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Journal articles on the topic 'Solid-state transformer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 June 2025

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1

Santos, Nuno, Miguel Chaves, Paulo Gamboa, Armando Cordeiro, Nelson Santos, and Sónia Ferreira Pinto. "High Frequency Transformers for Solid-State Transformer Applications." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (2023): 7262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13127262.

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This paper focuses on the study of the high frequency transformer incorporated in solid- state transformers, specifically on the development of the steps that enable the design of an optimized high frequency transformer and its equivalent model based on the desired characteristics. The impact of operating a transformer at high frequency and the respective solutions that allow this impact to be reduced are analyzed, alongside the numerous advantages that the utilization of these transformers has over traditional 50/60 Hz transformers. Furthermore, the power scheme of the solid-state transformer is outlined, focusing on the power converters, which are immediately before and after the high frequency transformer (HFT). We also investigate a control technique that allows for correct operation and the existence of power bidirectionality. In a novel approach, this paper demonstrates the systematic steps for designing an HFT according to the desired specifications of each given project, helping students and engineers achieve their objectives in power-electronic applications. Moreover, this paper aims at increasing the knowledge of this area of power electronics and facilitating the development of new topologies with high power density, which are very important to the integration of renewable power sources and other applications. Finally, a simulation is presented to validate a high frequency transformer and its control technique.

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2

Sharma, Asmita. "Solid State Transformer: An Overview of Application and Advantages." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 7 (2024): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63557.

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Abstract: Solid-state transformer (SST), Electronic power transformer or Power electronic transformer (PET) contain the transformer inside the AC-TO-AC converters or DC-TO-DC converters. SST is type of electric power converter that replaces a conventational transformer used in electric power distribution.SST carries the full power and provides the electrical isolation. This paper gives the information of the solid state transformers advantages and applications

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3

Reddy, B. Dheeraj, and Dr Sarat Kumar Sahoo. "Design of Solid State Transformer." International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 04, no. 01 (2015): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15662/ijareeie.2015.0401045.

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4

Swapnil, Bhuskute*, V. S. Pawar Mr., and D. S. Patil Mr. "MODELING & SIMULATION OF SOLID STATE TRANSFORMER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 3 (2016): 551–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.48248.

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A New Model Solid State Transformer is used as a controllable bidirectional transmission device that can transfer power between asynchronous networks and functionally similar to back-to-back-HVDC.A solid-state transformer is the solution and it provide the efficient functioning as a conventional transformer and also provide other benefits, particularly on-demand reactive power maintenance for smart grid, power quality and voltage conversion. Recently, another high-frequency link power conversion system, the solid-state transformer, has garnered a great deal of attention and has been extensively investigated for use in distribution systems with the development of the high-voltage power device technologies. Solid-state transformer has been proposed as for the traction system, distribution and smart grid application. A SST uses power electronic devices and a high-frequency transformer to achieve isolation and voltage conversion from one level to another.

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5

Chen, Hao, and Deepak Divan. "Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer (S4T)." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 33, no. 4 (2018): 2933–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2017.2707581.

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6

Epstein, Richard I. "A solid-state wind-energy transformer." Applied Physics Letters 115, no. 8 (2019): 083901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5109776.

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7

Mogorovic, Marko, and Drazen Dujic. "Sensitivity Analysis of Medium-Frequency Transformer Designs for Solid-State Transformers." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 9 (2019): 8356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2883390.

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8

Tahir, Umair, Ghulam Abbas, Dan Glavan, et al. "Design of Three Phase Solid State Transformer Deployed within Multi-Stage Power Switching Converters." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (2019): 3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173545.

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This paper presents a symmetrical topology for the design of solid-state transformer; made up of power switching converters; to replace conventional bulky transformers. The proposed circuitry not only reduces the overall size but also provides power flow control with the ability to be interfaced with renewable energy resources (RESs) to fulfill the future grid requirements at consumer end. The proposed solid-state transformer provides bidirectional power flow with variable voltage and frequency operation and has the ability to maintain unity power factor; and total harmonic distortion (THD) of current for any type of load within defined limits of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard. Solid state transformer offers much smaller size compared to the conventional iron core transformer. MATLAB/Simulink platform is adopted to test the validity of the proposed circuit for different scenarios by providing the simulation results evaluated at 25 kHz switching frequency.

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9

JAMIL-ASGHAR, M. S., M. MOHIBULLAH, and M. SALMAN BEG. "A solid-state relay for transformer switching." International Journal of Electronics 61, no. 4 (1986): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207218608920896.

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10

Yousef-Zai, F. Q., and D. O'Kelly. "Solid-state on-load transformer tap changer." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 143, no. 6 (1996): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:19960578.

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11

Sun, Baiyan, Congzhe Gao, Xiangdong Liu, Zhen Chen, and Tong Zheng. "Voltage-Adjustable Capacitor Isolated Solid-State Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 9 (2020): 7550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2945305.

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12

Nardoto, A. F., A. E. A. Amorim, L. F. Encarnação, W. M. Santos, E. J. Bueno, and D. M. Blanco. "Model predictive control for solid state transformer." Electric Power Systems Research 223 (October 2023): 109658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109658.

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13

Obaid, Haitham A., and Yasir M. Y. Ameen. "High-Frequency Transformer Design with Hollow Core for Solid State Transformer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1973, no. 1 (2021): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012088.

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14

Dr., Emad Al-Mahdawi. "Solid-State Transformers: A Game-Changer for Off Grid and Emergency Power Systems." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 14, no. 1 (2025): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.F8216.14010525/.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong>This paper compares Solid-State Transformers with traditional low-frequency transformers to consider their suitability for temporary power infrastructure in emergency response scenarios and remote locations. While current solid-state transformers do not offer significant weight reductions or cost advantages over low-frequency transformers, they provide approximately 20% volume reduction and superior integration capabilities for diverse power sources and loads. Despite higher initial costs and maintenance challenges, solid-state transformers' ability to accommodate renewable energy sources, enable direct DC connections and support distributed operations makes them particularly valuable for future applications in disaster recovery and off-grid power systems. The analysis suggests that as solidstate transformer technology matures and gains industry support, it will become increasingly critical for enhancing the flexibility and resilience of temporary power systems in disaster recovery and remote areas. Future research should focus on optimising power electronic components, particularly filter design, to reduce the solid-state transformer's volume and weight and investigate reliability and maintenance requirements in challenging operational conditions

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15

Blanco-Ortiz, Juan, Eduardo García-Martínez, Ignacio González-Prieto, and Mario J. Duran. "A 75 kW Medium-Frequency Transformer Design Based in Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) for Medium-Voltage Solid-State Transformer Applications." Electronics 14, no. 6 (2025): 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061059.

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Solid-State Transformers (SSTs) enable significant improvements in size and functionality compared to conventional power transformers. However, one of the key challenges in Solid-State Transformer design is achieving reliable insulation between the high-voltage and low-voltage sections. This proposal presents the design and optimization of a high-insulation Medium-Frequency Transformer (MFT) for 66 kV grids operating at 50 kHz and delivering up to 75 kW for SST applications using Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology. A fixed 50 mm gap between the primary and secondary windings is filled with dielectric oil to enhance insulation. The proposed IPT system employs a double-D coil design developed through iterative 2D and 3D finite element method simulations to optimize the magnetic circuit, thereby significantly reducing stray flux and losses. Notably, the double-D configuration reduces enclosure losses from 269.6 W, observed in a rectangular coil design, to 4.38 W, resulting in an overall system loss reduction of 42.4% while maintaining the electrical parameters required for zero-voltage switching operation. These advancements address the critical limitations in conventional Medium-Frequency Transformers by providing enhanced insulation and improved thermal management. The proposed IPT-based design offers a low-loss solution with easy thermal management for solid-state transformer applications in high-voltage grids.

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16

Raaed Faleh Hassan, Dr. "Design and software implementation of solid state transformer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (2018): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.16423.

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The work presented in this paper concerned with the analysis, design and software implementation of the Solid State Transformer as an alternative to the conventional power transformer. The proposed transformer aims to perform the same task as the conventional one with additional facilities and advantages. Three stages are considered to configure the Solid State Transformer. The first stage which is known as input stage and implemented using Vienna rectifier which converts the AC voltage of the main supply to a DC voltage. The second stage (isolation stage) step down the DC voltage to a lower level DC voltage. This stage consists of a single – phase five-level diode clamped inverter, 1 KHz step – down transformer and fully controlled bridge rectifier. The output stage (third stage) is a three-phase three-level diode clamped inverter which converts the low level DC voltage to a three-phase, 50 Hz AC voltage. Model Predictive Current Control has been employed for driving transformer’s stages. The gating signal is produced directly when the given cost function is minimized, therefore there is no need of any modulator. Behavior of the proposed structure is achieved by simulation which shows high quality power conversion with low Total Harmonic Distortion.

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17

Dr., Emad Al-Mahdawi. "Solid-State Transformers: A Game-Changer for Off-Grid and Emergency Power Systems." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 14, no. 1 (2025): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.F8216.14010525.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> This paper compares Solid-State Transformers with traditional low-frequency transformers to consider their suitability for temporary power infrastructure in emergency response scenarios and remote locations. While current solid-state transformers do not offer significant weight reductions or cost advantages over low-frequency transformers, they provide approximately 20% volume reduction and superior integration capabilities for diverse power sources and loads. Despite higher initial costs and maintenance challenges, solid-state transformers' ability to accommodate renewable energy sources, enable direct DC connections and support distributed operations makes them particularly valuable for future applications in disaster recovery and off-grid power systems. The analysis suggests that as solidstate transformer technology matures and gains industry support, it will become increasingly critical for enhancing the flexibility and resilience of temporary power systems in disaster recovery and remote areas. Future research should focus on optimising power electronic components, particularly filter design, to reduce solidstate transformer's volume and weight and investigate reliability and maintenance requirements in challenging operational conditions.

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18

Avdeev, Boris, Aleksei Vyngra, and Sergei Chernyi. "Improving the Electricity Quality by Means of a Single-Phase Solid-State Transformer." Designs 4, no. 3 (2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4030035.

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The paper describes the use of a single-phase three-stage solid-state transformer in networks with non-sinusoidal voltages in order to improve the quality of electricity. An active-inductive load was chosen as the load. The solid-state transformer was simulated by the Matlab/Simulink software. Its performance was analyzed and the parameters for optimal performance were specified. The voltage and current graphs on the load and their spectral analysis are given. Total harmonic distortion was evaluated for current and voltage. As a comparison, the operation of a classic transformer was simulated. Modeling shows that solid-state transformer copes with improving the quality of electricity better than a classical transformer. In addition to improving the quality of the load current, the solid-state transformer protects the consumer from overvoltage, voltage dips, and other transient phenomena, due to the accumulated supply of electricity in the capacitors of the DC-Bus.

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19

Kunya, A. B., A. Nasir, and M. B. Garba. "Assessment of the state-of-the-art of solid-state transformer technology: design, control and application." KIU journal of science engineering and technology 3, no. 1 (2024): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.59568/kjset-2024-3-1-02.

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The structure and principle of operation of conventional iron-and-copper conventional transformers has not changed for the past decades largely to its high efficiency and reliability. However, conventional transformers are generally heavy and limited to transformation of AC power only in a unidirectional pattern. However, due to the increasing integration of distributed generation to grid, bidirectional power flow within the present grid systems is now inevitable. This makes solid-state transformer (SST), as a more flexible, portable, and cost-effective alternative, to gain considerable attention in recently. The SST is designed using power electronic components and a high frequency transformer (HFT). As an energy router, SST is crucial to the deployment of internet energy system due to its compact size, improved controllability, resiliency, bidirectional power flow, and variety of applications. Various designs and control approaches have been proposed for the SST to suit various applications. Thus, this paper reviews the extent of research works carried out on the SST vis-à-vis classifications, design, control and applications. The review is centered on establishing the state-of-the-art and identify future research prospects in the design, control, and applications of SST.

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20

Yun, Chun-gi, and Younghoon Cho. "Active Hybrid Solid State Transformer Based on Multi-Level Converter Using SiC MOSFET." Energies 12, no. 1 (2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010066.

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As the types of loads have been diversified and demand has increased, conventional distribution transformers are difficult to maintain the constant voltage against voltage drop along with distance, grid voltage swell/sag, and various loads. Also, it is hard to control the power flow when connecting renewable energy sources. Active hybrid solid state transformer (AHSST) is application to keep the voltage and power quality. AHSST is a system that combines conventional distribution transformer and converter. Accordingly, it can be applied directly to distribution infrastructure and it has both the advantages of solid state transformer (SST) and conventional transformer. AHSST is capable of active voltage and current control and power factor control. It has a simpler structure than SST and it can perform the same performance with the lower rating converter. This paper presents two stage AHSST system based on multi-level converter. The converter is composed of the back-to-back converter using silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Proposed system has a wider voltage and power flow control range, lower filter size, and simpler control sequence than existing AHSST systems. The performance of the proposed system was verified by prototype system experiments.

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21

Zhang, Xueyin, Yonghai Xu, Yunbo Long, Shaobo Xu, and Abubakar Siddique. "Hybrid-Frequency Cascaded Full-Bridge Solid-State Transformer." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 22118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2898985.

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22

Javid, Zahid, Ulas Karaagac, Ilhan Kocar, and William Holderbaum. "Solid-state transformer modelling in power flow calculation." Energy Reports 9 (November 2023): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.12.003.

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23

Radmanesh, Hamid, Hamid Fathi, and Gevork B. Gharehpetian. "Series Transformer-Based Solid State Fault Current Limiter." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 6, no. 4 (2015): 1983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2398365.

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24

Jiang, Weihua. "Review of solid-state linear transformer driver technology." Matter and Radiation at Extremes 3, no. 4 (2018): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mre.2018.02.001.

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25

Himmelmann, Patrick, and Marc Hiller. "Solid-state transformer based on modular multilevel converters." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 17 (2019): 4490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8023.

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26

Hosoi, Hiro, та Tomokazu Mishima. "A Single Phase Rectiﬁer with Solid State Transformer". Journal of the Japan Institute of Power Electronics 45 (2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5416/jipe.45.195.

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27

Blume, Sebastian, and Juergen Biela. "Optimal Transformer Design for Ultraprecise Solid State Modulators." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 41, no. 10 (2013): 2691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2013.2280429.

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28

Al-Mahdawi, Dr Emad, and Anthony Butler. "Solid-State Transformers: A Game-Changer for Off-Grid and Emergency Power Systems." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 14, no. 1 (2025): 23–30. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f8216.14010525.

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Abstract:

This paper compares Solid-State Transformers with traditional low-frequency transformers to consider their suitability for temporary power infrastructure in emergency response scenarios and remote locations. While current solid-state transformers do not offer significant weight reductions or cost advantages over low-frequency transformers, they provide approximately 20 Parsant volume reduction and superior integration capabilities for diverse power sources and loads. Despite higher initial costs and maintenance challenges, solid-state transformers ability to accommodate renewable energy sources, enable direct DC connections and support distributed operations makes them particularly valuable for future applications in disaster recovery and off-grid power systems. The analysis suggests that as solidstate transformer technology matures and gains industry support, it will become increasingly critical for enhancing the flexibility and resilience of temporary power systems in disaster recovery and remote areas. Future research should focus on optimising power electronic components, particularly filter design, to reduce the solid-state transformers volume and weight and investigate reliability and maintenance requirements in challenging operational conditions.

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29

Khan, Saniya, Khaliqur Rahman, Mohd Tariq, Salman Hameed, Basem Alamri, and Thanikanti Sudhakar Babu. "Solid-State Transformers: Fundamentals, Topologies, Applications, and Future Challenges." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010319.

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Solid-state transformers (SSTs) have emerged as a superior alternative to conventional transformers and are regarded as the building block of the future smart grid. They incorporate power electronics circuitry and high-frequency operation, which allows high controllability and enables bi-directional power flow, overcoming the limitations of conventional transformers. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the solid-state transformer, expounding the fundamentals, converter topologies, applications, and future challenges of the SST in a systematic manner. The paper discusses the necessity of improved replacement of the low-frequency transformers (LFTs) and presents the configuration of SST. It presents SST fundamentals in individual stages and explores its origin and evolution. The basic topologies, their specifications, and control strategies are also described. The applications of SST as a replacement of LFTs are discussed along with recent applications. The future challenges for real-time implementation of SSTs are explored, and research directions are proposed.

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30

Zainuddin, Zafirah, Rahimi Baharom, Ihsan Mohd Yassin, and Khairul Safuan Muhammad. "Solid-State Transformer (S2T) of Single Phase Matrix Converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (2018): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp997-1005.

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<span lang="EN-US">Solid-State Transformer (S2T) also known as Power Electronic Transformer (PET) is applied in various industrial fields compared to the conventional transformer due to it flexible voltage transfer ratio, high power density, and low harmonic distortion. This paper presents the S2T of Single Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC) that acts as cyclo-converter. A 1kHz frequency was synthesized on the primary side of the transformer using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique, whilst, the output converted by the SPMC that produces the 50Hz frequency. A part of AC to AC operation, the switching algorithm for safe-commutation technique is also presented to solve the commutation problem caused by the usage of inductive load. Minimization of size, losses and optimal efficiency are the advantages of this approach. The proposed model was simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink (MLS).</span>

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31

Fernández, Inmaculada. "The Need for Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Thermal Ageing in Power Transformers." Energies 15, no. 17 (2022): 6393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176393.

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Most power transformers are oil-immersed transformers for which its insulation system consists of oil and cellulosic solid. The insulation liquid impregnates the solid-covering air spaces, which improves the efficiency of the insulation system. Not only does the oil ensure electrical insulation but it also works as coolants transferring the heat generated during transformer operation to the exterior of the transformer. Throughout normal operation conditions, transformers experience multiple stresses that degrade their insulation. Since the lifetime of oil-immersed transformers is defined mainly by the state of the insulation paper, it is critical to understand the behavior and degradation mechanisms of new insulation systems that try to overcome the drawbacks of mineral oil as well as to improve power transformer performances. The current increased prevalence of the nonlinear loads additionally stresses power transformers, which generates their premature ageing or even failure. Consequently, new materials and assessment methods are required to guarantee the suitable management of power transformer populations. In this Special Issue “Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Thermal Ageing in Power Transformers”, four papers have been published. The guest editor also describes briefly some challenges involved beyond the coverage of this Special Issue.

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32

H.M., Maheshwarappa, and Prasad D. Rohith. "High Efficient Transformers." Recent Trends in Control and Converter 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832047.

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<em>Earlier conventional transformers usage in power grids has had a fairly one-sided existence for many decades. </em><em>An interesting, challenging and promising solution for this is smart grids. Smart grids are more flexible ,intelligent enough to  integrate  a great  amount  of  renewable energy  and energy  storage systems, which calls  for more  flexible and more controllable smart grids. Smart transformer (ST) with power electronics technology has found its application in the power distribution system which executes a significant working role in the forthcoming electrical distribution grid system; deliver many advanced grid services related to the traditional transformer. The solid state transformer advanced functionalities are capable enough to exploit the load dependence on voltage for providing services to the distribution and transmission grids. This paper aims at providing a broad view of comprehensive study of the current status of smart transformers around the world and applications to the researchers and the application engineers dealing with power quality issues.  </em> <em> </em>

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33

Banaei, M. R., and E. Salary. "Solid State Transformer Interface Based on Multilevel Inverter for Fuel Cell Power Generation and Management." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 5 (2014): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0176.

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Abstract This paper concentrates on the solid state transformer that can be used in fuel cell systems. To distribute the power between fuel cells and load or grid, the new solid state transformer has been developed. The proposed solid state transformer uses high-frequency transformer to increase input voltage and one special multilevel inverter with five switches in basic units. In fact, this multilevel inverter synthesizes a desired output AC voltage from DC voltage sources with a high number of levels associated with a low number of switches and gate driver circuits for switches. Simulation results are given to show the overall system performance including AC voltage generation, hybrid power generation and active power control.

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34

Olowu, Temitayo O., Hassan Jafari, Masood Moghaddami, and Arif I. Sarwat. "Multiphysics and Multiobjective Design Optimization of High-Frequency Transformers for Solid-State Transformer Applications." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 57, no. 1 (2021): 1014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2020.3035129.

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35

Taşkin, Halit, Sırrı Sunay Gürleyük, and Zehra Saraç. "Resonance analysis of a solid state controlled Tesla transformer." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 35, no. 2 (2011): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-2011-1327.

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36

Poojari, M. S., and P. M. Joshi. "Advance technology using solid state transformer in power grids." Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022): 3450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.107.

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37

Ebrahim Adabi, M., and Juan A. Martinez-Velasco. "Solid state transformer technologies and applications: A bibliographical survey." AIMS Energy 6, no. 2 (2018): 291–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2018.2.291.

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38

Sang, Zi-xia, Xu Zheng, Jiong Yan, et al. "The Optimization of Redundancy Design for Solid State Transformer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1325 (October 2019): 012200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1325/1/012200.

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39

Feng, Yu, Taichi Sugai, Akira Tokuchi, and Weihua Jiang. "Solid-State Linear Transformer Driver Using Inductive Energy Storage." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48, no. 9 (2020): 3188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2020.3017657.

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40

Guerra, Gerardo, and Juan A. Martinez-Velasco. "A Solid State Transformer model for power flow calculations." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 89 (July 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.01.005.

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41

Adabi, M. Ebrahim, and Juan A. Martinez-Velasco. "MMC-based solid-state transformer model including semiconductor losses." Electrical Engineering 100, no. 3 (2017): 1613–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00202-017-0640-1.

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42

Chivenkov, A. I., E. N. Sosnina, I. A. Lipuzhin, I. M. Trofimov, and D. A. Aleshin. "Development and Research of Low-Voltage Solid-State Transformer." Russian Electrical Engineering 95, no. 10 (2024): 819–25. https://doi.org/10.3103/s1068371224701050.

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43

Farnesi, Stefano, Mario Marchesoni, Massimiliano Passalacqua, and Luis Vaccaro. "Solid-State Transformers in Locomotives Fed through AC Lines: A Review and Future Developments." Energies 12, no. 24 (2019): 4711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244711.

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One of the most important innovation expectation in railway electrical equipment is the replacement of the on-board transformer with a high power converter. Since the transformer operates at line-frequency (i.e., 50 Hz or 16 2/3 Hz), it represents a critical component from weight point of view and, moreover, it is characterized by quite poor efficiency. High power converters for this application are characterized by a medium frequency inductive coupling and are commonly referred as Power Electronic Transformers (PET), Medium Frequency Topologies or Solid-State Transformers (SST). Many studies were carried out and various prototypes were realized until now, however, the realization of such a system has some difficulties, mainly related to the high input voltage (i.e., 25 kV for 50 Hz lines and 15 kV for 16 2/3 Hz lines) and the limited performance of available power electronic switches. The aim of this study is to present a survey on the main solutions proposed in the technical literature and, analyzing pros and cons of these studies, to introduce new possible circuit topologies for this application.

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Umar, Bashir Musa, Yusuf Jibril, Boyi Jimoh, et al. "Glance into solid-state transformer technology: a mirror for possible research areas." Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.2.1.1-13.

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Solid-State Transformer (SST), a power electronics based transformer is an emerging technology in electric power system. The transformer is being investigated to completely replace existing Line/Low Frequency Transformer (LFT). SST is composed of either of the two topologies: AC-DC-AC, two steps approach; or AC-AC, single-step approach. The two steps approach consists of three stages: AC-DC; DC-DC; and DC-AC stages. The DC-DC stage is made up of a boost DC-DC converter, a DC-AC inverter and a High Frequency Transformer, HFT. Therefore, SST performs the tasks of LFT by means of power electronic converters and HFT. The main essence of SST is to provide solution to the problem of bulkiness and heaviness of the LFT in the power distribution network. This is with the view to providing reduction in construction cost, cost of maintenance and transportation. The power electronics transformer provides numerous advantages which are grouped into: The transformer has high power density; it functions in blackouts and brownouts; and it provides easy means of distributed renewable energy integration into associated grid. Therefore, this paper provides a glance into the technology of the SST for its better understating and promotion of research activities in the area.

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Avdeev, Boris, and Aleksei Vyngra. "Laboratory studies of the operation of a single-phase solid-state transformer when operating from a wind turbine." E3S Web of Conferences 431 (2023): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343102011.

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The article describes a laboratory equipment for studying the operation of a single-phase solid-state transformer when operating from a wind turbine. Oscillograms of currents and oscillograms of voltages are given during the operation of a solid-state transformer from a voltage source. To simulate a wind turbine, the "actuating mechanism - generator" assembly was used. Wind gusts were simulated using a frequency converter. The key elements of the solid-state transformer - a dual active bridge - were controlled by the phase shift method. Critical points were found that could not be foreseen in a theoretical or simulation study. The experiment showed the perspective of using new technologies to maintain a stable output voltage frequency and voltage level.

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Leibl, Michael, Gabriel Ortiz, and Johann W. Kolar. "Design and Experimental Analysis of a Medium-Frequency Transformer for Solid-State Transformer Applications." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 5, no. 1 (2017): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2016.2623679.

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Sun, Jianning, Liqiang Yuan, Qing Gu, and Zhengming Zhao. "Startup Strategy With Constant Peak Transformer Current for Solid-State Transformer in Distribution Network." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55, no. 2 (2019): 1740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2018.2883012.

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Syed, Imran, and Vinod Khadkikar. "Replacing the Grid Interface Transformer in Wind Energy Conversion System With Solid-State Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 32, no. 3 (2017): 2152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2016.2614692.

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Behjat, Vahid, Reza Emadifar, Mehrdad Pourhossein, U. Mohan Rao, Issouf Fofana, and Reza Najjar. "Improved Monitoring and Diagnosis of Transformer Solid Insulation Using Pertinent Chemical Indicators." Energies 14, no. 13 (2021): 3977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133977.

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Transformers are generally considered to be the costliest assets in a power network. The lifetime of a transformer is mainly attributable to the condition of its solid insulation, which in turn is measured and described according to the degree of polymerization (DP) of the cellulose. Since the determination of the DP index is complex and time-consuming and requires the transformer to be taken out of service, utilities prefer indirect and non-invasive methods of determining the DP based on the byproduct of cellulose aging. This paper analyzes solid insulation degradation by measuring the furan concentration, recently introduced methanol, and dissolved gases like carbon oxides and hydrogen, in the insulating oil. A group of service-aged distribution transformers were selected for practical investigation based on oil samples and different kinds of tests. Based on the maintenance and planning strategy of the power utility and a weighted combination of measured chemical indicators, a neural network was also developed to categorize the state of the transformer in certain classes. The method proved to be able to improve the diagnostic capability of chemical indicators, thus providing power utilities with more reliable maintenance tools and avoiding catastrophic failure of transformers.

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Cozac, Fádua, Thiago Silva Amorim, Imene Yahyaoui, David Benitez Mendo, and Lucas Frizera Encarnação. "Multifunctional Control Strategy for a Hybrid Solid-State Transformer Applied to Modern Distribution Electric Grids." Electronics 13, no. 20 (2024): 4123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13204123.

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This paper presents the control and hardware design for a Hybrid Solid-State Transformer (HSST) applied to modern distribution systems. The HSST combines the advantages of conventional transformers, such as high efficiency and low cost, with those of Solid-State Transformers (SST), such as multifunctionality and fast dynamic response. Real-time simulation using a Typhoon HIL404 device is performed to validate the proposed multifunctional control strategy. The corresponding results validate the HSST’s capability to provide, while only processing partial system power, a regulated output voltage with grid voltage harmonic suppression and, at the same time, current load reactive and harmonic compensation to ensure a high-power factor and improved power quality to the grid.

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