Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Biodégradation'
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Hita, Corinne. "Biodégradation des triglycérides (graisses) dans les sols." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2364.
Full textGautier, Céline. "Biodégradation des hydrocarbures en milieu poreux insaturé." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU3037.
Full textBiological processes are expected to play an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils. However, factors influencing the kinetics of biodegradation are still not well known, especially in the unsaturated zone. To address these biodegradation questions in the unsaturated zone an innovative experimental set up based on a physical column model was developed. This experimental set up appeared to be an excellent tool for elaboration of a structured porous medium, with well defined porous network and adjusted water/oil saturations. Homogeneous repartition of both liquid phases (i. E. , aqueous and non aqueous) in the soil pores, which also contain air, was achieved using ceramic membranes placed at the bottom of the soil column. Reproducible interfaces (and connectivity) are developed between gas, and both non mobile water and NAPL phases, depending on the above-defined characteristics of the porous media and on the partial saturations of these three phases (NAPL, water and gas). A respirometric apparatus was coupled to the column. Such experimental set up have been validated with hexadecane in dilution in an HMN phase. This approach allowed detailed information concerning n-hexadecane biodegradation, in aerobic condition, through the profile of the oxygen consumption rate. We have taken benefit of this technique, varying experimental conditions, to determine the main parameters influencing the biodegradation kinetics and compositional evolution of hydrocarbons, under steady state unsaturated conditions and with respect to aerobic metabolism. Impacts of the nitrogen quantity and of three different grain sizes have been examined. Biodegradation of petroleum cut, as diesel cut and middle distillate without aromatic fraction, were also studied
Amellal, Samira. "Biodégradation, mobilité et stabilisation du phénanthrène dans deux sols agricoles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL110N.
Full textPhenanthren, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is an organic pollutant, present in ail the compartments of the environment (air, water and soil). The aim of this thesis is to identify the main processes and factors which control its fa te in controlled laboratory conditions and under natural climatic conditions. The results showed that phenanthren is strongly adsorbed on the agricultural soils studied. Its adsorption seems proportional to the organic matter content and type. This study also shows that soil physical properties (texture, structure, porosity and hydrodynamics) play a considerable role in leaching of phenanthren residues. But this role is strongly influenced adsorption and biodegradation processes. Biodegradation is related to the capacity of micro-organisms to transform phenanthren by co-metabolism. Therefore, the biodegradation of phenanthren depends on the presence of carbon substrates used as co-substrates. This has been shown by stimulation biodegradation through the addition of a "synthetic root exudates" to the soil. The biodegradation by co-metabolism seems to play a key role in diffusion of phenanthrene residues of in immobile water (mesoporale water, microporale water) since polar residues appear. The diffusion phenanthren residues within the intra-aggregate could be a first step to their stabilisation
Tessier, Laurent. "Variabilité horizontale et verticale de la dégradation de l'atrazine et du 2,4-D dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10062.
Full textGanaye-Dugard, Virginie. "Rôle de la matière organique des sols sur la biodégradation par Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus d'un composé organo-chloré hydrophobe." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10354.
Full textSoulas, Guy. "Dégradation biologique d'un herbicide l'acide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetique(2,4-D) dans le sol : aspects cinétiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL070N.
Full textChaillan, Frédéric. "Biodégradation des hydrocarbures en milieu tropical : bioremédiation de déblais de forage et de sols contaminés." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066047.
Full textMetzger, Laure. "Comportement du rimsulfuron dans deux sols carbonatés." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10302.
Full textThe fate of rimsulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, was studied in a rendzina and an alluvial soil, through (i) laboratory soil incubations and (fi) batch experiments to de termine the capacity and the dynamics of rimsulfuron adsorption. The application of rimsulfuron, at 4-5 times the recommended field doses, did not modify the soil microbial activity, measured by the soil respiration. The mineralization of rimsulfuron occured only in the presence of an active microflora and was very low: 2 and 0. 75 % of the applied radioactivity for the alluvial soil and the rendzina soil, respectively. The lower rimsulfuron mineralization observed in the rendzina could be explained by high amounts of organic matter that (i) constituted an alternative source of organic carbon for the microflora, and (ii) might increase the adsorption of rimsulfuron residues, thus reducing their availability for mineralization processes. Lndeed, adsorption studies showed not only that the specific surface area influenced the rimsulfuron adsorption, but also that higher clay contents seemed to enhance the adsorption dynamics and that organic matter seemed to increase the adsorption capacity. Besides, non extractable residues (NER) of rimsulfuron were more concentrated in the grain-size fractions having the higher organic matter contents and a non negligible proportion of these NER has been co-extracted with alcalino-soluble organic compounds. However, 65 to 80 % of rimsulfuron residues were still extractable, even after 3 to 7 months. This potential mobility of rimsulfuron residues was confirmed by the Kd values obtained from the adsorption experiments, ranging from 0. 12 to 1. 7. Thus rimsulfuron residues can accumulate in soil and be available for migration or for absorption by plants. The processes influencing the behavior of rimsulfuron in soil are similar to those affecting the evolution of natural organic matter but the relative importance of these processes and their kinetics are different
Vieublé, Gonod Laure. "Variabilité spatiale de la minéralisation de substrats carbonés (2,4-D, leucine, lysine) dans la matrice solide du sol." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10207.
Full textCharnay, Marie-Paule. "La dégradation accélérée du carbofuran dans les sols : aspects microbiologiques et possibilités de contrôle du phénomène." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10020.
Full textHallier, Sylvie. "Évaluation microbiologique et moléculaire des potentialités de biodégradation dans des sols pollués par du toluène." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD871.
Full textSolano, Serena Floriane. "Biodégradabilité de l'essence dans l'environnement : de l'évaluation globale au cas des hydrocarbures récalcitrants." Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1233.
Full textPiutti, Séverine. "Évaluation de l'impact de la culture de plantes d'intérêt agronomique (blé, maîs, colza et soja) sur la biodégradation de produits phytosanitaires (atrazine, diclofop-méthyl, bentazone, diuron, isoproturon et pendiméthaline) dans le sol : analyse phénoménologique et moléculaire de la stimulation de la biodégradation de l'atrazine dans la rhizosphère du mai͏̈s." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL588N.
Full textVedere, Charlotte. "Impact du potentiel matriciel sur la biodégradation de résidus végétaux - Evolution spatio-temporelle de la détritusphère." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB014.
Full textAs a result of the heterogeneous spatial distribution of microorganisms and substrates in soil and restricted accessibility, biodegradation occurs mainly in hot-spots, such as in the detritusphere induced by decomposing plant residues. Knowing the characteristics of the volume of soil involved in decomposition of a given organic substrate would help understand and predict biodegradation, while this information is not yet known for given soil characteristics. Our objectives were: (i) to identify the volume of soil involved in the biodegradation of plant residues and (ii) to determine to what extent this volume is affected by soil moisture under diffusive conditions, by monitoring the mineralisation and spatio-temporal evolution of residues-C and microorganisms in soil at the scale of the microbial habitat. We incubated repacked soil cores, with a central layer of 13C labelled maize residues at three different matric potentials. We monitored the 13C and total C mineralisation over 601 days of incubation, we separated soil slices with increasing distances from the residues at 3, 7, 15 and 45 days and analysed therein the 13C from the residue, the microbial community structure and its activity by processing PLFA and 13C-PLFA but also prepared thin sections for fluorescence and nanoSIMS observations. Mineralisation and priming effect increased with soil moisture, but beyond 70 days, they both become higher than expected in dry conditions. A few mm thick detritusphere was established as fast as the soil humidity was important, with an increasing gradient of 13C, total, 13C PLFA and observed colonies towards the residues layer. Most 13C from the residues was located in the first two millimetres of the detritusphere and little impacted by matric potential. The degrading microbial communities were different from the total communities but similar in wet and dry conditions. Both bacteria and fungi were involved in biodegradation after 7 days of incubation. The use of analysis methods of points repartition between them and according to macropores allowed us to obtain little widespread micro-scale data in soil sciences on the distribution of soil microorganisms. The aggregation of microorganisms seems little affected by the water content and the proximity of the residue. On the other hand, distribution gradients of microorganisms around the macropores were stronger in dry than wet conditions and in contact with the residue. The NanoSIMS observations could not give very reliable results but were consistent with a rapid assimilation of the resources available after a few days of incubation. It seems more generally that in the case of dry soil, part of the processes are slower (establishment of the detritusphere, development of fungi, biodegradation, priming effect, distribution of microorganisms around the pores, etc.), however, their intensity is not lessened
Gunalan. "Etude du comportement dans le sol d'un inoculum bactérien dégradant l'herbicide 2,4-D." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10151.
Full textTran, Thanh Chi. "Influence de l'oxygène et de l'humidité sur la performance de biodégradation de l'hexadécane dans un sol : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1861.
Full textThe effect of oxygen and moisture on the biodegradation of hexadecane in soit was studied in microcosm. The tests of biodegradation in liquid phase (with biomass extracted from soif) allowed identifying the parameters related to the kinetics of growth and death with two different levels of pollution (1. 25 and 2. 5 g/1). The tests of biodegradation in solid phase (soi! with five moistures 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%) allowed identifying the parameters related on the transfer of oxygen and the influence of moisture. The results show that the biodegradation rate of hexadecane is maximal with the moisture of 20% and minimal with the moisture of 35%. Moreover, a protocol was developed in order to semi-quantitatively follow the influence of oxygen. This study also carried out the evolution of the respiratory quotient (RQ) with time which reflects the different phases of hexadecane biodegradation and Chus the adaptation of microbial population in soit to the environmental conditions. A mathematical model was developed, however, the algorithmic methods used did not allow satisfactorily identifying the parameters. If the model appears credible, the restricted number of data and their insufficient reliability did not allow mathematically identifying the parameters from the experimental values. However, the descriptive model allows a satisfactory description of the biodegradation in un-saturated soi!, in particular with regard to the influence of oxygen and moisture on its effectiveness
Zheng, Shan-qiang. "Comportement de divers pesticides dans les sols. Application en milieux tropical et méditerranéen." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON13504.
Full textDevers-Lamrani, Marion. "Etude des mécanismes à l’origine de la dispersion des gènes codant les enzymes responsables de la minéralisation de l’atrazine au sein de la microflore des sols." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS057.
Full textThe wide use of atrazine led to the pollution of environment and to the adaptation of soil bacteria to degrade atrazine. The bacterial adaptation results from a recent and intense dispersal of the atz/trz genes encoding the enzymes responsible for atrazine mineralization. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the dispersion of the atz/trz genes in soil microflora. Experiments of (i) conjugation, (ii) evolution, analysis of (iii) genetic rearrangements and (iv) a collection of atrazine-degrading bacteria were performed. Our results indicated that the dispersion of the atz/trz genes in soil bacteria relies directly on plasmid conjugation and indirectly on genetic rearrangement mediated by the insertion sequence IS1071. Moreover, it suggests that the atrazine mineralization genetic pathway is still in course of evolution and that IS1071 plays an important role in this phenomenon
Monard, Cécile. "Biodégradation des herbicides en sols tempérés - Contrôle des communautés bactériennes dégradantes par la bioturbation du sol." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350389.
Full textKhoury, Randa. "Comportement de deux produits phytosanitaires dans deux sols typiques libanais." Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0346.
Full textBidaud, Christine Laurette. "Biodégradation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques. Approche microbiologique et application au traitement d'un sol pollué." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841329.
Full textNeill, Cathy. "Interactions écologiques entre les processus de décomposition des matières organiques des sols : modélisation et inférence bayésienne." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20053.
Full textPuget, Pascale. "Distribution des matières organiques dans des agrégats de sols limoneux cultivés : conséquences sur la stabilité structurale des agrégats et sur la biodégradation des matières organiques." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120035.
Full textBiache, Coralie. "Evaluation des composants organiques d'un sol de cokerie en contexte d'atténuation naturelle." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10043/document.
Full textCoking plant soils are highly heterogeneous and are made of building materials and various organic constituents such as coke, coal, coal –tar and road asphalt. Those materials can strongly influence soil properties. Thus, the retention of the various contaminants will depend on the nature and the degradation of the soil organic constituents. This work deals with the ageing of a coking plant soil and its consequences on the fate of both organic and metallic pollutants. The multi-scale approach applied in this study allows to consider the different levels of complexity through the use of (i) pure compounds, isolated organic fraction of soils such as coal tar and coal and a soil with its mineral fraction, and (ii) experimental devices gradually integrating the processes involved in natural attenuation : laboratory oxidation and biodegradation experiments, simplified device allowing the study of few grams of samples exposed to natural attenuation, and the GISFI (French Scientific Interest Group – Industrial Wasteland) lysimeter plots allowing the study at field scale). Two major evolutions were evidenced: (i) the oxidation led to a condensation suggesting a stabilization process of the organic compartment; (ii) the biodegradation induce the formation of smaller molecular units and the release of organic compounds from the non extractable part of the organic matter. The trends identified during the natural attenuation experiments suggest that the biodegradation is the major process involved in our ageing experiments. The sorption of copper varied according to the different organic constituents that were tested but was clearly enhanced by the degradation of these constituents
Chaabane, Hanène. "Étude de la stabilité et du comportement de la Sulcotrione, herbicide du maïs, dans l'environnement : eaux et sols agricoles." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0655.
Full textThis study investigates the processes and the mechanisms governing the sulcotrione behaviour (maize herbicide) in water and soil. The behaviour of mesotrione, another triketone herbicide, was also studied. Sulcotrione is chemically stable in aqueous media. Its rate of hydrolysis increases with water acidity. Two degradation pathways were determined, with the identification of four hydrolysis products (CMBA and CHD for the pathway A, the derivatives of acetophenone and heptanoic acid characterising the pathway B). Photolysis process is clearly more rapid than hydrolysis, especially in acidic conditions. The identification of the photoproducts showed that sulcotrione hydrolysis is photoassisted (photohydrolysis). In soil, degradation of sulcotrione is slower than that of mesotrione and depends on soil properties (pH, organic carbon. . . ). The influence of some factors as water content, temperature, formulation and repeated treatments, is also examined. Chemical and biodegradation pathways, depending on soil type, could act concurrently. The movement of sulcotrione in the soil profile is influenced by retention and degradation processes. Monitoring on soil column, under semi-natural conditions, showed that, in the layer 0-10 cm, the vertical transfer capacity of sulcotrione is limited. Key words : Triketone, sulcotrione, mesotrione, soil, water, retention, degradation, transfer
Durand, Stéphanie. "Contribution à l'étude de la biodégradation et de la biodisponibilité dans les sols de la mésotrione et du glyphosate." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718186.
Full textMora, Torres Rocio. "Recherche de résidus d'un fongicide chloré (le pentachloronitrobenzène) dans les végétaux et les sols : étude des moyens de biodégradation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE18013.
Full textLi, Zhi. "Devenir des résidus de médicaments dans les sols, biodégradation-sorption : discussion dans un contexte de réutilisation des eaux usées." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13523/document.
Full textWastewater irrigation represents great interest in arid and semi-arid regions where water demand is important. However, wastewater irrigation results in, for example, soil contamination by emerging organic pollutants such as pharmaceuticals. Transport and transformation mechanisms of these substances are still poorly understood. The objective of this thesis was to study the processes of biodegradation and sorption of pharmaceutical products in laboratory experiments, with a special reflection in the context of wastewater irrigation. Firstly, we exploited the chiral signature of the antidepressant venlafaxine (VEN) and its major human metabolite O-desmethyl venlafaxine (ODV) in order to discriminate the biological processes from other processes. Laboratory experiment showed a correlation between the biodegradation rate and the change in enantiomer fraction. The VEN was then monitored at the outlet of a WWTP and in the river receiving the discharge. A change in enantiomer fraction showed the interest for a better development of this application to investigate in situ biodegradation. Secondly, the sorption of cationic molecules VEN and ODV, as well as the neutral molecules antiepileptic carbamazepine and its human metabolite trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy carbamazepine, was studied in batch and soil column leaching experiments. The pH and ionic strength conditions in batch experiment influenced the sorption of VEN and ODV, while there was little impact for neutral compounds. The cationic exchange should play an important role in the sorption process of cationic molecules. Leaching study showed that neutral compounds are much more mobile than cationic compounds; therefore they may contaminate groundwater in the case of wastewater irrigation
Garon, David. "Dégradation fongique du fluorène (HAP) : optimisation et application aux sols." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE18002.
Full textMorel-Chevillet, Catherine. "La biodégradation accélérée croisée des méthylcarbamates insecticides et nématicides : possibilités d'interactions entre ces produits et avec certains organophosphorés." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10125.
Full textRomdhane, Sana. "Les herbicides β-tricétones : devenir et impact écotoxicologique dans des sols agricoles et caractérisation de souches bactériennes dégradantes." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0027.
Full textThis work aims to describe the ecodynamics of synthetic (sulcotrione and mesotrione) and natural (leptospermone) -triketone herbicides and to estimate their ecotoxicological impact on the bacterial community in arable soils. The processes involved in the dissipation of these herbicides (adsorption and biodegradation) have been studied in soil microcosms. Two bacterial strains, Bradyrhizobium sp. SRl able to degrade sulcotrione and mesotrione, and Methylophilus sp. LS1 degrading leptospermone, have been isolated. A bank of 12 ooo mutants of Bradyrhizobium sp. SR1 was established allowing the selection of two Sul•mutants but interrupted genes didn't code for enzymes degrading sulcotrione. The ecotoxicological impact of synthetic (sulcotrione) and natural (leptospermone) triketones on soil bacterial community was estimated using metagenomics and metabolomic tools. Leptospermone transitory modified the diversity and composition of the bacterial community, in accordance with its persistence in soil. Sulcotrione did not modified neither the diversity nor the composition of the bacterial community. The combination of metagenomics and metabolomics is promising for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact of herbicides on soil microorganisms
Paskiewicz, Isabelle. "Incidences d'interactions racines-microorganismes-état hydrique sur la mobilisation et redistribution de métaux dans des sols nickelifères." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0042_PASKIEWICZ.pdf.
Full textIn New Caledonia Ferralsols, nickel, chromium and cobalt are contained in iron and manganese (oxy-hydr)oxides and are released during weathering, particularly by iron reducing bacteria. So it is of major interest to know the biogeochemical cycle of Fe, Mn, and associated trace elements in soils and rhizosphere of crop plants. The aim of this work is to define the effect of rhizosphere, microorganismes and hydric conditions on iron and manganese oxyhydroxides weathering, and mobilization of trace elements (Ni, Cr, Co). Experiments have been done using pot cultures of maize or axenic column, and batch devices in controlled conditions. Iron and manganese reducing bacterial communities have been isolated from maize rhizosphere. Weathering of mineral phases has been monitored by transfer elements to the plant, dissolution and redistribution of metals between the different geochemical compartments, from the most available (watersoluble elements) to the most stable (iron oxides). Results show an improvement of bioavailability of Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr and Co, which were trasfer to maize. Mineral phases weathering involve a mobilization of the metals from oxides and their redistribution to most stable or most available compartments. The presence of the plant, iron and manganese reducing communities, and waterlogged conditions during plant culture, increases the element bioavailability. Biodegradation of soil organic matter has an important influence on the occurrence of conditions favourable to the weathering
Bordjiba, Ouahiba. "Effets des pesticides sur la microflore fongique du sol : biodégradation des herbicides par les souches isolées." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE18006.
Full textCrampon, Marc. "Influence des facteurs biogéochimiques et de l'ajout de biosurfactant sur la biodégradation des HAP dans des sols contaminés de manière diffuse." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES009.
Full textPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, and are carcinogenic toxic pollutants to Humans. Produced by many sources, they deposit in the environment, and particularly in soils, which are an important and not renewable resource. This work proposes to study various aspects related to soil pollution by PAHs: (i) the natural biodegradation of PAHs in five diffusively chronically polluted soils and the impact of bioavailability, related to soil bio-physic-chemical properties, (ii) the impact of soil bacterial populations on PAHs degradation, and particularly on phenanthrene (PHE) degradation by a DNA-SIP approach, (iii) the characterization of PHE degrading Pseudomonas spp. Strains, in the prospects of bioaugmentation tests and (iv) the impact of a biostimulation process by increasing PAHs bioavailability (biosurfactant use). It has been shown that in freshly contaminated soils, bioavailability (assessed by reference methods and new original methods) is not the main factor limiting biodegradation, unlike soil biological parameters. Indeed, a greater abundance of bacteria of the class Betaproteobacteria seems particularly well correlated with a better degradation of low molecular weight PAHs. Moreover, two strains of Pseudomonas spp. Presented good results in degradation of PHE and are therefore interesting strains in the prospects of bioaugmentation assays. Finally, the addition of biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) in soil allowed remobilizing the PHE sorbed on the solid phase (under controlled conditions), but its impact on the degradation kinetics and bacterial populations involved in this degradation was moderate, although the involvement of some PHE degrading bacteria was significantly increased in the presence of rhamnolipid
Goutailler, Gaëlle. "Contribution à l'étude du devenir de deux insecticides dans l'environnement : la cyromazine et le dicyclanil." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10248.
Full textMadrigal, Monarrez Ismael. "Rétention de pesticides dans les sols des dispositifs tampon, enherbés et boisés : rôle des matières organiques." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001214.
Full textCoulon, Frédéric. "Évaluation des possibilités de bioremédiation de sols subantarctiques contaminés par des hydrocarbures pétroliers." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0529.
Full textIn order to determine the best bioremediation approach of subAntarctic soils contaminated by oil hydrocarbons, mesocosms and field pilot studies were carried out in two selected soils of Kerguelen Archipelago (69ʿ 42'E - 49ʿ 19'S). Effects of nutrient supply and temperature increase on the hydrocarbon mineralization rate have been quantified during several long-term experiments. Hydrocarbon contamination always induced a large increase of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. This observation clearly demonstrated the potential efficiency of subAntarctic soil bacterial assemblage. Under natural subAntarctic conditions, the field tests revealed that up to 95 % of the hydrocarbon contaminants could be degraded within one year, indicating that low temperatures can still accommodate oil biodegradation by indigenous micro-organisms. Soil coverage induced a small but permanent increase of the temperature in the surface soil which improved the microbial response. Mesocosms studies confirmed that heating soil could be an effective mean to accelerate bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated subAntarctic soils. However, heating to a relatively moderate temperature (10 ʿC) seems to provide the best cost effective approach. Degradation of alkanes was significantly enhanced in presence of the fertilizer while the degradation of PAHs was only barely enhanced. Toxicity results show a noticeable reduction with time although toxicity remained present and important in soils at the end of experiments. Our observations and findings increase the number of possible scenarios for future in situ bioremediation strategies in subAntarctic soils
Agius, Dominique. "Biodégradabilité et devenir d'une huile adjuvante d'origine végétale dans le sol : élaboration d'un projet de norme AFNOR." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT005C.
Full textCriquet, Stéven. "La litière de chêne vert (Quercus ilex L. ) ; aspects méthodologiques, enzymologiques et microbiologiques ; étude préliminaire des relations in situ entre microorganismes, enzymes et facteurs environnementaux." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30052.
Full textLoranger-Merciris, Gladys. "Déterminants de la décomposition de la litière dans une forêt semi-decidue de la Guadeloupe." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066310.
Full textMunier-Lamy, Colette. "Mobilisation et préconcentration de l'uranium dans les sols : Rôle des substances hymiques." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10220.
Full textLucisine, Pierre. "Fonctionnement des sols contaminés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0195/document.
Full textBrownfield soils are multi-polluted areas, which cover an increasing surface and thus present serious socio-economical challenges. A better understanding of the ecological functioning of these sites is mandatory for their restoration. In addition to the high pollution found at these sites, brownfields are characterized by a specific soil structure and occasionally also by particular nutrient contents. Despite these constraints, several brownfield are well colonized by plants, fauna and microorganisms. The capacity of these new communities to uphold main ecosystem function remains to be evaluated based on the measurement of one or several ecosystem functions. Leaf litter decomposition is critically important in driving carbon and nutrient biogeochemical cycles. This function depends on decomposition actors (fauna and microorganisms) but also on leaf litter quality. By that, leaf litter decomposition integrates effects of soil pollution on plant, animal and microorganism communities. Thus, leaf litter decomposition is a relevant indicator to evaluate pollution effects on the functioning of soil ecosystems. The main objective of this thesis was to study brownfields soil function by focusing on the impairment of soil pollution on the leaf litter decomposition. The main hypothesis was that soil pollution could negatively affect leaf litter decomposition by two different ways. (1) By direct effects, resulting from adverse effects of soil pollution on decomposition actors, and (2) by indirect effects, assuming that soil pollution will induce modifications of the plant’s physiology, resulting in changes in leaf litter quality and subsequent effects on the decomposition. Our results revealed the absence of direct negative effects for eight highly polluted sites, despite a disturbance of decomposer actors, specifically the increase in abundance of detritivores and a modified microbial colonization of the leaf litter at the polluted sites. These results are in favor of a sufficient functional redundancy of decomposer actors in the local communities, which allowed the maintenance of the decomposition process. We also showed a positive indirect effect of soil pollution on the decomposition. This effect resulted from the improvement of litter quality produced at the polluted sites. This induced, at least for some sites, an increase of the decomposition rate, possibly due to a higher activity of decomposer actors. Furthermore, we also observed pollutants accumulation in these litter, especially Cd and Zn. These pollutants could potentially impair decomposition actors. Whatever, presence of these pollutants in litter did not impair litter consumption by some detritivores. Numerous perspectives can be developed from this study. Among them it seems specifically important to evaluate: 1) which are the (physiological) mechanisms behind the increase in leaf litter quality at polluted sites? 2) How can different communities assure the same decomposition rates at polluted sites? and 3) Are there negative effects observed on the performance and physiology of detritivores when consuming leaf litter from polluted sites ?
Ducrocq, Véronique. "Étude de la souche Pseudomonas sp. B4 et de son utilisation dans un processus de biodégradation du 4-chlorobiphényle en microcosmes de sols : estimation de l'efficacité de la bioépuration par PCR quantitative, suivi microbiologique, dosages analytiques et tests écotoxicologiques." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1108.
Full textTerrat, Sébastien. "Nouveau design de sondes pour biopuces ADN fonctionnelles et caractérisation des capacités de biodégradation des communautés bactériennes de sols pollués par des hydrocarbures." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00629656.
Full textDambrine, Étienne. "Contribution à l'étude de la répartition et du fonctionnement des sols de haute montagne : massifs des Aiguilles Rouges et du Mont-Blanc." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F046.
Full textSavoie, Jean-Michel. "Organisation des communautés fongiques saprophytes et adaptations à l'environnement biochimique : cas de la décomposition de la litière d'aiguilles d'Abies alba Mill." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10148.
Full textHuet, Sandrine. "La Hêtraie de plaine, puits ou source de carbone ? : cas du site atelier de la forêt de Fougères." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10008.
Full textMoukoumi, Judicaël. "Effet des essences forestières sur la biodégradation des matières organiques : impact sur la dynamique et le cycle du carbone, de l'azote et des éléments minéraux." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10133.
Full textThe aim of this study was to determine the relevant indicators of the dynamic of organic matter (OM) and some steps of the cycle of carbon, nitrogen and mineral nutrients in relation with the nature of tree species. The experimental site of Breuil-Chenue (Morvan), which allows on similar conditions, to follow the tree species effect, was used as work support. Field and laboratory experimental approaches show that 30 years after the plantation, the expression of the native forest (a coppice with standards dominated by beech, 150 year-old) disappeared, under the effect of young tree species. Marked differences were observed in litter decomposition, carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and dynamics of major elements, even in soil aggregate fractions. Groups of tree species stands were distinguished: the first one having a good potential of decomposition, concerns Douglas fir and beech, whose OM in the A1 horizon, was not abundant but relatively recalcitrant. Nitrate production was higher and implicated on Ca, Mn and Mg mobility. The second group was characterized by a low potential of decomposition. It includes native forest, and spruce plantation whose needles richest in lignin, Fe and Al accumulate on topsoil. Soil OM from these both stands presented a weak nitrate production, but release much more soluble organic compounds with a great potential of carbon mineralization in lab. Fe and Al were more mobilized. The oak plantation, with leaf litter low in lignin and richer in Ca, Mg, Mn and K, occupied an intermediate position. Plant materials were decomposed rapidly. However, strong production of litter and its high proportion of wood result in it accumulation on topsoil
Mercier, Rachel. "Traitement par des champignons filamenteux de sols contaminés par des composés organiques persistants : application aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11082.
Full textTrinsoutrot-Gattin, Isabelle. "Influence de la qualité biochimique et de la teneur en azote de résidus de colza (Brassica napus L) sur les biotransformations du carbone et de l'azote au cours de leur décomposition dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10070.
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