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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid Recovered Fuels'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sarc, Renato, IM Seidler, L. Kandlbauer, KE Lorber, and R. Pomberger. "Design, quality and quality assurance of solid recovered fuels for the substitution of fossil feedstock in the cement industry – Update 2019." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 9 (July 23, 2019): 885–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19862600.

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Production, quality and quality assurance, as well as co-incineration of solid recovered fuels in cement industry, have become state-of-the-art in the European cement industry. At the global level, average thermal substitution rate is about 17%, whereby, only 13% in Canada and in the USA 16%, while in the European Union 28 it is about 44% (i.e. 11,300,000 t waste fuels utilised in 2016). In Austria, thermal substitution rate was ca. 80% in 2017, which was worldwide the highest one. Regarding solid recovered fuels for the cement industry, two types are relevant, namely solid recovered fuels PREMIUM Quality and solid recovered fuels MEDIUM Quality. In the case study shown, solid recovered fuels PREMIUM Quality from 11 and solid recovered fuels MEDIUM Quality from nine different solid recovered fuels production plants have been investigated. Investigations consist of sorting and sieving analyses (for PREMIUM), as well as physical–chemical analyses (for both solid recovered fuels types) according to the (inter)national standards (i.e. Austrian ‘ÖNORM’, European ‘EN’ standards and CEN TC 343 guidelines). The results gained from the first investigation were published in 2014 and here, results of further investigations are updated for 2016 and 2018 and confronted with legal and market relevant requirements. During the investigation, not enough parallel samples could be investigated and therefore no adequate scientific statistical analyses could be elaborated but a more practical indicative interpretation has been made. Finally, it can be confirmed, that all investigated solid recovered fuels fulfil the Austrian legal and international solid recovered fuels and co-incineration market requirements.

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2

Lorber, Karl E., and Arne Ragoßnig. "Solid recovered fuels 2.0 – ‘what’s new?’." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (April 2012): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x12442951.

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3

Velis, Costas A., and Jeff Cooper. "Are solid recovered fuels resource-efficient?" Waste Management & Research 31, no. 2 (February 2013): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x13476385.

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4

Kepplinger, Werner L., and Tamara Tappeiner. "Solid recovered fuels in the steel industry." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (November 15, 2011): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x11426174.

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5

Dunnu, Gregory, Jörg Maier, Uwe Schnell, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Drag coefficient of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF)." Fuel 89, no. 12 (December 2010): 4053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.039.

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6

Montané, Daniel, Sònia Abelló, Xavier Farriol, and César Berrueco. "Volatilization characteristics of solid recovered fuels (SRFs)." Fuel Processing Technology 113 (September 2013): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.026.

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7

Arena, Umberto, and Fabrizio Di Gregorio. "Fluidized bed gasification of industrial solid recovered fuels." Waste Management 50 (April 2016): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.02.011.

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8

Radojevic, Milos, Martina Balac, Vladimir Jovanovic, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, and Nebojsa Manic. "Thermogravimetric kinetic study of solid recovered fuels pyrolysis." Chemical Industry 72, no. 2 (2018): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind171009002r.

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In the Republic of Serbia there are significant quantities of coffee and tire wastes that can be utilized as Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and used as an additional fuel for co?combustion with coal and biomass in energy production and cement industry sectors. Differences between SRF and base fuel are a cause of numerous problems in design of burners. The objective of this study was to determine the kinetic parameters for the thermochemical conversion of selected SRF using Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). Samples of coffee and tire waste were used for the experimental tests. Thermal analysis was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere at three different heating rates 10, 15 and 20 K/min for each sample, while it was heated from room temperature up to 900?C. Two sample sizes x <0.25 mm and 0.25 < x <0.5 mm of each SRF were used in experiments, in order to obtain reliable Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) data for estimation of kinetic parameters for SRF pyrolysis. Experimental results were used for determination of pre-exponential factor and activation energy according to methods presented in the literature. Presented research provides valuable data of coffee and tire waste that can be used for the burners design.

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9

Medic-Pejic, Ljiljana, Nieves Fernandez-Anez, Laura Rubio-Arrieta, and Javier Garcia-Torrent. "Thermal behaviour of organic solid recovered fuels (SRF)." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 37 (October 2016): 16556–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.201.

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10

Gehrmann, H. J., H. Seifert, P. Nowak, G. Pfrang-Stotz, H. R. Paur, T. Glorius, and J. Maier. "Mitverbrennung von Solid Recovered Fuels mit Biomassen in Rostsystemen." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 84, no. 8 (July 25, 2012): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201250267.

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11

Dunnu, Gregory, Jörg Maier, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Ash fusibility and compositional data of solid recovered fuels." Fuel 89, no. 7 (July 2010): 1534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.09.008.

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12

Rotter, Vera Susanne, Annekatrin Lehmann, Thomas Marzi, Edda Möhle, Daniel Schingnitz, and Gaston Hoffmann. "New techniques for the characterization of refuse-derived fuels and solid recovered fuels." Waste Management & Research 29, no. 2 (April 14, 2010): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x10364210.

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13

Beckmann, Michael, Martin Pohl, Daniel Bernhardt, and Kathrin Gebauer. "Criteria for solid recovered fuels as a substitute for fossil fuels – a review." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (March 30, 2012): 354–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x12441237.

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14

Kakaras, Emmanuel, Panagiotis Grammeus, Michails Agraniotis, Willy Derichs, Hans-Peter Schiffer, Jörg Maier, Thomas Hilber, Thomas Glorius, and Uwe Becker. "Solid recovered fuel as coal substitute in the electricity generation sector." Thermal Science 9, no. 2 (2005): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0502017k.

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According to the 1999/31 EC Directive, municipal solid waste should not be disposed for landfill from 2005. In this way, more environmental friendly waste management options are promoted towards the volume reduction and limitation of negative consequences. In this context, attention is focused on the utilization of solid recovered fuels derived from the waste treatment as coal substitute in large-scale power plants. Such activities are realized within an EU-funded project RECOFUEL, in which the solid recovered fuels co-combustion with brown coal is demonstrated in two commercial-scale PF-boilers at R WE Power's power plant site in Weisweiler, Germany. During testing the thermal share of solid recovered fuels in the overall thermal input was adjusted to some 2%, resulting into a feeding rate of about 2 x 12.5 tons per hour. NTUA-LSB in cooperation with IVD-University of Stuttgart, Germany, is responsible for the boiler measurements and the characterization of boilers operational behavior. Among the main activities are the technology transfer of co-combustion practice in the Balkan countries and the perspectives of its future application in the Greek region, with respect to the special characteristics of the Greek brown coal and municipal solid waste. Co-combustion tests of brown coal and solid recovered fuels, that have been taken place up to now, have been successfully performed and the strict European emission limits are kept. The waste quantities in Greece that can be utilized are estimated in 200,000 Mg/year while their utilization in existing thermal plants is expected to bring savings of 3% lignite use and avoidance of up to 200,000 Mg CO2 per year.

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15

Flamme, Sabine, and Julia Geiping. "Quality standards and requirements for solid recovered fuels: a review." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (March 23, 2012): 335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x12440481.

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16

Moreno, Joseba, Matthias Hornberger, Max Schmid, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Hard Coal, Wheat Straw, and Solid Recovered Fuel in a 200 kWth Calcium Looping CFB Calciner." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082162.

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The fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of biomass and solid recovered fuel (SRF) is globally emerging as a viable solution to achieve net-negative carbon emissions in the heat and power sector. Contrary to conventional fossil fuels, alternative fuels are highly heterogeneous, and usually contain increased amounts of alkaline metals and chlorine. Hence, experimental studies are mandatory in order to thoroughly characterize the combustion behavior and pollutant formation of non-conventional fuels in novel applications. This work gives an overview of experimental investigations on the oxy-fuel combustion of hard coal, wheat straw, and SRF with a limestone bed in a semi-industrial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) pilot plant. The CFB combustor was able to be operated under different fuel blending ratios and inlet O2 concentrations, showing a stable hydrodynamic behavior over many hours of continuous operation. The boundary conditions introduced in this study are expected to prevail in carbon capture and storage (CCS) processes, such as the oxy-fuel combustion in the CFB calciner of a Calcium Looping (CaL) cycle for post-combustion CO2 capture.

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17

Polygalov, S. V., G. V. Ilyinykh, and V. N. Korotaev. "Control Properties of Solid Fuels from Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-10-18-23.

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Field and laboratory studies of the composition and properties of solid municipal waste have been performed, on the basis of which the quantity and quality of the recovered secondary raw materials and "tailings" of sorting, which are used as energy fraction or solid fuel from waste, are simulated. The elemental composition for dry ashless (combustible) mass for all considered variants of solid fuelcomposition from wastes is calculated. Presented is the ratio C: O and heat of combustion on a dry basis for different versions of solid fuel composition from waste. For comparison, the C: O ratio is shown for various components of solid fuel from waste: for synthetic materials (polymers, rubber) and for biodegradable materials (organic waste, waste paper, wood).

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18

Štofová, Lenka, Petra Szaryszová, and Bohuslava Mihalčová. "Testing the Bioeconomic Options of Transitioning to Solid Recovered Fuel: A Case Study of a Thermal Power Plant in Slovakia." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061720.

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This paper deals with the state and perspectives of bioenergy development in the context of exploiting the potential of available natural resources. We analyse the economic benefits of transitioning to alternative biofuel within the research task in cooperation with the Vojany black coal power plant. Within the applied methodology, a non-parametric data envelopment analysis method was used to confirm the most economically efficient types of fuels used in the combustion process. The assumption of fuel efficiency was confirmed by testing fuel combustion combinations directly in the power plant. The transition to 100% combustion of solid recovered fuel creates the potential for sustainable production of the analysed power plant and compliance with the current emission values of basic pollutants and new stricter limits, which will be binding in the EU from August 2021. The proposed solutions were analysed by Monte Carlo simulation. An estimate of the economic results achieved by the power plant was simulated, assuming a complete transition to solid recovered fuel. The results of the study support the feasibility of creating a circular waste management market, with the Vojany black coal power plant as the largest user of solid recovered fuel in Slovakia and abroad.

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19

Szücs, Botond, and Pál Szentannai. "Experimental Investigation on Mixing and Segregation Behavior of Oxygen Carrier and Biomass Particle in Fluidized Bed." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13764.

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In this work, lab-scale cold fluidization equipment is designed and constructed to investigate the mixing and segregating phenomena of binary fluidized beds. The focus of the investigation is carbon reduction with the fluidized bed technology-based Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). Nowadays, aspiration to carbon reduction focuses on the solid fuels. Therefore, it is of great importance to integrate the benefits of CLC technology with the use of solid fuels. The measurements of fuel particles in the fluidized bed are extended from the homogeneous and spherical shape to the inhomogeneous, non-spherical shape. During the tests, an iron-based oxygen carrier (OC) for chemical looping combustors is examined with different particle sizes. In addition, the tests included the examination of three different fuel samples (crushed coal, agricultural pellet, and Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)), which can be utilized in chemical looping combustion with In-situ gasification. The experiments are carried out using the bed-frozen method. With this method, the vertical concentration of active particles could be measured. The results show that the particle size of the oxygen carrier does fundamentally influence its vertical placement, and the non-spherical character of most alternative fuels must also be considered for optimal reactor design.

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20

Thiel, Stephanie, and Karl Joachim Thomé-Kozmiensky. "Co-combustion of solid recovered fuels in coal-fired power plants." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (December 5, 2011): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x11427946.

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21

Fellner, Johann, and Helmut Rechberger. "Abundance of 14C in biomass fractions of wastes and solid recovered fuels." Waste Management 29, no. 5 (May 2009): 1495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.023.

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22

Hilber, Th, M. Martensen, J. Maier, and G. Scheffknecht. "A method to characterise the volatile release of solid recovered fuels (SRF)." Fuel 86, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.06.001.

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23

Vainio, Emil, Hanna Kinnunen, Tor Laurén, Anders Brink, Patrik Yrjas, Nikolai DeMartini, and Mikko Hupa. "Low-temperature corrosion in co-combustion of biomass and solid recovered fuels." Fuel 184 (November 2016): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.03.096.

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24

Kock, O. "Development of a Characterization Method for the Combustion Behavior of Solid Recovered Fuels." Chemical Engineering & Technology 27, no. 7 (July 2004): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200403231.

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25

Thomanetz, Erwin. "Solid recovered fuels in the cement industry with special respect to hazardous waste." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (April 2012): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x12440480.

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26

Choi, Yeon-Seok, Soyoung Han, Hang-Seok Choi, and Seock-Joon Kim. "Characterization of Korean solid recovered fuels (SRFs): an analysis and comparison of SRFs." Waste Management & Research 30, no. 4 (April 2012): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x12441239.

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27

Zhou, Chunguang, Qinglin Zhang, Leonie Arnold, Weihong Yang, and Wlodzimierz Blasiak. "A study of the pyrolysis behaviors of pelletized recovered municipal solid waste fuels." Applied Energy 107 (July 2013): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.029.

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28

Bonifazi, Giuseppe, Silvia Serranti, Fabio Potenza, Valentina Luciani, and Francesco Di Maio. "Standardization of Solid Recovered Fuels through Gravity Separation and Chemical Based Imaging Techniques." Energy Procedia 82 (December 2015): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.041.

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29

Sarc, Renato, Lisa Kandlbauer, Karl Erich Lorber, and Roland Pomberger. "PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SRF PREMIUM QUALITY FROM MUNICIPAL AND COMMERCIAL SOLID NON-HAZARDOUS WASTES IN AUSTRIA, CROATIA, SLOVENIA AND SLOVAKIA." Volume 09 - March 2020, no. 9 (December 6, 2019): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2019.13871.

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The production of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and related energy recovery in the European cement industry represents the state of the art in waste management, having evolved into a highly important part of a sustainable and circular economy. This paper describes the production and quality of eight Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) of PREMIUM quality that are produced from Municipal (Mixed) and selected Commercial Wastes (i.e. Bulky and Lightweight Fraction from Plastic Sorting Plants) in three types of treatment plants located in four European countries, namely Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia. The investigated SRF PREMIUM Quality was produced in three different Plant Types applying various process technologies. All three types have been investigated and are described in detail (i.e. flow sheet). Eight SRF PREMIUM Qualities have been comprehensively investigated by sorting, sieving, and physical-chemical analyses. Analyses performed are in accordance with (inter)national standards (i.e. Austrian “ÖNORM”, European “EN” standards and CEN TC 343 guidelines). The results gained show that all investigated SRF fulfil the Austrian quality requirements for heavy metals before co-incineration in the cement industry and it can be confirmed that SRF produced in the investigated plants in Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Slovakia in fact may be declared as “SRF PREMIUM Quality” that can be used for energy recovery on the European SRF market and utilized in the European cement industry.

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30

Sosa, Oscar, Sylvie Valin, Sébastien Thiery, and Sylvain Salvador. "PYROLYSIS OF SOLID WASTE AND ITS COMPONENTS IN A LAB SCALE INDUCTION-HEATING REACTOR." Detritus, no. 15 (June 30, 2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15094.

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The present study investigates the thermochemical conversion of Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), represented by selected “model materials”. A laboratory-scale induction heated device was specifically developed to achieve fast pyrolysis conditions close to those encountered in a fluidized bed reactor. The novel device can handle up to 5 grams of solid, allowing fast heating rates (near 70°C/s) and a homogeneous distribution of temperature all along the reactor. Pyrolysis tests of a SRF sample and four model materials (Polyethylene, Polyethylene Terephthalate, beech wood, cardboard) were performed at 800°C. The yield and composition of the produced gas for each sample were determined. Experimental results will help to elucidate the relation between the initial components of waste derived fuels and the obtained reaction products.

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31

Garg, Anurag, Richard Smith, Daryl Hill, Nigel Simms, and Simon Pollard. "Wastes as Co-Fuels: The Policy Framework for Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) in Europe, with UK Implications." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 14 (July 2007): 4868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062163e.

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32

Boujjat, Houssame, Sylvain Rodat, and Stéphane Abanades. "Solar-hybrid Thermochemical Gasification of Wood Particles and Solid Recovered Fuel in a Continuously-Fed Prototype Reactor." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 5217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195217.

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Solar thermochemical gasification is a promising solution for the clean production of low-emission synthetic fuels. It offers the possibility to upgrade various biomasses and waste feedstocks and further provides an efficient way to sustainably store solar energy into high-value and energy-intensive chemical fuels. In this work, a novel continuously-fed solar steam gasifier was studied using beechwood and solid recovered fuels (SRF) particles. Solar-only and hybrid solar/autothermal gasification experiments were performed at high temperatures to assess the performance of the reactor and its flexibility in converting various types of feedstocks. The hybrid operation was considered to increase the solar reactor temperature when the solar power input is not sufficient thanks to partial feedstock oxy-combustion. The hybrid solar process is thus a sustainable alternative option outperforming the conventional gasification processes for syngas production. Wood and waste particles solar conversion was successfully achieved, yielding high-quality syngas and suitable reactor performance, with Cold Gas Efficiencies (CGE) up to 1.04 and 1.13 respectively during the allothermal operation. The hybrid process allowed operating with a lower solar power input, but the H2 and CO yields noticeably declined. SRF gasification experiments suffered furthermore from ash melting/agglomeration issues and injection instabilities that undermined the continuity of the process. This study demonstrated the solar reactor flexibility in converting both biomass and waste feedstocks into syngas performed in continuous feeding operation. The experimental outcomes showed the feasibility of operating the reactor in both allothermal (solar-only) and hybrid allothermal/autothermal (combined solar and oxy-combustion heating) for continuous syngas production with high yields and energy conversion efficiencies.

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33

Crawford, Mark. "Turning Trash into Treasure." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 05 (May 1, 2013): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-may-3.

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This article describes various aspects of advanced waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies for converting trash into a clean and valuable resource. Renewed interest in WTE is largely driven by new technologies, improved economic models, energy trends, and policy changes. Gasification of municipal solid waste is gaining attention as new technological advances make this process more affordable. Gasification is the partial oxidation of the organic content in the municipal solid waste (MSW) feedstock to produce a synthesis gas, or syngas, rich in hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Covanta Energy, a major player in the waste-to-energy field, has developed and commercialized a gasification process for unprocessed, post-recycled MSW, in an air-based process requiring no other reactants or energy inputs. Another WTE approach is converting waste into solid recovered fuels—blends of non-recycled waste that are engineered into a fuel-pellet feedstock. This technology is especially suitable for plastics such as disposable diapers that are difficult to recycle, or those that decompose slowly in landfills.

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34

Alves, Octávio, Catarina Nobre, Luís Durão, Eliseu Monteiro, Paulo Brito, and Margarida Gonçalves. "Effects of dry and hydrothermal carbonisation on the properties of solid recovered fuels from construction and municipal solid wastes." Energy Conversion and Management 237 (June 2021): 114101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114101.

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35

Vonk, G., B. Piriou, P. Felipe Dos Santos, D. Wolbert, and G. Vaïtilingom. "Comparative analysis of wood and solid recovered fuels gasification in a downdraft fixed bed reactor." Waste Management 85 (February 2019): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.023.

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36

Schnöller, Johannes, Philipp Aschenbrenner, Manuel Hahn, and Johann Fellner. "Sample preparation and determination of biomass content in solid recovered fuels: A comparison of methods." Waste Management & Research 32, no. 10 (September 22, 2014): 1024–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x14549798.

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37

Miccio, Francesco, Antonio Landi, Diego Barletta, and Massimo Poletto. "Preliminary Assessment of a Simple Method for Evaluating the Flow Properties of Solid Recovered Fuels." Particulate Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (April 2009): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726350902775988.

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38

Konttinen, Jukka, Rainer Backman, M. Hupa, Antero Moilanen, and Esa Kurkela. "Trace element behavior in the fluidized bed gasification of solid recovered fuels – A thermodynamic study." Fuel 106 (April 2013): 621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.009.

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39

Ersahin, M. Evren, Cigdem Yangin Gomec, R. Kaan Dereli, Osman Arikan, and Izzet Ozturk. "Biomethane Production as an Alternative Bioenergy Source from Codigesters Treating Municipal Sludge and Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/953065.

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Energy recovery potential of a mesophilic co-digester treating OFMSW and primary sludge at an integrated biomethanization plant was investigated based on feasibility study results. Since landfilling is still the main solid waste disposal method in Turkey, land scarcity will become one of the most important obstacles. Restrictions for biodegradable waste disposal to sanitary landfills in EU Landfill Directive and uncontrolled long-term contamination with gas emissions and leachate necessitate alternative management strategies due to rapid increase in MSW production. Moreover, since energy contribution from renewable resources will be required more in the future with increasing oil prices and dwindling supplies of conventional energy sources, the significance of biogas as a renewable fuel has been increased in the last decade. Results indicated that almost 93% of annual total cost can be recovered if 100% renewable energy subsidy is implemented. Besides, considering the potential revenue when replacing transport fuels, about 26 heavy good vehicles or 549 cars may be powered per year by the biogas produced from the proposed biomethanization plant (PE = 100,000; XPS= 61 g TS/PE⋅day;XSS-OFMSW=50 g TS/PE⋅day).

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40

Daouk, Elias, Rababe Sani, Doan Pham Minh, and Ange Nzihou. "Thermo-conversion of Solid Recovered Fuels under inert and oxidative atmospheres: Gas composition and chlorine distribution." Fuel 225 (August 2018): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.136.

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41

Haaf, Martin, Jens Peters, Jochen Hilz, Antonio Unger, Jochen Ströhle, and Bernd Epple. "Combustion of solid recovered fuels within the calcium looping process – Experimental demonstration at 1 MWth scale." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 113 (May 2020): 110023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.110023.

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42

Jagustyn, Barbara, Agnieszka Plis, Mariusz Mastalerz, Joanna Hrabak, and Marek Ściążko. "Investigation of homogeneity and stability of items for proficiency testing of solid recovered fuels (SRF) analysis." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 22, no. 6 (August 22, 2017): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-017-1283-7.

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43

Alves, Octávio, Luís Calado, Roberta M. Panizio, Margarida Gonçalves, Eliseu Monteiro, and Paulo Brito. "Techno-economic study for a gasification plant processing residues of sewage sludge and solid recovered fuels." Waste Management 131 (July 2021): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.026.

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44

Agraniotis, Michalis, Panagiotis Grammelis, and Emmanuel Kakaras. "Co-firing Solid Recovered Fuels (SRFs) with brown coal in large-scale pulverised fuel power plants – a simulation approach." International Journal of Global Warming 1, no. 1/2/3 (2009): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgw.2009.027084.

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45

Auprakul, Unchana, Anucha Promwungkwa, Nakorn Tippayawong, and Suparin Chaiklangmuang. "Densified Fuels from Mixed Plastic Wastes and Corn Stover." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1117.

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Mixed plastic wastes recovered from dumpsites may be utilized as densified solid fuel. However, it is commonly known that plastic materials may not bind together under compaction. Corn stover can be used as natural binder in this case. It can improve chemical composition (reducing sulfur and chlorine content) and mechanical strength of the fuel pellet. In this paper, densification of mixed plastic wastes and corn stover was investigated. Compression pressure was conducted at 150 MPa. The pellet size was 8 mm in diameter and 20 mm long. Effects of moisture content (5-20%), types of material, and preheating temperatures (75 and 100°C) on the fuel properties were studied. The pellets from mixed materials were found to have higher calorific value, carbon content and durability index than corn stover pellet.

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Schobert, Harold H. "Toward the zero-emission coal-to-liquids plant." TECHNOLOGY 03, no. 02n03 (June 2015): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547815400063.

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A novel near-zero-emission process for obtaining clean middle-distillate fuels, primarily from coal and with some algal input, has been developed. This process involves the solvent extraction of coal, followed by two stages of hydrotreating and hydrogenation, and finally distillation, to produce fuels of very low sulfur and low aromatics content. Prototype fuels have been shown to provide performance comparable to petroleum-derived jet and diesel fuels in gas turbine and small diesel engines, as well as in the solid oxide fuel cell. Approaches for reducing plant emissions nearly to zero would begin with obtaining the hydrogen needed for hydrotreating the primary coal liquid extract by water electrolysis with non-carbon electricity. The process heat necessary for the extraction, hydrotreating and distillation steps could be obtained from concentrated solar power or non-carbon electricity. Hydrotreating of the primary coal extract will produce hydrogen sulfide. Use of solar splitting of hydrogen sulfide would prevent any emissions of this pollutant, and at the same time provide the opportunity to recycle hydrogen back into the process and obtain an additional revenue stream from the sale of by-product sulfur. Some carbon dioxide production is likely, and would be inevitable if natural-gas-fired process heaters were used. Carbon dioxide capture in algal photobioreactors is proposed; oils recovered from the algae could be blended with the coal-derived liquids, and spent algae could be gasified to produce additional hydrogen for hydrotreating and hydrogenation.

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Gerassimidou, Spyridoula, Costas A. Velis, Paul T. Williams, and Dimitrios Komilis. "Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 9 (July 24, 2020): 942–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20941085.

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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is the most widespread thermal analytical technique applied to waste materials. By way of critical review, we establish a theoretical framework for the use of TGA under non-isothermal conditions for compositional analysis of waste-derived fuels from municipal solid waste (MSW) (solid recovered fuel (SRF), or refuse-derived fuel (RDF)). Thermal behaviour of SRF/RDF is described as a complex mixture of several components at multiple levels (including an assembly of prevalent waste items, materials, and chemical compounds); and, operating conditions applied to TGA experiments of SRF/RDF are summarised. SRF/RDF mainly contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyvinyl chloride is also used in simulated samples, for its high chlorine content. We discuss the main limitations for TGA-based compositional analysis of SRF/RDF, due to inherently heterogeneous composition of MSW at multiple levels, overlapping degradation areas, and potential interaction effects among waste components and cross-contamination. Optimal generic TGA settings are highlighted (inert atmosphere and low heating rate (⩽10°C), sufficient temperature range for material degradation (⩾750°C), and representative amount of test portion). There is high potential to develop TGA-based composition identification and wider quality assurance and control methods using advanced thermo-analytical techniques (e.g. TGA with evolved gas analysis), coupled with statistical data analytics.

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Bouabid, Ghizlane, Fouzia Byoud, Nisrine Benzbiria, Driss Nahya, and Mohammed Azzi. "Use of Non-Hazardous Solid Waste as Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing Process." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.1.1657.

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The incineration of non-hazardous solid waste and its use as alternative fuel in cement manufacturing process was studied and simulated under the effect of air flow acceleration in a laboratory scale reactor. Firstly, analysis of the different waste materials (textile, wood and paper) was performed separately, showing that textile samples presented the highest levels of heavy metals (H.M). In the course of a test run using solid recovered fuel (SRF), the mass balance of heavy metals revealed that lead and chromium probably volatilized during firing while arsenic, cadmium and zinc were trapped in clinker. As to gaseous emissions, heavy metals concentration in the stack remained relatively low and below the standard limits. Secondly, the temperature and concentration of gases flue was monitored. It was shown that the combustion regime is characterized by low reaction temperatures and an oxygen-deficient environment. Air injection rate affected significantly the formation and degradation mechanisms of the emitted gases concentrations, particularly CO, CO2, NO, NOx, SO2. Textile waste exhibited the lowest concentration of emitted gases compared to the other types of waste.

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Garcés, Diego, Eva Díaz, Herminio Sastre, Salvador Ordóñez, and José Manuel González-LaFuente. "Evaluation of the potential of different high calorific waste fractions for the preparation of solid recovered fuels." Waste Management 47 (January 2016): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.029.

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Eley, Michael H., Gerald R. Guinn, and Joyita Bagchi. "Cellulosic materials recovered from steam classified municipal solid wastes as feedstocks for conversion to fuels and chemicals." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 51-52, no. 1 (September 1995): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02933442.

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