Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Effets des métaux lourds'
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Eshghi, Malayeri Behrouz. "Décontamination des sols contenant des métaux lourds à l'aide de plantes et de microorganismes." Nancy 1, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1995_0353_ESHGHI_MALAYERI.pdf.
Full textAsmeta, Ahmed-Fayez. "Comportement hydrodynamique et ohysico-chimique des métaux lourds dans les sols." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS014.
Full textBlaudez, Damien. "Etude des interactions entre métaux lourds et champignons ectomycorhiziens : capacités d'accumulation, mécanismes d'absorption, et influence sur la physiologie de plantes hôtes." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10097.
Full textGrelle, Claire. "Impact des métaux lourds sur les peuplements de macroinvertébrés de la faune du sol : influence du cadmium et du plomb sur différents aspects de la physiologie de deux modèles biologiques : Lithobius forficatus (myriapode chilopode) et Eisenia fetida (annelide oligochete)." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-293.pdf.
Full textEtien, N'Dah. "Contribution à l'étude des effets d'un polluant métallique (le Cadmium) sur la physiologie respiratoire des communautés mino et meiobenthiques de microcosmes sédimentaires expérimentaux." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10537.
Full textSagna, Bacary. "Effet d’une pollution (métaux lourds et pesticides) et d’amendement (Fumier) sur les activités enzymatiques de différents sols." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0076.
Full textFertility and pollution of the soil ecosystem have become today’s concern and major ecologicalproblems. The objective ofthis study is to estimate through microbial activity (hydrolysis ofFDA) and a wide range of 16 enzymes (phosphatases, heterosidases, polysacchridases,oligosaccharidases, oxydase), the impact of pollutants and amendment in soil. The five soilsstudied are different regarding their physical and chemical characteristics. This soils are areexposed to different treatments in microcosms. These treatments consist to pollute our soilswith heavy metals (zinc, cadmium), pesticides (herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, nematicide)or to add manure.Our results showed that the expression of enzymatic activities depends on soil type.Thus, the silt fraction of soil plays a crucial role in this expression of soil enzymes. The soilswith physico-chemical characters are very similars, have not necessarily the same enzymaticprofile and expression or microbial activity.The presence of manure on our differents soils greatly increased the enzymatic andmicrobial activities. The stimulatory effect of manure depends on soil parameters but also theinitial enzymatic and microbial soil activities. The results showed that the positive impact ofmanure is less pronouncing in soils where the initial enzyme activity and organic matterquantity are low.The impact of heavy metals on microbial activity and enzymes tested depends on soilparameters (clay, organic matter, pH, ...) and nature of heavy metal. Cadmium is more toxicand longer decreases enzymatic and microbial activities than zinc. The presence of heavymetals in soils has reduced most of enzymes activity. Other enzymes are also unchanged orincreased by the pollutants.Soil pollution by pesticides show a large disparity and diversity of results. Dependingon soil type or the enzyme tested, the diffrents results showed an increase, neutral effect ordecrease by pesticides of enzymes and microbial activities.Watever the type of soil considered, this study has shown that soil enzymes are verysensitive and responsive to human disturbance. The reactivity of telluric enzymes is manifestedby a very large diversity of responses. Diversity responses of soil enzymes is depended tophysico-chemical characters and also soil biological parameters. In this study, it is verydifficult to define one or group of enzymes as a bioindicator for all soil disturbances
Delorme, Thierry. "Tolérance aux métaux lourds des bactéries de sédiments fluviatiles : acclimatation au zinc d'une souche d'Alcaligenes piechaudii." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10134.
Full textGodet, Jean-Philippe. "Intérêt des isopodes terrestres dans l’évaluation de la qualité des sols : recherche de paramètres indicateurs de la pollution par des éléments traces métalliques et contribution à la mise au point d’un outil écotoxicologique de terrain." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10160/document.
Full textSoil pollution by metals traces elements (MTE) is a worldwide concern in industrialized countries. For biomonitoring, it is necessary to develop indicator tools to evaluate the quality of terrestrial medias. The aim of this thesis was to research in Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda), indicator parameters of soil contamination by MTE, and especially of litter, to contribute to the development of ecotoxicological field tool to assess soil quality and terrestrial ecosystems. First, studies performed in situ, have concerned characterisation of woodlouse populations from ligneous habitats (abundance, age structure, reproduction, biometrical parameters, bioaccumulation) with the regard to physicochemical parameters of soil (pH, CaCO3 and MO contents, ratio C/N, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations). Secondly, studies ex situ were also performed in controlled conditions in laboratory. Parameters have concerned growth rate, bioaccumulation, behavioural avoidance or population dynamics in P. scaber exposed to field litter contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. Field studies didn’t show any difference between woodlouse populations from contaminated sites or not. Actually, although MTE body burdens in woodlice from massively contaminated sites were high, it seemed that field populations were physiologically adapted to contaminants. In other hand, laboratory investigations were shown the interest of the use of P. scaber in ecotoxicity tests to assess litter quality. These studies have notably shown the sensitivity of growth rate and behavioural avoidance of P. scaber as endpoints in ecotoxicity tests
Dai, Jun. "Effets de la localisation et de la spéciation des métaux lourds sur leur impact biologique dans des sols pollués du Nord de la France." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066080.
Full textHerrera, Aude. "Adaptation génétique et fonctionnelle des communautés bactériennes dans les sols extrêmes de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10086.
Full textBoucher, Uriel. "Dynamique des associations Matières Organiques Particulaires - Elements Traces Métalliques dans les sols au cours de leur biodégradation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0070.
Full textIn soil – plant systems contaminated by Trace Metals (TM), these metals are expected to be closely bound to particulate organic matter (POM) coming from plant debris. The present work aims at characterizing the dynamic of TM – POM associations and the interactions between the fate of trace metals and of particulate organic matter, during in vitro incubations of more or less contaminated plant parts mixed into a soil matrix.Experiments using leaves of metallophyte A. halleri and an unpolluted arable soil sample have shown:• Overall mineralization of C of studied microcosms was not affected by Zn and Cd load of A. halleri leaves, but the mineralization of less biodegradable plant fractions was slower in case of metal rich ones.• When leaves are mixed within the soil matrix, a major part of Cd and Zn that they contained was quickly dissolved by abiotic processes and fixed back onto other soil constituents, whereas parts of soil Pb and soil Cu are extracted and moved onto incorporated POM, via the liquid phase.• Then the incorporated plant residues progressively tend to accumulate all studied TM but only during the first 14 days, the essential period with respect to mineralization. So, the relative increase of TM contents due to loss of organic matter partly explains increasing metal contents, but other transformations, especially around POM – microorganism – solution interfaces, must be considered.Apart from these experiments, a comparative literature review allowed to further understand and generalize the processes of metal enrichment, accumulation or release by plant residues during their decomposition. It is noteworthy that, independently of plant residue type, their trend to accumulate TM during the first stages of transformation comes to a reversal beyond about 45-50% of mass loss; from that point, they start to become a source of TM for other soil constituents.These fluxes of trace metals related to the biodegradration of TM – POM are important phenomena to be taken into account for the risk assessment of phyto-management options and especially of phyto-stabilization of metal polluted soils
L'Huillier, Laurent. "Biodisponibilité du nickel dans les sols ferrallitiques ferritiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie : effets toxiques de Ni sur le développement et la physiologie du maïs." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20292.
Full textDoillon, Didier. "Déterminants moléculaires de la tolérance au zinc des microorganismes eucaryotes." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10131/document.
Full textHeavy metal pollution leads to harmful impacts on lands and their associated communities. In order to study the diversity of the molecular determinants involved in metal tolerance by these organisms, two different strategies were employed. First, the mechanisms involved in zinc homeostasis and tolerance were studied by functional characterization of selected genes in Laccaria bicolor, an ectomycorrhizal model fungus with high economic value. Zinc homeostasis and tolerance mechanisms are mainly achieve d through the intracellular traffic of zinc mediated by transporters belonging to the ZIP (Zrt-, Irt- related Protein) and CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator) families. Phylogenetic analyses revealed an expansion of both CDF and ZIP gene numbers in the genome of L. bicolor, when compared to that of S. cerevisiae. Gene expression was also studied in different fungal tissues or under different zinc concentrations in the culture medium. Moreover, the functional characterization of several CDF and ZIP members was performed, as well as their subcellular localization. These data allowed us to refine the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in both zinc homeostasis and tolerance in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Finally, an innovative experimental approach of metatranscriptomics was used. The study of the soil metatranscriptome from eukaryotes allows the comparison of functions expressed in eukaryotic communities colonizing different types of soil (contaminated, formerly contaminated, or non-contaminated by heavy metals). Environmental cDNA libraries constructed from mRNA extracted directly from these soils were screened by functional complementation of yeast mutants sensitive to zinc. This study allowed the identification of new genes and new mechanisms involved in zinc resistance. The development of this approach opens new insights into both fundamental and applied research for the detection of genes of interest, whatever the organism is cultivable or not
Smith, Rose-Michelle. "Transfert de polluants émergents issus du secteur de la santé entre les compartiments sol/sédiment et eau en présence de cuivre- Effet cocktail." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS047.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying the behaviour of pharmaceuticals in the environment at sediment/soil-water interfaces in order to better understand the involved processes following their release, their fate and their impact. Thus, the retention of four pharmaceuticals was investigated on different solids (soil/sediment). The cation exchange capacity has been identified as the parameter governing the propranolol retention and the pH value governing sotalol adsorption. In the case of contaminant mixtures, a competition for the surface sites was evidenced with in particular a decrease of sotalol and furosemide adsorption.The influence of copper, a ubiquitous metal in the environment, on pharmaceutical retention was also studied. Although copper did not influence the retention of propranolol, sotalol and furosemide, its presence increased the mobility of sulfamethoxazole in the environment by decreasing its adsorption. Finally, it has been shown that the presence of these pollutants in the environment induced toxic effects on aquatic organisms
Bassimon, Chloe. "Μycοremédiatiοn d'un sοl industriel cο-cοntaminé en métaux et ΗAΡ : dévelοppements analytiques pοur le suivi de la dégradatiοn/dispοnibilité/accessibilité des pοlluants et changement d’échelle des études en micrοcοsmes de sοl biοaugmentés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025NORMR007.
Full textSoil contamination is a major issue today. In France, over 10,045 polluted sites and soils had been identified by mid-2022. According to a 2018 study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals (TMEs) were responsible for 14% and 23% of this pollution, respectively. Soil pollution has a significant impact on the biodiversity of ecosystems and human health. In the context of urbanisation policies and ‘zero net artificialisation’ of soils, the restoration of brownfield sites is of great interest, but the decontamination of soils co-contaminated with PAHs and TMEs remains a challenge. Mycoremediation, a process that uses the natural capacities of fungal strains to eliminate or transform certain pollutants present in an environmental matrix, is attracting growing interest due to the resistance of certain fungal strains to co-contamination and their ability to colonise soils through their mycelial network. This thesis work led to the development of new analytical tools for the semi-automated analysis of PAHs and certain oxygenated metabolites (ketones, quinones, hydroxylates) using thermodesorption coupled with tandem GC-MS/MS. A new method, using a cyclodextrin polymer, was applied to assess the bioaccessibility of PAHs in the industrial studied soil. A 6-month study in soil microcosms ruled out the use of the model strain Absidia cylindrospora for the mycoremediation of the studied soil: the high concentrations and availability of certain TMEs (Pb, Cu, Zn) and the very low bioaccessibility of PAHs meant that the fungal strain could not make a significant contribution to PAH biodegradation. Then new fungal strains were isolated from the industrial soil. An indigenous strain of Penicillium annulatum, resistant to Cu, Pb and Zn and capable of biodegrading PAHs, was selected for a larger-scale study, in a container that could hold 2 kg of soil. After inoculation thanks to an original solid support, significant fungal growth was observed in the soil, as well as significant degradation of organic pollutants (22% for PAHs and 33% for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on average) in less than 4 months
Poirel, Jessica. "Réponses adaptatives des communautés bactériennes telluriques aux métaux et métalloïdes : liens avec la disponibilité des polluants métalliques dans les sols." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0164.
Full textArsenic is a widespread toxic metalloid which is a major issue of public health. Its presence in the environment is naturally due to the geochemical background, i.e. the weathering of parent material and volcanic eruptions, but the main contamination sources are anthropogenic activities such as mining and metalworking industry. We describe a real-time PCR assay for the quantitative detection of arsB and ACR3(1) arsenite transporter gene families, two ubiquitous and key determinants of arsenic resistance in prokaryotes. The aioA gene encoding the large subunit of arsenite-oxidase was monitored in parallel. This study aimed to determine whether diversity, abundance and expression of these arsenite efflux pumps could serve as suitable biomarkers of metalloid stress and provide means to assess the impact of contamination on soil bacterial communities. The assay was applied in batch growth experiments using a wasteland soil bacterial community as an inoculum to investigate the effect of increasing arsenic concentrations on genes and transcripts abundances. To confirm previous results, further studies on the abundance and expression of arsB and ACR3(1) in indigenous soil bacterial communities exposed to different levels of arsenic over various time periods have helped to gain a better understanding of how these genes contribute to the adaptation of the communities to arsenic stress and their role in shaping the community structure and diversity. On the other hand, metal transporting PIB-type ATPases are critical components of bacterial resistance to cadmium, zinc and lead. We therefore designed degenerate PCR primers targeting PIB-type ATPases and tested their specificity on reference strains, metal-resistant soil isolates and soil metagenomic DNA
Chaâbene, Zayneb. "Identification et mesures de biomarqueurs infra-individuels chez le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera) lors d’une contamination métallique : prédiction des voies métaboliques et description des mécanismes de détoxication des métaux impliqués." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10123/document.
Full textThe phosphate processing industries for the production of phosphate fertilizers, which are present in the southern coastal zone of the Grand Sfax in Tunisia, caused atmospheric emissions and waste discharges i.e., phosphogypsum loaded with metal contaminants. The resulting contamination of soils is a persistent contamination. In order to better understand the effects of metal contamination caused by this industrial activity and ultimately to propose measures for the rehabilitation and/or ecological restoration of the sites but also because of its economic importance, particular attention has been paid on the palm date (Phoenix dactylifera). The aim of this work was to study seed germination and growth of the Deglet Nour variety in various metal contamination contexts by means of plant biotechnology techniques involving in silico research and in vitro culture of vitroplant. Two approaches have been performed. An individual integrative approach that used numerous measurements of morphological and biochemical biomarkers in date palm exposed to various metal stresses. A second approach, more molecular and mechanistic, was performed to identify genes that respond when plants are exposed to Cd, Cu, or Cr which help for the prediction of the metabolic pathways that are affected by contaminants or involved in detoxification processes. This second approach, based on the exploitation of a cDNA library of the Deglet Nour variety, allowed the identification of genes coding for metal chelators and transporters. Monitoring of the levels of expression of these genes made it possible to better understand the detoxification mechanisms of metals in the palm date
Schnackenberg, Ashley. "Les effets d’amendements sur la fonctionnalité des sols de potagers contaminés par les éléments métalliques et sur la réduction des dangers environnementaux et sanitaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR055.
Full textThe need for nature in the city, the craze for "healthy eating" and difficult socio-economic contexts contribute to the development of gardening in (peri-)urban areas. Communities are regularly solicited for the creation of collective gardens. However, due to their environmental and historical contexts, the soils of vegetable gardens are complex environments, still little known; their functioning can be strongly disturbed by physical, chemical and biological degradation. Their contamination can even present health hazards, particularly in connection with the ingestion of soil particles or vegetables. Among the techniques that can improve the functioning of soils and influence the behavior of pollutants, especially metallic ones, the addition of amendments such as green waste compost, phosphate and carbonate products, natural or synthetic zeolites, or industrial by-products (red mud, iron shot, iron oxy-hydroxides) are cited as being able to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of metallic elements. However, the effectiveness of these amendments and their durability are still in question. The management of amendments, whether organic or mineral, raises questions since they may contain metallic and/or organic contaminants. However, the use of soil amendments as a method of managing vegetable garden soils and the health risks on amended soils are still relatively unstudied.The subject of this thesis is to study the interest of organic and mineral amendments to manage urban vegetable garden soils with moderate anthropogenic contamination. The aim is to evaluate the potential of these amendments (used alone or in mixtures) to reduce in a sustainable way the phyto-availability of metallic pollutants as well as the exposure of gardeners and their families. In situ experiments will be carried out in different environmental and urban contexts and will be based on ex situ experiments aimed at selecting the choice of the studied amendments
Ben, Ahmed Nada. "Conception de bio-indicateurs de polluant organique et de métaux lourds par encapsulation de micro-algues dans une matrice de silice synthétisée par le procédé sol-gel." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC247.
Full textThe work is an interdisciplinary framework, at the interface of the sol-gel chemistry, biology and physics of materials. First, we are interested to the study of a silica matrix obtained by sol-gel process from a mixture of colloidal silica and sodium silicate. The goal was to understand the interactions between the precursors and to study the effect of different synthesis parameters on the structure of the matrix in order to find the best optical and mechanical properties. These matrices have been extensively characterized using various techniques (UV-Visible absorption, IR, TGA, BET, NMR, TEM and SEM). This study allows us for the first time to choose final properties and to specify the initial combination to get them in terms of concentrations of precursors and pH. Next, we studied the effect of the matrix properties on the survival of photosynthetic encapsulated cells and we got phyco-compatible materials with a wide range of optical and mechanical properties. After precising the best synthesis conditions for the survival of microorganisms, one could proceed to study the functionality in the presence of toxic contaminants (heavy metals Cd (II) and Pb (II) and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: anthracene) and we managed to get a functional biosensor. Interestingly, some specificity of detection could be obtained according to the combination of microalga / selected matrix
Chbib, Chaza. "Pollution des sols et des eaux souterraines par les pesticides dans la région d’Akkar au nord du Liban : évaluation des risques sanitaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10110.
Full textAkkar is the second agricultural zone in Lebanon. Pesticides are intensely applied in agricultural activities, and the groundwater has been reported to be highly contaminated by some pesticides. Due to the absence of a public network for water distribution, groundwater is used as the main source for drinking water of local inhabitants. The present study focus firstly on the evaluation of groundwater and soil contamination by OCPs, OPPs and ONPs and by heavy metals in order to characterize the degree of contamination. Secondly, it is focusing on the risk assessment of pollution on the population of Akkar. High levels of pesticides were detected in many villages in Akkar plain groundwater. Similarly, high concentrations of OCPs were detected in agricultural soil. A huge difference between the contamination levels in cultivated area and tillage land. Moreover, a significant variation has been established between soil depth. Results showed that some prohibited pesticides are still currently used in Akkar. To complete the background of pollution, trace metallic element As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cd have been studied. The results showed that soils are moderately polluted by Cd. In parallel, a health study was conducted, the prevalence of nervous disorders; birth defects; cancer and other chronic diseases were exceeded those values reported in other regions. A significant correlation has been established between wells water consumption and the appearance of some diseases.More researches could be realized to identify pesticides levels in human blood or urine. Also it will be necessary to manage pesticides use in this region to reduce their effects on human health
Sall, Papa Malick, and Papa Malick Sall. "Phyto-aménagement de tourbières résiduelles : effet du chaulage et de la fertilisation sur la croissance du saule et de l'alpiste roseau et sur la répartition chimique de métaux lourds dans les sols et les plantes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31466.
Full textL’objectif général de l’étude est de valoriser deux sites de tourbières résiduelles situés à Lamèque et à La Mousse Acadienne (Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada) pour la production de deux plantes à valeur énergétique, le saule (Salix miyabeana) et l’alpiste roseau (Phalaris arundinacea). Cette réhabilitation est nommée «phyto-aménagement». Par ailleurs, dans un contexte de changements climatiques et d’épuisement des énergies fossiles, le phytoaménagement à base de plantes bioénergétiques présente un intérêt avec l'utilisation de la biomasse agroforestière comme combustible à moindre émission dans les chaudières à biomasse. Les résultats des essais menés en serre sur le sol de la tourbière résiduelle du site Sun Gro indiquent que les doses croissantes de chaux calcique en présence d’une dose d’engrais NPK, ainsi que les doses croissantes d’engrais en présence d’une dose de chaux dolomitique ont un effet significatif sur les paramètres de croissance et de rendements du saule, certaines propriétés édaphiques dont le pH, et les teneurs des métaux Cu, Fe, Mn et Zn sous formes facilement labiles et moyennement labiles dans le sol. Une fraction importante de Cu est liée à la matière organique du sol. Les métaux Fe, Mn et Zn se retrouvent majoritairement fixés par les oxydes du sol. Les essais à petite échelle de saule et d’alpiste roseau cultivés dans les tourbières résiduelles du site La Mousse Acadienne indiquent que ces deux plantes répondent bien à la fertilisation minérale en présence de la chaux dolomitique. En favorisant le développement de la plante, l’apport de l’engrais (NPK) favorise la production de biomasses aériennes ainsi que le prélèvement des cations nutritifs. Les parcelles de saules fertilisées ont fourni un rendement maximum de 6161,6 kg/ha en 16 mois de croissance au moment où les parcelles non fertilisées ont assuré un rendement maximum de 437,0 kg/ha. D’une manière générale, les concentrations des métaux Ca, Mg et Mn sont retrouvées majoritairement dans les parties aériennes des plantes tandis que celles des métaux Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, et Zn sont plus élevées dans les racines. Les concentrations des éléments traces métalliques dans les parties aériennes des plantes sont en deçà des valeurs seuils de toxicité. Les résultats révèlent que le pH du sol est une propriété chimique clé à considérer lors du phyto-aménagement des tourbières résiduelles acides.
The mechanical exploitation of the natural peat bogs produces media called "residual peat bogs" among which the physico-chemical properties, naturally constraining, are degraded. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity of two energy crops, willow (Salix miyabeana) and the reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), on residual peat bogs situated at Lamèque in New Brunswick (Canada). This type of rehabilitation is named "phyto-management". Moreover, in the climate change context and the depletion of fossil fuels, bioenergy-based phytomanagement is of interest with the use of agroforestry biomass as a lower emission fuel in biomass boilers. The results of glasshouse study conducted on RPB from the site Sun Gro indicated that N-P-K fertilizer and calcitic or dolomitic lime applications have a significant effect on growth and yield parameters of willow as well as on certain edaphic properties such as pH and the content of metallic trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) in the labile and moderately labile fractions. Organic matter matrix is an important binding site for Cu whereas oxide matrix for Fe, Mn and Zn. The small-scale field trials conducted at the Mousse Cannadienne site highlighted that willow and reed canary grass can be grown in the residual peat bogs amended with dolomitic lime and fertlized with complete fertlizer. Fertilizer containing the chemical elements improves growth, uptake of cationic nutrients and productiveness of plants. The fertilized and limed willow plots produced a maximum yield up to 6161.6 kg / ha in 16 months of growth. The limed plots without fertilizer produced 437,0 kg shoot biomass of willow / ha. Generally, the highest concentration of Ca, Mg and Mn is mainly found in the aerial parts of plants whereas those of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn are highest in roots. The concentrations of metallic trace elements in shoot plant biomass are below thresholds values of toxicity. The results reveal that the soil pH is a key chemical property to be considered during the phyto-management of acid residual peat bogs.
The mechanical exploitation of the natural peat bogs produces media called "residual peat bogs" among which the physico-chemical properties, naturally constraining, are degraded. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity of two energy crops, willow (Salix miyabeana) and the reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), on residual peat bogs situated at Lamèque in New Brunswick (Canada). This type of rehabilitation is named "phyto-management". Moreover, in the climate change context and the depletion of fossil fuels, bioenergy-based phytomanagement is of interest with the use of agroforestry biomass as a lower emission fuel in biomass boilers. The results of glasshouse study conducted on RPB from the site Sun Gro indicated that N-P-K fertilizer and calcitic or dolomitic lime applications have a significant effect on growth and yield parameters of willow as well as on certain edaphic properties such as pH and the content of metallic trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) in the labile and moderately labile fractions. Organic matter matrix is an important binding site for Cu whereas oxide matrix for Fe, Mn and Zn. The small-scale field trials conducted at the Mousse Cannadienne site highlighted that willow and reed canary grass can be grown in the residual peat bogs amended with dolomitic lime and fertlized with complete fertlizer. Fertilizer containing the chemical elements improves growth, uptake of cationic nutrients and productiveness of plants. The fertilized and limed willow plots produced a maximum yield up to 6161.6 kg / ha in 16 months of growth. The limed plots without fertilizer produced 437,0 kg shoot biomass of willow / ha. Generally, the highest concentration of Ca, Mg and Mn is mainly found in the aerial parts of plants whereas those of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn are highest in roots. The concentrations of metallic trace elements in shoot plant biomass are below thresholds values of toxicity. The results reveal that the soil pH is a key chemical property to be considered during the phyto-management of acid residual peat bogs.
Kostecka, Alicja A. "Adaptations of Arabidopsis halleri to habitats rich in heavy metals in southern Poland." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10014.
Full textThis study attempted to provide a better description and understanding of the origin and the evolution of Zn tolerance and accumulation ability in Arabidopsis halleri populations from southern Poland. The research was carried out on 15 populations from both metalliferous (M) and non-metalliferous (NM) sites. Physic-chemical analyses of field soil and plant samples were performed in order to characterize A. halleri habitats and plants' behavior. Genetic analyses aimed to resolve genetic structure and to reconstruct phylogeography of A. halleri populations from investigated area. Tolerance and accumulation tests in controlled conditions aimed to check if relationships between tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals abilities exist in studied species. Variation of soil properties and population behavior within M sites was higher than within NM and both types of sites differed significantly in terms of heavy metal concentration as well as other physic-chemical parameters. The neutral genetic structure assessed with 10 nuclear microsatellite markers showed that populations were clustered according to their geographic location. Moreover, for the first time it was shown that NM populations might be founded from M populations. The selected genetic structure assessed in controlled conditions showed that NM populations are less tolerant and accumulated Zn to significantly higher concentration as compared to M populations. Nevertheless no relationship between traits was detected at the level of the plant individuals
Qasim, Bashar Hussein. "Détermination, spéciation et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols contaminés et technosols." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2069/document.
Full textThis thesis dealt with the determination and study of the ecodynamics of trace metals in technosols highly contaminated in metals and metalloids in the context of natural revegetalisation or phytoremediation. Two sequential extraction schemes were used jointly with selective extractions in parallel with the determination of the total metals concentration in soils, the total dissolved metals concentration in the soil pore water, the metals labile pool (DGT) and germination tests with dwarf beans to investigate the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of (Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb) for technosols of two post-mining (La Petite Faye) and industrial (Mortagne du Nord) sites. Additionally, young plants of P. euramericana Dorskamp were cultivated in rhizobox on Mortagne du Nord technosols to investigate the rhizospheric effect on the mobility of metals. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen addition under nitrate and ammonium on the behavior of these metals has been investigated for P. euramericana Dorskamp for the same soils. Despite the high total metals and metalloids concentration in the La Petite Faye soils, the mobility of these potentially toxic elements is limited because of their association with the residual fraction. The phytoavailability is also limited and correlated with the labile pool of technosols. The culture of P. euramericana Dorskamp generated a rhizospheric effect characterized by an increase of the pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil pore water and a decrease in the total dissolved concentration of metals (Zn, Pb et Cd) in the soil pore water. The addition of nitrogen under nitrate or ammonium respectively increased and decreased the soil pore water pH and in the case of ammonium the DOC also increased and stabilized metals in the rhizosphere in comparison to control soils
Oustrière, Nadège. "Assemblages végétaux pour phytomanager des sols contaminés en métaux (Cu et Zn/Pb/Cd), rhizofiltrer de l’eau contaminée en Cu et fournir des biomasses à la bioéconomie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0265/document.
Full textThe phytomanagement of metal-contaminated matrices (soils and water) combines their ecological remediation and the production of non-food crops for the bioeconomy. One science frontier is to identify plant assemblage and to optimize their biomass production, aided or not by amendment addition and cultural practices. A Cu-contaminated soil and a Cd/Pb/Zn-contaminated one were phytomanaged in controlled conditions. The combination of biochar and iron grit reduced the phytotoxicity in both soils. In a 2-year pot experiment, this amendment combination decreased the phytotoxicity of the Cu-contaminated soil, enhanced soil C sequestration and produced an uncontaminated biomass of Arundo donax L. and Populus nigra L. adapted for bioenergy production. These combinations of culture and amendment are tested in field trial at the Cu-contaminated site. In parallel, in microcosm experiment, out of 4 macrophytes commonly used in constructed wetlands (CW) to clean up aqueous matrices (i.e. Arundo donax L., Cyperus eragrostis Lam., Iris pseudacorus L. and Phalaris arundinacea L.), A. donax was the best adapted to produce a high Cu-rich root mat potentially usable as Cu-ecocatalyst. Clean up of a Bordeaux mixture effluent (BME, 69 μM Cu) by A. donax was tested in a pilot-scale CW. The BME was decontaminated in 48 hours, its Cu concentration being in compliance for indirect discharge of chemical industry effluents. However, after one BME circulation cycle, root Cu concentration of A. donax roots (623 ± 140 mg kg-1) was lower than threshold value for Cu-ecocatalysts (1000 mg kg-1) and successive treatments must be repeated to achieve required Cu concentration
Kostecka, Alicja A. "Adaptations of Arabidopsis halleri to habitats rich in heavy metals in southern Poland." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10014/document.
Full textThis study attempted to provide a better description and understanding of the origin and the evolution of Zn tolerance and accumulation ability in Arabidopsis halleri populations from southern Poland. The research was carried out on 15 populations from both metalliferous (M) and non-metalliferous (NM) sites. Physic-chemical analyses of field soil and plant samples were performed in order to characterize A. halleri habitats and plants' behavior. Genetic analyses aimed to resolve genetic structure and to reconstruct phylogeography of A. halleri populations from investigated area. Tolerance and accumulation tests in controlled conditions aimed to check if relationships between tolerance and accumulation of heavy metals abilities exist in studied species. Variation of soil properties and population behavior within M sites was higher than within NM and both types of sites differed significantly in terms of heavy metal concentration as well as other physic-chemical parameters. The neutral genetic structure assessed with 10 nuclear microsatellite markers showed that populations were clustered according to their geographic location. Moreover, for the first time it was shown that NM populations might be founded from M populations. The selected genetic structure assessed in controlled conditions showed that NM populations are less tolerant and accumulated Zn to significantly higher concentration as compared to M populations. Nevertheless no relationship between traits was detected at the level of the plant individuals
Dubé, Jean-Sébastien. "Modifications hydrodynamiques du comportement des métaux lourds dans un sol hétérogène présentant une contamination résiduelle en NAPL : étude sur la contamination mixte des sols." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65448.pdf.
Full textMeyer, Claire-Lise. "Évolution des populations métallicoles d’Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae) : étude sur les traits et sur le génome en populations naturelles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10056/document.
Full textDue to the high concentration of heavy metals and the important environmental modifications, ecological conditions of metalliferous sites are very stressing for most organisms. A few plant species, coined “metallophyte”, have acquired the capacity to grow on heavy metal contaminated soils. Among this group, the pseudometallophyte species (able to grow on contaminated as well as on non contaminated soils) constitute highly relevant models to study local adaptation and relative influence of evolutionary forces in shaping phenotypic differentiation among populations The pseudometallophyte plant Arabidopsis halleri is a model species for tolerance and hyperaccumulation of heavy metal because it is a close relative of the pre-eminent species A. thaliana. Previous studies on heavy metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation of A. halleri suggested evolution of metallicolous populations in response to high level of metal exposure. In order to investigate the evolutionary processes in neighboring metallicolous and non-metallicous A. halleri populations, we adopted population genomics and phenotyping approaches. First we explored the A. halleri genome to detect signatures of directional selection. We performed a genome-wide scan analysis using 820 AFLP markers. We identified some loci potentially under selection in metallicolous populations that constitute high-quality candidates for general adaptation to metalliferous sites. Interestingly, some candidates were population specifics, suggesting the possibility of convergent evolution or existence of different selection pressure in the different sites. Some of these candidates were mapped on A. thaliana genome to identify candidate genes. Our second objective was to evaluate the contribution of selection versus other forces in shaping distribution of zinc tolerance in A. halleri. We measured morphological and physiological traits to estimate zinc tolerance and role of selection was inferred using Qst/Fst approach. Our results suggest that, in the sampled populations, zinc tolerance has been increased in metallicolous populations through selection on standing variation within local non-metallicolous ancestral populations. The last part of this study focuses on looking for a link between genotype and phenotype of zinc tolerance
Marceau, Pascal. "Les techniques électrocinétiques appliquées à la dépollution des métaux lourds dans les sols : application au cadmium." Université de Franche-Comté. UFR des sciences et techniques, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BESA2033.
Full textWe present the actual knowledge of the electrokinetic remediation theory. A bibliographic study shows that the laboratory tests are more common than the field tests. Studied pollutants are heavy metals and organic products. We realised our electroremediation experiments with two Cd-spiked clayey materials. The composition of the materials is about 40 % of silica powder and 50 % of phyllosilicates, with nearly exclusively kaolinite for the first one and 75 % of kaolinite, plus 20 % of chlorite for the second one. We realised 6 cell tests with each material, with a current density of 0. 1 mA/cm2 and 0. 3 rnA/cm2. During the experiments without a catholyte pH control, Cd precipitated in the soil giving hydroxides complex. A catholyte pH near 3 allowed the Cd extraction from the soil. The removal rates vary from 91 % to 99 %. Two pilot-scale studies, a monolayer test and a bilayer test, with a current density of 0. 3 mA/cm2 were conducted. The catholyte pH was controlled to allow Cd extraction from the sediment. The remediation rate reached 98. 5 % for the monolayer test. During the bilayer test, a zone was progressively ignored by the electrokinetic treatment. In that zone, the final Cd concentrations were high, whereas everywhere else they were almost the same as the monolayer's. The final extraction rate was 88 %. In order to simulate the cell tests, a numerical model was written. The results give a good adequation with the experiments. The simulations show us that the time to extract a given Cd quantity from the soil is inversely proportional to the current density, the other parameters being constant
Rande, Hugo. "Effets du niveau de pollution métallique et des stratégies fonctionnelles sur les types d’effets en jeu dans les interactions entre plantes au niveau d’anciens sites miniers des Pyrénées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0032.
Full textPlant-plant interactions have been overlooked in metal/metalloids-impacted environments and are likely driven by several factors whose influence is barely known. First, plant-plant interactions depend on the level of metal pollution, but also on the functional plant strategies of the interacting plants. Furthermore, plants can have several type of effects on their immediate environment, acting at different timescales. Plants canopy and roots have an instantaneous influence on the microclimate and available resources in their immediate vicinity. Then, during a growing season, the production of litter and its decomposition beneath their canopy can influence soil chemical and physical properties. In the longer term, when this cycle of litter production/decomposition is repeated over the years, the dynamics of the organic matter will influence soil conditions even more. In this thesis, our main objective was to delineate these effects, and to understand how plant functional strategies can influence these various effects along metal pollution gradients. We studied these effects during three consecutive years (from 2020 to 2022) in a former mining valley in the French Pyrenees (Sentein, Ariège, France). In this area, we studied interactions between plants using observational and target transplantation methods controlling for the presence of plant canopy and/or plant litter, in three study sites: a slag heap with homogeneous pollution and two mine tailings areas with heterogeneous pollution creating a gradient of pollution. Along these gradients, short-term canopy and root-uptake effects followed the Stress Gradient Hypothesis, switching from competition to facilitation as pollution increased. This facilitation was stronger when the species producing the effect were acquisitive (in relation with soil resources and the Leaf Economic Spectrum), and benefits more the low metal-tolerant plants. These positive effects were mainly due to the improvement of micro-climatic conditions during hot and dry episodes in summer. Concerning the effects linked to litter production and decomposition, negative effects on target plants were found, suggesting the so-called “elemental allelopathic” effects, in relation with the high concentration of metallic elements in the decomposing litter. These negative litter effects were more important in the least polluted environments, where metal-accumulating metallophyte plants (which have high concentration of metals in their leaves) and less metal-tolerant plants interacts. They were particularly marked for targets sensitive to metal pollution. The results of this thesis give important perspectives regarding the use of facilitation for the phyto-management of metals/metalloids-polluted environments, given that the functional strategies of interacting plants and the level of pollution involved are explicitly considered. Additionnaly, the results obtained during the 2022 heatwave provide useful insights regarding the expected evolution of the different effects driving plant interactions in metalliferous ecosystems in a climate change context
Etienne, Mathieu. "Approches analytique et électrochimique du comportement en solution de silices mésoporeuses organiquement modifiées." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10192.
Full textEtchebers, Olivier. "Etude pluricontextuelle et pluridimensionnelle de la mobilité des métaux lourds (Cd, Ni, Pb) dans les sols." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3004.
Full textThe mobility of heavy metals is studied on three cases of contamination, each one at a different scale. The first one deals with spreading of sewage sludge on forest soils. Processes are accelerated under centrifugation, at microcosm scale. Despite several months of simulated evolution, migration of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb) is quite limited, probably by affinity with organic matter accumulated at the surface. The second one is run at mesocosm scale, using an agricultural soil spiked with Pb. After several months outdoor, Pb is retained within the solid. It is adsorbed on organic and clay (montmorillonite) particles, but remains under a potentially soluble form. The third one corresponds to an aquifer underlying an industrial site (macrocosm) polluted by Cu and H2SO4. Acidity enhances the solubility of Cd and Pb. However, the buffer capacity of the solid induces the precipitation of Cu and Fe; and the fixation of Cd and Pb by adsorption or coprecipitation
Ferlin, Nadège. "Synthèse et propriétés de tensioactifs chelatants des métaux dérivés de glucose." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0106.
Full textHeavy metals pollution of water and soils is a problem for the environment and public health. One possibility to treat the contaminated areas is flotation. This process evacuates the pollutants in a foam formed by the addition of surfactants and air bubbling. Sugar-based chelating surfactants seem to be good candidats for a use. The compounds were obtained with good yields through a simple, fast and not expensive synthesis. The surfactants are all derivates from alkylglucosides obtained by micro-waves assisted synthesis. The oxidation of the primary alcohol to carboxylic acid permitted the addition of a chelating function by coupling reactions. Another possibility to form chelating surfactants was the substitution of the primary alcohol by a more nucleophilic function. Interfacial properties were determined by the maximum bubble pressure method. The critical micellar concentration of the surfactants goes from 13 to 36 mmol. L-1 and the compounds showed good properties for flotation. Flotation tests were performed at laboratory scale with different metal salts (Fe3+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, As3+) and the metal concentrations were measured by ICP. Ca2+ extraction was also studied for use in detergency. The extracting capacity of the compounds depends of the structure of the surfactant, but also of the involved metal. In fact, a good foaming capacity in presence of metal salts is a very important factor. Depending of the chelating function, selective or general estractive chelating surfactants were obtained
Bouvet, Mickaël. "Transfert dans les sols routiers de métaux lourds issus de l'utilisation de déchets." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPL021N.
Full textEconomic stakes on raw materials and harmful effects linked to waste landfill, lead to the re-use of
Charlatchka, Rayna. "Mobilité des métaux dans un sol contaminé : influence des conditions réductrices." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120014.
Full textFuentes, Perez Edwar. "Méthodologies analytiques pour la détermination de l'antimoine total dans les sols et les végétaux et pour sa spéciation dans les sols." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3004.
Full textAntimony is an element of environmental concern due to its toxicity and biological effects. This element is non-essential for plants and animals, and its action depend on the oxidation state, being Sb(III) compounds more toxic than Sb(V) ones. This work presents the optimization of analytical methodologies for the total antimony determination in soils and vegetables and its redox speciation in soils. The analytical techniques optimized were the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS), and the hydride generation coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) or to atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). This last technique shows the best analytical performances (LOD 0. 01 mg l-1). The methodologies were validated by analyzing appropriates certified reference materials and then applied to the antimony determination in soils and alfalfa samples from sites contaminated and non-contaminated by copper mining activities from three regions in Chile. The redox speciation of antimony was based on the selective determination of Sb(III) by HG-AFS. Sb(V) was evaluated as the difference between total antimony and Sb(III) determinations. This methodology was applied to the redox speciation of antimony in soils extracts obtained by simple and sequential extraction procedures. Significantly difference between the antimony concentration in samples collected from contaminated and non-contaminated sites were obtained. The soluble and available antimony fractions in soils were low; it was mostly associated to the residual fraction. Furthermore, in all fraction Sb(V) was the predominant species. It was concluded that antimony in these soils has a relatively low mobility and availability
Hargé, Jean-Claude. "Spéciation comparée du zinc, du plomb et du manganèse dans les sols contaminés." Grenoble 1, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743936.
Full textMouabad, Abdelfattah. "Toxicité comportementale et physiologique (filtration, respiration) des métaux lourds (Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd et Pb) chez la moule d'eau douce Dreissena polymorpha pallas : proposition d'un protocole d'essai pour l'évaluation de la toxicité par la réponse comportementale de Dreissena." Metz, 1991. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1991/Mouabad.Abdelfattah.SMZ918.pdf.
Full textThe study deals with the effetcts of subletal concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd, Pb) on the pumping behaviour and physiological functions (filtration rate, oxygen consumption) of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha. A preliminary study, carried out to screen the letal effects, showed that the LC 50-96 h is 0,191mg/l for Cu, 0,420 mg/l for Hg and above 14 mg/l for Cd. Zn has no letal effect in a 96 h exposure. In a 24h exposure, subletal concentrations of metals induce deep changes in the pumping activity of Dreissena. Pumping flow becomes intermittence and valve closure in enhanced. The effects are concentration dependent. Metals can be classified in a decreasing order of toxicity as following : Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn. In view of its good sensitivity, the behavioural response of Dreissena is proposed as a tool for the screening of toxicity in freshwaters. The detection limits set for metals are (in mg/l) : 0, 010 for Hg, 0,015 for Cu, 0,100 for Cd, 0,200 for Zn and 0,400 for Pb. In exposures of 48 h and 1 week, metals significantly reduce the filtration rate of Dreissena. Order of toxicity is the same as for behaviour. The oxygen consumption study showed that it is increased by Zn and reduced by Cu and Hg. No effect was obtained with Cd and Pb. Integration of the physiological effects was undertaken for Cd (0,005 to 0,045 mg/l) and Cu (0,004 to 0,044 mg/l) in a 4 weeks exposure. Results show that the Scope for Growth in not impaired by Cd whereas Cu reduces it. The usefulness of the studied physiological functions as criteria for the chronic toxicity testing is discussed
Dawood, Ihssan. "Modélisation du transfert de métaux lourds dans les sols non saturés (modèle fractionnaire hydrogéochimique)." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00422621.
Full textLedrich, Marie-Laure. "Mise en évidence et étude comparative des protéines de transport de fer et d'autres métaux chez Ralstonia eutropha CH34 et souches dérivées." Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Ledrich.Marie_Laure.SMZ0132.pdf.
Full textRastolnia eutropha CH34, formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34, was initially isolated from a decantation tank by Houba et al. , in 1976. Studies on this strain revealed at least 11 heavy metals resistances, carryied by two megaplasmids : pMOL28 et pMOL30, which translate a bacteria adaptation system to highly polluted soils. Firstly, the czc resistance system, carried by pMOL30, is based on cadmium, zinc and cobalt efflux. Secondly, Rastolnia eutropha CH34 had developed a highly specific system for iron transport, based on siderophore affinity, because this element is weakly biodisponible in environment. These two mechanisms, the first one facultative, and the second one inducible but constitutive, seem to be associated. The knowledge of these two mechanism is very important to understand the way of heavy metal depollution processes. The main purpose of this study was to identify the proteins of czc system and the siderophore-iron receptor. Two Rastolnia eutropha CH34 derivates were used as references : Rastolnia eutropha 1153 (which overexpresses siderophores) and Rastolnia eutropha 104 which is plasmids-free). A 45kDa outer membrane protein was identified, by electrophoresis techniques. It seems to be the siderophore-iron receptor
Bert, Valérie. "Tolérance aux métaux lourds et accumulation chez Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae)." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-69.pdf.
Full textToutes ces populations sont tolerantes et accumulatrices de quantites tres importantes de zn et de cd. La tolerance a ces metaux ainsi que leurs accumulations semblent etre des proprietes constitutives de l'espece. L'etude de la descendance (f2) d'un croisement interspecifique, (a. Halleri tolerant-hyperaccumulateur) x (a. Petraea non-tolerant-non-accumulateur), a montre que la tolerance au zn semblait etre sous le controle d'un gene majeur tandis que la variation du degre de tolerance au zn semblait etre sous le controle de genes modificateurs. La tolerance au zn n'est pas due aux metallothioneines. Elles pourraient, cependant, contribuer a modifier le degre de tolerance au zn et ainsi intervenir au titre de modificateur. Les resultats preliminaires obtenus sur la tolerance et l'accumulation du cd en relation avec la tolerance et l'accumulation du zn suggerent l'independance des mecanismes lies au cd et au zn
Brohon, Bertrand. "Utilisation d'indicateurs d'activités microbiennes telluriques et de biotests pour l'évaluation du niveau de pollution d'un sol : application à un sol pollué par des hydrocarbures et à un sol agricole soumis à l'épandage de boues et déchets de nature variée." Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0114.
Full textThe aim of this present study is to evaluate whether the information given by the measures in eco-toxicology could be used in diagnosis of sail pollution. The sail bio-indicators (sail respiration measurement, enzyme activities measurements represented by Dehydrogenase activity, Phosphatase activity, Esterase activity and Urease activity) and the bio-essays used require a great care about handling and storage of the sail samples. Preliminary investigations have therefore focused on the laboratory practices to be used in order to minimize the bias introduced by handling and storage of the sail samples. One case of chronic pollution represented by an industrial site polluted by hydrocarbons and one case of a punctual pollution represented by sail polluted by different sludges and wastes have been analysed. We have shown the pertinence of bath bio-indicators and bio-essays simultaneously used. The followed processes help to reduce the probability of « false negative results » and provide useful information for the diagnosis of sail pollution. However, the use of microbial activity measurements on sail polluted by sludges and wastes showed a greater sensibility than the Microtox bio-essay. From our study, the results demonstrated the advantages and inconvenient of the eco-toxical measurements. Notably, on slightly polluted soils, the phosphatase activity didn't seem sensitive enough to the level of sail pollution
Flores, Velez Luisa Maria. "Essai de spéciation des métaux dans les sols : cas du Cu dans les vignobles." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120027.
Full textDavranche, Mélanie. "Evaluation du potentiel de remobilisation de la charge en métaux lourds de solides pollués en milieu réducteur." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO0028.
Full textSirven, Jean-Baptiste. "Détection de métaux lourds dans les sols par spectroscopie d'émission sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122546.
Full textDans cette thèse nous montrons d'abord que le régime femtoseconde ne présente pas d'avantages par rapport au régime nanoseconde standard pour notre problématique. Ensuite nous mettons en œuvre un traitement avancé des spectres LIBS par des méthodes chimiométriques dont les performances améliorent sensiblement les résultats des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives d'échantillons de sols.
Fleury, Guillaume. "Identification des molécules des acides fulviques impliquées dans la sorption des métaux lourds dans les sols." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE011/document.
Full textBuilding a comprehensive description of the coupled cycles of organic matter and trace metal elements (TMEs) such as Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and lanthanides (Ln) in soils requires knowledge on the species formed at the solid-solution interfaces. The sorption of fulvic acids (FAs) on mineral surfaces is of importance, because FAs modify the surface reactivity and the sorption capacity of minerals towards TMEs. FAs are complex mixtures of thousands of organic compounds which undergo a chemical fractionation during their sorption on mineral surfaces of soils. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the fractionation of FAs of different origins and compositions on mineral surfaces (Fe and Al hydroxides, clays) relevant to soils, and to investigate its effect on the sorption of TMEs in model metals-FA-mineral-solution systems. The next step was to use the knowledge acquired on model systems for understanding the behavior of TMEs in water-soil systems. The use of high-resolution ESI(-)-FTMS mass spectrometry for analyzing FA solutions (as FAs: PPH, extracted from a soil under a beech forest; PPC, extracted from a soil under a fir forest; and PPFA, a reference peat FA) resulting from sorption experiments onto hematite, alumina and kaolinite provided evidence that mineral surface properties are a key parameter governing the FA sorptive fractionation. The MS data showed that the relative affinity of FA molecules for the surface of metal oxides is governed by molecular acidity, ligand exchange being the main mechanism involved in the sorption process at acidic pH. In contrast, the surface of kaolinite displayed alow selectivity, the sorption resulting mainly from H-bonding with low-affinity basal sites. By combining macroscopic data on the competitive sorption of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ln) with molecular scale descriptions of PPH fractionation onto hematite and kaolinite at different FA/mineral ratios, we have shown that the sorption behavior of metals on mineral surfaces in the presence of PPH is greatly impacted by the molecular distribution of PPH at the mineral-solution interface, which mainly depends on the nature (metal oxidevs clay) and properties of the mineral surfaces as well as on the FA/mineral ratio for metal oxides. Data acquired on two soil profiles developed under beech and fir forests by using different complementary approaches (mineralogy, mass balance calculations, sequential extractions and ESI(-)-FTMS analyzes of humic substances) showed that the dynamics (vertical distribution, fractionation) of FAs and the behavior of TMEs are interconnected and governed by the nature and reactivity of mineral surfaces in soils
Floch, Carine. "Les enzymes du sol : étude de leurs potentialités bioindicatrices de contaminations par des métaux et des polluants organiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30070.
Full textThe main objective of this research was to determine the potential bioindicator of certain enzymatic activities to characterize the functioning and quality of soil in the context of metal and organic pollutions (i. E. Pesticides and conventional, organic or biological, and integrated management strategies). In a first step, a methodology for the quantification in soils of phenol oxidase activities has been developed, and further study on its sensitivity towards certain metals has been performed. Thereafter, different approaches have been apprehended through incubation under controlled laboratory conditions and field observations, made at scales ranging from plot to landscape. The enzymes studied are involved in the functioning of the major biogeochemical cycles of C (cellulase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase), N (arylamidase), P (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase) and S (arylsulfatase). The results have clearly demonstrated the variability of response patterns of enzyme activities, with the type of contamination and physical and chemical characteristics of soils. This underlines the difficulty for selecting universal enzymatic bioindicators of soil quality for a wide range of perturbations. However, some enzymes, such as arylamidases and phenol oxidases, proved repeatedly to be indicators especially sensitive to disturbance applied to the different soils of this study. An interesting continuation of this work would be to integrate such kind of study of these potential bioindicators in networks of soil quality measurement. Finally, other microbial parameters were also studied, the functional diversity of bacterial communities (Biolog® Eco) and bacterial and fungal densities, but they have proved to be less relevant as soil quality indicators with regards to enzyme activities
Auguy, Florence. "Identification de gènes impliqués dans la tolérance au plomb chez la brassicacée Hirschfeldia incana." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20141/document.
Full textExploited, and then abandoned, mining sites, in the oriental Morocco, have polluted the neighboring regions, by dispersion of mining wastes containing Pb. Facing this problem, it is necessary to develop phytomanagement programs. Nevertheless, these project realisations encountered two major constraints: weak metallophyte plant diversity and misunderstanding of Pb tolerance mechanisms. In this context, the objectif of my work was to select plants compatible with a phytoremediation program and to identify genes implicated in lead tolerance. Firstly, soil and mining waste analysis has revealed an important polymetallic pollution of the studied region. Then, floristic explorations had permitted to identify a plant of the brassicaceae family, Hirschfeldia incana, which is predominant on the polluted mining regions and accumulated Pb. Pb accumulation in H. incana was confirmed in controlled conditions and a candidate gene approach has shown the lead tolerance implication of two genes, one coding for a metallothionein (MT2A) and the other a membrane transporter (HMA4). Finally, the transcriptome comparison from H. incana and A. thaliana has generated a list of candidate genes putatively implicated in Pb tolerance. Functional analysis of four genes, coding a ferretin, a metallothionein, a copper binding protein and a defensin, has permitted to clarify their role in Pb tolerance
Palaprat, Stéphane. "Couplage géochimie / transport lors de la dépollution électrocinétique d'une terre polluée par des métaux lourds." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL043N.
Full textFerraro, Alberto. "Optimal design and operation of HMs removal from soil by EDDS enhanced washing." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1194/document.
Full textThe object of the present research work is the optimization of soil-washing processes applied to heavy metal contaminated soils. The work focuses on the whole cycle of these treatments, including the possible recovery and the proper disposal of the used washing solution. Both the design and the exploitation of a soil washing treatment are investigated, in order to maximize their efficacy, in terms of cost and process efficiency. At this aim process parameters and reactor configurations are studied in details through lab-scale tests, and the observed kinetics are simulated through mathematical modeling. Soil samples used for the experimental activity were collected from an agricultural field located in Southern Italy, mainly contaminated by copper. Among several Aminopolycarboxylate (APC) chelating agents, Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) was selected, for its recognized biodegradability, widely reported in literature works, and its efficiency as extracting agent towards several heavy metals, including Cu. Literature review allowed determining the two most important process parameters to be investigated for washing optimization. The two parameters were identified as EDDS : Cu molar ratio and liquid to soil ratio (L/S). In order to investigate the effect of these parameters on process kinetics and Cu extraction yield, batch washing tests in continuous-stirred tank reactor configuration (CSTR) were carried out. EDDS : Cu molar ratio increase was found to be able to enhance process efficiency more than L/S increase. Batch tests clearly displayed a first fast kinetic step at the beginning of the treatment, followed by a second slower kinetic extraction step, which lasted until the end of the treatment. According to this observation, an empirical mathematical model based on two-kinetic terms was formulated. Model parameters were firstly calibrated and then validated using two different sets of experimental data. The derived mathematical model was useful to assess the validity of the two-kinetic steps process hypothesis, and to provide a tool for process efficiency prediction depending on EDDS : Cu molar ratio and treatment time length. Exploitation costs of the process were minimized studying different treatment configurations. In details two Plug-Flow configurations were analyzed and compared to the CSTR one. The two Plug-Flow configurations were simulated using several reactors in series, varying the detention time of the reactors, and fractionating the injection of the washing solution. Achieved results displayed improvements in terms of Cu extraction yield and process kinetic for the tested Plug-Flow conditions compared to the CSTR one, and showed that the use of a Plug-Flow reactor allows to reduce the amount of required washing solution. Finally, an electrochemical process was tested for the treatment and the recovery of the spent EDDS solution. Batch tests were carried out to optimize electrochemical process parameters (e.g. current density, washing solution pH and conductivity). The recovered solution was also used for a multi-washing test. Results proved the effectiveness of the electrochemical treatment for EDDS solution recovery and its potential application as technique for EDDS-enhanced soil washing costs reduction
Weissenhorn, Ingrid. "Les mycorhizes à arbuscules dans des sols pollués par des métaux lourds : tolérance aux métaux et rôle dans leur transfert aux plantes." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10009.
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