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1
Landat, Emmanuel. "Etude hydrogéochimique de la nappe superficielle dans un remblai, sous un site industriel." Pau, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PAUU3027.
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Salmon, Sandrine. "Impact de l'acidité du sol et des interactions biologiques sur la distribution des collemboles : Interaction particulière entre Heteromurus nitidus (collembole) et les lombricides." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0029.
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Divers travaux visent à déterminer les paramètres abiotiques qui contrôlent la présence des espèces animales du sol afin de pouvoir les utiliser comme bioindicateurs. Le facteur le plus étudié est le pH du sol, d'une part parce que l'on observe une tendance générale à l'acidification des sols forestiers, d'autre part parce qu'une modification de l'acidité du sol induit de profonds changements dans la composition spécifique des microarthropodes, en particulier des collemboles (Hexapodes). Cependant la relation entre les facteurs abiotiques et la distribution d'une espèce est affectée par des interactions complexes. L'impact de l'acidité du sol sur la distribution du collembole Heteromurus nitidus a été étudié. Cette espèce est uniquement localisée dans les humus de forme mull à pH > 5. Un effet direct du pH seul (solutions tampons) sur le comportement d'H. Nitidus a été observé, mais il n'explique pas son absence dans les sols à pH 4-5, qui lui sont par ailleurs favorables en conditions d'élevage. Une attraction d'H. Nitidus par les lombricides, en particulier par le mucus et l'ammonium qu'ils excrètent, a été découverte. Les modalités de cette attraction ont été étudiées. Par ailleurs, l'impact des prédateurs (en densités comparables à celles relevées dans les humus acides) sur l'abondance d'H. Nitidus varie en fonction de la structure des humus. Une interaction entre la structure du sol, l'action des lombrics sur cette structure, et la pression de prédation a été observée : les vers de terre, en augmentant la macroporosité du sol, facilitent les déplacements d'H. Nitidus et réduisent ainsi la mortalité par prédation. Les galeries de lombricides constituent pour cette espèce un habitat favorable en tous points. L'influence indirecte du pH du sol sur la distribution d'H. Nitidus s'exercerait par le biais (1) d'un commensalisme facultatif avec les lombrics, qui sont plus abondants dans les sols à ph > 5 et (2) d'une plus forte pression de prédation dans les humus acides
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Diep, Thi My Hanh. "Influence des contraintes édaphiques sur la nutrition minérale, le développement et la production du cocotier (Cocos nucifera. L. ) dans les sols sulfatés acides salés ou non salés du delta du Mekong : effet améliorant d'un apport de phosphate naturel." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120047.
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La production d'huile vegetale est un enjeu economique majeur au viet nam. Cependant, l'extension de la culture du cocotier a des sols sulfates acides ou sulfates acides sales, carences en phosphore et en calcium, a entraine une chute importante de la production par comparaison aux sols alluviaux. Ces carences ont ete confirmees par le diagnostic foliaire mais aussi racinaire. Les potentiels hydriques eleves montrent que le cocotier ne souffre pas de stress hydrique dans le delta du mekong meme en saison seche. Par contre, pendant cette saison, dans les zones soumises a l'influence de la maree, la salinite elevee provoque la fermeture des stomates et la baisse de l'assimilation photosynthetique. Le taux de sodium et un milieu asphyxique sont les causes d'une inhibition de la croissance des systemes racinaire et aerien. L'augmentation excessive des teneurs en ions toxiques (fe#3#+, al#3#+, na#+) dans les racines par rapport aux feuilles a montre leur role filtrant. Un essai conduit avec des jeunes plants arroses a l'eau salee, a permis de determiner un niveau de salinite optimum (5 pour mille) et confirme le role de filtre des racines. L'apport de phosphate naturel augmente le nombre de noix et le poids de coprah par cocotier, l'effet etant relativement plus important avec les sols sulfates acides sales. La solubilite de l'engrais phosphate et sa teneur en calcium jouent un role essentiel dans l'efficacite du traitement: le calcium remonte le ph ce qui diminue l'activite des ions al#3#+ et ameliore la structure du sol, le phosphore corrige sa carence et complexe une partie de al. En se limitant aux zones ou la salinite est inferieure a 10 pour mille de nouvelles plantations pourraient etre developpees sur plus de 100. 000ha dans le delta du mekong
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Li, Yong-tao. "Spéciation de métaux et de leur impact sur les caractéristiques microbiologiques dans un sol pollué par le drainage minier acide." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077046.
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Des sols ont été collectés à partir de deux sites agricoles près du site minier de Dabao Shan en Chine. L'objectif était de caractériser la spéciation du Cu, Pb, Zn et Cd dans le sol en relations avec les propriétés physico-chimiques et minéralogiques du sol. Nous avons aussi évalué l'impact des métaux sur la biomasse microbienne, l'hydrolyse enzymatique et la minéralisation de MO, les communautés bactérienne et fongique du sol. Les résultats indiquent que l'utilisation des eaux de drainage minier acide lors de l'irrigation entraîne une forte acidité du sol et une grande solubilité des métaux. Les métaux liés aux oxydes de Fe et Mn par des complexes de surface constituent la fraction majeure du stock de métaux extractibles. Les ions biodisponibles sont liés à la fraction échangeable et partiellement aux oxydes. La teneur et la spéciation des métaux a été corrélée aux caractéristiques microbiologiques des sols. Ils ont inhibé la biomasse bactérienne et l'activité enzymatique liés aux polysaccharidases et heterosidases, la nitriflcation et à la minéralisation du P tout comme l'activité enzymatique lié à l'azote et la minéralisation de N ainsi que le quotient métabolique. Le stress métallique a inhibé la population bactérienne et fongique et a causé une baisse du taux des bactéries et champignons. L'impact des métaux était significativement plus important sur la diversité bactérienne comparativement à diversité fongique. Les ions métalliques dissous ont montré une biodisponibilité plus forte par rapport à leurs teneurs totales. Nous démontrons que l'utilisation combinée d'indices chimiques, microbiologiques, biochimiques sont des indicateurs Fiables stress acide métallique dans le solSoil samples were collected from two agricultural sites near Dabao Shan poly-metallic mine of China. Our aim was to characterize activity and speciation of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in soil and solution, and their relationships with soil mineralogical, physical and chemical properties. We further were to assess long-term impact of metals on microbial biomass, hydrolyses, organic matter mineralization, bacterial and fungal composition in relation to organic C, N and P turnover. The results indicate acid mine drainage irrigation resulted in strong soil acidity and metal solubility. Fe and Mn oxides bound metals were the major extractable fractions. Free and complexed cations were related to exchangeable, partially to oxides bound fractions. Hydrous oxides and clay minerais were pre-eminent sorbents controlling cation exchange and specific adsorption. Moreover, the metal variables were correlated to microbiological datasets. They inhibited microbial biomass C, N and P, FDA and C-related polysaccharidases and heterosidases, nitriflcation and P mineralization, while activated N-related enzymes, ammonification, total N mineralization and metabolic quotient. Furthermore, Metal stress inhibited fungal and bacterial populations and caused a decreased ratio of bacteria to fungi. The inhibition was more significant on bacterial DNA bands diversity than fungal taxa. Dissolved metal cations showed higher bio-availability than total contents. We demonstrate that linked microbiological and biochemical indices and their combined uses are reliable indicators of change in soil organic nutrient cycles exposed to long-term acid metal stress
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Djondo, Mathurin Yves. "Propriétés d'échange ionique des sols ferrallitiques argileux de la vallée du Niari et sableux du plateau de Mbe-Bateke au Congo : application à la correction de leur acidité." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA120035.
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L'etude de l'acidite des sols et de sa correction a porte sur les sols ferrallitiques de la vallee du niari et du plateau de mbe-bateke au congo. Les observations ont ete realisees respectivement a mantsoumba sur un site sous culture mecanisee de manioc depuis 15 ans et au pk 45, apres trois ans de culture a base de manioc. Apres la presentation des sols acides d'interet agricole dans leur contexte naturel, ce travail a procede a une premiere evaluation des pratiques utilisees dans la correction de l'acidite, notamment le recours au calcaire broye de madingou. Grace a des observations et prelevements d'echantillons de sol dans des situations culturales contrastees, il a ete etabli un constat de degradation des proprietes physico-chimiques des sols sous culture. Des etudes plus fines ont ete mises en uvre, concernant la nature et la reactivite du complexe d'echange. Les constituants mineraux des sols ont ete caracterises ainsi que leur reactivite, en privilegiant la prevision de leur comportement global lors de l'acidification du sol ou la correction de l'acidite. Une incubation pendant 3 mois en conditions controlees de laboratoire a permis de mieux apprecier les effets des apports de calcaire et de pueraria sur la reaction et le complexe d'echange des sols. Les modifications de la dynamique d'echange a l'interface sol-solution ont ete etudiees par des simulations de la lixiviation sous pluviometrie locale et par la technique de l'electrodialyse. Ces differents tests ou methodes ont ete validees par la mesure de l'absorption des elements mineraux par une plante-test, le ray grass d'italie cultive sous serre, en vases de vegetation. Des propositions ont ainsi ete faites concernant les approches methodologiques, la connaissance du fonctionnement des sols etudies et les perspectives pour des travaux futurs
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Pédrot, Mathieu. "Colloïdes et compositions élémentaires des solutions de sols." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00533848.
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Ubiquistes, dynamiques et caractérisés par d'importantes capacités de complexation de surface, les colloïdes sont supposés jouer un rôle majeur dans la mobilisation des éléments traces dans les eaux et les sols. Cette étude a pour objectif d'améliorer la compréhension du rôle des colloïdes dans la mobilisation des éléments traces en définissant (a) l'impact de paramètres physico-chimiques sur la composition élémentaire et colloïdale de la phase dissoute d'un sol de zone humide, (b) les modes de genèse de ces colloïdes, ainsi que leur rôle de phases porteuses et vectrices d'éléments traces dans les eaux et les sols. Les différents travaux accomplis mettent en avant un contrôle colloïdal pour de nombreux éléments traces présents dans la solution de sol. Ainsi, certains éléments sont fortement complexés par le compartiment colloïdal (Al, Cr, U, Mo, Pb, Ti, Th, Fe, et les REE), d'autres le sont plus modérément (Cu, Cd, Co, et le Ni) et une autre partie ne réagit pas avec les colloïdes (Li, B, K, Na, Rb, Si, Mg, Sr, Ca, Mn, Ba et le V). Le pH apparaît être un facteur majeur de contrôle de la composition élémentaire de la phase dissoute ; un changement du pH, à la hausse ou à la baisse impactant fortement les concentrations et la composition colloïdale et élémentaire de la solution de sol. De plus, le pH apparaît un acteur non négligeable de la conformation des substances humiques, principales molécules organiques actives dans la mobilisation des éléments traces dans le milieu naturel, impactant ainsi leur mobilité et celles des éléments associés. Les résultats ont confirmé la présence d'associations supramoléculaires de petites molécules organiques au sein des substances humiques, ainsi que la présence de nanoparticules de Fe intimement liées à la matière organique, et pouvant mobiliser certains éléments traces comme le Pb ou le Ti. De plus, ce travail a permis de mesurer l'impact des substances humiques sur la vitesse d'oxydation-hydrolyse du Fe, et sur la taille des oxyhydroxydes formés. Les substances humiques tendent ainsi à ralentir et à diminuer les réactions d'oxydation-hydrolyse du Fe, et impactent directement la taille des oxydes de Fe. Le Fe est ainsi présent soit sous forme ionique et complexé aux substances humiques, soit sous forme de nanoparticules et inclus dans la matrice organique. La biodisponibilité de ces nanoparticules de Fe à être utilisée comme accepteur d'électrons par des bactéries Schewanella putrefaciens a ensuite été testée en comparaison de celle de particules de Fe formées en absence de substances humiques. Les résultats évoquent une biodisponibilité accrue des nanoparticules de Fe associées aux substances humiques lors de la bioréduction. Ce résultat prouve que les colloïdes mixtes Fematière organique représentent dans les zones humides, un stock majeur de fer régulièrement sollicité par la microfaune, bien plus accessible que celui du fonds géochimique.
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Sauze, Joana. "Identification des moteurs de l’activité de l’anhydrase carbonique dans les sols et son impact sur les échanges sol-atmosphère de CO18O et OCS, deux traceurs complémentaires du cycle du carbone." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0568/document.
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Les anhydrases carboniques (AC) sont des enzymes qui catalysent les réactions d'hydratation du CO2 et d'hydrolyse de l’OCS. L’AC présente dans les plantes et les microorganismes du sol influence le bilan atmosphérique d'OCS ainsi que celui du CO18O car les isotopes de l’oxygène sont échangés avec ceux des pools d'eau pendant l'hydratation duCO2. L’utilisation de l’OCS et du CO18O comme traceurs du cycle du C global ouvre une nouvelle voie pour estimer les contributions de la photosynthèse et de la respiration à grande échelle. Ceci requiert néanmoins une meilleure compréhension des facteurs contrôlant l'activité de l’AC des sols. Nous avons étudié le rôle du pH du sol et des communautés microbiennes sur l'activité de l’AC. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse que l'activité de l’AC serait (H1) inhibée dans les sols acides, et que (H2) les échanges isotopiques CO2-H2O seraient réduits dans les sols alcalins. Nous avons également présumé que l'activité de l’AC serait (H3) positivement corrélée à l'abondance des microorganismes phototrophes, et que (H4) la structure des communautés affecterait différemment les flux de CO18O et d’OCS. Nos résultats valident H1 et H2. Ils montrent aussi que les flux de CO2 dans le sol et l'activité d’AC associée sont positivement corrélés à l'abondance des microorganismes phototrophes (H3), tandis que le dépôt d'OCS dans les sols dépend de l'abondance des champignons (H4). Ces résultats sont en cours d’intégration dans un modèle de l'activité de l’AC des sols mondiaux, ce qui permettra une estimation robuste des flux globaux de photosynthèse et de respiration à partir de bilans atmosphériques de COS et CO18OCarbonic anhydrases (CA) are a group of enzymes that catalyse CO2 hydration and OCS hydrolysis. The presence of CA in plants and soil microorganisms is responsible for the largest atmosphere-biosphere exchange of OCS but also CO18O, because oxygen isotopes are exchanged with soil and plant water pools during CO2 hydration. Consequently, CO18O and OCS atmospheric mixing ratios have been proposed as complementary tracers of the global C cycle that could open avenues to estimate the contribution of photosynthesis and respiration at global scales. However, a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of CA activity is required. We investigated the role of soil pH and microbial community on soil CA activity. We hypothesised that CA activity should be(H1) inhibited in acidic soils but that (H2) the associated CO2-H2O exchange would also be reduced in alkaline soils. We further assumed that (H3) soil CA activity would be enhanced by an increase in soil phototrophs abundance, but that (H4) soil community structure would affect differently CO18O and OCS fluxes. Our results confirmed H1 and H2. We also confirmed that soil CO2 fluxes and the associated CA activity were positively correlated with phototrophic communities abundance (H3), while soil OCS uptake and the associated CA activity seemed driven by fungal abundance (H4). These findings are now being incorporated into a model of soil CA activity worldwide that will allow robust estimates of photosynthesis and respiration at large scales from the atmospheric budgets of OCS and CO18O
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Huynh, Van Biet. "Étude de l’architecture racinaire, du métabolisme des lipides membranaires et des gènes associés chez le riz Oryza sativa L. dans le cadre de la toxicité aluminique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST1067.
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L'acidité dans le sol, combinée à une toxicité aluminique est le stress environnemental le plus important limitant la production de riz (Oryza sativa L.). Dans ce travail, neuf variétés de riz vietnamien, ainsi que deux variétés de riz connues pour leur résistance/sensibilité à l'aluminium sont discriminées pour la tolérance à l'Al grâce à l'analyse de la croissance et la morphologie des racines en condition de culture hydroponique. Les lipides membranaires et l'expression des gènes liés au métabolisme de ces lipides ont également été analysés. Les résultats ont montré que la toxicité de l'aluminium influence tout le système racinaire du riz, elle inhibe la croissance de la racine principale ainsi que celle des racines latérales, le volume des racines, et le nombre de racines latérales. L'Al s'accumule dans les racines et les feuilles. Cette accumulation d'Al corrèle négativement avec la quantité de calcium, de magnésium et de potassium dans les tissus. L'aluminium diminue la teneur en lipides membranaires dans les racines et les feuilles, et ce d'autant plus que la variété est plus sensible. Dans les feuilles, l'acide gras le plus touché est l'acide linolénique C18 : 3 ; dans les racines, l'acide linoléique C18 : 2. L'aluminium provoque en outre dans les feuilles une diminution très importante de la teneur en monogalactosyl diacylglycerol MGDG, un galactolipide constitutif des membranes thylakoïdales. Dans les racines, c'est la phosphatidylcholine PC, qui diminue le plus. Ces modifications des lipides membranaires sont nettement plus importantes chez la variété de riz sensible que chez la variété tolérante. L'expression des gènes de synthèse est corrélée positivement avec les teneurs des lipides membranaires majeurs. Nos résultats ont montré que les lipides jouent un rôle important dans le maintien de l'intégrité et le fonctionnement des membranes cellulaires, et ont une influence sur la capacité des plantes à résister à la présence de l'aluminium dans le milieuSoil acidity combined with the presence of Aluminium ions is a major environmental stress limiting rice (Oryza sativa) production. In this work, root growth and root morphology of nine vietnamese rice varieties and two IRRI reference varieties (one Al-resistant, one Al-sensitive) were studied in hydroponic conditions. Analysis of membrane lipid composition as well as the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was also performed. Results showed that Al toxicity influenced negatively the whole root system : Al inhibited the elongation rate of the principal root and the lateral roots ; it decreased the root volume and the number of lateral roots. Al accumulated in root and leaf tissues. Al accumulation was negatively correlated with the amounts of Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium in plant tissues. Membrane lipid contents also decreased in roots and shoots, and these decreases were more important in the sensitive varieties than in the tolerant ones. In the shoots, linolenic acid C18:3 content was mostly affected, and in the roots linoleic acid C18:2. Furthermore, in the leaves Al provoked a large decrease in the main lipid of thylakoid membranes monogalactosyl diacylglycerol MGDG. In the roots, it decreased the phosphatidylcholine PC content. Lipid and fatty acid changes were more pronounced in Al-susceptible varieties than in tolerant ones. The expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of the main m embrane lipids during Al treatment correlated well with the time-course of membrane lipid composition. Our results indicated that lipids could play an important role in the integrity and function of cell membranes, and that they could be implicated in the capacity of plants to tolerate the presence of aluminium toxic ions in the environment
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Mazerolle, Marc J. "Mouvements et reproduction des amphibiens en tourbières perturbées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21842/21842.pdf.
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Les déclins de populations d’amphibiens ont généré de nombreux travaux sur les effets de la perte d’habitats variés, mais peu en milieux naturellement acides. Néanmoins, plusieurs tourbières du sud-est canadien sont perturbées par l’extraction de la tourbe. Dans le premier chapitre, j’ai comparé l’utilisation des milieux tourbeux par les amphibiens à celle des milieux non tourbeux. Dans les quatre chapitres subséquents, j’ai quantifié les effets de l’extraction de la tourbe sur l’utilisation des étangs de tourbières par les amphibiens et mesuré les contraintes liées à leurs déplacements sur des surfaces exploitées. Les résultats indiquent que les amphibiens utilisent les tourbières surtout comme sites d’estivage. De plus, l’intensité de l’exploitation influence la fréquentation des étangs, mais la quantité et la proximité d’habitats complémentaires (i.e., étangs adjacents, forêt) semblent réduire ces effets. Finalement, les surfaces arides associées à certaines activités anthropiques telles que l’exploitation des tourbières ou l’agriculture, entravent les déplacements des grenouilles, bien que ces effets puissent être atténués par la présence de canaux de drainage.Global amphibian population declines have generated numerous studies on the effects of habitat loss, but few have been conducted in naturally-acidic environments. Nevertheless, many peatlands are undergoing peat extraction in southeastern Canada. Through five chapters, I have studied the use of bog habitats by amphibians, quantified the effects of peat extraction on amphibian occurrence at bog ponds, and measured the constraints associated with movements over mined surfaces. Bogs were less productive breeding sites than less acidic upland sites, but were used by adults and juveniles following breeding outside bogs. Bog ponds on surfaces actively mined for peat offered suboptimal habitats to green frogs (Rana clamitans), whereas bog ponds on surfaces drained for future peat mining, characterized by the presence of drainage ditches and vegetation, provided supplementary frog habitat. However, this positive effect was only temporary, as these surfaces were to be eventually mined. In a study conducted at a larger scale and focusing on bog ponds on unmined surfaces, I showed the importance of the amount and proximity of complementary habitats (i.e., adjacent ponds, forest) on the spatial distribution of amphibian presence at ponds. Moreover, frog movement experiments revealed that frogs translocated on barren peat surfaces had a lower probability of homing successfully than those translocated at a similar distance on an undisturbed surface, and that dehydration risks were the lowest on natural surfaces with vegetation cover. No reproduction occurred in drainage ditches, although frog survival in these structures was high. In addition, ditches did not impede the movements of individuals. Globally, results indicate that amphibians use bogs mostly as summering sites. Furthermore, peat mining intensity influences the occurrence of amphibians at ponds, but the proximity and amount of complementary habitats could mitigate these effects. Finally, barren surfaces associated with certain human disturbances such as peat mining and agriculture impede frog movements, although drainage ditches, particularly those containing water, may facilitate movements across these hostile environments.
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Magendie, Guillaume. "Catalyseur idéal en Hydroconversion du Résidu : quelle balance entre force Hydro/déshydrogénante et acidité pour la conversion d'un Résidu Sous Vide pétrolier ?" Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0855.
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Le travail de thèse effectué a porté sur l'applicabilité et la compréhension d’un système catalytique bifonctionnel acide et hydro/déshydrogénante sur l'hydroconversion et l’hydrotraitement d'un Résidu Sous Vide. En amont de ce travail, il est rappelé qu'au-delà de 400 °C (régime thermique), la forte conversion du RSV conduit à des phénomènes indésirables de précipitation et d’instabilité, liés à l'augmentation de la polarité des asphaltènes. L’objectif de la thèse était donc de favoriser les réactions de craquage et d’hydrogénolyse à plus faible température (370 °C), grâce à la fonction acide du catalyseur, et d’étudier la nature des structures asphalteniques résultantes. Des catalyseurs modèles, de formulation NiMo, supportés sur des aluminosilicates préparés par greffage de silicium à la surface d'une alumine, ont été utilisés. Ces catalyseurs développent une acidité faible, apportée par le support. Cette acidité a été quantifiée et caractérisée sur les aluminosilicates synthétisés, comme sur le catalyseur fini. La phase hydrogénante, ainsi que la texture des solides, ont aussi été caractérisées en détail. Des catalyseurs, dont les trois paramètres précités ont pu être modifiés indépendamment, ont ainsi été obtenus.Les performances catalytiques ont ensuite été évaluées en hydroconversion d’un RSV Safaniya, en réacteur batch. Les résultats révèlent un impact limité de l’acidité sur les grandeurs globales du test. Les modifications successives des phases hydrogénantes, et l’apport de macroporosité, n’ont pas permis d’améliorer cet impact par la suite. L’analyse détaillée conduite sur les asphaltènes après conversion a mis en relief des modifications de structures moléculaires nettes. Celles-ci ont pu être illustrées via une méthode de reconstitution moléculaire. L'introduction d’acidité a ainsi favorisé les réactions de craquage des chaines aliphatiques ou naphténique des asphaltènes, sans pour autant augmenter l'aromaticité de la moléculeThe aim of this work was to study and investigated bifunctional sulfided and acidic catalyst for the hydroconversion and the hydrotraitment of a Vacuum Residue. Upstream works have already demonstrate that high level of residue conversion, at high temperatures ( > 400 °C), leads to create carbonaceous sediments (sediments), link to asphaltenes polarity and aromaticity. Thus, our objective was to promote hydrocracking reactions at lower temperatures (370 °C), by enhancing acidity of conventional sulfided catalysts. Structures of consequent asphaltenes, modified by acidity, were also studied. Model NiMo catalysts were obtained by grafting silica on the surface of alumina carriers. Characterization on carriers and sulfided catalysts reveal the improvement of a weak acidity. Hydrogenating phase and textures properties have also been characterized in this work. In the end, we have obtained catalysts with same texture, same hydrogenating power, but also different level of acidity strength. Catalytic performances were evaluated in batch reactor, for the hydroconversion reaction of a Safaniya Vacuum Residue. Results reveal no changes in hydroconversion or hydrotraitment reactions parameters with acidity. No improvement was observed by enhancing the hydrogenating power or by adding macroporosity on textures with acidic sulfided catalysts. Nonetheless, combinated asphaltenes analysis and molecular reconstructions methods have shown that acidity can modify asphaltènes structures and properties. Acidity enhances cracking reactions of aliphatic chains and naphthenic units, without improving the aromaticity of the molecules
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Laurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
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La valorisation agronomique de fertilisants organiques (FO) est une source majeure de contamination des sols agricoles en éléments traces. Ce constat est particulièrement prégnant pour le cuivre (Cu) et le zinc (Zn) dont l’écotoxicité vis-à-vis des organismes du sol et plus largement l’impact sur la fertilité du sol posent question sur le long-terme. La littérature scientifique des deux dernières décennies ne permet cependant pas de trancher quant à l’évolution de la biodisponibilité pour les organismes du sol de Cu et Zn ainsi apportés. En effet les travaux antérieurs ne tiennent pas compte de la modification de la disponibilité de Cu et Zn pouvant être induite (i) par l’évolution temporelle du pH et de la matière organique (MO) observée avec l’apport de FO et (ii) par les activités des organismes dans le sol qu’ils sont susceptibles de bio-influencer. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a donc été d’évaluer les effets respectifs de la contamination du sol, de l’évolution du pH et de la MO du sol et d’organismes clés du sol (i.e. les plantes et les vers de terre) dans le volume de sol bio-influencé, sur la biodisponibilité de Cu et Zn pour ces organismes en contexte d’apports de FO sur le long-terme.Ce travail a été basé sur l’étude de sols provenant d’essais de terrain conduits à La Réunion, amendés pendant une décennie avec des fertilisants minéraux ou organiques ou jamais fertilisés. L’évolution du pH ainsi que de la concentration, de l’aromaticité de la matière organique dissoute (MOD) et de la disponibilité de Cu et Zn (i.e. concentration totale et activité de l’ion libre) a été mesurée dans la solution du sol non bio-influencé ainsi que du sol bio-influencé, soit par les activités racinaires (i.e. la rhizosphère), soit par l’activité des vers de terre (i.e. la drilosphère). La biodisponibilité de Cu et Zn a été évaluée par la mesure de leur concentration dans une espèce épi-endogée tropicale de vers de terre (Dichogaster saliens) et une espèce végétale tempérée (Festuca arundinacea, la fétuque), exposées aux sols en mésocosmes au laboratoire.En l’absence de bio-influence, l’apport de FO a non seulement augmenté la contamination en Cu et Zn dans les sols, mais également le pH ainsi que la concentration et l’aromaticité de la MOD dans la solution des sols. La concentration totale de Cu dans la solution du sol a augmenté dans les sols ayant reçu des FO, proportionnellement à la concentration en MOD alors que l’activité de Cu2+ a diminué principalement du fait de l’augmentation du pH, se traduisant par une disponibilité de Cu identique entre les sols ayant reçu des FO ou non. Le Zn ayant une plus faible affinité pour la MOD, la concentration totale en Zn et l’activité de Zn2+ ont diminué dans les sols ayant reçu des FO sous l’effet de l’augmentation du pH, se traduisant par une disponibilité de Zn identique ou inférieure, dans ces sols par rapport aux sols non amendés. Ainsi, les modifications de pH et de MOD semblent réguler la disponibilité de Cu et Zn dans les sols non bio-influencés par un effet protecteur vis-à-vis de la contamination en Cu et Zn.Sous l’influence des vers de terre ou des racines des plantes, la gamme de variation du pH et de la concentration en MOD quel que soit la modalité de fertilisation s’est réduite par rapport aux sols non bio-influencés. Cela s’est traduit dans la drilosphère par un effet de l’apport de FO sur la disponibilité de Cu et Zn similaire à celui observé dans le sol non bio-influencé mais de plus faible ampleur. Du fait d’une forte intensité des activités racinaires, cela s’est en revanche traduit dans la rhizosphère par une absence d’effet de l’apport de FO sur la disponibilité de Cu et Zn. La combinaison des effets protecteurs induits par l’apport de FO et l’activité des organismes a permis d’expliquer pourquoi la biodisponibilité de Cu et Zn pour les vers de terre et les plantes n’a pas augmenté avec les apports décennaux de FO malgré la contamination en Cu et ZnThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
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Toffolli, Leticia Cristina Bertusso. "Formas de aplicação e doses de calcário para alfafa implantada em área de plantio direto consolidado." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/757.
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A alfafa (Medicago sativa L.) é uma forrageira leguminosa com alto potencial
produtivo, qualidade de forragem e variabilidade de utilização. Quando bem
manejada, é uma cultura capaz de fornecer forragem de qualidade e promover um
aumento na produtividade dos rebanhos. Para se expandir o uso desta forrageira no
país, torna-se necessário superar alguns entraves, como a falta de cultivares
adaptadas as diferentes condições edafoclimáticas e resistência ao pastejo. Este trabalho busca avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de calcário combinadas a
distintas formas de aplicação sobre o desenvolvimento da cultura da alfafa em
sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do
Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, localizada no Município de Pato Branco - PR. A
cultivar utilizada foi a Crioula. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições em parcelas sub-sub divididas. Para as avaliações dos
atributos químicos do solo as parcelas constituíram-se das formas de aplicação de
calcário (aração+gradagem, subsolagem e superficial), as sub-parcelas pelas doses
de calcário (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 t. ha-1) e as sub-sub parcelas pelas profundidades de solo
amostradas (0-5; 5-10; 10-20 e 20-30 cm). Para a avaliação dos teores de N, P, K,
Ca e Mg do tecido foliar da alfafa e taxa de acúmulo de MS diária as parcelas
constituíram-se pelos dias acumulados (56, 116, 144, 184, 220, 248, 286, 322, 353,
391, 432, 485, 530, 574 e 597 dias), as sub-parcelas pelas formas de aplicação de
calcário (aração+gradagem, subsolagem e superficial) e as sub-sub parcelas pelas
doses de calcário (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 t. ha-1). A aplicação de calcário, mesmo que de
forma superficial, provocou aumentos de pH, dos teores de Ca e Mg e da saturação
por bases do solo, bem como, causou a diminuição dos teores de Al e da acidez
potencial do solo (H+Al), sendo estes efeitos percebidos nas camadas mais
inferiores do solo. Apenas em um período de avaliação de taxa de acúmulo de
matéria seca (220 dias acumulados) constatou-se influência da forma de aplicação
de calcário, sendo que nas 14 demais avaliações, não se constatou efeito deste
fator. Plantas cultivadas com 4 t. ha-1 de calcário nas parcelas sem incorporação
apresentaram teores de N do tecido foliar da alfafa superiores aos encontrados nas
demais plantas onde o calcário foi incorporado. Não há inconveniência da aplicação do calcário na superfície do solo sobre os teores foliares de Ca, K, Mg e P para
alfafa cultivada sob sistema de plantio direto. A prática de aração e gradagem ou de
subsolagem visando à incorporação de calcário no sistema de plantio direto
mostrou-se desnecessária. Em consequência disso, recomenda-se que, para a alfafa cultivada em sistema plantio direto estabilizado, a aplicação de calcário no
solo seja feita de forma superficial.Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a forage legume with high yield potential, forage quality and variability of use. When well managed, is a culture able to provide quality forage and promote an increase in productivity of the herds. To enlarge the use of this forage in the country, it is necessary to overcome some obstacles, such as lack of suitable cultivars in our different environmental conditions and resistance to grazing. This study sought to determine the effect of different doses of lime combined with different forms of application to the development of culture in the alfalfa no-till system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná, located in Pato Branco - PR. The cultivar used was Creole. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications in split sub-divided. For the evaluations of soil chemical attributes the plots consisted of the forms of lime application (plowing + harrowing, subsoil and surface), the sub-plots for limestone (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 t. ha -1) and the sub-sub plots sampled for soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm). To assess the levels of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in alfalfa leaf tissue and accumulation rate of MS daily portions constituted by accumulated days (56, 116, 144, 184, 220, 248, 286, 322, 353, 391, 432, 485, 530, 574 and 597 days), the sub-plots in the forms of lime application (plowing + disking, sub soiling and surface) and the sub-sub plots for limestone (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 tonnes. ha-1). Liming, even if superficially, caused increases in pH, Ca and Mg and base saturation of the soil and caused the decrease in the levels of Al and potential soil acidity (H + Al ), and these perceived effects in lower layers of soil. Only in an evaluation period of accumulation rate of dry matter (220 cumulative days) revealed the influence of lime application form, and the 14 other reviews, we found no effect of this factor. Plants grown with 4 t. ha-1 of lime in the plots without incorporation showed concentration of the alfalfa leaf tissue than those found in other plants where the limestone was incorporated. No inconvenience of applying lime to the soil surface on the leaf Ca, K, Mg and P for alfalfa grown under no-tillage system. The practice of plowing or disking and sub soiling seeking the incorporation of lime in the no-tillage system proved to be unnecessary. As a result, it is recommended that for alfalfa grown in no-till system stabilized, the application of lime in the soil is made lightly.
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Radmann, Vairton. "Atributos químicos de solos cultivados com arroz na região sul do Estado do Amazonas." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3051.
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Ao longo tempo de cultivo de arroz de terras altas na região sul do Estado do Amazonas constata-se baixas produtividades atribuídas a vários fatores, dentre os quais, atributos químicos de solo limitantes. No entanto, poucos estudos têm sido realizados relacionados ao nível de fertilidade dos solos cultivados com arroz. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar os principais atributos químicos de 72 amostras de solos dos campos naturais cultivados, identificando as possíveis limitações químicas bem como estabelecer relações entre os atributos do solo. Para isto, foram coletadas 72 amostras de solos em campos naturais cultivados com arroz, na profundidade de 0 a 20 cm (camada arável) abrangendo os municípios de Humaitá, Manicoré, Novo Aripuanã e Canutama e determinados os teores de areia, silte, argila, carbono orgânico, fósforo, potássio, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, alumínio, cobre, manganês, zinco, ferro, acidez ativa e potencial, capacidade de troca de cátions, saturação por bases e saturação por alumínio. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística descritiva e análise de regressão. Em geral, os solos de campos naturais cultivados apresentam texturas areia, franco-siltosa e franco-argilo-siltosa. São baixos os teores de potássio, cálcio, cobre, manganês e zinco, altos teores de ferro, baixos e adequados teores de magnésio, teores de fósforo muito baixo. Os teores são médios e adequados de matéria orgânica, baixo e médio pH em CaCl2 e médio e adequado pH em água, capacidade de troca de cátions com nível médio, adequado e alto, saturação por bases baixa e médio e a saturação por alumínio alta e muito alta. O pH SMP foi eficiente para estimar a acidez potencial e os teores de argila e carbono orgânico total são eficientes para estimar a capacidade de troca de cátions dos solos de campos naturais cultivados no sul do estado do Amazonas. As principais limitações químicas para o cultivo dos solos são: elevada acidez potencial, baixa e média saturação por bases e muito baixa disponibilidade de fósforo.
Over time Upland rice cultivation in southern Amazonas State has shown low productivity attributed to several factors, among which chemical attributes of limiting soils. However few studies about soil fertility under rice crop have been conducted. This study aims to evaluate the main chemical attributes of 72 soil samples of cultivated grasslands, identify possible chemical limitations, as well as establish relationship between these soil attributes. Seventy-two soil samples at depth of 0 to 20 cm (top soil) were collected in grasslands planted with rice, including the municipalities of Humaitá, Manicoré, Novo Aripuanã e Canutama. Distribution of sand, silt, clay, organic carbon, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, manganese, zinc, iron contents were determined. Active and potential acidity, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and aluminum saturation were also established. The results were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and to regression analysis. As a general rule, soils of cultivated grasslands have sandy, loamy silt and silt clay loam texture low potassium, calcium, copper, manganese, and zinc content, high iron content, low and appropriate magnesium content, very low phosphorous content. It was also achieved on that soils, medium and appropriate organic matter content. Low and medium pH in CaCl2 and medium and appropriate pH in water, cation exchange capacity in medium, to high levels, low and medium base saturation, high and very high aluminum saturation. SMP pH was efficient for estimating potential acidity; clay and total organic carbon are efficient for estimating soil cation exchange capacity in grasslands planted in southern Amazonas State. The main chemical limitations for soil cultivation are: high potential acidity, low and medium base saturation and very low phosphorous availability.
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Fölster, Jens. "Catchment hydrochemical processes controlling acidity and nitrogen in forest stream water /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6074-3.pdf.
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Myers, Jed Anthony. "Reduction in exchangeable magnesium upon liming acid soils of Ohio /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260859494085.
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Smith, Carol M. S. "Assessment of critical loads of acidity for selected U.K. upland organic soils." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU555089.
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The use of critical loads of acidity to quantify damage to sensitive components of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has developed rapidly over the last decade. While much work has focused on defining damage to forested ecosystems, surface waters and groundwaters, there has been little work done on defining critical loads of acidity for ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peat. This thesis presents a modelling approach to quantify damage to ombrotrophic peat ecosystems, since such damage can result in a decline in both surface water quality and the ability of peat to act as an absorbent to aerial pollutants. Initial investigations were concerned with the factors which could be included in investigations of critical loads of N and acidity to the surface organic horizons of forest and moorland soils. The modelling approach was then developed from a series of laboratory-based simulation experiments to investigate the effect of contents of H&'43 , Ca2&'43 and Mg2&'43 in rainfall upon the chemistry of the peat ion exchange complex. The basic tenet of the modelling approach was that ion exchange equilibria for peat is rapid, mineral input to the surface of ombrotrophic peat from mineral weathering is negligible and that atmospheric inputs of wet and dry deposition will dominate the peat chemistry. These simulation experiments provided peat pH values resulting from equilibration with the simulated rainfall. By combining these with databases of atmospheric depositon for the U.K., critical loads of acidity and the present day peat pH were calculated and mapped. The critical load values for peat thus obtained were incorporated in the U.K. Critical Load mapping program, which was used to support the on-going European negotiations of emission reduction within the United Nations Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (U.N. E.C.E. C.L.T.A.P.).
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Santos, Carlos Lacy. "Materiais corretivos da acidez do solo no desenvolvimento inicial e nutrição da cultura da mamona." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2010. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6632.
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Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de diferentes materiais corretivos de acidez do solo no desenvolvimento inicial e nutrição mineral da mamona em condição de casa de vegetação. O experimento foi montado num esquema fatorial 2x6, sendo dois Latossolos (LVA I e LVA II), e cinco materiais corretivos de acidez do solo (calcário, resíduo de mármore, escória de metalurgia, produto proveniente de algas marinhas, resíduo de rocha (50% mármore + 50% granito), e testemunha (sem aplicação de corretivo), num delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A mamoneira (cultivar IAC-80) foi cultivada por 45 dias em casa de vegetação, com duas plantas de mamona por vaso. Ao final do período procedeu-se a quantificação da matéria seca da parte aérea (folha e caule), matéria seca da raiz e volume de raízes e determinaram-se os teores e acúmulos de P, K, Ca e Mg na folha e no caule. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos foi utilizado o teste de F a 5 % de probabilidade para comparação das médias dos resultados através de contrastes. Os resultados mostraram que houve comportamento diferenciado dos materiais corretivos de acidez e dos solos sobre o desenvolvimento inicial e a nutrição mineral da mamoneira. Para ambos os solos, de maneira geral, o uso de materiais corretivos proporcionou maior desenvolvimento inicial da mamoneira em relação à testemunha (sem aplicação de corretivo), evidenciando a importância da correção da acidez do solo para a cultura. A aplicação de materiais corretivos da acidez promoveu uma redução dos teores de P, K na parte aérea da mamoneira, dado o efeito de diluição, pela maior produção de matéria seca. A aplicação dos materiais corretivos permitiu a elevação dos teores Ca e Mg na parte aérea da mamoneira em relação à testemunha, somente no solo LVA II, o qual apresentava, originalmente, menor disponibilidade destes nutrientes em relação ao LVA I (Tabela 1). De maneira geral, os maiores valores de acúmulo dos nutrientes ocorreram nos tratamentos que proporcionaram maior produção de matéria seca, com destaque para os corretivos resíduo de mármore e resíduo de mármore (50%) + resíduo de granito (50%) que promoveram maior acúmulo de K, Ca e Mg tanto na folha quanto no caule da mamoneira, no LVA II. A utilização de materiais corretivos em solos ácidos cultivados com mamoneira demonstrou potencial no desenvolvimento inicial e na nutrição mineral desta cultura nas condições avaliadas
This study aimed to evaluate the use of different correctives materials of Soil acidity in the initial development and mineral nutrition in castor bean crops greenhouse condition. The experiment was a factorial scheme of 2x6, two soils Oxisols (LVA I and II), and five of corrective materials of soil acidity (limestone, marble waste, metallurgy slag, product from seaweed, waste rock (50% + 50% marble granite), and control (without application of lime) in a randomized block design with four repetitions. The Castor tree (IAC-80), cultivated for 45 days in a greenhouse, two plants of castor bean by vessel. At this time we proceeded to quantify the dry matter of the shoot (leaf and stem), root dry matter and root volume and measured the contents and accumulation of P, K, Ca and Mg in leaves and stem. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and significant when we used the F test at 5% probability to compare the average of results through contrasts. The results showed different behaviors of the materials for acidity of soil on the mineral nutrition and initial development of castor bean. For both soils, in general, the use of corrective materials provided greater initial development of castor bean in relation to control (without application of corrective), highlighting the importance of acidity in the soil for this culture. The application of corrective materials promoted a reduction of acidity of P, K in the shoot of castor beans, given the dilution effect, by the higher dry matter production. The application of corrective materials allowed high levels of Ca and Mg in shoots of castor bean in relation the control, only the soil LVA II, which originally presented lower nutrient availability in relation to the LVA I (Table 1). In Generally, the higher accumulation of nutrients occurred in the treatments that showed higher dry matter production, especially the Marble and lime residue, marble residue (50%) + granite waste (50%) that promoted a higher accumulation of K, Ca and Mg in both the leaf and the stem of the castor bean, the LVA II. The use of corrective materials in acid soils cultivated with castor bean showed a potential in the initial developent and mineral nutrition of this crop under the conditions evaluated
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Soratto, Rogério Peres [UNESP]. "Aplicação de calcário e gesso em superfície na implantação do sistema de plantio direto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100003.
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soratto_rp_dr_botfca.pdf: 792481 bytes, checksum: 32d9518363b0fae5fab589ed74ffbe8c (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Existe interesse na busca de alternativas para a implantação do sistema de plantio direto em áreas anteriormente cultivadas no sistema convencional de preparo do solo ou sob pastagens, sem a incorporação prévia do calcário, realizando-se a calagem superficialmente desde o estabelecimento do sistema, desde que não haja impedimento físico ao crescimento radicular. Nesse sentido, o gesso agrícola, por ser mais solúvel e apresentar relativa mobilidade no solo, é apontado como alternativa para correção das camadas subsuperficiais do solo em curto prazo, podendo ser utilizado como um produto complementar ao calcário. Dessa forma, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da aplicação superficial de calcário e gesso, na implantação do sistema de plantio direto, sobre as características químicas do solo, o teor de cátions solúveis na parte aérea das culturas, o crescimento radicular, a nutrição e produtividade de culturas anuais, em região de inverno seco. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas de 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, localizada no município de Botucatu (SP), em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, anteriormente conduzido no sistema convencional de preparo do solo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 1.100, 2.700 e 4.300 kg ha-1), com PRNT = 71,2%, visando elevar a saturação por bases para 50%, 70% e 90%, respectivamente. As subparcelas foram constituídas pela ausência e aplicação de 2.100 kg ha-1 de gesso agrícola (6 x teor de argila em g kg-1, na camada de 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade). Para as culturas de verão foi utilizado o esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo as subsubparcelas constituídas por dois cultivares de arroz de terras altas...
There is great interest to search alternatives to establish the no-tillage system in fields previously cultivated on conventional tillage or on pasture, with no lime previous incorporation, using superficial liming since the beginning of system, if don't have physical impediment to root growth. Thus, the phosphogypsum, that is more soluble and with high mobility, has been an alternative to correct the subsuperficial soil layer, in a short time, and can be used as a lime complementary product. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of lime and phosphogypsum surface application during the establishment of no-tillage system, on the soil chemical characteristics, on the content of water-soluble cations, in the crop shoot, on the root growth, on the nutrition and yield of annual crops, in a dry winter region. The experiment was carried out during the agricultural years of 2002/03 and 2003/2004, in an experimental area located in Botucatu County, São Paulo State, Brazil (48º 23' W and 22º 1' S) on a Haplorthox, before used with conventional tillage system. A randomized complete block design, in split-plot scheme, and four replications was used. The plots were composed by four dolomite limestone levels (0; 1,100; 2,700; and 4,300 kg ha-1), with Neutralization Power = 84.3% and Reactivity = 84.5%, aiming raise the base saturation to 50%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. The subplots were composed by without and with phosphogypsum application (2,100 kg ha-1 = 6 x clay content (g kg-1) in 0.20-0.40 m depth layer). For the summer crops a split-split-plot scheme were used. The subsubplots were constituted by two upland rice cultivars ('Caiapó' and 'IAC 202'), on agricultural year of 2002/03, and two common bean cultivars ('Carioca' and 'Pérola'), on agricultural year of 2003/2004. In the winter season of 2003 and 2004, the black oat was grown in the area... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Soratto, Rogério Peres 1976. "Aplicação de calcário e gesso em superfície na implantação do sistema de plantio direto /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100003.
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Orientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa CrusciolBanca: Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Banca: Godofredo Cesar Vitti
Banca: Domingos FornasieriFilho
Banca: Luis Reynaldo F. Alleoni
Resumo: Existe interesse na busca de alternativas para a implantação do sistema de plantio direto em áreas anteriormente cultivadas no sistema convencional de preparo do solo ou sob pastagens, sem a incorporação prévia do calcário, realizando-se a calagem superficialmente desde o estabelecimento do sistema, desde que não haja impedimento físico ao crescimento radicular. Nesse sentido, o gesso agrícola, por ser mais solúvel e apresentar relativa mobilidade no solo, é apontado como alternativa para correção das camadas subsuperficiais do solo em curto prazo, podendo ser utilizado como um produto complementar ao calcário. Dessa forma, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da aplicação superficial de calcário e gesso, na implantação do sistema de plantio direto, sobre as características químicas do solo, o teor de cátions solúveis na parte aérea das culturas, o crescimento radicular, a nutrição e produtividade de culturas anuais, em região de inverno seco. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas de 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, localizada no município de Botucatu (SP), em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, anteriormente conduzido no sistema convencional de preparo do solo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro doses de calcário dolomítico (0, 1.100, 2.700 e 4.300 kg ha-1), com PRNT = 71,2%, visando elevar a saturação por bases para 50%, 70% e 90%, respectivamente. As subparcelas foram constituídas pela ausência e aplicação de 2.100 kg ha-1 de gesso agrícola (6 x teor de argila em g kg-1, na camada de 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade). Para as culturas de verão foi utilizado o esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo as subsubparcelas constituídas por dois cultivares de arroz de terras altas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: There is great interest to search alternatives to establish the no-tillage system in fields previously cultivated on conventional tillage or on pasture, with no lime previous incorporation, using superficial liming since the beginning of system, if don't have physical impediment to root growth. Thus, the phosphogypsum, that is more soluble and with high mobility, has been an alternative to correct the subsuperficial soil layer, in a short time, and can be used as a lime complementary product. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of lime and phosphogypsum surface application during the establishment of no-tillage system, on the soil chemical characteristics, on the content of water-soluble cations, in the crop shoot, on the root growth, on the nutrition and yield of annual crops, in a dry winter region. The experiment was carried out during the agricultural years of 2002/03 and 2003/2004, in an experimental area located in Botucatu County, São Paulo State, Brazil (48º 23' W and 22º 1' S) on a Haplorthox, before used with conventional tillage system. A randomized complete block design, in split-plot scheme, and four replications was used. The plots were composed by four dolomite limestone levels (0; 1,100; 2,700; and 4,300 kg ha-1), with Neutralization Power = 84.3% and Reactivity = 84.5%, aiming raise the base saturation to 50%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. The subplots were composed by without and with phosphogypsum application (2,100 kg ha-1 = 6 x clay content (g kg-1) in 0.20-0.40 m depth layer). For the summer crops a split-split-plot scheme were used. The subsubplots were constituted by two upland rice cultivars ('Caiapó' and 'IAC 202'), on agricultural year of 2002/03, and two common bean cultivars ('Carioca' and 'Pérola'), on agricultural year of 2003/2004. In the winter season of 2003 and 2004, the black oat was grown in the area... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Lehtovirta, Laura. "Ecology and physiology of Thaumarchaea in acidic soils." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553840.
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Archaea represent one of the three domains of life and were once thought to be restricted to extreme environments. This view has been dramatically changed over the last two decades through the discovery of abundant novel lineages of non-extremophilic archaea, their implication in the global nitrogen cycle and their laboratory cultivation. The recently-described phylum Thaumarchaeota includes autotrophic ammonia oxidisers, thus performing the rate-limiting step of nitrification, and frequently outnumbering their bacterial counterparts particularly in acidic soils. Nitrification is a fundamental component of the global nitrogen cycle and leads to significant fertiliser loss and atmospheric and groundwater pollution. Nitrification rates in acidic soils (pH<5.5), which comprise 30% of the world's soils, equal or exceed those of neutral soils. Paradoxically, autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea, which perform the first stage in nitrification, do no grow in suspended liquid culture below pH 6.5, where ammonia availability is reduced by ionisation. This thesis describes the identification of pH as a major driver of Group 1.1 c thaumarchaeal abundance and diversity. Furthermore, it reports the cultivation of the first obligately acidophilic ammonia oxidiser, Candidatus Nitrosotalea devanaterra. This organism grows in the pH range 4.0 - 5.5 and represents a previously uncultivated lineage distributed across the globe in acidic soils. The physiology of Candida/us N. devanaterra was characterised, including the influence of organic acids (glyoxylate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate and a-ketoglutarate) on the growth.
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Morgan, Marcus John. "Optimal prediction of coastal acid sulphate soil severity using geographic information systems." Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070208.153133/index.html.
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Nowicki, Thomas Edward. "The impact of plantations of Pinus spp. on the chemical properties of soils and stream waters in South African upland catchments." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17332.
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Bibliography: pages 171-181.Studies of forest ecosystems have indicated that internal sources constitute a significant component of the acid load to forest soils and can result in significant decreases in soil pH, acid neutralising capacity and base status. Despite this, the possibility that these processes can result in a significant transfer of acidity to drainage solutions and consequently to associated surface waters has, to a large extent, been discounted due to the self-limiting nature of " natural" acidification processes which purportedly do not involve significant concentrations of the strong acid anions NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻. In South Africa, extensive plantations of Pinus spp. (pine) are developed in mountainous regions that were previously covered by grassland or fynbos (macchia) vegetation and are mostly not believed to be influenced by significant atmospheric pollution. Thus, a good opportunity exists to study the effects of afforestation without the superimposed influence of acid deposition. This thesis documents the results of a regional investigation of the geochemical impact of pine afforestation in South Africa. The study focuses specifically on factors relating to the transfer of soil acidity to drainage waters. The key questions that are addressed are : 1) to what extent is soil acidification, as previously documented for plantations in the eastern seaboard region of southern Africa, prevalent in other forestry areas within South Africa?; 2) in the absence of acid deposition, can afforestation cause enhanced concentrations of strong acid anions in soil solutions and drainage waters, and can this lead to the transfer of large quantities of acidity from forest soils to surface waters ?; 3) does afforestation-induced acidification lead to increased concentrations of environmentally important metals such as Al and Mn in soil solutions and surface waters ?; and 4) how does afforestation affect the quantity of dissolved organic matter in soils and streams?
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Sakala, Godfrey Mekelani. "The effects of incorporating plant residues on soil acidity in management of tropical soils." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263047.
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Murata, Monica Rujeko. "The impact of soil acidity amelioration on groundnut production and sandy soils of Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1995. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08152003-155125.
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Quibel, Edouard. "Impacts de la préparation du sol lors de la phase de plantation sur la dynamique des matières organiques et la fonction de stockage du Carbone dans les sols forestiers Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation en forêt tempérée Changes in soil organic carbon stock by mechanical site preparation in oak and pine plantations on an acidic soil Impact du travail du sol localisé sur le stock de carbone organique du sol et la communauté microbienne en condition de plantation sur sol à engorgement temporaire en eau." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR017.
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Dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique, la forêt est vue comme un puits de carbone, c’est-à-dire qu’elle contribue à stocker du C. Ce stockage peut s’effectuer à moyen terme dans la biomasse ligneuse et à plus long terme dans les sols. Afin de préserver les forêts et leur capacité de stockage, les gestionnaires forestiers se voient contraints d’effectuer de la régénération artificielle, c’est-à-dire de la plantation pour adapter les peuplements aux conditions futures. Pour assurer le succès de cette étape de plantation, il est parfois nécessaire de lever certaines contraintes comme la présence de végétation bloquante, de tassement ou d’engorgement en eau des sols. Pour ce faire, une Préparation Mécanique des Sols (PMS) peut être effectuée avant la plantation. Ces travaux de PMS sont susceptibles de provoquer une perte de Carbone Organique du Sol (COS). Afin de limiter les effets négatifs de la PMS, des outils ont été développés afin de ne préparer le sol que de manière localisée, sur la future ligne de plants. Ces outils ont été développés pour répondre à certaines situations. Les outils Scarificateur Réfersible® et le sous-soleur multifonction® (MFSS) sont faits pour préparer des sols tassés et/ou envahis par la fougère aigle (Pteridium aquilinum). Les outils Razherb® (RAZ) et Culti 3B® (C3B) sont, quant à eux, utilisés pour préparer des sols tassés et/ou engorgés en eau envahis par la molinie (Molinia caerulea). Dans un premier temps, appuyé sur 6 sites du réseau ALTER, l’impact de l’outil RS, seul ou en combinaison avec MFSS, sur le COS a été évalué 5 ans après la PMS. Leur impact a été évalué sur le COS de manière quantitative et qualitative mais également sur le fonctionnement microbien du sol. Cette étude a montré, sur la zone travaillée, une baisse du stock de C sur le profil de sol complet (L-60 cm) et du C minéralisé par la communauté microbienne en conditions contrôlées. Cependant, il a également été démontré que les caractéristiques du sol modulent l’impact de ces outils à l’échelle de la parcelle forestière. Dans un deuxième temps, appuyé sur 3 sites du réseau PILOTE, l’impact de la combinaison d’outils RAZ+C3B a été évalué sur les stocks de COS et sur la minéralisation potentielle. Sur ces sols à engorgement temporaire, une baisse de stock de COS a été observée dans la zone travaillée uniquement dans le topsoil (L-30 cm). En revanche, le stock de COS sur le profil complet comme la minéralisation potentielle ne présentaient pas d’effet significatif sur la zone travaillée. A l’échelle de la parcelle forestière, la combinaison RAZ+C3B n’a pas présenté d’effet sur les stocks de COS ni sur la minéralisation potentielle. Dans son ensemble, ce travail de thèse suggère que bien qu’ayant un impact sur la zone préparée, les outils utilisés dans cette étude n’influençaient que peu le sol à l’échelle de la parcelle forestière. Toutefois, ces observations peuvent varier selon le type de sol en présence et avoir un impact importantIn the current context of climate change, forests are seen as a carbon sinj, i. e. they can contribute to C storage. This storage can take place in the medium term in woody biomass and in the longer term in soils. In order to preserve forests and their C storage capacity, foresters have to carry out artificial regeneration (i. e. planting) to adapt stands to future conditions. To ensure the success of this planting stage, it is sometimes necessary to remove some constraints such as the presence of blocking vegetation, compaction or waterlogging of soil. To do this, a Mechanical Soil Preparation (MSP) can be carried out prior to plantin. This PMS work may cause a Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) loss by mineralization. In order to limit the negative effects of PMS, tools have been developed to prepare the soil only in a localized area, on the future line of plants. These tools have been developed to respond to some situations. The Reversible Scarifier® (RS) tool and the Multifunction Subsoiler (MFSS) are designed to prepare soils compacted and/or invaded by eagle fern (Pteridium aquilinum). The Razherb® (RAZ) and the Culti 3B® (C3B) tools are designed to prepare compacted and/or waterlogged soils invaded by Molinia caerulea (Molinia caerulea). First, based on 6 sites belonging to the ALTER network, the impact of the RS tool alone and in combination with MFSS on COS was evaluated 5 years after the PMS. This evaluation therefore focused on the quantity and quality of SOC. The impact of the tools on the microbial functioning of the soil was also tested. This part showed a decrease in the stock of C and mineralized C by the microbial community under controlled conditions localized to the prepared area but impacts at the forest stand scale depend on soil characteristics. Second, based on 3 sites belonging to the PILOTE network, the impact of the combination of RAZ+C3B tools on SOC stocks and potential mineralization was evaluated. On these soils with temporary waterlogging, adecrease in SOC stock was observed in the prepared area only in the topsoil (0-30 cm). On the other hand, both SOC stock on the full profile and the potential mineralization did not have a significant effect on the prepared area. At the forest stand scale, the RAZ+C3B combination had no effect on SOC stock or potential mineralization. This thesis work suggests that although they had an impact on the prepared area, the tools used in this study had low influence on the soil at the forest plot scale. However, these observations may vary according to the soil type and have a significant impact on the forest plot
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Mustafa, Akhmad Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Improving acid sulfate soils for brackish water aquaculture ponds in South Sulawesi, Indonesia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40619.
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Brackish water aquaculture is one of the largest coastal industries in Indonesia. This farming system involves the construction of ponds m coastal sediments. Many ponds in Indonesia have been abandoned due to past development of ponds in acid 8ulfate soils (ASS); these soils produce sulfuric acid through the oxidation of pyrite du ring and after the sediments have been excavated. The soils also contain elevated concentrations of metal such as iron and aluminium which are harmful to farmed fish and shrimp. Acidification of pond soil causes recurrent fish and shrimp mortalities, poor growth rate in fish and shrimp, soft shell syndrome in shrimp and low plankton densities, Pond maintenance costs in ASS are also significantly higher than non-ASS ponds. There are over 6.7 million ha of ASS In Indonesia of which 35% has been developed for brackish water aquaculture. This study developed and trialled methods of soil remediation to restore abandoned ASS-affected ponds. The main objective was to develop methods at remediation that were scientifically sound but also practical and inexpensive for farmers. The research involved characterising, in detail, the chemical and physical properties of ponds soil followed by laboratory-based experiments to improve soil properties. The results of laboratory trials were the basis for large-scale field experiments to test soil remediation strategies. The study showed that pond bottoms could be improved by forced oxidation, flooding and water exchange followed by Iiming and fertilising. Up to 500% increases in productivity were achieved by this method and soils conditions Improved significantly. A further twofold productivity increase was achieved by an integrated liming method in which lime is added to rebuilt or new dykes in layers. A juvenile shrimp production system was developed for ponds that were too severely degraded or costly to remediate. The research developed methods of preventing metal toxicity in Juvenile shrimp. The study showed that aquaculture ponds built in ASS could be remediated and returned to viable production systems. Importantly, the study has developed a more detailed understanding of chemical properties In ASS-affected ponds.
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Sanger, Luke. "Acidic deposition effects on upland organic soils and their drainage water." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU058910.
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The work presented in this thesis investigates the effects of precipitation chemistry on the chemical characteristics of upland organic soils in the UK and their associated drainage waters. It also describes effects on a number of microbially-mediated processes and concludes with a study on methods for the amelioration of peat acidification. Data presented in chapters 3, 5 and 6 have recently been published or accepted for publication (Sanger et al. 1993 a. 1993 b and 1993 c). The first chapter describes the nature of soil acidity and reviews the relevant literature on the effects of acidic deposition, with particular emphasis on upland organic soils and their drainage waters. Chapter 2 describes a field survey carried out in the UK which investigates relationships between the exchangeable and total element chemistry of peat and precipitation chemistry. The results showed that peat collected from areas receiving high concentrations of H+, NH4+, SO42- andNO3- in precipitation were characterised by high extractable NH4+ and total P. and low extractable NO3-, base saturation and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+. TheNH4+ concentration in precipitation was strongly related to a number of soil chemical parameters and the results suggest that future changesin NH4+ inputsto peatscould significantlyeffect soil and drainage water chemistry. The results also show that (1) processes involved in the cycling of N and P may have been altered by precipitation chemistry (2) exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ have been displaced by NH4+ and H+ in areas with high acidic deposition. Peat from areas with a high marine input in precipitation contained high concentrations of exchangeable N+ and K+. Laboratory simulation studies (chapter 3 and 4) using intact peat monoliths were carried out to complement the regional survey described in chapter 2. They were set up to examine element fluxes from peats in relation to precipitation chemistry.
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Fotovat, Amir. "Chemistry of indigenous Zn and Cu in the soil-water system : alkaline sodic and acidic soils." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf761.pdf.
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Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Bibliography: leaves 195-230. In this study the soil aqueous phase chemistry of Zn and Cu in alkaline sodic soils are investigated. The chemistry of trace metal ions at indigenous concentrations in alkaline sodic soils are reported. Metal ions at low concentrations are measured by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) technique.
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Jansen, Boris. "The mobility of aluminium, iron and organic matter in acidic sandy soils." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/70962.
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Evans, S. W. "The rate of release of aluminium from acidic and acid sensitive soils." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308840.
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Shongwe, Gideon Ngaka. "Effect of pH on aluminum-orthophosphate interactions in some acidic Swaziland soils /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487599963590869.
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Amara, Holm. "Influence de l'aluminium et des sols acides sur la croissance du sapin de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Mirb.) : rôle de la paroi dans les réponses au stress aluminique." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/a59ed152-5cd0-4283-8056-5b8950a5f8d5/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0054.pdf.
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En Europe, les forêts de résineux sont très répandues et connues pour modifier les caractéristiques physicochimiques des sols forestiers, essentiellement en termes d’acidité. A des pH inférieurs à 5,5, l’aluminium naturellement présent dans le sol est solubilisé et se retrouve sous une forme mobile (Al3+),biodisponible et par conséquent toxique pour les plantes. Les travaux menés ont porté plus particulièrement sur le sapin de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii), un conifère largement répandu en France et particulièrement dans la région Limousin. Plusieurs conditions de culture différentes (conditions contrôlées in vitro et conditions semi contrôlées sous serre sur sols forestiers acides et riches en Al potentiellement phytodisponible), ont été utilisées pour étudier, à des stades de développement différents (stade plantules et stade jeunes arbres) et pour des périodes d’exposition différentes (2 et 11 mois) les réponses du sapin de Douglas suite à son exposition à l’Al. Les résultats ont montré que la croissance du sapin de Douglas et sa nutrition minérale sont perturbées quand les plantules sont exposées à des concentrations élevées en Al (500 μM AlCl3 in vitro ; environ 1 mg Al.g-1 sol sec avec des pH d’environ 5 sur sols forestiers). Les symptômes de toxicité concernent essentiellement les racines qui accumulent la majorité de l’Al absorbé par la plante, l’aluminium étant préférentiellement localisé dans les parois cellulaires des tissus de la pointe racinaire. Face à la toxicitéaluminique, le sapin de Douglas développe différentes stratégies. D’une part, la caractérisation chimique de la paroi cellulaire a mis en évidence des modifications quantitatives et qualitatives dans la composition polysaccharidique de la paroi notamment en pectines (plus riches en acides alacturonique et moins ramifiées) suite à une régulation de l’activité pectine méthylestérase, et en hémicelluloses (plus riches en glucomannanes), suggérant un processus de rétention de l’Al dans les structures pariétales. D’autre part, au niveau intracellulaire, les résultats ont montré une stimulation de l’activité guaïacol peroxydase, une enzyme clé dans la réduction des symptômes du stress oxydatif induit dans des conditions de stress aluminique ainsi qu’une accumulation de la proline, potentiellement capable de chélater l’Al à l’intérieur de la cellule. Ainsi, le sapin de Douglas présente un seuil de tolérance à l’Al relativement élevé comparable à celui d’autres conifères. Cette tolérance met en jeu une stratégie à l’échelle cellulaire basée à la fois sur l’exclusion au niveau pariétal mais aussi de façon complémentaire sur des mécanismes de chélation au niveau intracellulaireIn Europe, softwood forests are very abundant and are characterized by an acidic soil profile. In these conditions, when the soil pH drops below 5.5, aluminum is present in soils in a soluble and bioavailable form Al3+. This work was carried out on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), a coniferous tree, widely distributed in France and particularly in the Limousin region. In this study we used different cultivation methods (in vitro cultures with controlled conditions, and semi-controlled conditions in greenhouse on naturally acidic forest soils rich in Al). Plants were analyzed at different stages of development (seedling stage and young tree stage) and for different exposure periods (2 and 11 months). The results have shown that the growth of Douglas fir and its mineral nutrition were disturbed when exposed to high Al concentrations (500 μM AlCl3 in vitro, and about 1 mg Al.g-1 at pH 5 on forest soils). We showed that the roots exhibited severe symptoms of toxicity and accumulated the majority of the Al within the cell wall. It has been shown that, to cope with aluminum toxicity, Douglas fir developed different strategies. On one hand, the chemical characterization of the cell wall revealed quantitative and qualitative modifications in the polysaccharidic composition of the wall, in particular pectins (harboring a higher galacturonic acid content with less ramification) following regulation of pectin methylesterase activity, and hemicelluloses (richer in glucomannans), suggesting a trapping process of Al in the cell wall structures. On the other hand, at the intracellular level, the results showed a stimulation of a key enzyme activity involved in the reduction of oxidative stress induced under aluminum stress, as well as an accumulation of proline, potentially capable of chelating Al inside the cell. Therefore, Douglas fir plantlets showed a relative high tolerance level to Al equivalent to other coniferous species which can be explained at the cellular level by an exclusion process involving retention by the cell wall but also a complexation process in the intracellular compartment
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Sousa, Daniel Vieira de. "Alterações eletroquímicas e sua relação com a produção de gás metano em solos alagados por barragens." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5542.
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-30Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
The emission of gases of the greenhouse effect has increased dramatically since the geological era until the present days. Currently the use of fossil fuels and the changing of the use of the Earth are most responsible for the emission of these gases to the atmosphere.The carbon in the soil represents more than three times the carbon in the terrestrial biomass and about two times the carbon in the atmosphere, been a potential source of CO2 and CH4.The biogeochemical process that occurs in the soil or sediments for the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are controlled by process like the reduction of mineral compounds mainly oxides and amorphous and poor crystalline in anaerobic environment. These process leads to the formation of a favorable habitat suitable to the population grows of Methanogenic bacteria consequently with the production of gases of greenhouse effective. Nowadays there are several projects that defend that the hydroelectric dam offers a great contribution to the emission of the effective of greenhouse gases. This project has the purpose of study what the characteristics has more influence for the production of the emission of greenhouse effective in flood soils in hydroelectric lakes. The chapter one is dedicated to literature review where are addressed the more relevant topics. The chapter II had the purpose of studying the electrochemical dynamics of the soil at Zona da Mata mineira subject to flood due to the construction of hydroelectric. As a result we obtained that how bigger is the of Fe, bigger will be reduction of the soil, which lead us to establish the habitats proper for the establishment of the growth of Methanogenic bacteria‟s. population. The contents of Fe, CO and N have more influence in the ox reduction of flood soil. The chapter III had the purpose of studying dynamics and reactivity of the soil organic carbon (SOC) such as it is also dedicated to estimate the production of CH4 in soils flooded by hydroelectric dams lake with the purpose of identifying which characteristics has more influence in the production of methane comes from an eventually flooded of soils. As a result were obtained that the reactivity of SOC receives influence of the texture of the soil, and the finer is the texture greater is the presence of free fractions. The N shows an important factor to be analyzed due to its relation with the degradation of organic compound and microbial activity.
As emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) têm aumentado vertiginosamente desde eras geológicos até os dias atuais. Atualmente a utilização de combustíveis fósseis, e alterações no uso da Terra, são as maiores responsáveis pelas grandes emissões destes gases para a atmosfera. O carbono contido no solo representa mais de três vezes o carbono contido em toda a biomassa terrestre e cerca de duas vezes o carbono contido na atmosfera, sendo, dessa forma, uma potencial fonte emissora de CO2 e CH4. Os processos biogeoquímicos que ocorrem em solos e ou sedimentos para emissão de gases como o dióxido de carbono e metano, são controlados por processos como a redução de compostos minerais, principalmente óxidos, amorfos e mal cristalizados em ambientes anaeróbios. Estes processos levam a formação de um habitat propício para o crescimento populacional de bactérias metanogênicas, com a conseqüente produção de gases do efeito estufa. Atualmente há diversos trabalhos que defendem que barragem de usinas hidroelétricas oferece uma grande contribuição na emissão de gases do efeito estufa. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se estudar quais as características do exercem mais influencia para a produção de gases do efeito estufa em solos alagados em lagos de hidroelétricas. O capítulo I é dedicado a revisão de literatura, onde são abordados temas que se julgam relevantes. No capítulo II se objetivou estudar a dinâmica eletroquímica de solos da zona da mata mineira passíveis de serem submetidos a alagamento devido a construção de hidroelétricas. Como resultado obteve-se que quanto maior for a atividade de Fe, maior será o potencial de redução do solo, o que leva ao estabelecimento de habitats, apropriados para o estabelecimento de populações de bactérias metanogênicas. Os teores de Fe, CO e N, são os que mais exercem influencia no processo de oxiredução de solos alagados. O capítulo III teve por objetivo estudar dinâmica e reatividade do carbono orgânico do solo (COS), bem como dedicado a estimar a produção de CH4 em solos alagados por lagos de usinas hidroelétricas, com o intuito de identificar quais características exerce mais influência na produção de metano, provinda do eventual alagamento dos solos. Como resultados foram obtidos que a reatividade do COS recebe influencia da textura do solo, sendo que quanto mais fina a textura maior a presença de frações livres. O N total se mostra um importante fator a ser analisado devido sua relação com a degradação de compostos orgânicos e atividade microbiana.
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Bajita, Jocelyn. "The dynamics of manganese phytotoxicity implications for diagnosis and management of excess manganese in acid upland soils /." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765086301&SrchMode=1&sid=3&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1233969896&clientId=23440.
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Mattiello, Lucia. "Fisiologia e transcriptoma de milho cultivado em solo ácido." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317449.
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Orientadores: Marcelo Menossi Teixeira, Renato Atílio JorgeTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A presença do alumínio (Al) em solos ácidos é o principal fator limitante da produtividade agrícola no Brasil e no mundo. A resposta desenvolvida pelas plantas contra o Al é complexa e a identificação de genes responsivos após a exposição ao íon através de técnicas de análise em larga escala, como microarrays, pode facilitar a sua compreensão. Este projeto possui como objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre a fisiologia e a regulação gênica de raízes e folhas utilizando genótipos contrastantes de milho (Cat100-6 (Al-tolerante) e S1587-17 (Al-sensível)) cultivadas em solo ácido com concentração fitotóxica de Al. As linhagens de milho Cat100-6 e S1587-17 foram cultivadas por um ou três dias em solo ácido (pH 4,1) ou solo corrigido com Ca(OH)2 (pH 5,5). O genótipo S1587-17 apresentou uma maior inibição do crescimento radicular, resultado este altamente correlacionado com a acumulação de Al nos ápices radiculares e deposição de calose. Os dados fisiológicos confirmam a discriminação entre as duas linhagens em solo, abrindo perspectivas para entender pela primeira vez a base molecular das alterações das plantas em condições próximas à realidade de campo. O transcriptoma de raízes possibilitou a identificação possíveis candidatos a tolerância ao Al. Adicionalmente, com um experimento de hidroponia separamos as variáveis pH e presença de Al, ambas condições diferenciais do tratamento com solo. Identificamos, entre os candidatos, genes responsivos pela presença do Al e não pela acidez delimitando assim os genes com possíveis papéis na tolerância ao Al presente no solo ácido a apenas três: retinol desidrogenase, um fator de transcrição WRKY e uma proteína desconhecida. Esses resultados permitem concluir que o cultivo em solo é diferencial em relação à hidroponia, e outros fatores que apenas presentes no substrato solo podem provocar a indução de alguns genes. Diversas vias metabólicas são afetadas na linhagem sensível pelo tratamento em solo ácido e podem estar envolvidas na inibição radicular como a produção de lignina, celulose e calose e a síntese de etileno e auxina. O mapeamento nos cromossomos dos genes identificados pelo experimento de microarray das raízes de milho permitiu a identificação de genes localizados dentro de QTLs de milho previamente descritos na literatura como responsáveis pelo fenótipo tolerante. Diante esse resultado, podemos especular o papel de genes como uma proteína ligadora de RNA, uma inibidora de proteases e ciclinas na tolerância ao Al contido no solo ácido. Pela primeira vez na literatura, o transcriptoma de folhas coletadas após três dias de cultivo em solo ácido ou solo corrigido foi obtido com o uso de microarrays da Affymetrix. Essa análise indicou profundas alterações na Cat100-6, em contraposição à ausência de alteração significativa nas folhas na S1587-17. Genes referentes à fotossíntese e a fotorrespiração foram regulados negativamente pelo tratamento em solo ácido no genótipo tolerante. Contudo, o ciclo do ácido cítrico está ativado indicando uma putativa participação da produção de ácidos orgânicos nas folhas na resposta ao Al
Abstract: The presence of aluminum (Al) is the main factor limiting crops yield in Brazil and worldwide. The plant responses developed against this ion are complex and the identification of responsive genes after exposure to the ion with the use of a large scale technique, such as microarrays, can facilitate its comprehension. This project aimed to amplify the knowledge about physiology and gene expression regulation of roots and leaves associated towards Al resistance using contrasting maize genotypes (Cat100-6 (Al-tolerant) and S1587-17 (Al-sensitive) cultivated in acid soil containing phytotoxic concentrations of Al. Maize lines Cat100-6 and S1587-17 were cultivated for one or three days in acid soil (pH 4,1) or limed soil with Ca(OH)2 (pH 5,5). The genotype S1587-17 presented a higher root growth inhibition, which is highly correlated with Al accumulation in the root apexes and callose deposition. The physiological data confirms the discrimination of the two maize lines cultivated in soil, opening perspective to understand for the first time the molecular bases of alterations in plants on a closer condition to the field. Transcriptome from roots made possible the identification of possible tolerance candidates and genes constitutively expressed genes in the tolerant line. Additionally, throw a hydroponic experiment we splited the variables pH and Al presence, both differential conditions between soil treatments. It was possible to identify, among the candidates, genes responsive in the presence of Al in acid soil rather than acidity limiting genes with a possible roles in Al present in the acid soil tolerance to only three: retinol dehydrogenase, the transcription factor WRKY and an unknown protein. These results allow the conclusion that the soil culture is different in relation to hydropony, and other factors present only in soil substrate could provoke the induction of some genes. Several metabolic pathways were affected in the sensitive line after acid soil growth and could be involved on root growth inhibition such as lignin, cellulose and callose production and ethylene and auxin synthesis. The mapping of the identified genes through the microarray experiments into the chromosomes allowed the identification of genes localized into maize QTLs previously reported in the literature as responsible for the tolerant phenotype. Facing these results, we can speculate the role of these genes such as a RNA binding protein, a protease inhibitor, and cyclines in the Al present in the acid soil tolerance. For the first time in literature, the transcriptome of leaves collected after three days in culture with acid soil or limed soil with the Affymetrix microarrays. This analysis indicated great alterations in Cat100-6, meanwhile S1587-17 showed no significative alteration. Genes related to photosynthesis and photorespiration were down-regulated due acid soil treatment in the tolerant genotype. However, citric acid cycle was activated indicating the putative partitipation of organic acids produced in the leaves in thr Al response
Doutorado
Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento
Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular
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Driscoll, Kendra. "FATE OF LIMESTONE DISSOLUTION PRODUCTS IN ACIDIC METALCONTAMINATED SOIL MESOCOSMS." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2014. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2145.
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The impact of liming (10 t ha-1 of calcitic and dolomitic limestone, separately) on the soil
solution and soil matrix was investigated in an acidic metal-contaminated soil from Sudbury,
ON. A soil mesocosm experiment was performed; columns were leached with simulated
rainwater and the soil solution collected at various locations throughout the soil column. The
dissolution rate of calcitic limestone used for this experiment was found to be approximately
double that of the dolomitic limestone investigated. Calcium and Mg released during limestone
dissolution migrated through the soil profile to the Bf-BC interface. The addition of limestone
increased the pH and decreases the bioavailability of Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, As, Ba, Mn, and Zn the
LFH horizon. Amending acid, contaminated soils with calcitic or dolomitic limestone has
profound effects on soil solution chemistry.
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Harris, Mark Anglin. "Some organic amendments for heavy metal toxicity, acidity and soil structure in acid-sulphate mine tailings /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh3148.pdf.
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Islam, Mohammed Anowarul. "Responses of accessions of Austrodanthonia spp. to factors associated with soil acidity." University of Sydney. Food and Natural Resources, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/502.
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Pasture plants already adapted to acidic soil conditions are required as part of an integrated approach (with lime amelioration) to managing acid soils on the Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the usefulness of Austrodanthonia species for this purpose. The material evaluated in this study was collected during a previous survey of the distribution of Austrodanthonia on the Central, Southern and Monaro Tablelands of New South Wales. It was hypothesised that the genus Austrodanthonia has a wide range of tolerance to acid soils. A series of experiments that provided information on the growth and physiology of Austrodanthonia in relation to soil acidity, with a view to the identification and eventual domestication of the most promising plant material have been conducted through pot, hydroponics and field investigations. Firstly, soils were acidified or limed to obtain a range of soil pH and Al concentrations. This experiment showed that adding aluminium sulfate and calcium carbonate followed by washing excess salts with water is a simple, rapid and convenient method for adjusting soil pH for pot experiments. The pH of the amended soils remained relatively unchanged eight months after treatment. The experimental set-up also resulted in a wide range of soluble Al (2-52 mg/kg) across the soils. The relative Al-tolerance of 183 accessions from 15 Austrodanthonia species was tested in a pot experiment using a range of soil pH. Emergence, survival and growth of all accessions were drastically reduced by high soil acidity (pH 3.9, P < 0.001). About 11% of plants emerged at pH 3.9, whereas at pH 4.4 and 5.3, ~72% of plants emerged. Accessions exhibited large variation within and between species in their tolerance to soil acidity. From the species/accessions tested, 49 accessions from eight species were selected for further study (on the basis of being more acid tolerant). Hydroponic experiments conducted in the glasshouse evaluated: (i) formulation of nutrient solution with a stable pH, (ii) effectiveness of the formulation using tap water and deionised water and (iii) estimation of free ion activities of Al and Mn in the nutrient solution and their effects on Austrodanthonia growth. These experiments showed that a NO3-N/NH4-N ratio of 9:4 is the most appropriate ratio to obtain a stable pH 4.0 without affecting plant growth; that there was little difference between tap water and deionised water on the ionic effects of Al and Mn, and plant-size did not play a role on accession survival and that accessions of Austrodanthonia could grow well within a wide range of pH (3.5-5.5), Al (50-250 �M) and Mn (100-2000 �M). Growth of Austrodanthonia accessions declined under high acidity (pH < 3.5) and Al (300 �M), but tolerated high concentrations of Mn (2000 �M). Root-tips stained with hematoxylin grouped accessions in a similar way to the pot and hydroponic experiments for most of the accessions tested. The intensity of root staining with hematoxylin and the differential distribution of Al in the shoots and roots provided an indication that different tolerance mechanisms may be involved with Austrodanthonia accessions. It appears that both exclusion and internal mechanisms may operate for Al- and Mn-tolerance. A field experiment was conducted at Carcoar (33037�S, 149013�E, elevation 800 m) using gradients in soil pH and Al available on-site to grow selected accessions of Austrodanthonia. The accessions exhibited a range of responses to soil acidity. The accession responses to acidity from the pot and hydroponic experiments were similar to those obtained in the field, especially where Al was present as a low Al-challenge. Overall, this study shows that Austrodanthonia exhibits a wide range of acid tolerance between species and accessions within species. Among the species tested, A. duttoniana and A. fulva appeared to have the greatest commercial potential, because of their productivity and acid tolerance. The variability that exists in the accessions may be exploitable in breeding and selection programs for improved cultivars.
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Cocker, Kay M. "Silicon amelioration of aluminium toxicity in wheat." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363719.
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CAMPANHARD, Marcela. "Acidez do solo na fixação biológica do nitrogênio em feijão." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2006. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5213.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Considering soil acidity importance under tropical conditions, especially in systems dependent of biological nitrogen fixation, and the existence of different liming recommendation methods, this work aimed to evaluate liming recommendation methods in Brazil. Regression models analysis and selection was conducted for pH, Al3+ e Ca2++Mg2+, with CaCO3 levels as independent variables, in an independent manner for each soil. Estimated data for each soil was submitted to analysis of variance, considering a block design with each soil as a replicate. The method used in this research has vasontial for use in the comparison of different liming recommendation methods, since it allows the comparison of large soil numbers, in a standard way, in a relatively simple way. Since the search for the solution of acidity effects on biological nitrogen fixation depends on a better understanding of the problem, a second experiment was conducted to evaluate bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv Princesa and Rhizobium tropici II B strain CIAT 899 in acid soils. A loamy, alic yellow latossol was used and collected at 0-30 cm depth. Five kg dry soil mass samples were prepared in plastic bags incubated for thirty days and each experimental unit received three grams of peat based inoculant with Rhizobium tropici II B CIAT 899. Part of the soil was wetted with the inoculant, other part received CaCO3 and Mg) (3:1) to increase soil pH to different levels, while another part received acetic acid to decrease soil pH. CaCO3, MgO and acid levels were based on previous experiments. Results indicate the at initial development stages beans was more affected by low soil pH, but that up to the end of the cycles soilacidity affects the plant. Rhizobia inoculated to the soil 30 days before planting survived and nodulated bean roots
Considerando a importância da acidez do solo nas condições tropicais, em especial em sistemas dependentes da fixação biológica de nitrogênio, e a existência de diferentes métodos de necessidade de calagem, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as metodologias de necessidade de calagem no Brasil. Foi realizada análise e seleção de modelos de regressão para pH, Al3+ e Ca2++Mg2+, considerando as doses de CaCO3 como variáveis independentes, para cada solo. Os dados estimados foram submetidos à análise de variância, considerando um delineamento em blocos, sendo cada solo uma repetição. Em que para o entendimento dos efeitos da acidez sobre a fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) foi realizado um segundo experimento com o objetivo de avaliar a simbiose Rhizobium tropici II B estirpe CIAT 899 e o feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Princesa, cultivado em solo sob níveis de acidez. Foi utilizado um LATOSSOLO AMARELO, Álico, TB, A Moderado, Textura Média, coletado em profundidade de 0,0 a 0,3 m. Amostras contendo 5 kg de solo receberam 3g de inoculante turfoso com a estirpe CIAT 899 e foram incubadas durante trinta dias em sacos plásticos. Parte deste solo foi umedecida juntamente com o inoculante, enquanto outra parte recebeu doses de CaCO3 e MgO na relação molar (3:1) para elevar o pH a diferentes níveis. Uma terceira parte do solo recebeu 1000 mL de ácido acético glacial em cada saco plástico a fim de baixar o pH do solo para 4,00. As doses de CaCO3, MgO e ácido foram baseadas em resultados previamente obtidos em curvas de incubação. No estádio inicial de desenvolvimento o feijoeiro foi mais afetado pelo baixo pH do solo. A estirpe de rizóbio CIAT 899 inoculada 30 dias antes do plantio conseguiu sobreviver e nodular as raízes do feijoeiro.
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Mendonca, Eduardo de sa. "The effect of the organic and mineral fractions on the acidity and charge of soils from the Cerrado Region, Brazil." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316333.
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Carmeis, Filho Antonio Carlos de Almeida 1984. "Soil acidity management on an oxisol quality and wheat-common bean growth under a long term no-tillage system /." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148617.
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Orientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa CrusciolBanca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Jose Eduardo Corá
Banca: Eduardo Favero Caires
Banca: Adriano Stephan Nascente
Resumo: Os distúrbios químicos e físicos do solo estão entre os principais fatores que restringem o potencial produtivo da agricultura tropical. A baixa capacidade produtiva tem sido associada principalmente à acidez do solo e deficiência de macronutrientes, portanto, é fundamental o desenvolvimento de estratégias que ampliem a capacidade de produção de solos ácidos tropicais. O calcário e o gesso agrícola (PG) são materiais comumente empregados na agricultura para melhorar as propriedades químicas do solo, mas existem poucas informações sobre os efeitos da aplicação superficial desses produtos nas propriedades físicas dos Latossolos e nas diversas frações da matéria orgânica do solo (SOM). Diante destes aspectos, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação superficial de calcário e PG sobre os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, crescimento radicular, nutrição de plantas, componentes de produção, características tecnológicas e produtividade de trigo e feijão e sobre as diversas frações de SOM, as quais são consideradas críticas para tornar os sistemas agrícolas tropicais sustentáveis e produtivos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram estabelecidos quatro tratamentos: controle (sem aplicação de calcário e gesso); PG (2,1 Mg ha-1); calcário (2,0 Mg ha-1); e uma combinação de calcário e PG (2,0 e 2,1 Mg ha-1, respectivamente). Desde a instalação do experimento em 2002, as doses de calcário e PG foram aplicadas três vezes (2002,...
Abstract: Soil chemical and physical disorders are among major limiting factors to improve productive potential of tropical agriculture. The low productive capacity has been associated especially to soil acidity and macronutrient deficient, thus the development of strategies that improve production capacity of tropical acid soils are required. Lime and phosphogypsum (PG) are materials commonly used to improve soil chemical condition, but there is few information about the long-term effects of these products, applied superficially, especially on Oxisol physical properties and organic matter pools. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of surface application of lime and PG on the soil chemical and physical attributes, root growth, plant nutrition, yield components, technological characteristics and yield of wheat and common bean, and soil organic matter (SOM) pools considered critical to make agricultural tropical systems sustainable and productive. A randomized complete block design was used and treatments were replicated four times. Four treatments were carried out: control (without lime and gypsum application); PG (2.1 Mg ha-1); lime (2.0 Mg ha-1); and a combination of lime and PG (2.0 and 2.1 Mg ha-1, respectively). Since the experiment was established in 2002, the amendments rates have been applied three times (2002, 2004, and 2010). Superficial liming alleviated Oxisol acidity in the surface and subsurface layers after twelve years under soil acidity management, wit...
Doutor
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Eltanany, Gehan. "Sol-gel synthesis and properties of nanoscopic aluminum fluoride." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15679.
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Aluminiumfluorid (HS-AlF3), das mit Hilfe des Sol-Gel-Verfahrens unter nicht-wässrigen Bedingungen hergestellt wird, weist eine extrem große Oberfläche und eine hohe Lewis-Acidität auf, die mit den stärksten bekannten Lewis-Säuren wie SbF5 und ACF vergleichbar ist. Diese ungewöhnlichen Eigenschaften werden im Ergebnis einer neuen Sol-Gel-Synthese erhalten, die die Fluorolyse eines Aluminium-Alkoxids durch wasserfreien Fluorwasserstoff in organischen Lösungsmitteln zur Grundlage hat. Das zunächst in einer amorphen, katalytisch inaktiven Vorstufe mit großer Oberfläche gebildete Gel wird nach anschließender Trocknung mit gasförmigen Fluorierungsmitteln nachfluoriert, wobei die aktive Form des HS-AlF3 erhalten wird. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden alle Schritte dieses Syntheseweges untersucht und die Ergebnisse einschließlich einer detaillierten Analyse der erhaltenen Materialien diskutiert. Des Weiteren wurde HS-AlF3 durch eine Imprägnierungs-Methode auf das Trägermaterial Al2O3 aufgetragen, wobei verschiedene Beladungen mit HS-AlF3 getestet wurden. Die Eigenschaften des HS-AlF3/Al2O3 als Lewis-Säure-Katalysator wurden mittels der Dismutierung von CHClF2 und der Isomerisierung von CBrF2CBrFCF3 bestimmt. Die Herstellung von AlFyOx mit Hilfe des Sol-Gel-Verfahrens ist ebenfalls beschrieben, wobei das Produkt amorph ist und eine große Oberfläche von bis zu 240 m2/g aufweist.Aluminum fluoride (HS-AlF3) prepared via sol-gel synthesis route under non-aqueous conditions exhibits high surface area and an extremely strong Lewis acidity, comparable with some of the strongest known Lewis acids such as SbF5 and ACF. The basis of its unusual properties is the sol-gel fluorination of aluminum alkoxide with anhydrous HF in organic solvents yielding first an amorphous catalytically inactive precursor with high surface area, which can be dried and eventually post-fluorinated to get HS-AlF3. In this thesis, all steps of the synthesis route were thoroughly investigated. The results of these investigations together with detailed analysis of the obtained materials are reported and discussed. HS-AlF3 supported on Al2O3 with different HS-AlF3 loadings was prepared by wet impregnation method. The properties of the HS-AlF3/Al2O3 samples as Lewis acid catalyst were evaluated for CHClF2 dismutation and CBrF2CBrFCF3 isomerization. The preparation of AlFyOx via sol-gel method is also reported. AlFyOx prepared is amorphous and have high surface are up to 240 m2/g.
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Al-Hazzouri, Abbas Ahmad 1949. "Effect of soil salinity and acidity on the germination of Quercus emoryi and Robinia neo-mexicana seeds." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291761.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of four salt concentrations and four acid levels of soil solution on the germination of Quercus emoryi and Robinia neo-mexicana seeds, and to study the effects of the cation concentration changes in solution (Na, Ca, Mg, K) and exchangeable cation concentration. The solution extracts and exchange phases of both soils, salt accumulation in the soil increased by increasing the salinity and acidity of the water applied. Exchangeable sodium was related directly to the SAR of the applied solutions. The soil responded differently to the salty water and acid water. Both soil treatments released Ca, Mg and K to the soil solution from the dissolution of the primary minerals and cation exchange reaction.
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Ribeiro, Bruno Neves. "Movimentação de cátions e ânions em colunas de solo influenciada pela calagem e cobertura vegetal." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5519.
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Previous issue date: 2009-02-19Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The effect of limestone may be limited to the region of its application, due to the low mobility of the products of its dissolution in the soil. Such mobility can be favored by organic acids of low molecular mass, which are released during the mineralization of plant residues. The present work aimed to evaluate the contribution of residues of three forage plant species for the mobility of the products of the dissolution of the limestone applied on the surface. Columns of soil were mounted in PVC tubes with 20 cm of height, in which Brachiaria decumbens cv. Australiano, Melinis minultiflora (molasses grass) and Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris cv. Mineirão were cultivated. After 90 days of growth, limestone was applied (CaCO3 + MgCO3 p.a. with Ca:Mg molar relation of 3:1) on soil surface, according to the following treatments: T1 live plants, in other words, in activity, T2 cut plants and the material of the dried and ground aerial part (< 1 mm) applied on the surface of the soil, T3 cut plants, maintaining only the roots in the soil, T4 application of the material of the aerial part and T5- without application of the plant material, both in non-cultivated columns of soil. Columns without the application of limestone and plant material were also included as the control treatment (T6). Percolations were carried out with water equivalent to a volume of soil pores, determining the concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, inorganic anions (Cl-, CO3 2-, F-, NO3- and SO4 2-,) and organic acids (acetic, butyric, citric, malonic, oxalic and tartaric) in the leachate solutions. In the end of the experiment, the soil columns were separated into segments of 0 - 2,5, 2,5 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20 cm, in which the contents of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K were determined. It was observed that a higher limestone solubilization occurred in the soil in which plants were maintained alive. There was a distribution of Ca up to 10 cm of depth, regardless of the application of the plant materials. The application of limestone regardless of the application of the plant material promoted more K movement. The application of limestone and plant material of the forage plant aerial parts favored the increase in the lixiviation of Ca, Mg and K and acetic acid.
O efeito do calcário pode limitar-se à região de sua aplicação devido à baixa mobilidade dos produtos da sua dissolução no solo. Esta mobilidade pode ser facilitada por ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molecular, que são liberados durante a mineralização dos resíduos vegetais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a contribuição de resíduos vegetais de três espécies forrageiras na mobilidade dos produtos da dissolução do calcário aplicado na superfície. Foram montadas colunas de solo em tubos de PVC de 20 cm de altura, nas quais foram cultivadas Brachiaria decumbens cv. Australiano, Melinis minultiflora (capim gordura) e Stylosanthes guianensis var. vulgaris cv. Mineirão. Após 90 dias de crescimento, aplicou-se calcário (CaCO3 + MgCO3 p.a. com relação molar Ca:Mg de 3:1) na superfície do solo de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - plantas vivas, ou seja em atividade, T2 - plantas cortadas e o material da parte aérea seco e moído (< 1 mm) aplicado na superfície do solo, T3 - plantas cortadas mantendo-se apenas as raízes no solo, T4 - aplicação do material da parte aérea e T5- sem aplicação do material vegetal, ambos, em colunas de solo não cultivadas. Incluiu-se ainda colunas sem aplicação de calcário e material vegetal como tratamento testemunha (T6). Foram realizadas percolações com água equivalente a um volume de poros do solo determinando-se as concentrações de Ca, Mg, K, ânions inorgânicos (Cl-, CO3 2-, F-, NO3- e SO4 2-,) e ácidos orgânicos (acético, butírico, cítrico, malônico, oxálico e tartárico) nas soluções lixiviadas. Ao final do experimento as colunas de solo foram separadas em seguimentos de 0 a 2,5, 2,5 a 5, 5 a 10, 10 a 15, 15 a 20 cm nos quais determinaramx se os teores de Ca2+, Mg2+ e K. Constatou-se que ocorreu maior solubilização do calcário no solo em que se mantiveram as plantas vivas. Houve distribuição do Ca até 10 cm de profundidade, independente da aplicação ou não dos materiais vegetais. A aplicação de calcário independente da aplicação do material vegetal promoveu maior movimentação do K. A aplicação do calcário e do material vegetal da parte aérea das forrageiras favoreceu maior lixiviação de Ca, Mg e K e do ácido acético. Termos de indexação: calagem superficial, resíduos vegetais, mobilidade de íons, ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular, forrageiras tropicais.
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Mbakwe, Ikenna. "An evaluation of the effectiveness of coal ash as an amendment for acid soils." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1897.
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Bossolani, João William. "Reaplicação superficial de calcário e gesso em sistema plantio direto : efeitos no solo e na sucessão de culturas /." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153013.
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Orientador: Edson LazariniResumo: Em um sistema plantio direto em processo de estabilização, preconiza o não revolvimento do solo. Neste sentido o uso de gesso agrícola pode ser uma alternativa para viabilizar a aplicação do calcário em superfície sem que seja necessária sua incorporação. Dessa forma, o gesso entra como um insumo complementar ao uso do calcário. Em vista do exposto, o presente trabalho objetivou estudar o comportamento do calcário e/ou gesso reaplicados em superfície, e seus reflexos nos atributos químicos do solo e nas culturas do milho e soja em sucessão. O experimento está sendo desenvolvido desde o ano de 2011 em LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico de textura argilosa, desde o ano de 2011, no qual se apresenta em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas com quatro repetições. Como tratamentos nas parcelas, foi instalado o milho em dois sistemas de cultivo, sendo eles, solteiro e consorciado com Urochloa. Para as subparcelas foram utilizadas quatro doses de calcário (0; 2000; 4000 e 6000 kg ha-1) e quatro doses de gesso (0; 1500; 3000 e 4500 kg ha-1) distribuídas ao acaso nas sub-subparcelas. As aplicações foram em superfície manualmente em cada parcela e sendo realizadas as seguintes avaliações: características agronômicas, estado nutricional e produtividade de grãos das culturas do milho e soja e os atributos químicos do solo em diferentes profundidades (0,0 – 0,10; 0,10 – 0,20 e 0,20 – 0,40 m). O efeito residual das maiores doses de calcário reaplicados em 2014... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In the process of stabilizing in a no-tillage system, the soil revolving must be minimized. In this sense the application of lime can be an alternative to enable the use of gypsum as an alternative to conditioner the subsurface soil layers in the short term, and it can be used as a complementary product to lime because of its greater solubility and mobility in the soil profile. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to study the effect of lime and gypsum reapplied in surface and their impacts on maize crop under the sole and intercropped with soybean. The experiment is being developed in a dystrophic Red Latosol with clayey texture, since the year of 2011, and arranged in a randomized block designs, in split-split plots, with four replications. As treatments in the plots, the maize was installed in two cropping systems: sole and intercropped with Urochloa. For the subplots, were used four doses of lime (0; 2000; 4000 and 6000 kg ha-1) and four doses of gypsum (0; 1500; 3000 and 4500 kg ha-1) randomly distributed in the sub-subplots. The applications were manual and in surface in each plot, and being performed the following evaluations: agronomic characteristics, nutritional status and grains yield of maize and soybean and the chemical attributes of soil in three different depth (0,0 – 0,10; 0,10 – 0,20 e 0,20 – 0,40 m). The residual effect of the major gypsum doses reapplied in 2014 provided greater yield on the soybean sown two years after. Higher doses of gypsum reduced ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Martinazzo, Rosane. "Diagnóstico da fertilidade de solos em áreas sob plantio direto consolidado." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5462.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThe soybean average productivity in Rio Grande do Sul presents great oscillations which are attributed to climatic adversities. The productivity can also be afected by soil fertility limitations, specially acidity and P deficiency in subsurface, and by physical limitations to roots growth. This work was carried out to evaluate the soil fertility in areas under consolidated no-tillage, in soybean producing regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The diagnosis was carried out during the agricultural year 2004/05, in twenty soybean farmings under notillage with more than five years. We collected 140 soil samples in three layers (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) and mesearued water pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum. We calculate the exchangeable bases,, efetive CEC, CEC7, H+Al and the saturation for bases and for aluminum. In each point of collection soil samples was made analysis of soil resistance to the penetration and water soil content. Only 50% soil samples in surface layer (0-10 cm) and 8% in deeper layers do not showed chemical limitations as standards established for the Chemical and Fertility Soil Comission. Around 32% soil samples in surface layer and 77% in deeper layers showed low P availability. Additionally, 40% soil samples in subsurface showed low P and K availability, and only 50% no have acidity limitations. The soil compactation is a general problem in all soybean farmings.
O Rio Grande do Sul apresenta oscilações na produtividade média da soja, as quais, são atribuídas às adversidades climáticas, porém, também pode ser devido às limitações na fertilidade do solo, com destaque para a acidez e deficiência de fósforo em subsuperfície, agravadas pela presença de camadas compactadas, que dificultam o aprofundamento radicular. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de diagnosticar a situação da fertilidade do solo em áreas conduzidas sob plantio direto consolidado, em regiões produtoras de soja do Rio Grande do Sul. O diagnóstico foi realizado durante o ano agrícola 2004/05, em 20 lavouras conduzidas sob plantio direto há mais de cinco anos. Foram amostrados 140 pontos de coleta, nas camadas 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm de profundidade e determinados o pH em água, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e alumínio e calculadas a soma de bases, CTC efetiva, CTC7, H+Al e a saturação por bases e por alumínio. Em cada ponto de coleta foi realizada a análise de resistência do solo à penetração e de umidade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que somente 50% de amostras de solo na camada superficial (0-10 cm) e 8% nas camadas mais profundas não apresentam limitações químicas conforme padrões estabelecidos pela Comissão de Química e Fertilidade do Solo. Em torno de 30% das amostras na camada superficial e 77% nas camadas mais profundas apresentam baixa disponibilidade de P. Adicionalmente, 40% das amostras nas camadas subsuperficiais possuem P e K abaixo do nível de suficiência e somente 50% delas não apresentam problemas de acidez. Todos os locais amostrados apresentam tendência à compactação.
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Nakatani, André Shigueyoshi. "Atributos microbiológicos do solo em área agrícola sob disposição de lodo de curtume." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-08022011-144638/.
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Os lodos de curtume apresentam elevados teores de nutrientes e potencial de neutralização da acidez do solo, possibilitando sua utilização em áreas agrícolas, como uma alternativa para disposição e reciclagem desses resíduos. Por outro lado, o acúmulo no solo de altas concentrações de alguns elementos, como nitrogênio, sódio e cromo, provenientes dos lodos de curtume, podem proporcionar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. Como os microrganismos desempenham função importante na sustentabilidade do solo e nutrição vegetal e respondem prontamente a alterações ambientais, torna-se importante estudar o impacto da utilização em conjunto do lodo do caleiro e lodo primário da ETE (com teor reduzido de cromo) sobre os atributos biológicos do solo. No presente trabalho avaliaram-se os atributos microbiológicos do solo em um experimento de campo instalado em Rolândia (PR), com a aplicação de doses de lodo de curtume (0, 3,4, 13,5, 23,6 e 33,7 Mg ha-1 em 2006 e 0, 2,3, 9,0, 15,8 e 22,6 Mg ha-1 em 2007) baseadas no teor de N total do lodo, com doses equivalentes entre 0 e 1200 kg ha-1 de N total. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. A aplicação de lodo de curtume alterou a estrutura genética de bactérias, principalmente logo após cada aplicação do resíduo. Os tratamentos que receberam lodo apresentaram comunidade bacteriana diferenciada daquela do tratamento controle. Verificou-se que o efeito do lodo sobre essas populações é mais prolongado no primeiro ano de aplicação, com efeitos ainda evidentes após 300 dias da aplicação. No segundo ano da aplicação, não houve diferença nas comunidades bacterianas entre as menores doses e o controle após 260 dias da aplicação. O mesmo resultado foi observado para a atividade biológica do solo. Os atributos mais influenciados pela aplicação do resíduo foram as atividades da asparaginase e urease. Os resultados mostram que a alteração da estrutura da comunidade microbiana tem relação direta com as modificações na atividade biológica desse solo. A densidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) diminuiu com o aumento das doses de lodo de curtume. A taxa de colonização radicular foi alta (64%), mas sem efeito significativo da aplicação de lodo. Foram encontradas 18 espécies de seis gêneros de FMA (Acaulospora, Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, Paraglomus e Ambispora). Houve queda na diversidade e modificação nas frequências relativas dos FMA nas maiores doses de lodo, assim como, o lodo de curtume alterou a composição de espécies de FMA, modificando a condição micorrízica desse solo. Altas doses de lodo de curtume também alteraram a estrutura da comunidade microbiana baseada no perfil de ácidos graxos de fosfolipídios (PLFA). O consumo de substratos de carbono pela comunidade microbiana foi acelerado e intensificado pela aplicação do resíduo, mostrando que o potencial metabólico dessa comunidade foi diferente do tratamento que não recebeu o resíduo. As alterações observadas nos atributos microbiológicos estão relacionadas às modificações nos atributos químicos do solo, decorrentes da aplicação do lodo de curtume, principalmente ao aumento do teor de N inorgânico e à elevação do pH do solo.Tannery sludge is a residue with a high content of nutrients and soil acidity neutralization power, which allow its use in agricultural areas and could be an advantageous alternative for its final disposal and recycling. Furthermore, the accumulation in soil of high concentrations of certain elements, such as nitrogen, sodium and chromium, typically present in tannery sludge can provide negative impacts on the environment. Microorganisms play a very important role in soil sustainability and plant nutrition, as well as, respond quickly to environmental changes. Thus, it becomes important to study the impact of a material resulting of the mixture of sludge from the liming process and the primary sludge from the wastewater treatment plant, with a low level of chromium, on soil biological attributes. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial soil attributes after application of tannery sludge doses (0, 3,4, 13,5, 23,6, and 33,7 Mg ha-1 in 2006 and 0, 2,3, 9,0, 15,8, and 22,6 Mg ha-1 in 2007) based on total N content of sludge, with doses equivalent to 0 up to 1200 kg ha-1 total N. Tannery sludge application modified the genetic structure of the bacterial community mainly right after each sludge application. There was a clear separation between the bacterial communities in different treatments, being that each dose of sludge imposed a specific community different from the control. It was verified that the effect of sludge on these bacterial populations is more extended in the first year of application, when the effect remained until after 300 days of application. In the second year of sludge application, there was no difference in the bacterial community among the smallest doses and the control after 260 days of the application. The same result was observed regarding soil biological activity. The most influenced properties by the application of tannery sludge were asparaginase and urease activities (both are related to the N cycle). Changes in the structure of the bacterial community were directly related to changes of biological activity in this soil. The AMF spore density decreased with increasing doses of tannery sludge. The rate of AMF root colonization was high (64%) and stayed unaffected by the sludge. Eighteen AMF species belonging to six genera (Acaulospora, Glomus, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, Paraglomus and Archaeospora) were recorded. At the highest doses of sludge we observed decreased AMF species diversity and changes in their relative frequencies. Furthermore, the tannery sludge altered AMF species composition, modifying the mycorrhizal status of this soil. High doses of tannery sludge modified the microbial community structure based on the phospholipids fatty acids (PLFA) profile. The carbon substrate consumption by the microbial community was accelerated and intensified by sludge application, showing that the metabolic potential of this community was different from that of the control. The changes observed in the microbial attributes are related to modifications in the soil chemical attributes, mainly to the increases of inorganic N and soil pH.
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Ohland, Tatiane. "Efeito de densidades do solo e doses de calcário no desenvolvimento inicial do pinhão-manso." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1431.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-12Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in pots made of PVC tubes containing 10.6 dm3 of soil, using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the influence of soil density in the initial development of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). The soil used was an Oxisol clayey, in levels of bulk density of 1.08, 1.22, 1.36, 1.50 and 1.64 kg dm-3. After 120 days of plant emergence, was evaluated the number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, root length, root volume, dry matter of leaves + petioles, stems, roots, total dry matter of plant, root/shoot ratio and the content of P, K, Ca and Mg. The results indicate that the increase of soil density negatively affected the development of shoot and root system of plants of physic nut. The limitation of shoot growth occurred from the estimated density of 1.26 kg dm-3, reducing the number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter of shoots. The root system development and content of P and K in plants of physic nut decreased linearly with increasing density. The contents of Ca and Mg is not influenced by increasing the density of the soil. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the initial development of physic nut in different limestone rates in subsurface. The soil used was Oxisol clayey collected in Cascavel - PR. The physic nut plants were grown in PVC pots divided into two rings, the upper ring (0-20) received limed soil (11.1 t ha-1 of CaCO3 and MgCO3) and fertilized, the lower ring (20-60 cm) was added to soil at doses of 0, 3.7, 5.6, 7.4, 11.1 and 14.9 t ha-1 of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in 4:1 molar ratio. After 120 days of plant emergence, was evaluated the number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, root length, root volume, dry matter of leaves, stems, roots, and total dry matter of plant and levels of Al, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe in leaves, stems and roots. The development of the shoot of physic nut was not limited by the different limestone rates in subsurface, as assessed by plant height, stem diameter, dry matter of leaves, stem and total dry matter of plant. The decrease in limestone rates reduces the volume and dry matters of roots in subsurface. Liming decreased the concentration of Zn and Mn in shoots and roots, which may have influenced the plant height and root volume
Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em vasos constituídos por tubos de PVC contendo 10,6 dm-3 de solo, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. O primeiro experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da densidade do solo no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.). O solo utilizado foi o Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico de textura argilosa, sob os níveis de densidade do solo de 1,08; 1,22; 1,36; 1,50 e 1,64 kg dm-3. Após 120 dias da emergência das plantas, avaliou-se o número de folhas, altura de planta, diâmetro de caule, área foliar, comprimento da raiz principal, volume radicular, produção de matéria seca de folhas+pecíolos, caule, raízes, planta inteira, relação raiz/parte aérea e o conteúdo de P, K, Ca e Mg. Os resultados indicam que o aumento da densidade do solo afetou negativamente o desenvolvimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular de plantas de pinhão-manso. A limitação do desenvolvimento da parte aérea ocorreu a partir da densidade estimada de 1,26 kg dm-3, com redução do número de folhas, área foliar e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea. O desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e o conteúdo de P e K nas plantas de pinhão-manso reduziram linearmente com o aumento da densidade do solo. O conteúdo de Ca e Mg não foi influenciado pelo aumento da densidade do solo. O segundo experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial do pinhão-manso sob diferentes doses de calcário em subsuperfície. O solo utilizado foi o Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa coletado em Cascavel - PR. As plantas de pinhão-manso foram cultivadas em vasos de PVC dividido em dois anéis, o anel superior (0-20 cm) recebeu solo corrigido (11,1 t ha-1 de calcário) e adubação com NPK, no anel inferior (20-60 cm) foi adicionado o solo com as doses de 0; 3,7; 5,6; 7,4; 11,1 e 14,9 t ha-1 de CaCO3 e MgCO3 na relação molar 4:1. Após 120 dias da emergência das plantas, avaliou-se o número de folhas, área foliar, altura de planta, diâmetro de caule, comprimento da raiz, volume radicular, produção de matéria seca de folhas, caule, raízes, planta inteira e o teores de Al, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn e Fe nas folhas, no caule e nas raízes. O desenvolvimento da parte aérea do pinhão-manso não foi limitado pelas doses de calcário aplicadas em subsuperfície, avaliado pela altura de planta, diâmetro de caule, produção de matéria seca de folhas, de caule e de matéria seca total. A redução das doses de calcário reduz o volume e a matéria seca de raízes em subsuperfície. A calagem reduziu os teores de Zn e Mn na parte aérea e raízes, o que afetou a altura de planta e volume de raízes