Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols fins – Propriétés physico-chimiques'
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Chabrat, Nicolas. "Impact des conditions environnementales sur le comportement à long terme de sols traités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0004.
Full textLime and/or cement stabilization is a common solution for improving the mechanical performance of fine soils. Treatment limits the shrinkage and swelling effect of clayey soils. However, while numerous laboratory studies have been carried out on treated materials, little is known about the in situ performance of such stabilised materials several years after construction, and very few studies are available, especially in the case of stabilised expansive soils. As a result, existing methods and procedures are generally unable to assess the alteration caused by the environmental conditions of a treated soil. This thesis addresses these issues by studying an experimental embankment at Héricourt (France). Built in 2010 as a part of the ANR TerDOUEST project, this embankment was built with a highly plastic clayey soil. The clay was treated with lime and/or cement upon construction. An initial assessment of the state of the backfill was carried out 11 years after construction of the structure, with horizontal and vertical corings. The hydromechanical characterisation of the treated clay was carried out with multiple oedometer tests. The compressibility of the material sampled by horizontal coring was determined, making it possible to assess changes in the mechanical behaviour of the treated soil as a function of its proximity to the edge of the embankment. The results showed that the materials located in the internal part of the embankment have a mechanical behaviour similar to that of the soil treated in the laboratory after a 180-day curing time at constant moisture content. On the other hand, a gradual deterioration of the mechanical properties of the material was observed as it approached the outer part of the embankment. The mechanical properties of the materials taken from the outer part were equivalent to those of the untreated soil. The microstructure (mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy), chemical composition (thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray fluorescence) and mineralogical composition (X-ray diffraction) of the treated soil were studied in order to understand the environmental conditions responsible for the deterioration observed at the edges. Leaching from the treatment was identified as being partly responsible for the decrease in mechanical performance measured at the edge of the structure. Mineralogical transformations, such as the formation of calcite in the first few metres of the backfill, also highlighted an alteration of the hydromechanical behaviour through carbonation of the cement phases. The role of wetting and drying periods in the mechanical weathering of the treated soil was also studied. Specimens from the inner part of the structure were subjected to wetting and drying cycles of various suctions ranging from 0 to 95 MPa. The results showed that drying and wetting cycles have a major impact on the long-term performance of treated soils above a certain suction amplitude. The degradation process is mainly a consequence of cement bond failure rather than other physico-chemical processes such as calcium leaching or carbonation. This study allowed a mechanical quantification of the weathering of treated clay taken from an experimental structure. Leaching and carbonation during treatment were identified as being responsible for the deterioration in mechanical performance in the external part of the structure. The study of the treated material subjected to hydric cycles allowed to quantify their impact on mechanical behaviour, while determining the mechanisms by which the effects of the treatment were altered
Pagès-Camagna, Sandrine. "Propriétés physico-chimiques d'un pigment vert synthétique égyptien : couleur, structure, recherche des techniques d'élaboration." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MARN0054.
Full textLibessart, Gwendal. "Modélisation prédictive des propriétés des sols urbains basée sur leur historique d'usages." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0120.
Full textLand take and the associated environmental issues (heat islands, flooding, biodiversity degradation) have become a major issue in urban planning and development. The objective of this thesis is to propose an approach to characterise urban soils based on the analysis of their historical trajectory of land use, considering that the land use successions and the associated human practices determine the physico-chemical properties of soils. To do this, a scientific approach based on three complementary approaches was carried out to achieve an operational methodological proposal for predictive mapping of urban soil properties. The first approach is cartographic and documentary, and aims to better characterise the historical trajectories of urban soils and thus to better understand all of the human practices that the soils have undergone over time. It turns out that twenty historical trajectories are sufficient to describe the majority of the surface area of an urban unit. Moreover, the majority of historical trajectories represent land use successions composed of a maximum of one or two land uses, showing a low dynamic of land use changes and practices over time. The second approach is a field approach aimed at characterising the impact of three historical trajectories representative of urban soils on the physico-chemical properties of soils. It highlights the link between the historical trajectory of a soil and its physical and chemical properties. The impact of human practices on soil properties also appears to be dependent on the intensity of the practices carried out on the soil. These links, which are still underdeveloped, could be highlighted by the development of a new concept: the "anthroposequence". The last approach is an experimental approach that helps to characterise the pedogenetic processes involved during these historical trajectories and to describe the evolution of physico-chemical properties over time. It shows that the individual effects of practices can be contrary to the effect resulting from the whole of these practices. Moreover, the pedogenetic processes put forward during these experiments reflect the reality of the field, thus reinforcing the proposed experimental method. Thus, these three methodological approaches were finally discussed in order to transcribe the results obtained into "simple" rules allowing the cartographic prediction of soil types and certain agronomic parameters in urban environments through the knowledge of historical trajectories
Ben, Hassine Habib. "Etude de l'évolution des propriétés chimiques et physico-hydriques des principaux types de sols céréaliers du Nord-Ouest tunisien : effets sur les productions céréalières." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11038.
Full textWatt, Sarah. "Étude comparative des effets de différents résidus organiques sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques reliées à la qualité des sols." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61367.pdf.
Full textBilodeau, Line. "Effets d'apports de fractions solides de lisier de porcs sur certaines propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques liées à la qualité des sols." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26418/26418.pdf.
Full textLaurent, Fabien. "Impact de l'oxydation chimique et de la refonctionnalisation sur des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées au HAP." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0033.
Full textIn order to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils, various techniques have been developed during the last decades, but their impact on soil functions was rarely considered. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of chemical oxidation treatments on different physico-chemical and biological parameters of PAH contaminated soil and to propose solutions to improve the biological functioning of oxidized soil. Various laboratory and field experiments have shown that the efficiency of chemical oxidation reactions (Fenton reaction and activated persulfate) on PAH concentrations depended on pollutant availability and soil physico-chemical properties. Besides, intense acidification processes have been observed on uncarbonated soil with a strong impact on soil physico-chemical and biological parameters. Moreover, this alteration was higher with activated persulfate treatment, leading to the loss of trace metals in water percolation. In the strongly acidified soil, the input of materials, suitable for pH increase, resulted in the restoration of biological activities and soil capacity to support vegetation. The association of chemical oxidation treatment and restoration techniques could present a good mean for soil rehabilitation. Finally, an index, which aimed to represent soil conditions based on the weight given to different parameters, was proposed and was used to evaluate changes induced by oxidation treatments and restoration techniques
Vannier, Christophe. "Les modalités de la rétention du soufre dans les sols de deux bassins versants forestiers du mont Lozère : effet de la végétation et de quelques propriétés physico-chimiques des sols." Orléans, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ORLE2148.
Full textAoudjit, Hammouche. "Genèse, cristallochimie, organisation et propriétés physico-chimiques des argiles des sols et des arènes développées sur roches critallines (France) : apport de la microscopie électronique analytique." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066011.
Full textLaurent, Fabien. "Impact de l'oxydation chimique et de la refonctionnalisation sur des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées au HAP." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0033/document.
Full textIn order to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils, various techniques have been developed during the last decades, but their impact on soil functions was rarely considered. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of chemical oxidation treatments on different physico-chemical and biological parameters of PAH contaminated soil and to propose solutions to improve the biological functioning of oxidized soil. Various laboratory and field experiments have shown that the efficiency of chemical oxidation reactions (Fenton reaction and activated persulfate) on PAH concentrations depended on pollutant availability and soil physico-chemical properties. Besides, intense acidification processes have been observed on uncarbonated soil with a strong impact on soil physico-chemical and biological parameters. Moreover, this alteration was higher with activated persulfate treatment, leading to the loss of trace metals in water percolation. In the strongly acidified soil, the input of materials, suitable for pH increase, resulted in the restoration of biological activities and soil capacity to support vegetation. The association of chemical oxidation treatment and restoration techniques could present a good mean for soil rehabilitation. Finally, an index, which aimed to represent soil conditions based on the weight given to different parameters, was proposed and was used to evaluate changes induced by oxidation treatments and restoration techniques
Dumat, Camille. "Effet de macromolécules organiques sur la capacité des argiles à adsorber le césium." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20199.
Full textLaurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Full textThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Wassermann, Alice. "Quantification multi-échelles de la dégradation d’un sable traité soumis à des cycles hydriques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0085.
Full textSoil treatment, especially with hydraulic binders or lime, is a widespread technique to improve the mechanical characteristics of poor-quality soils. After their construction, engineering structures are subjected to environmental solicitations that can potentially alter the effects of the treatment, and thus lead to the degradation of the performance of the treated soil. In this context, the objective of this thesis was to study the impact of the accumulation of hydric cycles on the mechanical behaviour of a cement-treated sand. A multi-scale and multi-physics methodology was set up to understand and quantify the degradation of the macroscopic mechanical behavior of cement-treated sands during drying/wetting cycles.Short-term mechanical characterization of the sand was performed by conducting a triaxial testing campaign. The bonding ratio, η_bondmax, defined according to the stress-dilatancy theory, was introduced to assess the mobilization and the degradation of cementitious bonds during the triaxial tests. In order to characterize the durability of the treated sand, the impact of two types of hydric cycles of different intensity was evaluated. Following the cycles, triaxial tests were performed constituting a database of 130 test results. The bonding ratio monitoring allowed to explicitly quantify the degradation of the cemented specimens as a function of the type and number of cycles. The main effect of the hydric cycles is to alter the cementitious bonds and subsequently to decrease the mechanical performances. This alteration depends on the cement content but also on the intensity of the cycles. Type I cycles lead to a more important degradation than type II cycles. The kinetics of the alteration as well as its extent depend on the cement content.The investigation of the processes occurring at the microscopic scale after 24 cycles of the two types via microscopic observations (SEM and TEM) and physicochemical analyses (XRD and GTA) has highlighted intense mineralogical transformations including carbonation of the cementitious phases to various degrees depending on the intensity of the cycle as well as the formation of ettringite needles in the pore-space. However, in terms of macromechanical behaviour, a stabilization of mechanical performance after a moderate decrease (-20 to -30% of the deviatoric stress) was observed after 12 hydric cycles. This approach has shown that relating mineralogical transformations to durability is not sufficient. It is necessary to evaluate the contribution of each phase to the strength since intense mineralogical transformations are not necessarily associated with strong degradation of the treated soils.A constitutive law to model the observed deviatoric behaviour of treated sand was proposed by combining the Hardening Soil Model for the pre-peak hardening and an inverse sigmoid function for the post-peak softening. This approach showed a satisfactory accuracy to simulate the behaviour and in particular the softening of treated soils under relatively high confining pressures. Under low confining pressures an exponentially decreasing function was however more suitable. In addition, parameters optimization determined the most appropriate values for 5 model parameters (ψ, Rf, m, λ, and ecrit) as a function of cement content. The modeling permitted to complete the experimental study and broughtsome reflexions on the way to simulate the post-peak behaviour.This study allowed a mechanical quantification from macroscopic observations coupled with a physicochemical quantification of the various processes occurring during hydric cycles. A conceptual framework allowing to take into account the effect of cementing in the behaviour of treated soils was proposed
Cambier, Philippe. "Organisation des constituants et interactions physicochimiques au sein des microagrégats de sols. Application au système ferrallitique kaolinite-oxyde de fer." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066359.
Full textDe, almeida Tania. "Impact d’une espèce ingénieure de l’écosystème et son utilisation en restauration écologique : Le cas de Messor barbarus (L.) dans les pelouses méditerranéennes Above- and below-ground effects of an ecosystem engineer ant in Mediterranean dry grasslands Harvester ants as ecological engineers for Mediterranean grassland restoration: impacts on soil and vegetation A trait-based approach to promote ants in restoration ecology." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0358.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis was double: (i) to assess the impact of an ant species on its ecosystem, in order to (ii) deduce potential applications in the field of ecological restoration.Ants are among the most abundant organisms in terrestrial ecosystems and occupy a wide range of geographical areas. They play key ecological roles in many ecosystems as soil engineers, predators or regulators of plant growth and reproduction. However, the information collected locally is often fragmented and does not provide a complete overview of the impact of a species on its environment.Messor barbarus (L.), known to redistribute seeds and to modify the soil physico-chemical properties, is widespread in South-Western Europe, particularly in Mediterranean grasslands. Therefore, it may play a major role in the composition and structuring of these ecosystems, which are characterised by high biodiversity but whose abundance and surface area have decreased drastically in recent decades.Through a multi-compartment study, we confirmed the hypothesis that M. barbarus is an ecological engineer in Mediterranean grasslands. This species changes this habitat by modifying, as expected, soil physico-chemical properties. These modifications are associated with an increase in both biomass and heterogeneity of plant communities, as well as changes in above- and belowground fauna (abundance, occurrence and structure of communities). Messor barbarus profoundly changes trophic and non-trophic relationships within and between species and their habitat. The heterogeneity created locally by the activity of M. barbarus leads to a diversification of ecological niches within these grasslands.Despite their major role in the functioning of ecosystems, ants are rarely considered in restoration ecology. In our study site, corresponding to a dry grassland rehabilited after an oil leak and a soil transfer, M. barbarus contributed to accelerate the restoration of the soil physico-chemical properties but also of the seed bank in the medium term - seven years after the rehabilitation. These results make this species a good candidate for ecological engineering.In order to generalise the use of ants in restoration ecology, we propose a trait-based methodology for stakeholders. We evaluated the potential of ants in restoration ecology, then listed all the traits known to affect abiotic and biotic compartments and/or relevant to monitor the success of the restoration phase. The proposed methodology provides a first selection of potentially relevant species according to the restoration objectives