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Journal articles on the topic 'Solomon Islands region'
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1
Ohasio, Campion. "1995: The region." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 3, no. 1 (June 1, 1996): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v3i1.567.
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Mesak, Marinus, Yanyan Mochamad Yani, and Windy Dermawan. "CHINESE INVOLVEMENT IN VANUATU AND SOLOMON ISLAND FOREIGN POLICY AGAINST THE PAPUA ISSUE." Sociae Polites 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v20i2.1931.
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The influence of China in the Pacific region increases due to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) program that focuses its assistance and soft loans on the development of basic infrastructure and other supporting infrastructure. Increased economic influence has an impact on changes in regional geopolitical maps. China appears to be increasingly dominant in influencing the foreign policy of the region’s countries, including China’s involvement in controlling Vanuatu and Solomon Island’s foreign policy. At present, the issue of Papua is on the main agenda of Vanuatu and Solomon Island’s foreign policy. Significant funds are needed to finance the process of advocating for the issue of Papua in the Pacific region and the international community. One source of funding comes from Chinese aid. This article will review China’s position as a source of the financing for the Papuan separatist movement based in Vanuatu and Solomon Islands, by using a power approach and economic diplomacy.
Keywords: China, Belt, and Road Initiative, economic, diplomacy, Power, Vanuatu, Solomon Island, and Internationalization of Papuan Issues.
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Mace, E. S., P. N. Mathur, L. Izquierdo, D. Hunter, M. B. Taylor, D. Singh, I. H. DeLacy, G. V. H. Jackson, and I. D. Godwin. "Rationalization of taro germplasm collections in the Pacific Island region using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers." Plant Genetic Resources 4, no. 3 (December 2006): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr2006125.
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AbstractA regional (Oceania) core collection for taro germplasm has been developed based on phenotypic and molecular characterization. In total, 2199 accessions of taro germplasm have been collected by TaroGen (Taro Genetic Resources: Conservation and Utilisation) from 10 countries in Oceania: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Palau, Niue, Tonga, Cook Islands and Samoa. Our objective was to select 10% from each country to contribute to a regional core. The larger collections from Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia were analysed based on phenotypic characters, and a diverse subset representing 20% of these collections was fingerprinted. A diverse 20% subsample was also taken from the Solomon Islands. All accessions from the other six countries were fingerprinted. In total, 515 accessions were genotyped (23.4% overall) using taro specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. DNA fingerprint data showed that great allelic diversity existed in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Interestingly, rare alleles were identified in taros from the Solomon Islands province of Choiseul which were not observed in any of the other collections. Overall, 211 accessions were recommended for inclusion in the final regional core collection based on the phenotypic and molecular characterization.
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Maupin, C. R., J. W. Partin, C. C. Shen, T. M. Quinn, K. Lin, F. W. Taylor, J. L. Banner, K. Thirumalai, and D. J. Sinclair. "Persistent decadal-scale rainfall variability in the tropical South Pacific Convergence Zone through the past six centuries." Climate of the Past 10, no. 4 (July 10, 2014): 1319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1319-2014.
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Abstract. Modern Pacific decadal variability (PDV) has global impacts; hence records of PDV from the pre-instrumental period are needed to better inform models that are used to project future climate variability. We focus here on reconstructing rainfall in the western tropical Pacific (Solomon Islands; ~ 9.5° S, ~160° E), a region directly influenced by PDV, using cave deposits (stalagmite). A relationship is developed between δ18O variations in the stalagmite and local rainfall amount to produce a 600 yr record of rainfall variability from the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). We present evidence for large (~1.5 m), abrupt, and periodic changes in total annual rainfall amount on decadal to multidecadal timescales since 1423 ± 5 CE (Common Era) in the Solomon Islands. The timing of the decadal changes in rainfall inferred from the 20th century portion of the stalagmite δ18O record coincides with previously identified decadal shifts in PDV-related Pacific ocean–atmosphere behavior (Clement et al., 2011; Deser et al., 2004). The Solomons record of PDV is not associated with variations in external forcings, but rather results from internal climate variability. The 600 yr Solomon Islands stalagmite δ18O record indicates that decadal oscillations in rainfall are a persistent characteristic of SPCZ-related climate variability.
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Denley, Danielle, Anna Metaxas, and Robert Scheibling. "Subregional variation in cover and diversity of hard coral (Scleractinia) in the Western Province, Solomon Islands following an unprecedented global bleaching event." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): e0242153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242153.
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Coral reefs are critically important marine ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by cumulative impacts of global climate change and local stressors. The Solomon Islands comprise the southwestern boundary of the Coral Triangle, the global center of coral diversity located in the Indo-Pacific, and represent a bright spot of comparatively healthy coral reef ecosystems. However, reports on the status of coral reefs in the Solomon Islands are based on monitoring conducted at 5 stations in 2003–2004 and 2006–2007, with no information on how corals in this region have responded to more recent global bleaching events and other local stressors. In this study, we compare reef condition (substrate composition) and function (taxonomic and morphological diversity of hard corals) among 15 reefs surveyed in the Western Province, Solomon Islands that span a range of local disturbance and conservation histories. Overall, we found high cover of live hard coral (15–64%) and diverse coral assemblages despite an unprecedented 36-month global bleaching event in the three years leading up to our surveys in 2018. However, there was significant variation in coral cover and diversity across the 15 reefs surveyed, suggesting that impacts of global disturbance events are moderated at smaller scales by local anthropogenic factors (fisheries extraction, land-use impacts, marine management) and environmental (hydrodynamics) conditions. Our study provides evidence that relatively healthy reefs persist at some locations in the Solomon Islands and that local stewardship practices have the potential to impact reef condition at subregional scales. As coral reef conservation becomes increasingly urgent in the face of escalating cumulative threats, prioritising sites for management efforts is critical. Based on our findings and the high dependency of Solomon Islanders on coral reef ecosystem services, we advocate that the Western Province, Solomon Islands be considered of high conservation priority.
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BAMBER, ROGER N. "Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from French Cruises to Melanesia." Zootaxa 551, no. 1 (June 28, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.551.1.1.
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Seventy specimens of pycnogonid from New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, collected during cruises from the Paris Museum, are described. No pycnogonids have been recorded previously from the Solomon Islands. Of the sixteen species identified, three ammotheids, Bathyzetes umbrella, Cilunculus cymobostrychos and C. mergus, are new to science. The distinctions of the sibling species Colossendeis pipetta Stock, 1991 and C. sinuosa Stock, 1997 are analyzed morphometrically. The pycnogonid fauna of the Melanesia-Micronesia-Polynesia region is summarized.
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Kaforau, Lydia Sandrah Kuman, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Jonine Jancey, Gursimran Kaur Dhamrait, Hugo Bugoro, and G. F. Pereira. "Prevalence and risk factors of adverse birth outcomes in the Pacific Island region: a scoping review protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e042423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042423.
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Introduction Fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirth are adverse birth outcomes that are prevalent in low-income and middle-income settings such as the Pacific Island region. It is widely accepted that the excess burden of adverse birth outcomes is attributable to socioeconomic and environmental factors that predispose families to excess risk. Our review seeks to determine the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes in the Pacific Island region and to identify the risk factors of adverse birth outcomes in the Pacific Island region. Methods This scoping review will follow the five-staged Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and consultation with Solomon Islands’ health stakeholders. A preliminary literature review was undertaken to understand the scope of the review. We will use Medical Subject Heading and keyword terms for adverse birth outcomes to search CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, ProQuest and Springer Link databases for articles published from 1 January 2000. The subsequent searches will be undertaken via Google Scholar and the internet browser to world health organisation and regional health organisations for published and unpublished reports on non-indexed studies. All articles retrieved will be managed with EndNote software. Eligible studies will be screened using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow chart for final selection. In the charting phase, we will extract the data into Excel spreadsheets. The results will be presented as numerical and thematic summaries that map risk factors and prevalence to the population and cultures of the Pacific Island region. Ethics and dissemination Formal ethical approval is not required as primary or administrative data will not be collected. However, we will seek ethics approval for the stakeholder consultation from the Research Office of Curtin University and the Solomon Islands. The findings of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented in national and regional conferences and disseminated to stakeholders. Ethics approval There will be no direct contact with human or patients in the case of the scoping review; therefore, no ethics will be required. However, we will seek ethical approval from the Research Ethics Office of Curtin University and the Health Research and Ethics Committee in the Solomon Islands for stakeholder consultation. Dissemination will be made through regional conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals.
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Singh, Shailendra. "Six Oceania microstates: The genesis of media accountability." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v11i2.839.
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Media accountability systems (M*A*S) have been slow to take root in Oceania. Apart from Papua New Guinea, Fiji is the trend-setter in the region. Following the establishment of the Fiji Media Council in the mid-1990s, several other South Pacific island countries were keen to the follow the lead. Tonga now has a similar body with a code of ethics and which includes public members empowered to receive and adjudicate on complaints against the media. In Samoa, a study has been carried out in order to establish a media council-type body. The Solomons Islands Media Council (SIMC) is an industry organisation that does not yet have a complaints procedure. It is considering including this mechanism in line with the Papua New Guinea Media Council with which it shares a website and has a cooperative agreement. This article examines the debate in six South Pacific island countries that have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, self-regulatory M*A*S mechanisms following government pressure. They are the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The article also argues that there are other M*A*S that regional media can adopt besides media councils and this action would make it harder for governments to intervene and introduce regulation.
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Newlin, Keith. "Among Cannibals and Headhunters." Journeys 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jys.2018.190101.
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Why did London place his life and those of his crew at risk of imminent death when he voyaged to the Solomon Islands in 1908, a region he believed to be filled with cannibals and headhunters? Based on archival sources, the books London had read to prepare himself for the voyage, and recent ethno-history of the region, this article argues that London’s voyage did not occasion a more enlightened view of race, as some recent scholars have argued; indeed, his months in the Solomon Islands confirmed the racialist cast of his thinking. London undertook his journey into a region he perceived as dangerous as part of a sense of adventure that depended on demonstrating courage and manliness, and in the process he acted as a metaphoric headhunter himself.
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BAMBER, ROGER N. "The male of Ascorhynchus constrictus Stock, 1997 (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida), with further new records of deep-sea pycnogonids from New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu." Zootaxa 2787, no. 1 (March 10, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2787.1.4.
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Deep-sea pycnogonid material collected during the N/O Alis Campagnes Norfolk 2 to New Caledonia in 2003 and Salomon 2 to the Solomon Islands in 2004, together with two samples from the BOA0 and BOA1 Campagnes to Vanuatu in 2004–2005, has been analyzed. This includes only the second collection of deep-sea pycnogonids from the Solomon Islands. The material includes 22 specimens from seven species from New Caledonia, taken at depths from 265 to 1150 m, 95 specimens from 14 species from the Solomon islands, at depths from 336 to 1218 m, and two specimens of one species from Vanuatu (864–927 m depth). The first male of Ascorhynchus constrictus is described, including the first description of the anterior legs. A new species of Ascorhynchus is partially described, but not named owing to its incompleteness. Seven of the species are new to the Melanesia region, including a notable range-extension for Colossendeis tasmanica. The local zoogeography of these deep-water species is discussed.
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Singh, Shailendra. "Investigative journalism: Challenges, perils, rewards in seven Pacific Island countries." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.291.
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This article appraises the general state of investigative journalism in seven Pacific Island countries—Cook Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu—and asserts that the trend is not encouraging. Journalism in general, and investigative journalism in particular, has struggled due to harsher legislation as in military-ruled Fiji; beatings and harassment of journalists as in Vanuatu; and false charges and lawsuits targeting journalists and the major newspaper company in the Cook Islands. Corruption, tied to all the major political upheavals in the region since independence, is also discussed. Threats to investigative journalism, like the ‘backfiring effect’ and ‘anti-whistleblower’ law are examined, along with some investigative journalism success case studies.
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BU, CUI-PING, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, and AI-PING LIANG. "Parapiromis nom. nov., a new name for Piromis Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae), with descriptions of three new species." Zootaxa 2400, no. 1 (March 16, 2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2400.1.3.
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Parapiromis Bu, Larivière & Liang is created as a new name for Piromis Fennah (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Ricaniidae), which is preoccupied by Piromis Kinberg, 1869 (Annelida), and three new species of the genus are described and illustrated from the Pacific region: P. guadalcanalensis Bu & Liang sp. nov. (Solomon Islands), P. kiungaensis Bu & Liang sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea), P. santacruzensis Bu & Liang sp. nov. (Solomon Islands). P. translucida (Montrouzier) is redescribed and illustrated, including the external morphology of adult and the structure of the male and female genitalia. A key and a distribution map to the species of Parapiromis are provided.
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RITTMEYER, ERIC N., and CHRISTOPHER C. AUSTIN. "Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago." Zootaxa 4268, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4268.1.4.
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We describe two new species of the scincid lizard genus Tribolonotus from the islands of Buka and Choiseul in the Solomon Archipelago, closely related to, and previously included within, T. pseudoponceleti. One species, T. parkeri sp. nov., is endemic to Buka Island and was revealed in our previous study via taxonomically focused analyses of both next-generation sequencing data and morphology. Here, we also further support the validity of this species by more taxonomically comprehensive Bayesian species delimitation of three Sanger sequenced nuclear loci. The second species, T. choiseulensis sp. nov., is endemic to Choiseul Island and was revealed by an expanded morphological data analysis. These results suggest that numerous other species found on multiple island groups in the Solomon Archipelago may similarly represent complexes of multiple, closely related species, and that the biodiversity of the region is vastly underestimated.
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Maupin, C. R., J. W. Partin, C. C. Shen, T. M. Quinn, K. Lin, F. W. Taylor, J. L. Banner, K. Thirumalai, and D. J. Sinclair. "Persistent decadal-scale rainfall variability in the tropical South Pacific Convergence Zone through the past six centuries." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 5 (October 10, 2013): 5593–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-5593-2013.
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Abstract. Observations and reconstructions of decadal-scale climate variability are necessary to place predictions of future global climate change into temporal context (Goddard et al., 2012). This is especially true for decadal-scale climate variability that originates in the Pacific Ocean (Deser et al., 2004; Dong and Lu, 2013). We focus here on the western tropical Pacific (Solomon Islands; ~ 9.5° S, ~ 160° E), a region directly influenced by: the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP), the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC), and the Hadley Circulation. We calibrate δ18O variations in a fast growing stalagmite to local rainfall amount and produce a 600 yr record of rainfall variability from the zonally oriented, tropical portion of the SPCZ. We present evidence for large (~ 1.5 m), persistent and decade(s)-long shifts in total annual rainfall amount in the Solomon Islands since 1416 ± 5 CE. The timing of the decadal changes in rainfall inferred from the 20th century portion of the stalagmite δ18O record coincide with previously identified decadal shifts in Pacific ocean-atmosphere behavior (Clement et al., 2011; Deser et al., 2004). The 600 yr Solomons stalagmite δ18O record indicates that decadal oscillations in rainfall are a robust characteristic of SPCZ-related climate variability, which has important implications to water resource management in this region.
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Lucas, Richard E. "A Survey to Gather Sexually Transmitted Disease Epidemiological and Management Data in the Solomon Islands." Tropical Doctor 30, no. 2 (April 2000): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550003000214.
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A survey of 15 clinics and hospitals in the Solomon Islands (a South Pacific nation with a 45% rate of penicillin-resistant gonorrhoea) was undertaken to audit the quality of sexually transmitted diseases data collection, adherence to public health fundamentals and knowledge of the national gonorrhoea management guidelines. With the exception of one town clinic, data collection was limited, syphilis serological testing was low (28%) and correct knowledge of the national gonorrhoea treatment guidelines was also limited to 4/8 clinics (50%). Contact tracing was definitely undertaken in 2/8 (25%) of clinics. A high male/female notification ratio (3.6:1) for gonorrhoea was detected. Solomon Island clinics may be typical of other South Pacific Island communities in their inadequate attention to public health fundamentals. Every effort should be made to identify these shortcomings and provide feedback to clinic health workers to improve this service, particularly in the context of the more recent arrival of the HIV epidemic in the region.
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Brown, Kenneth, and Jennifer Corrin Care. "More on Democratic Fundamentals in Solomon Islands: Minister for Provincial Government v Guadalcanal Provincial Assembly." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 32, no. 3 (August 4, 2001): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v32i3.5883.
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In 1997 the High Court of Solomon Islands delivered its decision in Guadalcanal Provincial Assembly v The Speaker of National Parliament, 1 declaring void the Provincial Government Act 1996, 2 on the basis that several parts of that measure were unconstitutional. That decision was considered 3 and criticised 4 in an earlier article. The Court of Appeal allowed an appeal against that judgment. This paper examines the Court of Appeal's decision and comments on its significance for Solomon Islands and the South Pacific region generally. In particular, it considers the extent of state legislative power, the role of a preamble, and the human rights implications for women.
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Yoneshima, Shinji, Kimihiro Mochizuki, Eiichiro Araki, Ryota Hino, Masanao Shinohara, and Kiyoshi Suyehiro. "Subduction of the Woodlark Basin at New Britain Trench, Solomon Islands region." Tectonophysics 397, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.008.
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K. Bass, Deborah. "Status of Dugong Dugong dugon and Australian Snubfin Dolphin Orcaella heinsohni, in the Solomon Islands." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 2 (2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100133.
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Dugong Dugong dugon are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and are thought to be in global decline. The species has become extirpated from many areas in its range in the Indo-Pacific, and the largest remaining population is believed to occur in the coastal waters of northern Australia and Melanesia. This study is the first survey done to assess the current status of dugongs in the Solomon Islands, an archipelago potentially providing extensive dugong habitat within the many coastal lagoons and seagrass meadows. In a region where traditional hunting of dugong is carried out, in addition to the increasing threats to its coastal habitat, the survival of the dugong is uncertain. Interview surveys were conducted to assess abundance, distribution, level of traditional hunting and mortality, and community attitude towards conservation of the species. The surveys provide a provisional insight into the dugong population and mortality in the Solomon Islands. The surveys also obtained sighting data for the Australian Snubfin Dolphin Orcaella heinsohni, a species endemic to Australia and Melanesia, but for which little occurrence information is available. The results indicate that dugong occur throughout the Solomon Islands, but rates of anthropogenic mortality are of concern, emphasising the potential value of protected areas and community engagement projects for the conservation of dugongs in this region.
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OLIVER, PAUL M., JONATHAN R. CLEGG, ROBERT N. FISHER, STEPHEN J. RICHARDS, PETER N. TAYLOR, and MERLIJN M. T. JOCQUE. "A new biogeographically disjunct giant gecko (Gehyra: Gekkonidae: Reptilia) from the East Melanesian Islands." Zootaxa 4208, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4208.1.3.
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The East Melanesian Islands have been a focal area for research into island biogeography and community ecology. However, previously undescribed and biogeographically significant new species endemic to this region continue to be discovered. Here we describe a phylogenetically distinct (~20% divergence at the mitochondrial ND2 gene) and biogeographically disjunct new species of gecko in the genus Gehyra, from the Admiralty and St Matthias Islands. Gehyra rohan sp. nov. can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of its very large size, ring of bright orange scales around the eye, moderate degree of lateral folding on the limbs and body, and aspects of head, body and tail scalation. Molecular data indicate mid to late Miocene divergence of the new species from nearest relatives occurring nearly 2000 kilometres away in Vanuatu and Fiji. Large Gehyra have not been recorded on the intervening large islands of the Bismark Archipelago (New Britain and New Ireland) and the Solomon Islands, suggesting this dispersal pre-dated the current configuration of these islands, extinction in intervening regions, or potentially elements of both. Conversely, low genetic divergence between disjunct samples on Manus and Mussau implies recent overseas dispersal via either natural or anthropogenic means.
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Bottcher, Charis, Steven J. R. Underhill, Judith Aliakbari, and Sarah J. Burkhart. "Food Purchasing Behaviors of a Remote and Rural Adult Solomon Islander Population." Foods 8, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100464.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the food purchasing behaviors of an adult Solomon Islander population within a transitioning food system in Auki, Malaita. Food purchasing behavior measures included; venue type and transportation for purchasing food, previous day expenditure on food purchases, number of weekly shopping experiences for store foods (generally long-life shelf and frozen items) and fresh foods (such as fruits and vegetables and fresh fish) and the importance of factors (i.e., price) on purchasing decisions. One hundred and thirty-three adults (aged 18 to 74 years; female: 63%, males: 37%) completed an interviewer administered questionnaire during December 2018. Food items were primarily sourced from Auki markets (n = 70) and stores (n = 40). Food purchasing differed between fresh and semi-perishable foods (store food). Participants reported similar shopping experiences for store food and fresh food (M = 3.87 and M = 3.25 times a week, respectively) and spending between $1 and $200 (M = $56.12) Solomon Island dollars on food in the previous day. The most reported purchased item was white rice (n = 117, 88%), with taste, freshness and family preference the most important factors reported as influencing food purchasing choices. While our findings are from a small sample in Auki, further research could build upon this work by investigating food purchasing behaviors at other times of the year, and more widely in the Solomon Islands and greater Pacific region.
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Lui, Paraniala Silas C., Michael P. Dunne, Philip Baker, and Verzilyn Isom. "Sexual difficulties faced by men in the Solomon Islands: a mixed-methods study." Sexual Health 14, no. 4 (2017): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16170.
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Background To date there has been little research into men’s sexual and reproductive health in Pacific Island countries. The aim of this study was to describe men’s sexual difficulties and barriers to their seeking reproductive health care in the Solomon Islands. Methods: The study included qualitative inquiry (17 individual interviews and three focus group discussions with a total of 21 men) and a quantitative quasi-randomised quota sample household survey (n = 400). The prevalence of sexual difficulties and potential risk factors, such as chronic diseases, health risk behaviours, depression and psychological distress were measured using standardised questions translated into pidgin. Results: The most commonly self-reported sexual difficulties were premature ejaculation (39.5%), low sexual desire (29.0%), orgasm difficulty (27.3%) and erectile difficulty (4.3%). More than half (56%) of the men experienced at least one sexual difficulty. Relatively few men (7.3%) had ever sought professional health care for reproductive health problems, and 15.4% of men preferred to use kastom (traditional) medicine for sexual problems. Multivariate analysis revealed that comorbid non-communicable diseases (NCDs), low health-related quality of life and dissatisfaction with sexual relationships were independently correlated with sexual difficulties. Contrary to expectations, self-reported psychological distress was inversely associated with these difficulties. In general, the insights gained from in-depth interviews validated the survey findings. Conclusion: This study adds the first data on symptoms of sexual dysfunction among men in the Solomon Islands and is one of few studies from the Pacific region. The findings strongly suggest the need for comprehensive health services that are gender-specific and sensitive to the sexual difficulties of Islander men.
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Crook, Keith A. W., and Brian Taylor. "Structure and Quaternary tectonic history of the Woodlark triple junction region, Solomon Islands." Marine Geophysical Researches 16, no. 1 (February 1994): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01812446.
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Capuano, Corinne, and Masayo Ozaki. "Yaws in the Western Pacific Region: A Review of the Literature." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/642832.
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Until the middle of the 20th century, yaws was highly endemic and considered a serious public health problem in the Western Pacific Region (WPR), leading to intensive control efforts in the 1950s–1960s. Since then, little attention has been paid to its reemergence. Its current burden is unknown. This paper presents the results of an extensive literature review, focusing on yaws in the South Pacific. Available records suggest that the region remains largely free of yaws except for Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Many clinical cases reported recently were described as “attenuated”; advanced stages are rare. A single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin is still effective in curing yaws. In the Pacific, yaws may be amenable to elimination if adequate resources are provided and political commitment revived. A mapping of yaws prevalence in PNG, Solomon, and Vanuatu is needed before comprehensive country-tailored strategies towards yaws elimination can be developed.
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Chin, A., C. Rigby, A. Short, and W. T. White. "Verified records of Kuhl’s devil ray (Mobula kuhlii) in the Solomon Islands from citizen scientists." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 1 (2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18088.
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Citizen science provides valuable information about species distributions. The Shark Search Indo-Pacific project received photographs of devil rays (Mobula spp.) from the Solomon Islands that were identified as Kuhl’s devil ray (Mobula kuhlii). These records represent new knowledge about the range and distribution of a poorly known species in an undersampled region.
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Paudel, Sulav, Sean Marshall, Francis Tsatsia, Crispus Fanai, Max Kolubalona, Sarah Mansfield, and Trevor Jackson. "Monitoring an invasive coconut rhinoceros beetle population using pheromone traps in Honiara, Solomon Islands." New Zealand Plant Protection 74, no. 1 (August 6, 2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2021.74.11742.
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An invasive population of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros; CRB) was discovered in Honiara, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands in 2015. The beetle has caused severe damage to coconut palms in the outbreak area and its continued spread threatens the food security and livelihood of thousands of smallholder farmers in the region. Spread and abundance of the beetle were monitored using bucket traps baited with the aggregation pheromone, ethyl-4 methyloctanoate. Beetles were collected from traps approximately bi-weekly for two periods; one during 2017–18 and the other during 2019–2020. Trap catches showed that CRB was present throughout the whole survey region with significantly higher numbers of female CRB trapped than males. Results indicate a significant 1.5-fold increase in CRB trap catch numbers from 2017–2018 to 2019–2020 despite control efforts. The number of CRB adults trapped also varied between sites and months during both time periods but with no clear patterns. Removal of breeding sites along with strong local quarantine should remain the top priority of the local government to contain CRB expansion within Solomon Islands and beyond.
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HIPPA, HEIKKI. "The genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Melanesia and Oceania." Zootaxa 1502, no. 1 (June 11, 2007): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1502.1.1.
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The following new species of Manota are described: M. biunculata (Papua New Guinea), M. evexa (Papua New Guinea), M. explicans (Papua New Guinea), M. gemella (Ambon, Maluku Utara, Indonesia), M. hirsuta (Papua New Guinea), M. orthacantha (Papua New Guinea), M. parilis (Papua New Guinea), M. pentacantha (Solomon Islands), M. perissochaeta (Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands), M. serawei (Papua New Guinea), M. sicula (Papua New Guinea), M. spathula (Papua New Guinea), M. subspathula (Papua New Guinea) and M. tricuspis (Fiji). Manota ctenophora Matile (New Caledonia), M. maorica Edwards (New Zealand) and M. taedia Matile (New Caledonia) are redescribed. Manota hamulata Colless, previously known from Palau, is redescribed and recorded from Papua New Guinea. Manota pacifica Edwards from Samoa is discussed and compared with the other species of the region. A key to the Melanesian and Oceanian species of Manota is given.
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Underhill, Steven, Leeroy Joshua, and Yuchan Zhou. "A Preliminary Assessment of Horticultural Postharvest Market Loss in the Solomon Islands." Horticulturae 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010005.
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Honiara’s fresh horticultural markets are a critical component of the food distribution system in Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Most of the population that reside in Honiara are now dependent on the municipal horticultural market and a network of smaller road-side markets to source their fresh fruits and vegetables. Potentially poor postharvest supply chain practice could be leading to high levels of postharvest loss in Honiara markets, undermining domestic food security. This study reports on a preliminary assessment of postharvest horticultural market loss and associated supply chain logistics at the Honiara municipal market and five road-side markets on Guadalcanal Island. Using vendor recall to quantify loss, we surveyed a total of 198 vendors between November 2017 and March 2018. We found that postharvest loss in the Honiara municipal market was 7.9 to 9.5%, and that road-side markets incurred 2.6 to 7.0% loss. Based on mean postharvest market loss and the incidence of individual vendor loss, Honiara’s road-side market system appears to be more effective in managing postharvest loss, compared to the municipal market. Postharvest loss was poorly correlated to transport distance, possibly due to the inter-island and remote intra-island chains avoiding high-perishable crops. Spatial mapping of postharvest loss highlighted a cohort of villages in the western and southern parts of the main horticultural production region (i.e., eastern Guadalcanal) with atypically high levels of postharvest loss. The potential importance of market-operations, packaging type, and mode of transport on postharvest market loss, is further discussed.
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Webster, David. "Truth and reconciliation in Southeast Asia and the Melanesian Pacific: Potential Canadian contributions and potential lessons for Canada." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 72, no. 1 (February 24, 2017): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702017695215.
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Recent experiences with truth and reconciliation processes in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific suggest that there is a role for historical research and memory in helping to build sustainable peace and stability in new nations—and conversely, that ignoring violent pasts undermines peacebuilding efforts. Two truth commissions have operated in this region, in Timor-Leste (East Timor) and Solomon Islands. There are also calls for truth and reconciliation processes in Indonesia at the national and local levels, including in (West) Papua. As the only Western developed country to have held a full truth commission, Canada could play a powerful role in promoting and supporting mutual dialogue on the implementation of truth and reconciliation outside its borders. We can derive both potential lessons and recommendations for Canadian action to promote truth and reconciliation processes from the cases of Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste.
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Mason, Sir Anthony. "Reflections of an Itinerant Judge in the Asia-Pacific Region." International Journal of Legal Information 28, no. 2 (2000): 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500009112.
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Since my retirement from the High Court of Australia in April 1995, I have pursued various activities. As Chairman of the National Library 1995-1998, National Fellow at the Australian National University and Chancellor of the University of New South Wales, I have been concerned with some current issues concerning libraries, including funding and copyright reform. My main purpose on this occasion is to speak about my experiences as a judicial rover in Fiji, the Solomon Islands and Hong Kong, jurisdictions in which I have been sitting as a Judge and as a lecturer at the Chinese National Judges College in Beijing.
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JENDEK, EDUARD, and VASILY V. GREBENNIKOV. "Twenty more new species of Agrilus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae) from the Oriental region." Zootaxa 4564, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.7.
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Twenty new species of Agrilus jewel beetles from the Oriental region are described and illustrated: Agrilus cicadelloides sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sarawak); A. draco sp. nov. (Malaysia: Sabah); A. hergovitsi sp. nov. (Malaysia: Johor); A. hik sp. nov.(Cambodia); A. ika sp. nov. (Solomon Islands); A. jankae sp. nov. (Indonesia: Sumatra, Singapore); A. jum sp. nov. (Laos); A. kon sp. nov. (Cambodia); A. mimicus sp. nov. (Laos); A. qom sp. nov. (Laos); A. titi sp. nov. (Malaysia: Perak); A. uxo sp. nov. (Vietnam); A. wos sp. nov. (Laos); A. xen sp. nov. (Laos); A. xia sp. nov. (Laos); A. xis sp. nov. (Laos); A. yoa sp. nov. (Laos, Vietnam); A. yuk sp. nov. (Laos); A. zao sp. nov. (Indonesia: Java and Sumba Islands); A. zim sp. nov. (Malaysia: Pahang).
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Smith, Catherine E., and Christopher E. Filardi. "Patterns of Molecular and Morphological Variation in Some Solomon Island Land Birds." Auk 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.2.479.
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Abstract The Solomon Archipelago is the largest and most biologically complex archipelago in northern Melanesia. We collected tissues and voucher specimens from codistributed bird species found on five island groups that provided the first opportunity to apply molecular methods to this avifauna. Using the mitochondrial marker ND2, we constructed a series of intraspecific phylogenies for 23 ecologically and taxonomically diverse species (13 families from 5 orders). Intraspecific comparisons across islands revealed a broad range of genetic differentiation, from 0% in widespread dispersive species such as Eurystomus orientalis and Nectarinia jugularis, to as high as 4–8% in species such as Ceyx lepidus and Dicaeum aeneum. Fifteen of the 23 species had well-supported phylogeographic structure, and for many of these, endemic and otherwise, molecular phylogenetic relationships closely matched those delineated by morphology. However, degrees of genetic differentiation appeared to be inconsistent across taxonomic designations, and the monophyly of some endemic taxa was not well supported. The data reveal the limits of morphology in tracking complex evolutionary histories and suggest that taxonomic revision of some Solomon Islands birds is warranted. As the first molecular analyses of this avifauna, results presented here create a platform for further biogeographic and evolutionary studies of bird diversity in this influential region. Patrons de variation moléculaire et morphologique chez quelques oiseaux terrestres des îles Salomon
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Media Freedom Forum, Melanesia. "The Melanesian Media Declaration." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v26i1.1088.
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We, the participants at the Melanesian Media Freedom representing media from Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and West Papua, wish to express concern about growing threats to media freedom in our region and call on members of our industry and other organisations and individuals to take action to help secure the future of the Fourth Estate as a vital pillar of democracy.
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Dyer, R., M. Tafuna'i, I. Meredith, and D. Sarfati. "Cancer Care in Small Pacific Island States." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 214s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.86400.
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Background: Like other LMICs, many Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) have fragile and overburdened health systems with which to combat an increasing burden of cancer. Additionally, a combination of small geographically dispersed populations, limited resources, isolation and frequent natural disasters make cancer control in Pacific Islands also significantly different to elsewhere in the world. No prior work has provided a stocktake of current capacity for diagnosis and treatment of cancer across the region to date. Aim: To describe the specialized health services available for cancer control in the Pacific region, and show the complexity associated with accessing cancer care for Pacific Islanders. Methods: A cross-sectional review of medical services and human resources available for cancer control was undertaken for 21 Pacific Community (SPC) member countries and territories in April-May 2018 , specifically diagnosis (pathology and radiology) and treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical modalities and overseas referrals for services not available on-island) by contacting individual countries and territories. Common travel routes were mapped individually for 4 PICTs; Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Kiribati and Tokelau; as examples of the unique challenges faced by rural dwelling Pacific Islanders when accessing the highest level of care available in-country. Results: Capacity for cancer diagnosis and care is extremely limited in the Pacific region. The exceptions are the 2 French territories (French Polynesia and New Caledonia) and Guam where a near full complement of services for diagnosis and treatment are operational. Some pathology services are generally available in the larger PICTs, while specimens are sent to affiliated off island laboratories for the rest. Plain x-ray and ultrasound are available at 1 or more locations in all PICTs. General and gynecologic surgery is the most widespread treatment modality available. Some to full chemotherapy administered in 7 and radiotherapy in 3 (formerly 4) PICTs. Overseas referrals for medical services not available in-country are a common feature to all PICTs health systems. A need to travel long distances to access health care is a challenged faced by Pacific Islanders on outer islands and rural villages. Examples will be presented. Conclusion: Cancer control services are few and far between in the Pacific region, and PICTs will always likely rely on overseas referrals for care not available. Access barriers exist for those on outer islands and in villages, and an unknown number seek treatment late or not at all for these reasons. Governments need to invest into strengthening primary and secondary care services, making them an option that is more easily accessible to remote populations. Collaboration between transport and health sectors to look at ways to improve frequency, regulation and safety of modes of transportation to outer islands to improve current systems.
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Dyce, AL, and R. Meiswinkel. "Tokunagahelea, a new subgenus of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Australasian region with descriptions of two new species." Invertebrate Systematics 9, no. 1 (1995): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9950129.
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Tokunagahelea is proposed as a new subgenus of the genus Culicoides Latreille to embrace three species from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Comparative descriptions of both males and females of Culicoides mikros, sp. nov., and C. geocheloneoides, sp. nov., and a redescription of the female of C. pygmaeus Tokunaga (male unknown), are presented together with a key for differentiation. C. mikros is the designated type species of the subgenus. Systematic relationships of the new subgenus are discussed.
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Joseph, Sarah. "Human Rights and the WTO: Issues for the Pacific." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 40, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v40i1.5393.
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In the Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tonga are World Trade Organization members. This article examines the human rights concerns regarding the WTO, in particular the impact of WTO rules regarding trade liberalisation on poverty and development within developing states. The author comments on the costs of conditional WTO membership and the possible consequences of free trade and globalisation in the Pacific region.
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Holm, Robert J., Simon Tapster, Hielke A. Jelsma, Gideon Rosenbaum, and Darren F. Mark. "Tectonic evolution and copper-gold metallogenesis of the Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands region." Ore Geology Reviews 104 (January 2019): 208–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.11.007.
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GARONNA, IRENE, IOAN FAZEY, MOLLY E. BROWN, and NATHALIE PETTORELLI. "Rapid primary productivity changes in one of the last coastal rainforests: the case of Kahua, Solomon Islands." Environmental Conservation 36, no. 3 (September 2009): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892909990208.
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SUMMARYThe growth of human populations has many direct and indirect impacts on tropical forest ecosystems both locally and globally. This is particularly true in the Solomon Islands, where coastal rainforest cover still remains, but where climate change and a growing human population is putting increasing pressure on ecosystems. This study assessed recent primary productivity changes in the Kahua region (Makira, Solomon Islands) using remote sensing data (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI). In this area, there has been no commercial logging and there is no existing information about the state of the forests. Results indicate that primary productivity has been decreasing in recent years, and that the recent changes are more marked near villages. Multiple factors may explain the reported pattern in primary productivity. The study highlights the need to (1) assess how accurately remote sensing data-based results match field data on the ground; (2) identify the relative contribution of the climatic, socioeconomic and political drivers of such changes; and (3) evaluate how primary productivity changes affect biodiversity level, ecosystem functioning and human livelihoods.
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Carlisle, K., S. Larkins, M. Whittaker, D. MacLaren, H. Harrington, and M. Delai. "Research capacity training for surveillance and response in the Indo-Pacific: a case study of implementation." Public Health Action 11, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.20.0067.
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SETTING: Surveillance and response workforce in the Indo-Pacific region, including Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands, Fiji, Eastern Indonesia and Timor-Leste.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of a modified WHO SORT IT research training programme which included a workplace-based research project. The training was designed for surveillance and response frontline workforce in the Indo-Pacific region.DESIGN: This was a programme evaluation using mixed methods. Fifty-three health and biosecurity workers from Fiji, Indonesia, PNG, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste participated in the research training programme.RESULTS: Implementation of the programme was modified to reflect the context of participant countries. Work-place research projects focused on priority issues identified by local policy makers and in-country stakeholders. Self-reported research skills showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) after the completion of training. Participants reported high scores for satisfaction with training.CONCLUSIONS: This case study provides lessons learnt for future research training, and demonstrates that the SORT IT model can be modified to reflect the context of implementation without compromising purpose or outcomes.
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Aurora Alarde Regalado. "WITH CAP REFORMS AND GATT: GREATER MARKET ACCESS FOR COCONUT PRODUCTS?" CORD 10, no. 02 (December 1, 1994): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v10i02.286.
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The coconut industry is undeniably an important feature in the economies of the Asia‑Pacific region. It is an important source of income and food. In Vanuatu, this industry contributes 41% to its total export earnings; 7.10% in the Philippines; and 8.91% in the Solomon Islands in 1992. This industry also provides sustenance to the people of Indonesia, Malaysia, India and Sri Lanka. Coconuts are major ingredients in many food preparations in these countries.
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FURUSAWA, TAKURO, KRISHNA PAHARI, MASAHIRO UMEZAKI, and RYUTARO OHTSUKA. "Impacts of selective logging on New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands evaluated using very-high-resolution satellite (IKONOS) data." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892904001638.
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Selective harvest has become a dominant method of commercial logging in tropical rainforests of the Asia-Pacific region. Although it has usually been recognized that this method minimizes the impact on forest because of the limited number of trees harvested and slight effects on growth of unharvested trees, recent reports suggest that its damage is potentially serious. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a selective logging operation in 1993–1994 on customary land (2024 ha) of New Georgia Island, Solomon Islands. Geo-referenced IKONOS panchromatic (1-m resolution) and multispectral (4-m resolution) images from 2002 (the post-logging period) and aerial photographs (2.5 m pixels, original scale: 1:25 000) from 1991 (the pre-logging period) were analysed by means of supervised classification and on-screen visual interpretation, in association with detailed field observation. The area deforested by selective logging was 88 ha (95% confidence limits: 79–98 ha), accounting for 7.4% of the original forest and thus causing substantial damage.
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Oliver, Paul M., Holly Heiniger, Andrew F. Hugall, Leo Joseph, and Kieren J. Mitchell. "Oligocene divergence of frogmouth birds (Podargidae) across Wallace's Line." Biology Letters 16, no. 5 (May 2020): 20200040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0040.
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Wallace's Line demarcates the transition between the differentiated regional faunas of Asia and Australia. However, while patterns of biotic differentiation across these two continental landmasses and the intervening island groups (Wallacea) have been extensively studied, patterns of long-term dispersal and diversification across this region are less well understood. Frogmouths (Aves: Podargidae) are a relictual family of large nocturnal birds represented by three extant genera occurring, respectively, in Asia, ‘Sahul’ (Australia and New Guinea) and the Solomon Islands, thus spanning Wallace's Line. We used new mitochondrial genomes from each of the extant frogmouth genera to estimate the timeline of frogmouth evolution and dispersal across Wallace's Line. Our results suggest that the three genera diverged and dispersed during the mid-Cenozoic between approximately 30 and 40 Mya. These divergences are among the oldest inferred for any trans-Wallacean vertebrate lineage. In addition, our results reveal that the monotypic Solomons frogmouth ( Rigidipenna inexpectata ) is one of the most phylogenetically divergent endemic bird lineages in the southwest Pacific. We suggest that the contemporary distribution of exceptionally deep divergences among extant frogmouth lineages may be explained by colonization of, and subsequent long-term persistence on, island arcs in the southwest Pacific during the Oligocene. These island arcs may have provided a pathway for biotic dispersal out of both Asia and Australia that preceded the formation of extensive emergent landmasses in Wallacea by at least 10 million years.
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Wanefalea, Lynne E., Rob Mitchell, Trina Sale, Elizabeth Sanau, and Georgina A. Phillips. "Effective triage in the Pacific region: The development and implementation of the Solomon Islands Triage Scale." Emergency Medicine Australasia 31, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13248.
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Holbrook, Neil J., Peter S.-L. Chan, and Silvia A. Venegas. "Oscillatory and Propagating Modes of Temperature Variability at the 3–3.5- and 4–4.5-yr Time Scales in the Upper Southwest Pacific Ocean." Journal of Climate 18, no. 5 (March 1, 2005): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3286.1.
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Abstract This paper investigates oscillatory and propagating patterns of normalized surface and subsurface temperature anomalies (from the seasonal cycle) in the southwest Pacific Ocean using an extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis. The temperature data (and errors) are from the Digital Atlas of Southwest Pacific upper Ocean Temperatures (DASPOT). These data are 3 monthly in time (January, April, July, and October), 2° × 2° in space, and 5 m in the vertical to 450-m depths. The temperature anomalies in the EEOF analysis are normalized by the objective mapping temperature errors at each grid point. They are also Butterworth filtered in the 3–7-yr band to examine interannual variations in the temperature field. The oscillating and propagating patterns of the modes are examined across four vertical levels: the surface, and 100-, 250-, and 450-m depths. The dominant mode EEOF (70% of the total variance of the filtered data) oscillates in a 4–4.5-yr quasi-periodic manner that is consistent with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Anomalies peak first at the surface in the subtropics between New Caledonia and Fiji (centered around 17°S, 177°E), then 6 months later in the tropical far west centered around the Solomon Islands (5°S, 153°–157°E), with a maximum at the base of the mixed layer (100 m) and upper thermocline (250 m), and then eastward in the northeast of the southwest Pacific region (0°–10°S, 160°E–180°). Mode 2 (25% variance of the filtered data) has a periodicity of 3–3.5 yr, with centers of action in all four vertical levels. The mode-2 patterns are consistent with variations in the subtropical gyre circulation, including the East Australian Current and its separation, and are continuous with the Tasman Front. Two spatial dipoles are apparent: (i) one in sea surface temperature (SST) at about 5°S, straddling west–east either side of the Solomon Islands, consistent with the classic Pacific-wide ENSO SST anomaly mode, and (ii) a subsurface dipole pattern, with centers in the Solomon Islands region at 100- and 250-m depths, and the western Tasman Sea (27°–33°S, 157°–161°E) at 250- and 450-m depths, consistent with dynamic changes in the gyre intensity.
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Aswani, Shankar. "Socioecological Approaches for Combining Ecosystem-Based and Customary Management in Oceania." Journal of Marine Biology 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/845385.
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This paper summarizes various integrated methodological approaches for studying Customary Management for the purpose of designing hybrid CM-Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) systems in Oceania. Using marine conservation in the Western Solomon Islands as an example, the paper illustrates various interdisciplinary human ecological methods that can assist in designing hybrid conservation programs. The study of human-environmental interactions from a socio-ecological perspective allows us to discern people's understanding of their immediate environment, differential forms of local resource governance and use (e.g., sea tenure and foraging strategies), and existing conflicts between various stakeholders, among other social and ecological factors. More generally, the paper shows how coupled studies of natural and social processes can foster management regimes that are more adaptive and effective and that move toward holistic, ecosystem-based marine conservation in the Pacific Island region.
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Ismay, JW. "Revision of Tricimba Lioy and Aprometopis Becker (Diptera : Chloropidae) from Australia and the Papuan region." Invertebrate Systematics 7, no. 2 (1993): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9930297.
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The genus Tricimba. in its broadest sense. is revised from Australia. New Guinea. and Bismarck and Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . In all, 66 species are recorded from Australia. 39 from New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. five from the Solomon Islands and two from Vanuatu . A total of 96 species is included in the keys: seven described species. 87 new species of Tricimba (T . aberrans. T . acuta, T. acuticercalis, T. aliciae, T. angustigena, T. antennata, T. approximata, T. aurata, T. aureopilosa, T. auriculata, T. biannulata, T. biloba, T. biseta, T. breviradialis, T. cana, T. calcarula, T. cardamomi, T. concava, T. difficilis, T. digitata, T. distigma, T. diversa, T. edentata, T. elongata, T. excavata, T, exsinuata, T. exvittata, T. facialis, T. flaw, T. flavigena, T. flavitibia, T. flavoscutellata, T. fusciseta, T. grevei, T. hardyi, T. katepisternalis, T. lactipennata, T. laevigata, T. languida, T. lata, T. latigena, T. liepae, T. longicercalis, T. longigena, T. longiseta, T. lutea, T. maculata, T. major, T. melanochaeta, T. minuta, T. monochaeta, T. monosticha, T. muitiseta, T. nigriseta, T. nitens, T. nitidifrons, T. nitidissima, T. obscura, T. occidentalis, T. oligochaeta, T. pandanicola, T. papuensis, T. parksorum, T. pendula, T, pilioculata, T. pilosa, T. pinguiseta, T. planiscutellata, T. pleichaeta, T. priori, T. propinqua, T. pubiantennata, T. quadriseta, T. rectiantennata, T. scrobiculata, T, simplex, T. solomonensis, T. tasrnanensis, T. tenuis, T. thistletoni, T. tibialis, T. tomentosa, T. tuberoscula, T. uniseta, T. vanuatensis, T. vulgaris, T. wauensis), one new species of Aprometopis (A. australis) and one new genus and species (Pseudotricimba anomala). Tricimba steatodae Hickman, 1971 is newly synonymised with T. convexa Malloch, 1927. The species considered are grouped into three genera and 17 species-groups within Tricimba. The relationships of the species-groups with each other and with extra-limital species-groups, and the relationships of the genera are tabulated and discussed. The genera Nartshukiella, Euhippelates, Eutricimba and Crassivenula are considered to correspond to the level of species-groups of Tricimba in this revision and are synonymised with Tricimba. The relationships of the tribes Tricimbini and Incertellini are discussed.
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Bell, Ian, and Michael P. Jensen. "Multinational genetic connectivity identified in western Pacific hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata." Wildlife Research 45, no. 4 (2018): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17089.
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Context An understanding of the genetic stock structure of wide-ranging marine species is necessary for sound conservation management. Eretmochelys imbricata is Critically Endangered globally, but is among the least studied marine turtles. Reduced population sizes, its long-distance migratory nature between feeding and nesting habitats and poor understanding of its stock structure, biology and anthropogenic impact(s) pose challenges to developing effective conservation strategies for regional conspecifics. Aims Quantification of the population connectivity between specific feeding areas and regional nesting populations is needed for threat assessment and development of mitigation actions. Methods Here, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 91 immature and adult foraging E. imbricata individuals captured at the Howick Group of islands in the far-northern section of the Great Barrier Reef (nGBR), Queensland, Australia. We used a Bayesian mixed-stock analysis (MSA) approach to determine the contribution of nine regional genetically characterised breeding populations to this feeding aggregation. Key results The MSA estimated that a majority (83%; 95% CI = 70–92%) of feeding E. imbricata had originated from nesting beaches in the Bismarck–Solomon Sea region, whereas only 15% (95% CI = 6–25%) had originated from nGBR rookeries. International reproductive migrations were also corroborated by the return of 18 uniquely numbered titanium flipper tags that had been applied to E. imbricata found foraging in the Howick Group and had swum to rookeries within the Bismarck–Solomon Sea region. These 18 turtles represent 86% of all migration tag–recaptures from the Howick Group. Conclusions We postulate that recent increases in nesting populations within the Solomon Islands may be due to the high level of protection afforded to foraging turtles within the Great Barrier Reef. Implications An understanding of the connectivity between specific feeding areas and nesting populations is necessary to determine threats to animals over their entire life history and, therefore, allow the development of sound conservation management actions.
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Hristova, Hristina G., and William S. Kessler. "Surface Circulation in the Solomon Sea Derived from Lagrangian Drifter Observations*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 42, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-11-099.1.
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Abstract Velocity measurements from satellite-tracked surface drifters collected between 1994 and 2010 are used to map the surface circulation in the Solomon Sea, the last passageway for waters of subtropical origin flowing northward toward the equator, where they replenish the Pacific warm pool. Pseudo-Eulerian statistics of the drifter observations show a strong seasonal cycle in both the mean circulation and the eddy kinetic energy in the region. The circulation is characterized by a strong northward flow from June to November (the season of strong southeasterly trade winds over the Solomon Sea) and a mostly southward flow with increased variability from December to May (when the winds over the sea are weak). The seasonal velocity signal has the largest magnitude narrowly along the double western boundary formed by the eastern coastlines of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, suggesting that direct wind driving with its much larger spatial scales is not the main influence. In addition, the surface circulation exhibits substantial interannual variability of magnitude comparable to that of the seasonal cycle with velocity and temperature anomalies consistent with changes in the western boundary current acting to compensate for the discharge and recharge of the Pacific warm pool during ENSO.
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Vaurasi, Varea, and Rashmi Kant. "Effects of Salinity and Plant Growth Media on in Vitro Growth and Development of Taro (Colocasia Esculenta L.) Varieties." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 19, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ahr-2016-0005.
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Abstract Taro Colocasia esculenta is a staple food in most countries of the South Pacific region. However, the recent changes in the climatic conditions and the associated factors became a threat to growing taro in the region. Rising sea level and frequent dry and wet conditions had led to increased soil salinity which is a limiting factor in producing taro in these atoll islands. The aim of this research was to screen selected taro varieties based on their ability to tolerate salinity conditions in Samoa. Effects of three salinity levels (0.2, 3% and 5%), and growth hormones Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) were examined on growth and development of in vitro grown taro varieties. Plant height, number of leaves, and number of roots produced were compared in the selected varieties. Results suggest that all varieties had callus induction and regeneration in MSO medium. Addition of BAP induced better growth and the plants produced higher number of leaves, while TDZ improved roots proliferation in C. esculenta. Solomon variety performed best in high salinity conditions. Samoa-1 grew taller and had more leaves and roots compared to Samoa-2 variety. Thus, we suggest Solomon and Samoa-1 could perform better in high-salinity conditions.
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SHANG, HUI, ZHEN-LONG LIANG, and LI-BING ZHANG. "Taxonomy of the fern genus Didymochlaena (Didymochlaenaceae) from Asia and Pacific islands based on morphological and molecular evidence with the description of four new species and one new status." Phytotaxa 479, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.479.1.5.
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A taxonomic revision of Didymochlaena (Didymochlaenaceae) from Asia and the Pacific region is conducted based on morphological and molecular evidence. Seven species are recognized, of which four are described as new and a new status is raised to a species from a variety. These four new species include D. fijiensis from Fiji, D. philippensis from the Philippines, D. punctata from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, and D. solomonensis from the Solomon Islands. The new status is D. oceanica from Papua New Guinea. Six of the seven species have all been erroneously treated as D. truncatula by earlier pteridologists. A key to the species is provided and descriptions of all species are given.
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Braun, Michael P., Matthias Reinschmidt, Thomas Datzmann, David Waugh, Rafael Zamora, Annett Häbich, Luís Neves, et al. "Influences of oceanic islands and the Pleistocene on the biogeography and evolution of two groups of Australasian parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes: Eclectus roratus, Trichoglossus haematodus complex). Rapid evolution and implications for taxonomy and conservation." European Journal of Ecology 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0014.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Australasian region is a centre of biodiversity and endemism, mainly based on the tropical climate in combination with the large amount of islands. During the Pleistocene, islands of the Sahul Shelf (Australia, New Guinea, Aru Islands) had been part of the same land mass, while islands within the Wallacea (Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Sulawesi etc.) remained isolated. We investigated biogeographical avian diversification patterns of two species complexes across the Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf: the Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus Wagler, 1832, and the Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus Linnaeus, 1771. Both species are represented by a large number of described geographical subspecies. We used mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences for phylogenetic and network analysis to detect biogeographic roles of islands and avian diversification patterns. The number of threatened taxa in this region is increasing rapidly and there is an urgent need for (sub-)species conservation in this region. Our study provides first genetic evidence for treating several island taxa as distinct species. In both species complexes similar genetic patterns were detected. Genetic diversification was higher across the islands of the Wallacea than across the islands of the Sahul Shelf. Divergence in E. roratus can be dated back about 1.38 million years ago, whereas in the younger T. haematodus it was 0.80 million years ago. Long distance dispersal was the most likely event for distribution patterns across the Wallacea and Sahul Shelf. The geographic origin of the species-complex Eclectus roratus spp. is supposed to be Wallacean, but for the species-complex Trichoglossus haematodus spp. it is supposed to be non-Wallacean. Trichoglossus euteles, so far considered a distinct species, clearly belongs to the Trichoglossus-haematodus-complex. The only case of sympatry in the complex is the distribution of T. (h.) euteles and T. h. capistratus on Timor, which means a rapid evolution from one ancestor into two distinct species within only 800,000 years. For all other taxa a Checkerboard distribution pattern is present. In this complex, 8 taxa are already treated as separate species (del Hoyo et al. 2014). Based on genetic evidence, the following populations are supported to represent phylogenetic units: (1) N New Guinea (haematodus) incl. Biak (rosenbergii), Bismarck Archipelago (massena), and New Caledonia (deplanchii); (2) Flores (weberi); (3) E Australia (moluccanus) incl. Aru Islands (nigrogularis) and S New Guinea (caeruleiceps); (4) N Australia (rubritorquis); (5) Timor 1st lineage (capistratus) incl. Sumba (fortis); (6) Bali and Lombok (mitchellii); (7) Sumbawa (forsteni); (8) Timor 2nd lineage (euteles). Those 8 phylogenetic units are not identical to the 8 species listed by del Hoyo et al. (2014). Several populations on smaller islands are under decline, a separate species status may lead to a higher conservation status in both species complexes, which are currently listed as “Least Concern”. Eclectus roratus is currently treated as monospecific. Based on genetic evidence, the following populations are suggested being treated as valid species: (1) Sumba (Eclectus cornelia), (2) Tanimbar Islands (E. riedeli), (3) Moluccas (E. roratus), and (4) New Guinea (E. polychloros incl. Aru Islands (E. aruensis), and Solomon Island (E. solomonensis).