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1
Teratoko, Takuya, Nobuhiro Maruoka, Hiroyuki Shibata, and Shin-ya Kitamura. "Dissolution Behavior of Dicalcium Silicate and Tricalcium Phosphate Solid Solution and other Phases of Steelmaking Slag in an Aqueous Solution." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0032.
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AbstractMost of the phosphorus in slag forms a solid solution of dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium phosphate (C3P), and the process used to separate this solid solution from the matrix phase is the same technology used to separate P from other valuable elements such as Mn and Cr containing in the matrix phase. Although it is known that the solubility of C2S in an aqueous solution is much greater than that of C3P, the solubility of the solid solution and that of the matrix phase have yet to be investigated. To clarify the possibility of selectively extracting P from slag through a leaching process, the dissolution behaviors of the solid solution at various compositions and that of the matrix phase were investigated. The following results were obtained: The dissolution ratio of Ca to the aqueous solution at pH = 7 was close to 1.0 in the case of pure C2S and decreased greatly with increasing C3P content. The dissolution ratio of P was about 0.1 and did not change relative to the C3P content. When the ratio of C3P in the solid solution was higher than 0.3, hydroxyapatite (HAP) formation was observed in the residue. The dissolution ratio of P increased for 30 min, and after reaching the maximum value, started to decrease owing to the precipitation of HAP. The dissolution ratio of each element from a glassy slag sample (matrix phase) was lower than that from the solid solution at every pH level.In this study, the possibility to extract a solid solution containing P without dissolving the matrix phase was found through the use of an aqueous solution at pH = 7, although the dissolution ratio of P was not sufficiently high.
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Deng, Aijun, Yunjin Xia, Jie Li, and Dingdong Fan. "Effect of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition on dephosphorization behavior." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0066.
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AbstractThe effect of the addition of 2CaO·SiO2 solid particles on dephosphorization behavior in carbon-saturated hot metal was investigated. The research results showed that the addition of 2CaO·SiO2 particles have little influence on desilication and demanganization, and the removal of [Si] and [Mn] occurred in the first 5 min with different conditions where the contents of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition for the conditions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 0, 2.2, 6.4, 8.6, and 13.0 g, respectively. The final dephosphorization ratios for the conditions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 61.2%, 66.9%, 79.6%, 63.0%, and 78.1%, respectively. The dephosphorization ratio decreases with the increase of 2CaO·SiO2 particles in the first 3 min. The reason for this is that the dephosphorization process between hot metal and slag containing C2S phase consisted of two stages: Stage 1, [P] transfers from hot metal to liquid slag and Stage 2, the dephosphorization production (3CaO·P2O5) in liquid slag reacts with 2CaO·SiO2 to form C2S–C3P solid solution. The increase of 2CaO·SiO2 particles increases the viscosity of slag and weakens the dephosphorization ability of the stage 1. The SEM and XRD analyses show that the phase of dephosphorization slag with the addition of different 2CaO·SiO2 particles is composed of white RO phase, complex liquid silicate phase, and black solid phase (C2S or C2S–C3P). Because the contents of C2S–C3P and 2CaO·SiO2 in slag and the dephosphorization ability of the two stages are different, the dephosphorization ability with different conditions is different.
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Liu, Shi-Wei, Ping-Ping Li, Chuan-Ming Du, and Ning-Ning Lv. "Effect of Fe2O3 Content and Acid on the Leaching Behavior of Phosphorus from Dephosphorization Slag." Minerals 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090972.
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Dephosphorization slag contains considerable quantities of valuable components, such as P2O5 and FeOx. To recover P from dephosphorization slag, selective leaching has been adopted to separate the P-concentrating mineral phase. In this study, the effect of Fe2O3 content in slag and acid on the leaching behavior of P from dephosphorization slag was investigated. It was found that a higher Fe2O3 content in slag resulted in a higher P2O5 content in the C2S–C3P solid solution. Increasing the Fe2O3 content in slag promoted the dissolution of P and simultaneously suppressed the dissolution of other elements, facilitating the selective leaching of P. In the hydrochloric acid solution, more than 81% of P could be dissolved from dephosphorization slag at pH 4, and the dissolution ratio of Fe was nearly zero, achieving excellent selective leaching. Although better selective leaching was also realized in the citric acid solution at pH 5, hydrochloric acid was considered the appropriate leaching agent from the perspective of leaching cost. Through selective leaching, almost all the C2S–C3P solid solution was dissolved from dephosphorization slag, and the Fe-bearing matrix phase and magnesioferrite remained in the residue. The residue with low P2O5 content can be reutilized in ironmaking or steelmaking processes.
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Liu, Jinyan, Cheng Yi, Hongguang Zhu, and Hongqiang Ma. "Property Comparison of Alkali-Activated Carbon Steel Slag (CSS) and Stainless Steel Slag (SSS) and Role of Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) Chemical Composition." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 3307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203307.
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In order to compare the properties of alkali-activated carbon steel slag (CSS) and stainless steel slag (SSS), the effects of sodium hydroxide/sodium silicate solution mass ratio (NH/NS), liquid/solid ratio and blast furnace slag (BFS) dosage on the compressive strength, hydration products and hydration degree of CSS and SSS were studied. Furthermore, a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis coupled with differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) were used to characterize the morphology and structure of alkali-activated CSS-BFS and SSS-BFS cementitious materials. As the results revealed, the primary hydrate of alkali-activated CSS and SSS is C-(A)-S-H with Q2 [SiO4] units, which has a low Ca/Si ratio and includes inert phases like a CaO-FeO-MnO-MgO solid solution (RO) in CSS while cuspidine, magnesiochromite etc. in SSS. More active C3S and β-C2S promote the alkali activation of CSS, whereas the less active γ-C2S hinders the depolymerization of SSS. The incorporation of BFS does not change the hydrate, whose seed effect is helpful for accelerating the depolymerization and polycondensation of CSS and SSS, especially for SSS, and makes the hydrate increase significantly. Owing to the high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents of SSS, the C-(A)-S-H chain length is increased, thus facilitating the polycondensation effect. In this study, the optimal NH/NS of CSS and SSS is NH/NS= 1:2, and the optimal liquid/solid ratio is 0.29. Compared to CSS–BFS, the C-(A)-S-H gel produced by SSS–BFS has lower Ca/Si and Al/Si ratios. Unlike CSS, pure SSS is inappropriate as an alkali-activated precursor and needs to be co-activated with BFS.
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Kang, Rui, Su Hua Ma, and Xiao Dong Shen. "Secondary Sintering Cement Clinker in SO2 Atmosphere: Composition and Structure Effects." Materials Science Forum 1036 (June 29, 2021): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1036.208.
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A gas-solid reaction method was adopted in this work to explore the influence of SO2 gas on the composition and structure of secondary sintering cement clinker. In this process, the Portland cement clinker was secondarily sintered at different temperatures and a mixed gas mixed with SO2 was introduced simultaneously in a tube furnace. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) combined with rietveld refinement was used to determine the phase composition of the cement clinker and the corresponding phase content. The experimental results showed that the increase in temperature conduced to increasing the content of SO3 solid solution, C2S and CaO, but decreasing the C3S content. Moreover, as the ratio of SO3/MgO (by mass) increases, the content of M1-type alite also increased. And the result of hydration heat release was positively correlated with the content of alite in the clinker. If the content of alite was low, the heat flow was low, as well as the cumulative heat, and vice versa.
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Bouregba, Adil, Hassan Ez-Zaki, Abdeljebbar Diouri, and Omar Sassi. "β-Dicalcium Silicate Cement Modified with β-Tricalcium Phosphate: In Vitro Bioactivity and Mechanical Strength." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 35 (January 2018): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.35.9.
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Calcium-silicate cement mainly based on dicalcium-silicate (C2S) was synthesized by the mean of solid state reaction. Beta-C3P was added to C2S to obtain C2S-C3P. Zinc oxide and bismuth oxide was incorporated to prepare radioc cement. In this work, the bioactivity and the mechanical strength of the synthesized cement were investigated. The in vitro test was carried out by immersion of cement pastilles in the artificial saliva in different periods from 4 hours to 30 days. Whereas the mechanical strength of some samples was operated at 28 and 72 days. The specimens are characterized by X-ray diffraction , Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The finding results indicated that hydroxyapatite may appear after 24 hours of soaking; it was also shown that the presence of C3P with a small amount of the cement can enhance the bioactivity and develop more resistance strength of cement. Moreover, the addition of zinc oxide and bismuth oxide increase the radiopacity of the cement. However, the mechanical strength enhances with the incorporation of the zinc oxide while decrease with bismuth oxide. It was concluded then that there is possibility of combining addition of C3P (10%) and an agent radiopacifiers ZnO/Bi2O3(15%) with small amounts on C2S to obtain a cement with excellent bioactivity, good mechanical strength and significante radiopacity that makes this material a great candidate as a biomaterial for biomedical use.
7
Pritula, O., Lˇ Smrcˇok, and B. Baumgartner. "On reproducibility of Rietveld analysis of reference Portland cement clinkers." Powder Diffraction 18, no. 1 (March 2003): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1545116.
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Weight fractions of four dominant phases (C3S, C2S, C4AF and C3A) present in the NIST Reference Portland clinkers 8486, 8487 and 8488 were estimated by a series of Rietveld refinements. Calculated powder patterns were derived from the structural data for monoclinic C3S and C2S, orthorhombic C4AF and cubic C3A. X-ray diffraction data were collected in two laboratories with two diffractometers, a reflection and a transmission one. There were no significant differences between the results of the refinements based on the data sets collected on the machines with different experimental arrangements. Estimated phase compositions were compared to the reference values found by optical microscopy (MPC). Median agreement between refined and reference values within ±5% (absolute) was found only for 8488 clinker; for 8486 and C3A-rich 8487 it was within ±10% (absolute). In the majority of the refinements numerical instabilities were detected, leading to large correlations between FWHM and temperature parameters of some phases. The results obtained for C4AF were probably influenced by the presence of possible solid solutions with the structures close to that of C4AF. Weight fractions of low abundant C3A were estimated with the largest relative errors reaching in several cases ∼100%.
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Hao, Ming, Caroline E. Pierotti, Sergey Tkachev, Vitali Prakapenka, and Jin S. Zhang. "The single-crystal elastic properties of the jadeite-diopside solid solution and their implications for the composition-dependent seismic properties of eclogite." American Mineralogist 104, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6990.
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Abstract The 13 single-crystal adiabatic elastic moduli (Cij) of a C2/c jadeite sample close to the ideal composition (NaAlSi2O6) and a natural P2/n diopside-rich omphacite sample have been measured at ambient condition by Brillouin spectroscopy. The obtained Cij values for the jadeite sample are: C11 = 265.4(9) GPa, C22 = 247(1) GPa, C33 = 274(1) GPa, C44 = 85.8(7) GPa, C55 = 69.3(5) GPa, C66 = 93.0(7) GPa, C12 = 84(1) GPa, C13 = 66(1) GPa, C23 = 87(2) GPa, C15 = 5.4(7) GPa, C25 = 17(1) GPa, C35 = 28.7(6) GPa, C46 = 14.6(6) GPa. Voigt-Reuss-Hill averaging of the Cij values yields aggregate bulk modulus KS = 138(3) GPa and shear modulus G = 84(2) GPa for jadeite. Systematic analysis combing previous single-crystal elasticity measurements within the diopside-jadeite solid solution indicates that the linear trends are valid for most Cij values. The νp and νs of omphacite decrease with diopside content, though the velocity changes are small as diopside component exceeds 70%. We also found that both the isotropic νp and νs, as well as the seismic anisotropy of eclogite, changed strongly with the bulk-chemical composition. The relationship between the anisotropic velocities of eclogite and the chemical composition can be a useful tool to trace the origin of the eclogitic materials in the Earth's mantle.
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Rao, Lei, Yuanchi Dong, Mancheng Gui, Yaohui Zhang, Xingmei Shen, Xingrong Wu, and Fabin Cao. "Growth, Stratification, and Liberation of Phosphorus-Rich C2S in Modified BOF Steel Slag." Materials 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010203.
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Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag was modified by adding 3.5% SiO2 and holding at 1673 K for 0, 5, 40, 90, 240, or 360 min. Kilo-scale modification was also carried out. The growth, stratification, and liberation of P-rich C2S in the modified slag were investigated. The optimum holding time was 240 min, and 90% of C2S grains were above 30 μm in size. The phosphorus content increased with holding time, and after modification, the phosphorus content in C2S was nearly three times higher than that in the original slag (2.23%). Obvious stratification of C2S was observed in the kilo-scale modification. Upper C2S particles with a relatively larger size of 20–110 μm was independent of RO (FeO-MgO-MnO solid solution) and spinel, which is favorable for liberation. Lower C2S was less than 3 μm and was embedded in spinel, which is not conducive to liberation. The content of phosphorus in upper C2S (6.60%) was about twice that of the lower (3.80%). After grinding, most of the upper C2S existed as free particles and as locked particles in the lower. The liberation degree of C2S in the upper increased with grinding time, from 86.02% to 95.92% in the range of 30–300 s, and the optimum grinding time was 180 s. For the lower slag grinding for 300 s, the liberation degree of C2S was 40.07%.
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Lin, Lu, Yan-Ping Bao, Min Wang, and Xiang Li. "Effect of MgO and MnO on Phosphorus Utilization in P-Bearing Steelmaking Slag." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0186.
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AbstractIn order to recycle the phosphorus in P-bearing converter slag and make it used as slag phosphate fertilizer, the effect of MgO and MnO in P-bearing steelmaking slag on phosphorus existence form, P2O5 solubility and magnetic separation behavior were researched systematically. The results show that the phosphorus in slag is mainly in the form of n2CaO · SiO2–3CaO · P2O5 (for short nC2S–C3P) solid solution in the P-rich phase for CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5-X (X stands for MgO and MnO, respectively). And the increasing of MgO and MnO content has no influence on precipitation of nC2S–C3P solid solution in slag, MnO and MgO mainly enter into RO phase and base phase to form MnFe2O4 and MgFe2O4, which has little effect on the P2O5 content of P-rich phase, so which has little effect on the degree of phosphorus enrichment and phosphorus occurrence form of the P-bearing slag. And adding MgO and MnO into CaO-SiO2-P2O5-Fe2O3 slag system can break the complex net structure formed by Si–O on certain degree, and also hinder the precipitation of β-Ca3(PO4)2 crystal with low citric acid solubility during the melting–cooling process. Therefore, adding appropriate MgO and MnO content into slag can improve the slag P2O5 solubility, but the effect of different amounts of MgO and MnO on the P2O5 solubility has little difference. Meanwhile, adding MgO and MnO into slag can improve the metallization of slag and magnetism of iron-rich phase, make the magnetic substances content increase and separation of phosphorus and iron incomplete, so it is adverse to phosphorus resources recovery from P-bearing slag by magnetic separation method. In order to recycle the phosphorus in P-bearing converter slag, the MgO and MnO content in the P-bearing slag should be controlled in the steelmaking process.
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Nakajima, Yoichi, Shunya Araki, Daisuke Kinoshita, Kei Hirose, Shigehiko Tateno, Saori I. Kawaguchi, and Naohisa Hirao. "New pressure-induced phase transition to Co2Si-type Fe2P." American Mineralogist 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7574.
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Abstract We found a new phase transition in Fe2P from Co2P-type (C23) to Co2Si-type (C37) structure above 42 ± 2 GPa based on in situ X-ray diffraction experiments. While these two structures have identical crystallographic symmetry, the orthorhombic unit cell is shortened in a-axis but elongated in c-axis, the coordination number of phosphorous increases from nine to 10, and the volume reduces by 2% across the phase transition. The new C37-type Fe2P phase has been found to be stable, at least to 83 GPa at high temperature. The Birch-Murnaghan equation of state for C37 Fe2P was also obtained from pressure-volume data, suggesting that phosphorous contributes to 17% of the observed density deficit of the Earth's outer core when it includes the maximum 1.8 wt% P as observed in iron meteorites. In addition, since both Fe2S and Ni2Si are also known to have the C37 structure under high pressure, (Fe,Ni)2(S,Si,P) could have wide solid solution and constitute planetary iron cores, although it is not dense enough to be a main constituent of the Earth's inner core.
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Müller, Gerhard, and Joachim Lachmann. "Vier- und fünffach koordinierte Organometall-Phosphankomplexe von Aluminium, Gallium, Indium und Thallium / Four- and Five-Coordinate Organometal Phosphine Complexes of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 48, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 1544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1993-1112.
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The organometal phosphine complexes ML3 (L = [o-(Ph2PCH2)C6H4]-; M = Al3+, Ga3+, In3a+) are obtained from MC13 and the lithiated ligand in diethyl ether. Tl[o-(Ph2PCH2)C6H4]3 is prepared from T1C1 by a disproportionation reaction. M1 species could not be detected with L as ligand. Al[o-(Ph2PCH2)C6H4]3 is the first triorganoaluminum bis(phosphine) adduct where C3P2 pentacoordination at aluminum has been definitely proven for both the solution (δ(27Al) =131 ppm, w1/2 = 12 kHz) and the solid state (d(Al–P) = 2.676(3)/2.782(2) A). The trigonal-bipyramidal coordination geometry (C3P2) at Al is achieved by two of the anionic phosphines acting as chelating ligands, spanning equatorial (C atoms) and axial sites (P atoms), while the third phosphine is only carbon-bonded. Like AlL3, the heavier congeners ML3 (M = Ga, In, Tl) are stereochemically nonrigid molecules in solution. Surprisingly, in the solid state only InL3 resembles the aluminum complex (C3P2 penta-coordination) while GaL3 and T1L3 contain four-coordinate metal centers (C3P). This may be rationalized by the noticeably less polar Ga–P bonds as compared to Al–P and In–P bonds, while in T1L3 the span of the ligand is not sufficient to allow for chelating coordination at a five- (or six-)coordinate Tl center.
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Xue, Haimeng, Jie Li, Yunjin Xia, Yong Wan, Liangjun Chen, and Changji Lv. "Mechanism of Phosphorus Enrichment in Dephosphorization Slag Produced Using the Technology of Integrating Dephosphorization and Decarburization." Metals 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020216.
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In order to better understand and develop the technology of integrating dephosphorization and decarburization in a single converter (abbreviated as IDDSC), the relevant thermodynamic issues were discussed by calculation. Based on the thermodynamic calculation, the bridges between the phosphorus distribution ratio, temperature, and slag composition were constructed. Besides, the connections between the dephosphorization behavior and the microstructure of slag were also established by investigating four heats of hot metal smelt using IDDSC technology. As a result, the mechanism of phosphorus enrichment in the dephosphorization slag was revealed. Also, the results show that the dephosphorization efficiency increases gradually with increasing slag basicity. While the dephosphorization efficiency increases first and then decreases with the increase of FeO content in slag. There is a competition relationship between P2O5 and FeO in reacting with CaO and SiO2. When CaO/FeO is relatively high, not enough FeO is provided. Thus P2O5 is in priority to react with CaO and SiO2 through [3n + 2](CaO) + 2SiO2 + n(P2O5) = n(3CaO·P2O5)-2CaO·SiO2(s), generating P2O5-rich nC2S-C3P solid solution which promotes the removal of [P] from the hot metal. When CaO/FeO is relatively low, FeO competes over P2O5 in reacting with CaO and SiO2 through a(CaO) + b(SiO2) + c(FeO) = aCaO·bSiO2·cFeO(s), generating CaFeSiO4 instead of P2O5-rich solid solution. As a consequence, the slag with low CaO/FeO shows a poor dephosphorization ability.
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Zhu, Bin, Mingmei Zhu, Jie Luo, Xiaofei Dou, Yu Wang, Haijun Jiang, and Bing Xie. "Distribution Behavior of Phosphorus in 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 Solid Solution Phase and Liquid Slag Phase." Metals 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10081103.
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In this paper, the CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 dephosphorization slag system during the premier and middle stage of the converter process was studied, the effect of slag composition on the distribution ratio and activity coefficient of P in the n·2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 (recorded as nC2S-C3P) solid solution phase and liquid slag phase in the slag system was studied used by the high temperature experiment in laboratory, the theoretical calculation of thermodynamics, and the scanning electron microscope and the energy dispersive spectrometer (recorded as SEM/EDS). The research results show that when the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the distribution ratio of phosphorus (recorded as LP) in the liquid slag phase increases by 3.34 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, the LP in the liquid slag phase decreases by 94.21%. In the initial slag, when the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the LP decreases by 70.07%. When FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, the LP increases by 6.15 times. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, the LP increased by 10.67 times. When the FeO content in the liquid slag increases from 32.21% to 50.31%, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the liquid slag phase (recorded as γP2O5(L)) increases by 54.33 times. When the binary basicity in the liquid slag increases from 1.08 to 1.64, γP2O5(L) decreases by 99.38%. When the binary basicity increases from 2.0 to 3.5, the activity coefficient of P2O5 in the solid solution phase (recorded as γP2O5(SS)) in the solid solution phase decreases by 98.85%. When P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, γP2O5(SS) increases by 1.14 times. When the binary basicity decreases from 3.5 to 2.0, n decreases from 0.438 to 0.404. When the FeO content increases from 38.00% to 51.92%, n decreases from 0.477 to 0.319. When the P2O5 content increases from 3.00% to 9.00%, n decreases from 0.432 to 0.164. The decrease of binary basicity and the increase of FeO and P2O5 content in the initial slag can reduce the value of n and enrich more phosphorus in the solid solution phase. The results can not only provide a theoretical basis for industrial production, but also lay a theoretical foundation for finding more effective dephosphorization methods.
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Zhao, Hong Wei, Kai Qi Liu, Zhuang Li, and Zhao Hui Huang. "Study on Extraction of Alumina from Sericite Phyllite." Key Engineering Materials 544 (March 2013): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.544.38.
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Alumina from sericite phyllite was extracted by the way of limestone self-pulverization sintering technique. The key technical processes, including self-pulverization sintering, clinker leaching reaction and the carbonation decomposition, were investigated systematically. The results showed that the main phases of pulverized clinker consisted of γ-C2S and C12A7, and the self-pulverization rate was 95% . The dissolution rate of Al2O3 clinker could reach 86.7% when the concentration of Na2CO3 solution was 7% and the solid-liquid ratio was 1:3. The Al(OH)3 prepared at 80°C carbonation temperature and pH=10.5 was relatively pure, with hexagonal plate-like crystals. The α-alumina could be acquired by calcination at 1200°C with the content of 99.71% Al2O3 and 0.02% Na2O. This work provided optimal technological parameters for effectively extracting alumina from the sericite and other inexpensive non-bauxite mineral resources with A/S ratio lower than 1.
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Someus, Edward. "The 3R anthracite clean coal technology: Economical conversion of brown coal to anthracite type clean coal by low temperature carbonization pre-treatment process." Thermal Science 10, no. 3 (2006): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0603055s.
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The preventive pre-treatment of low grade solid fuels is safer, faster, better, and less costly vs. the "end-of-the-pipe" post treatment solutions. The "3R" (Recycle-Reduce-Reuse) integrated environment control technology provides preventive pre-treatment of low grade solid fuels, such as brown coal and contaminated solid fuels to achieve high grade cleansed fuels with anthracite and coke comparable quality. The goal of the 3R technology is to provide cost efficient and environmentally sustainable solutions by preventive pre-treatment means for extended operations of the solid fuel combustion power plants with capacity up to 300 MWe power capacities. The 3R Anthracite Clean Coal end product and technology may advantageously be integrated to the oxyfuel-oxy-firing, Foster Wheeler anthracite arc-fired utility type boiler and Heat Pipe Reformer technologies in combination with CO2 capture and storage programs. The 3R technology is patented original solution. Advantages. Feedstock flexibility: application of pre-treated multi fuels from wider fuel selection and availability. Improved burning efficiency. Technology flexibility: efficient and advantageous inter-link to proven boiler technologies, such as oxyfuel and arcfired boilers. Near zero pollutants for hazardous-air-pollutants: preventive separation of halogens and heavy metals into small volume streams prior utilization of cleansed fuels. >97% organic sulphur removal achieved by the 3R thermal pre-treatment process. Integrated carbon capture and storage (CCS) programs: the introduction of monolitic GHG gas is improving storage safety. The 3R technology offers significant improvements for the GHG CCS conditions. Cost reduction: decrease of overall production costs when all real costs are calculated. Improved safety: application of preventive measures. For pre-treatment a specific purpose designed, developed, and patented pyrolysis technology used, consisting of a horizontally arranged externally heated rotary kiln. The flexible operation provides wide range of 25 to 125% of nominal capacities. The volatile hazardous air pollutants are safely removed in the reduced volume of gas-vapour stream and burned out in the post burner at 850 ?C2s ? 50 ?C, while the Clean Coal solid end product is utilized for clean energy production. "Product like" pilot plant with >100 kg/h through-put capacity has been built and successfully tested in Hungary in 2005. The 3R anthracite Clean Coal technology opens new technological and economical opportunities for solid fuel power generation with sustainable near zero emission performance and safe CCS operations. The 3R technology provides revolutionary solution for climate impact prevention, protection and preservation by safety improvement of the optimized GHG storage conditions. Achievable goal: safe CCS with zero emission seepage. The input 3R CO2 for CCS geological structure injection is clean, low in volume and high in concentration, all in order to optimize the "once for all" stabilized chemical fixation of the CO2, to the mineral matrix. .
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"Construction and technical properties of PC 500 D0 CEMENT." Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 77, no. 4 (September 29, 2020): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2020.3-17.
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It is established that physical and mechanical properties of Portland cement, including setting time and strength, correspond to mark PC 500 D0 and meet technical requirements of the corresponding standard. However, they have increased dispersion ability and water consumption. It has been determined that the main Portland cement clinker minerals (C3S, β-C2S, C3A and C4AF) in cement are represented as solid solutions as a result of the presence of impurities in their structure.