhanced energy recovery as solid recovered fuel." Waste Management 202 (July 2025): 114845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114845.

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23

Polygalov, S. V., G. V. Ilyinykh, and V. N. Korotaev. "Control Properties of Solid Fuels from Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 10 (2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-10-18-23.

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Field and laboratory studies of the composition and properties of solid municipal waste have been performed, on the basis of which the quantity and quality of the recovered secondary raw materials and "tailings" of sorting, which are used as energy fraction or solid fuel from waste, are simulated. The elemental composition for dry ashless (combustible) mass for all considered variants of solid fuelcomposition from wastes is calculated. Presented is the ratio C: O and heat of combustion on a dry basis for different versions of solid fuel composition from waste. For comparison, the C: O ratio is shown for various components of solid fuel from waste: for synthetic materials (polymers, rubber) and for biodegradable materials (organic waste, waste paper, wood).

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24

Dunnu, Gregory, Jörg Maier, Uwe Schnell, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Drag coefficient of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)." Fuel 89, no. 12 (2010): 4053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.039.

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25

Saadabadi, S. Ali, Niels van Linden, Abel Heinsbroek, and P. V. Aravind. "A solid oxide fuel cell fuelled by methane recovered from groundwater." Journal of Cleaner Production 291 (April 2021): 125877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125877.

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26

Kliopova, Irina, Jurgis Kazimieras Staniškis, and Violeta Petraškienė. "Solid recovered fuel production from biodegradable waste in grain processing industry." Waste Management & Research 31, no. 4 (2012): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x12467065.

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27

Gehrmann, Hans-Joachim, Thomas Kolb, Helmut Seifert, et al. "Synergies Between Biomass and Solid Recovered Fuel in Energy Conversion Processes." Environmental Engineering Science 27, no. 7 (2010): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2009.0373.

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28

de la Torre-Bayo, Juan Jesús, Montserrat Zamorano, Juan Carlos Torres-Rojo, et al. "Study of the Applicability of Thermochemical Processes for Solid Recovered Fuel." Applied Sciences 14, no. 22 (2024): 10765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142210765.

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Within the context of the new circular model for wastewater treatment aimed at achieving zero waste, this research seeks an alternative to landfill disposal of waste screenings. It examines the feasibility of thermochemical processes—combustion and gasification—for the valorisation of solid recovered fuel (SRF) derived from screening wastes, which are the only waste in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that typically have an absence of existing recycling or valorisation processes. Laboratory-scale experiments assessed the technical viability of gasification, and energy balances were calculated for both combustion and the syngas obtained from gasification experiments. Results indicate that both processes are feasible for SRF valorisation. Combustion demonstrated the highest energy efficiency, yielding up to 1.6 MJ per kg of raw SRF, compared to gasification’s maximum of 1.4 MJ. The moisture content in SRF feedstock influences both processes, underscoring the need to optimise moisture levels. Additionally, combustion showed a higher conversion efficiency due to the complete oxidation of the feedstock, whereas gasification produced valuable syngas that can be further utilised for energy production or as a chemical feedstock. The study concludes that, from a purely energetic perspective, combustion is the most efficient process for SRF valorisation. However, gasification offers significant environmental and sustainability advantages, including lower greenhouse gas emissions and the potential for integrating with renewable energy systems, making it a more attractive option for long-term sustainability goals.

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29

Dunnu, Gregory, Thomas Hilber, and Uwe Schnell. "Advanced Size Measurements and Aerodynamic Classification of Solid Recovered Fuel Particles." Energy & Fuels 20, no. 4 (2006): 1685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef0600457.

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30

Rada, Elena Cristina, and Marco Ragazzi. "Selective collection as a pretreatment for indirect solid recovered fuel generation." Waste Management 34, no. 2 (2014): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.11.013.

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31

Szűcs, Tibor, Pál Szentannai, Imre Miklós Szilágyi, and László Péter Bakos. "Comparing different reaction models for combustion kinetics of solid recovered fuel." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 139, no. 1 (2019): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08438-8.

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32

Wu, Hao, Peter Glarborg, Flemming Jappe Frandsen, Kim Dam-Johansen, Peter Arendt Jensen, and Bo Sander. "Trace elements in co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and coal." Fuel Processing Technology 105 (January 2013): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.05.007.

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33

Lee, Myeongjong, Hyeongtak Ko, and Seacheon Oh. "Pyrolysis of Solid Recovered Fuel Using Fixed and Fluidized Bed Reactors." Molecules 28, no. 23 (2023): 7815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237815.

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Currently, most plastic waste stems from packaging materials, with a large proportion of this waste either discarded by incineration or used to derive fuel. Accordingly, there is growing interest in the use of pyrolysis to chemically recycle non-recyclable (i.e., via mechanical means) plastic waste into petrochemical feedstock. This comparative study compared pyrolysis characteristics of two types of reactors, namely fixed and fluidized bed reactors. Kinetic analysis for pyrolysis of SRF was also performed. Based on the kinetic analysis of the pyrolytic reactions using differential and integral methods applied to the TGA results, it was seen that the activation energy was lower in the initial stage of pyrolysis. This trend can be mainly attributed to the initial decomposition of PP components, which was subsequently followed by the decomposition of PE. From the kinetic analysis, the activation energy corresponding to the rate of pyrolysis reaction conversion was obtained. In conclusion, pyrolysis carried out using the fluidized bed reactor resulted in a more active decomposition of SRF. The relatively superior performance of this reactor can be attributed to the increased mass and heat transfer effects caused by fluidizing gases, which result in greater gas yields. Regarding the characteristics of liquid products generated during pyrolysis, it was seen that the hydrogen content in the liquid products obtained from the fluidized bed reactor decreased, leading to the formation of oils with higher molecular weights and higher C/H ratios, because the pyrolysis of SRF in the fluidized bed reactor progressed more rapidly than that in the fixed bed reactor.

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34

Izumi, Kazushi, Takeru Sugisawa, and Yasuyuki Ishida. "Current Issues regarding Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) Utilization in Cement Manufacturing." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 34, no. 2 (2023): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.34.116.

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35

Recari, J., C. Berrueco, N. Puy, S. Alier, J. Bartrolí, and X. Farriol. "Torrefaction of a solid recovered fuel (SRF) to improve the fuel properties for gasification processes." Applied Energy 203 (October 2017): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.014.

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36

Fozer, Daniel, Mikołaj Owsianiak, and Michael Zwicky Hauschild. "Prospective life cycle assessment of solid recovered fuel utilization and marine fuel production cement plants." Sustainable Production and Consumption 55 (May 2025): 117–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2025.02.012.

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37

Conesa, Juan A., and Lorena Rey. "Thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis of the decomposition of solid recovered fuel from municipal solid waste." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 120, no. 2 (2015): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4396-4.

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38

Oktaviananda, Cyrilla, and Agus Prasetya. "Hydrothermal Treatment, Sawdust, Corn Cob, Mixture, Solid Fuel." Agrotechnology Innovation (Agrinova) 2, no. 1 (2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agrinova.51987.

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Hydrothermal treatment is a thermochemical process that converts biomass into a coal-like material called hydrochar by applying elevated temperature to biomass in suspensions with water under saturated pressure for a certain time. With this conversion process, easy to handle fuel with well-deﬁned properties can be created from biomass residues, even with high moisture content. Biomass is one of the renewable energy resources in Indonesia which has abundant resources potential. In this research, the eﬀect of corn cob-sawdust mixture w/w (100%:0%), (75%:25%), (50%:50%), (25%:75%) and (0%:100%) at initial pressure 1.0 MPa to hydrothermal treatment of biomass were examined. All samples were then characterized in terms of yield, proximate analysis, caloriﬁc value, and changes in functional groups by FTIR. Approximately 47-68% of origin material was recovered as a hydro-char. The gross caloriﬁc value ranged from 5160-5402 cal/gram. Hydrothermal treatment of sawdust and corncobs mixture with ratio 100% sawdust produced solid with higher heating value of 5402 cal/gram.

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39

Kim, Ho, Seong Kuk Han, Eunhye Song, and Seyong Park. "Estimation of the characteristics with hydrothermal carbonisation temperature on poultry slaughterhouse wastes." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 6 (2018): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18772085.

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This study is an assessment of the hydrothermal carbonisation of poultry slaughterhouse wastes sludge for the solid recovered fuel. The effects of hydrothermal carbonisation were evaluated by varying the reaction temperatures in the range of 170 °C–220 °C. After hydrothermal carbonisation was completed, the capillary suction time, time to filter, and particle size decreased by ranges of 170.4 to 25.9 s, 40 to 7.0 s, and 220 to 98 um, respectively, with increasing hydrothermal carbonisation temperature. This effect improved the dewaterability to release additional free water from the sludge. Moreover, hydrothermal carbonisation increased the heating value though the reduction of the hydrogen and oxygen content of solid fuel in addition to investigating drying performance. As shown in the Van Krevelen diagram, the H/C and O/C ratios decreased, in correlation with primary reactions of coalification. These results suggest that the hydrothermal carbonisation process is an advantageous technology in improving the properties of poultry slaughterhouse wastes as an alternative solid recovered fuel by converting the physical and chemical structure of the poultry slaughterhouse wastes in addition to also providing other benefits to treat organic and biomass waste.

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40

Nagamori, Minako, Yoshihiro Hirata, and Soichiro Sameshima. "Influence of Hydrogen Sulfide in Fuel on Electric Power of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 997–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.997.

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Terminal voltage, electric power density and overpotential were measured for the solid oxide fuel cell with gadolinium-doped ceria electrolyte (Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9, GDC), 30 vol% Ni-GDC anode and Pt cathode using a H2 fuel or biogas (CH4 47, CO2 31, H2 19 vol %) at 1073 K. Addition of 1 ppm H2S in the 3vol % H2O-containing H2 fuel gave no change in the open circuit voltage (0.79 - 0.80 V) and the maximum power density (65 - 72 mW/cm2). Furthermore, no reaction between H2S and Ni in the anode was suggested by the thermodynamic calculation. On the other hand, the terminal voltage and electric power density decreased when 1 ppm H2S gas was mixed with the biogas. After the biogas with 1 ppm H2S flowed into the anode for 8 h, the electric power density decreased from 125 to 90 mW/cm2. The reduced electric power density was also recovered by passing 3 vol % H2O-containing H2 fuel for 2 h.

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41

Tsai, Wen-Tien. "Perspectives on the Promotion of Solid Recovered Fuels in Taiwan." Energies 16, no. 7 (2023): 2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16072944.

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Due to the economic inefficiency of material recycling of general industrial waste and urban waste, the use of solid recovered fuels (SRFs) not only mitigates the environmental loadings from waste incineration plants and sanitary landfills but also creates green electricity and/or heat and thus reduces the use of fossil fuels. In this regard, the Taiwan government formulated the “Solid Recovered Fuel Manufacturing Guidelines and Quality Standards” in 2020 to ensure the manufacturing quality of SRFs. This paper focused on the status of waste management and energy supply, the current regulations for adopting SRFs, and the challenges in the development of SRFs from the viewpoints (or life cycle) of the environmental, economic, and engineering (or technological) characters in Taiwan. Based on the database of the official handbook/yearbook, the energy supply from indigenous biomass and waste was 1678.7 × 103 kiloliters of oil equivalent (KLOE) in 2021, which only accounted for about 1.2% of the total energy supply. Obviously, available indigenous biomass and waste for producing SRFs were mostly from waste wood, sugarcane bagasse, and mixtures containing wood/paper. Finally, some suggestions for the increasing use of SRFs in the energy and industrial sectors were addressed to keep in step with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in 2030, especially in the mitigation of GHG emissions.

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Szücs, Botond, and Pál Szentannai. "Experimental Investigation on Mixing and Segregation Behavior of Oxygen Carrier and Biomass Particle in Fluidized Bed." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13764.

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In this work, lab-scale cold fluidization equipment is designed and constructed to investigate the mixing and segregating phenomena of binary fluidized beds. The focus of the investigation is carbon reduction with the fluidized bed technology-based Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). Nowadays, aspiration to carbon reduction focuses on the solid fuels. Therefore, it is of great importance to integrate the benefits of CLC technology with the use of solid fuels. The measurements of fuel particles in the fluidized bed are extended from the homogeneous and spherical shape to the inhomogeneous, non-spherical shape. During the tests, an iron-based oxygen carrier (OC) for chemical looping combustors is examined with different particle sizes. In addition, the tests included the examination of three different fuel samples (crushed coal, agricultural pellet, and Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)), which can be utilized in chemical looping combustion with In-situ gasification. The experiments are carried out using the bed-frozen method. With this method, the vertical concentration of active particles could be measured. The results show that the particle size of the oxygen carrier does fundamentally influence its vertical placement, and the non-spherical character of most alternative fuels must also be considered for optimal reactor design.

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Velis, Costas, Stuart Wagland, Phil Longhurst, et al. "Solid Recovered Fuel: Influence of Waste Stream Composition and Processing on Chlorine Content and Fuel Quality." Environmental Science & Technology 46, no. 3 (2012): 1923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es2035653.

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Moreno, Joseba, Matthias Hornberger, Max Schmid, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Hard Coal, Wheat Straw, and Solid Recovered Fuel in a 200 kWth Calcium Looping CFB Calciner." Energies 14, no. 8 (2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082162.

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The fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of biomass and solid recovered fuel (SRF) is globally emerging as a viable solution to achieve net-negative carbon emissions in the heat and power sector. Contrary to conventional fossil fuels, alternative fuels are highly heterogeneous, and usually contain increased amounts of alkaline metals and chlorine. Hence, experimental studies are mandatory in order to thoroughly characterize the combustion behavior and pollutant formation of non-conventional fuels in novel applications. This work gives an overview of experimental investigations on the oxy-fuel combustion of hard coal, wheat straw, and SRF with a limestone bed in a semi-industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) pilot plant. The CFB combustor was able to be operated under different fuel blending ratios and inlet O2 concentrations, showing a stable hydrodynamic behavior over many hours of continuous operation. The boundary conditions introduced in this study are expected to prevail in carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes, such as the oxy-fuel combustion in the CFB calciner of a Calcium Looping (CaL) cycle for post-combustion CO2 capture.

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Yang, Won-Seok, Young-Jin Lee, Jun-Gu Kang, Sun-Kyoung Shin, and Tae-Wan Jeon. "Assessment of quality test methods for solid recovered fuel in South Korea." Waste Management 103 (February 2020): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.022.

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Dunnu, G., K. D. Panopoulos, S. Karellas, et al. "The solid recovered fuel Stabilat®: Characteristics and fluidised bed gasification tests." Fuel 93 (March 2012): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.061.

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Ripa, M., G. Fiorentino, H. Giani, A. Clausen, and S. Ulgiati. "Refuse recovered biomass fuel from municipal solid waste. A life cycle assessment." Applied Energy 186 (January 2017): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.058.

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Garg, A., R. Smith, D. Hill, P. J. Longhurst, S. J. T. Pollard, and N. J. Simms. "An integrated appraisal of energy recovery options in the United Kingdom using solid recovered fuel derived from municipal solid waste." Waste Management 29, no. 8 (2009): 2289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.031.

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Rigamonti, Lucia, Giulia Borghi, Giovanna Martignon, and Mario Grosso. "Life cycle costing of energy recovery from solid recovered fuel produced in MBT plants in Italy." Waste Management 99 (November 2019): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.030.

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Velis, Costas A., Stuart Wagland, Phil Longhurst, et al. "Solid Recovered Fuel: Materials Flow Analysis and Fuel Property Development during the Mechanical Processing of Biodried Waste." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 6 (2013): 2957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3021815.

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