Academic literature on the topic 'Sols industriels pollués'

Abstract Des sols contaminés aux hydrocarbures (C10-C50) et d'autres contaminants ont été découverts récemment dans les berges des rivières Saint-François et Massawippi, entre les municipalités de Eustis et Drummondville (sud du Québec). Il est probable que cette contamination provienne d'un déversement accidentel ou illégal dont la source serait l'ancienne mine de Eustis située au abord de la rivière Massawippi. La couche contaminée se retrouve parfois à plus d'un mètre de profondeur des berges. Malgré qu'il existe de nombreux rapports gouvernementaux sur la qualité de l'eau de ce bassin, aucune étude sur la contamination des berges et des sédiments du lit n'a été réalisée le long des rivières Saint-François et Massawippi, même si ces rivières circulent à travers d'anciennes zones industrielles et minières. Cette étudie vise à évaluer la distribution spatiale de la contamination le long des berges et dresse une caractérisation du type et du niveau de concentration des hydrocarbures et autres contaminants (ex. métaux lourds). Les résultats obtenus indiquent que certaines berges sont davantage contaminées par des hydrocarbures (C10-C50), en particulier dans le secteur de Windsor. Les autres polluants (métaux lourds, BPC et HAP) indiques des faibles niveaux de contamination à l'exception de certains métaux (Cu et Zn). Pour les sites plus pollués, ils sont inclus dans les critère B et C qui présente certaines contraintes d'utilisation du sol en tenant compte des normes du Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs.

Chromium metal is one of the heavy metal wastes from various industries and is persistent for the agricultural environment, especially in rice fields. Chromium metal can change biodiversity and ecosystem function in paddy soil. Chromium metal phytoremediation that pollutes paddy soils with hemp (Boehmeria nivea) is important because paddy soils play a role as a living medium for food crops, especially rice (Oryza sativa). One indicator of the success of phytoremediation is the reduction of chromium metal content in the soil, so it requires a policy system to maintain a healthy environmentally friendly agriculture. This study aimed to determine the ability of Boehmeria nivea to reduce levels of chromium metal in the soil and provide policy solutions to keep environmentally healthy agriculture. This study used a complete randomized block design, random sampling of chromium metal data. The results showed the initial concentration of chromium metal in the soil was 2.36 ppm, after treatment with the interaction between Agrobacterium sp. I3 with Boehmeria nivea (P0B1T1) and interaction of organic matter (compost) with Boehmeria nivea (P0B2T1) obtained Cr 1.37 ppm metal content with a decrease of 42.01%. The resulting policy solution is the Environment Health Agriculture System (EHAS). The conclusion of this study was phytoremediation of chromium metal using Boehmeria nivea combined with the Environment Health Agriculture System can create a healthy environmentally friendly agricultural system.

Metals are the part of natural constituents of soil but industrial activities such as mining and smelting of ores, electroplating work, gas exhaust, energy and fuel production, fertilizer and pesticide application, and municipal waste results in enormous amount of increase in their natural concentrations in soil. Hazardous compounds or chemicals such as heavy metals, oils and battery metals from industries and organic solvents are major soil pollutants. These substances get deposited to the soils of the neighboring area and pollute them by changing the chemical and biological properties of soil of that area. The aim of this research was to identify some interesting accumulators which may associate an important biomass production with an effective heavy metal accumulation, absorption and translocation and their tissue culture approach. This research is mainly focused on the ability of some native plants to accumulate and tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals which are often associated in polluted areas. It has been found that Datura inoxia has the capacity to accumulate the heavy metals in its part. The in vitro culture of Datura inoxia shows better response in Lead supplementing M. S. Media. Although lead is a toxic heavy metal for plants, but Datura inoxia shows good response at higher concentration..

Hydroelectricity is daily elements that appears everywhere in human societies. It is a clean and renewable resources that is produced by fast speed of water. The effective way of generating energy feasibly prompted to different countries that have rivers. The construction of dams boosted tourists, fishing industries, timbering, and hunting. Expanded more leisure activities for people. The increases of dams also impacted on local economies such as jobs and selling electricity. However, this paper also highlights that these dams also damaged local ecosystem, deforestation, and pollution. They generate electricity by spinning the blades. As a consequence, fishes can smash and crewed into those machines and killed, including some endanger animals. Dams destroyed their biomes. Some weak dams still depend on burning coals and fuels. Waste gases get absorbed by water and algae, and finally pollute water. The polluted water can kill plantations and crops, hence causing economic losses and damaging the ecosystem. Deforestation is also caused by those waste chemicals and gases. The waste absorbed by soils caused acidic soil, and waste gases will cause climate change, which is the main reason of biome shift or deforestation. Poor soil availability conducted by acidic soil step forward decreasing of plants. Generally, dams directed and undirected caused environmental damage, that humans can never affords.

Shallow groundwater vulnerability mapping of the southwestern Nigeria sedimentary basin was assessed in this study with the aim of developing a regional-based vulnerability map for the area based on assessing the intrinsic ability of the aquifer overlying beds to filter and degrade migrating pollutant. The mapping includes using the established seven parameter-based DRASTIC vulnerability methodology. Furthermore, the developed vulnerability map was subjected to sensitivity analysis as a validation approach. This approach includes single-parameter sensitivity, map removal sensitivity, and DRASTIC parameter correlation analysis. Of the Dahomey Basin, 21% was classified as high-vulnerability and at risk of pollution, 61% as moderate vulnerability, and 18% as low vulnerability. Low vulnerability areas of the basin are characterised by thick vadose zones, low precipitation, compacted soils, high slopes, and high depth to groundwater. High-vulnerability areas which are prone to pollution are regions closer to the coast with flat slopes and frequent precipitation. Sensitivity of the vulnerability map show the greatest impact with the removal of topography, soil media, and depth to groundwater and least impact with the removal of the vadose zone. Due to the subjectivity of the DRASTIC method, the most important single parameter affecting the rating system of the Dahomey Basin DRASTIC map is the impact of the vadose zone, followed by the net recharge and hydraulic conductivity. The DRASTIC vulnerability map can be useful in planning and siting activities that generate pollutants (e.g., landfill, soak away, automobile workshops, and petrochemical industries) which pollute the environment, groundwater, and eventually impact the environmental health of the Dahomey Basin’s inhabitants.

Residue management has become a new challenge for Indian agriculture and agricultural growth, as well as environmental preservation. The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is predominantly followed cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), resulting in generating a large volume of agricultural residue. Annually, India produces 620 MT of crop residue, with rice and wheat accounting for 234 MT of the surplus and 30% of the total. Farmers are resorting to burning crop residue due to the short window between paddy harvest and seeding of rabi season crops, namely wheat, potato, and vegetables, for speedy field preparation. Burning of residues pollutes the environment, thus having adverse effects on human and animal health, as well as resulted in a loss of plant important elements. This problem is particularly prevalent in rice-wheat-dominant states such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. If we may use in situ management as residue retention after chopper and spreader, sowing wheat with Happy seeder/zero drill/special drill with full residue load, full residue, or full residue load incorporation with conventional tillage, burning is not the sole approach for residue management. In addition, off-farm residues generated are being utilized for animal feed and raw materials for industries. While there are regional variations in many mechanization drivers and needs, a wide range of mechanization components can be transported to new places to fit local conditions. This article focuses on innovations, methods, and tactics that are relevant to various mechanization systems in particular geographical areas. This article also stresses the need for a thorough analysis of the amount of residue generated, residue utilization using modern mechanical equipment, and their positive and negative effects on crop yield and yield attributes, weed diversity, soil physic-chemical, biological properties, beneficial, and harmful nematode populations in the IGP, which will aid researchers and policymakers in farming research priorities and policy for ensuring sustainability in RWCS.

Heavy metals contamination is a serious threat to all life forms. Long term exposure of heavy metals can lead to different life-threatening medical conditions including cancers of different body parts. Phytoremediation and bioremediation offer a potential eco-friendly solution to such problems. Different microbes can interact with heavy metals in a variety of ways such as biotransformation, oxidation/reduction, and biosorption. Phytoremediation of the heavy metals using plants mostly involves rhizofilteration, phytoextraction, phytovolatization, and Phyto stabilization. A synergistic approach using both plants and microbes has proven much more efficient as compared to the individual applications of microbes or plants. This article aims to highlight the synergistic methods used in bioremediation, emphasizing the potent collaboration between bacteria and plants for environmental cleaning, along with the discussion of the importance of site-specific variables and potential constraints. 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Cet article explore les dynamiques d’une mobilisation collective autour d'une friche industrielle polluée située dans le département de la Seine-Saint-Denis en bordure du quartier des Murs à Pêches, à Montreuil. Il examine comment la toxicité des sols sert de catalyseur pour une appropriation citoyenne et une réhabilitation de la friche. L'article illustre en outre les tensions entre les acteurs associatifs et les autorités publiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la sécurité sanitaire et les méthodes de dépollution. Ce texte se conclut en suggérant que ces controverses peuvent être perçues comme des espaces hybrides où différentes formes de valeur économique, sociale et culturelle sont en jeu, et dont la pollution des sols est un élément actif qui façonne les formes de la mobilisation.

IntroductionHexavalent chromium or Cr(VI) is essential to various industries, such as leather manufacturing and stainless steel production. Given that inevitable leakage from industries pollutes the soil and thereby affects the soil environment. Microbial communities could improve the quality of the soil. Abundant bacterial communities would significantly enhance the soil richness and resist external pressure, benefiting agriculture. But the pollution of heavy metal broke the balance and decrease the abundance of bacterial communities, which weak the self-adjust ability of soil. This study aimed to explore changes in the diversity of soil bacterial communities and to identify the influences of soil bacterial communities on enzymes in soil polluted by Cr(VI).MethodsThe target soils were sampled quickly and aseptically. Their chromium content was detected through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and bacterial microbiome communities were explored through MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. Then, the content of nitrite reductase and catalases were investigated through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsChromium content in polluted soils was higher than that in the control soils at all depths. Sobs, Chao1, Ace, and Shannon diversity estimators in the control were higher, whereas Simpson's diversity estimators in the control soils were lower than those of contaminated samples at all depths. Contaminants affected the composition of the bacterial community. The soil microbial species were relatively single and inhomogeneous in the polluted soils. The bacterial phyla in polluted and controlled soils include Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria, which differ markedly in abundance.DiscussionThe results of these observations provide insights into the ecotoxicological effects of Cr(VI) exposure to soil microorganisms. To sum up these results are critical for evaluating the stabilized state of microbial community structures, contributing to the assessment of the potential risk of metal accumulation in soils.

L’arsenic (As) est un polluant métalloïde normalement présent dans l’environnement. Co-produit de l’extraction du minerai d’or, l’arsenic constitue le principal polluant des terrils miniers comme le terril de la mine de Chéni en Haute Vienne (87). Au cours de ce travail, nous avons démontré qu’il est possible de re-végétaliser un terril riche en As (8 g.kg-1 de substrat) grâce à un apport de terre exempte de polluants. Ce traitement diminue à la fois la contamination des plantes, mais améliore également la rétention de l’eau dans le sol, diminuant ainsi l’expression des contraintes hydriques. La stabilisation des sols par les plantes est importante car elle permettra de réduire l'érosion du terril et, donc, la fuite de polluant vers les cours d’eau bordant cette friche industrielle.

Nous avons étudié la colonisation végétale de sols de friches industrielles pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et des métaux lourds. Différentes approches ont été choisies dans le but de caractériser les premières étapes de la dynamique successionnelle végétale mais aussi de cerner les mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans le phénomène de tolérance des plantes aux polluants. Des expérimentations en parcelles utilisant le sol de l ancienne cokerie de Neuves- Maisons ont permis de mettre en évidence l importance des banques de graines des sols et des pluies de graines dans l établissement d une communauté pionnière sur sol pollué. Le suivi de la flore des parcelles a permis d établir que la communauté pionnière, constituée de plantes annuelles et bisannuelles lors de la première année, est progressivement colonisée par les plantes pérennes et clonales dominant majoritairement lors de la seconde année. Par ailleurs, la comparaison de communautés se développant sur des sols témoin et pollué suggère une phytotoxicité du sol industriel conduisant à des pertes de richesse et diversité spécifiques. Néanmoins, ces différences semblent s estomper au fur et à mesure du processus de colonisation. Chez les plantes qui parviennent à survivre et croître sur sol pollué, les réponses anti-oxydantes sont sollicitées, confortant l hypothèse de leur rôle crucial dans le succès colonisateur des espèces étudiées. Toutefois, nous avons montré également que le succès de la colonisation pouvait résider également dans une production de graines plus tolérantes vis-àvis de la contamination.Par ailleurs, l analyse de transects au sein même de la friche industrielle d Homécourt, site d une ancienne cokerie, a apporté des éléments de réponse supplémentaires. Les résultats font apparaître une relation entre les descripteurs des communautés (richesse spécifique et indice de diversité de Shannon-Weaver) et les concentrations en Cd et Hg du sol. Par ailleurs, chez les espèces présentes le long des transects (Arrhenaterum elatius, Euphorbia cyparissias ou Tanacetum vulgare), les mesures des défenses antioxydantes et des teneurs en phytochélatines attestent d un stress lié à l exposition métallique. Toutefois, l abondance de ces espèces ne s est pas révélée être liée aux niveaux de contamination du sol. Il en résulte de des perspectives intéressantes en ce qui concerne les applications environnementales de ces résultats
We studied the revegetation of an industrial wasteland soil polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Different approaches were chosen in order to characterize the first steps of a plant succession and to elucidate the cellular mechanisms involved in plant metal tolerance. Experiments on plots filled with a soil collected from the former coke factory site of Neuves-Maisons (54, France) highlighted the importance of soil seed banks and seed rains in the establishment of a pioneer community on a polluted soil. The study of the plots flora allowed us to prove that the pioneer community, essentially composed of annuals and biannuals during the first year, was gradually colonized by perennials and clonal plants which dominated the second successionnal year. In addition, the comparison of communities established on control and polluted soil suggested a soil phytotoxicity leading to losses of species richness and diversity. Nevertheless, such differences seemed to decrease progressively during the succession process. At last, in the species that survived and grew in the polluted soil, leaf antioxidant enzymes responded, confirming their putative crucial role in the colonization success of these species. However, we showed that this success could also be due to a production of seeds more tolerant toward soil contaminants. Moreover, the study of transects in the industrial wasteland of Homecourt (54, France), a former coke factory site, gave supplementary data, highlighting the relationship between community descriptors (species richness, Shannon-Weaver s diversity indice) and soil Cd and Hg concentrations. Moreover, for the species present along the transects (Arrhenaterum elatius, Euphorbia cyparissias or Tanacetum vulgare), the measurements of antioxidants defences and phytochelatin levels revealed a metallic stress. Nevertheless, the abundance of the species was not related to soil pollutant concentrations. The possible environmental applications of these results will be also discussed

À l’heure actuelle, la contamination des sols est une problématique majeure. En France, un peu plus de 10 045 sites et sols pollués ont été recensés à la mi-2022. D’après une étude de 2018, les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) étaient responsables de cette pollution à hauteur de 14% et 23%, respectivement. La pollution des sols a un impact significatif sur la biodiversité des écosystèmes et la santé humaine. Dans le cadre des politiques d’urbanisation et d’une « zéro artificialisation nette » des sols, la restauration des friches industrielles présente un grand interêt, mais la dépollution de sols co-contaminés en HAP et ETM reste un défi. La mycoremédiation, procédé utilisant les capacités naturelles de souches fongiques afin d’éliminer ou de transformer certains polluants présents dans une matrice environnementale, suscite un intérêt grandissant de par la résistance de certaines souches fongiques à la co-contamination et à leur capacité à coloniser les sols par leur réseau mycélien. Ces travaux de thèse ont permis d’amorcer le développement de nouveaux outils analytiques pour l’analyse des HAP et de certains métabolites oxygénés (cétones, quinones, hydroxylés) de manière semi-automatisée par thermodésorption couplée à la GC-MS/MS en tandem. Une nouvelle méthode, utilisant un polymère de cyclodextrine, a été appliquée pour évaluer la bioaccessibilité des HAP dans le sol industriel d’étude. Une étude en microcosmes de sol d’une durée de 6 mois a permis d’exclure l’utilisation de la souche modèle Absidia cylindrospora pour la mycoremédiation du sol étudié : les fortes concentrations et disponibilités de certains ETM (Pb, Cu, Zn), la très faible bioaccessibilité des HAP, n’ont pas permis à la souche fongique de contribuer significativement à la biodégradation des HAP. De nouvelles souches fongiques ont été isolées à partir du sol industriel. Une souche indigène de Penicillium annulatum résistante aux Cu, Pb et Zn et capable de biodégrader les HAP a été sélectionnée pour une étude à plus grande échelle, en bac pouvant contenir 2 kg de sol. Après inoculation sur un support solide original, un développement fongique important a été observé dans le sol ainsi que la dégradation significative des polluants organiques (en moyenne 22% pour les HAP et 33% pour les polychlorobiphényles (PCB)) en moins de 4 mois
Soil contamination is a major issue today. In France, over 10,045 polluted sites and soils had been identified by mid-2022. According to a 2018 study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals (TMEs) were responsible for 14% and 23% of this pollution, respectively. Soil pollution has a significant impact on the biodiversity of ecosystems and human health. In the context of urbanisation policies and ‘zero net artificialisation’ of soils, the restoration of brownfield sites is of great interest, but the decontamination of soils co-contaminated with PAHs and TMEs remains a challenge. Mycoremediation, a process that uses the natural capacities of fungal strains to eliminate or transform certain pollutants present in an environmental matrix, is attracting growing interest due to the resistance of certain fungal strains to co-contamination and their ability to colonise soils through their mycelial network. This thesis work led to the development of new analytical tools for the semi-automated analysis of PAHs and certain oxygenated metabolites (ketones, quinones, hydroxylates) using thermodesorption coupled with tandem GC-MS/MS. A new method, using a cyclodextrin polymer, was applied to assess the bioaccessibility of PAHs in the industrial studied soil. A 6-month study in soil microcosms ruled out the use of the model strain Absidia cylindrospora for the mycoremediation of the studied soil: the high concentrations and availability of certain TMEs (Pb, Cu, Zn) and the very low bioaccessibility of PAHs meant that the fungal strain could not make a significant contribution to PAH biodegradation. Then new fungal strains were isolated from the industrial soil. An indigenous strain of Penicillium annulatum, resistant to Cu, Pb and Zn and capable of biodegrading PAHs, was selected for a larger-scale study, in a container that could hold 2 kg of soil. After inoculation thanks to an original solid support, significant fungal growth was observed in the soil, as well as significant degradation of organic pollutants (22% for PAHs and 33% for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on average) in less than 4 months

La phytoextraction est l'utilisation de plantes hyperaccumulatrices pour retirer les métaux toxiques des sols. La thèse était destinée à connaitre le comportement et l'aptitude à extraire les métaux d'un hyperaccumulateur de Zn/Cd, Thlaspi caerulescens, sur différents sols pollués et d'évaluer sa réponse à des pratiques agronomiques. Des semences provenant de deux sites métallifères ont été semées sur divers matériaux pollués et la biomasse et minéralomasse métallique mesurées. Des profils de sols ont été reconstitués en rhizotrons et le développement du système racinaire et les changements de pH rhizosphérique déterminés. La réponse des plantes à la fertilisation N et P et à la présence de plantes compagnes a été étudiée. Des essais en plein champ ont été installés sur un sol agricole recevant une boue urbaine contaminée et sur un sol industriel présentant une pollution organo-minérale. Les résultats montrent que T. Caerulescens peut s'installer sur des matériaux très différents du support d'origine comme une terre agricole, une boue et des terres industrielles. Un niveau de Zn biodisponible trop faible limite la croissance de la plante et augmente le prélèvement de Pb et Cd. Suivant son origine, la plante peut prélever jusqu'a 23 000 mg Zn kg-1 et 2 100 mg Cd kg-1 ms. La fertilisation P a peu d'effet sur la croissance et diminue la phytoextraction. La fertilisation N augmente la production de biomasse et l'extraction des métaux malgré une baisse de la concentration du métal dans les tissus des plus grandes plantes inferieure à celle attendue par l'effet de dilution. Le système racinaire s'installe préférentiellement et montre des changements de morphologie dans les zones polluées ou des variations de pH sont observées. Au champ, les plantes se développent sur sol agricole et industriel dans les conditions climatiques de la lorraine et répondent à la présence de boues par un accroissement de la production de biomasse et du prélèvement des métaux. Des simulations montrent une extraction significative des métaux des sols accompagnée d'une réduction des pools de métaux facilement extractibles. En conclusion, la phytoextraction des métaux avec des hyperaccumulateurs choisis peut être fortement améliorée par des pratiques agronomiques adaptées qui favorisent la production de biomasse sans réduire l'extraction des métaux.

La gestion des sites industriels pollués constitue aujourd'hui un enjeu important. De points noirs isolés, les sites industriels pollués sont devenus l'objet d'une politique nationale. Le choix des objectifs de traitement d'un site et des techniques de traitement appropriées nécessite la prise en compte d'un grand nombre de critères parfois conflictuels, sur le plan environnemental notamment. Mais le cas des sites industriels pollués est surtout emblématique du double processus d'appropriation-désappropriation qui accompagne nos activités techniques. Le site pollué est une forme de « désappropriation » héritée des activités passées. Le traitement, s'il permet une « réappropriation » du site, implique en contrepartie une exploitation des ressources naturelles lors de sa mise en œuvre. Il est aujourd'hui nécessaire de disposer de méthodes susceptibles de contrôler ce phénomène d'appropriation-désappropriation. L'ACY, dont l'objectif est d'évaluer l'ensemble des impacts environnementaux liés au cycle de vie d'un produit ou d'un service paraît a priori adéquate. Mais une analyse critique plus précise de cette méthode montre qu'elle ne permet pas d'évaluer les impacts environnementaux des systèmes techniques. Après avoir levé ce que nous appelons le paradoxe de l'ACY, nous en proposons une nouvelle lecture et montrons qu'elle constitue un outil d'amélioration de la productivité des ressources naturelles et qu'en ce sens elle peut être utilisée dans une procédure plus générale de contrôle des techniques. Enfin, afin d'illustrer notre propos, nous concluons par une application de l'ACY au choix d'une technique de traitement d'un site pollué par du soufre
The management of industrial polluted sites is a major issue. From isolated problems, polluted sites are now the subject of a national policy. More particularly from an environmental viewpoint, the choice of the objective of the treatment and the selection of suitable treatment techniques need to take into account a lot of conflicting criteria. But the case of industrial polluted sites is, above all, an illustration of the double process of « appropriation-disappropriation » which characterises any technical activity. The polluted site is a form of« disappropriation » inherited from past activities. On one hand, the treatment allows an « appropriation » of the site but, on the other hand, it induces an exploitation of natural resources which can be considered as a « disappropriation » process. We need methods to control this « appropriation-disappropriation » process. Life cycle assessment, which aims at assessing environmental impacts on the life cycle of products, seems to suit properly. But a more precise analysis of the method shows that it cannot assess environmental impacts of technical systems. We have called this phenomenon «the paradox of life cycle assessment ». We have suppressed this paradox and proposed. A new interpretation of the method, showing that it is a good tool for improving the productivity of natural resources. LCA can be used in a more general procedure for the control of the development of technical activities. We conclude with an illustration of the use of LCA for the choice of the treatment of a site polluted by sulphur

Dans un contexte où les préoccupations environnement-santé sont croissantes à l’échelle globale. Améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de biodisponibilité et d’(éco)toxicité des polluants métalliques persistants est un enjeu prioritaire, notamment en raison de leur omniprésence observée dans les écosystèmes en relation avec leur compartimentation et spéciation . Le ver de terre est utilisé pour évaluer la qualité des sols ; de plus cet organisme du sol de par ses activités de bioturbation a une influence sur les cycles biogéochimiques. Des tests d’écotoxicité en conditions contrôlées sur vers de terre ont donc été réalisés avec différents sols et espèces de vers. Puis une étude d’impact sur les communautés de vers a été effectuée sur un site pollué présentant un gradient de concentration. L’influence de la bioturbation du ver sur la phytodisponibilité des polluants a été étudiée grâce à des expériences en mésocosmes. Finalement, des mesures de bioaccessibilité des polluants ont été réalisées in vitro sur des sols et végétaux pollués dans différents contextes : friches industrielles, jardins potagers, terrain de sport. L’objectif étant d’étudier le lien entre biodisponibilité pour l’homme, caractéristiques des sols et contexte de pollution. Deux approches complémentaires ont été développées : recherche scientifique liés aux mécanismes et développement d’outils, de procédures pratiques utilisables par les gestionnaires et évaluateurs de risques. L’écotoxicité des métaux et métalloïdes (notés ETM) sur les vers de terre n’est pas simplement régie par leurs concentrations totales, mais dépend fortement des caractéristiques physico-chimiques des sols. Par ailleurs, l’analyse des communautés de ver de terre présentes sur un site contaminé permet d’évaluer la qualité des sols puisqu’on constate un impact sur les l’abondance, la diversité et le taux de juvénile des vers. De plus, la bioturbation du ver de terre augmente significativement la biodisponibilité des ETM pour les plantes potagères telles que la laitue. Finalement, la bioaccessibilité humaine des ETM est régi par de nombreux facteurs liés en particulier au contexte de pollution. Cette fraction bioaccessible des ETM est directement responsable de leur cytotoxicité sur les cellules intestinales. Ces différents résultats ont été complétés par des études mécanistiques (IR, EXAFS, XANES, µ-XRF)
In a context where environmental health concerns are globally increasing. Improve understanding of the mechanisms and bioavailability (eco) toxicity of persistent metals pollutants is a priority, especially because of their observed omnipresence in ecosystems in relation to their compartmentation and speciation. The earthworm is used to assess soil quality; moreover this soil organism through its bioturbation activities affects biogeochemical cycles. Ecotoxicity tests under controlled circumstances on earthworms have been conducted with different soils and worms’ species. Then an impact study on earthworms’ communities was conducted on a polluted site showing a concentration gradient. The influence of earthworms’ bioturbation on phytoavailability of pollutants was studied through experiments in mesocosms and Rhizotest. Finally, in vitro measures of pollutants bioavailability were performed on polluted soils and plants in different contexts: brownfields, gardens, sports field. The objective is to study the link between bioavailability for humans, soil characteristics, context of pollution and toxicity. Two complementary approaches have been developed: scientific research related to the mechanisms and development of tools, practical procedures which could be used by managers and risk assessors. Ecotoxicity of metals and metalloid (denoted ETM) on earthworms is not simply governed by their total concentrations, but strongly depends on the physico-chemical characteristics of soils. Furthermore, analysis of earthworm communities from a contaminated site can evaluate the quality of soil since seen an impact on the abundance, diversity and rate of juvenile worms. In addition, earthworms’ bioturbation significantly increases the bioavailability of ETM for vegetable plants such as lettuce. Finally, the human bioaccessibility of ETM is governed by many factors, in particular the context of pollution. The bioaccessible fraction of ETM is directly responsible for their cytotoxicity on intestinal cells. These results were complemented by mechanistic studies (IR, EXAFS, XANES, μ-XRF)

Le sol est une ressource non renouvelable à conserver en raison de son importance socio-économique et environnementale. Mais, les activités (bio)industrielles peuvent le dégrader et entraîner l'apparition de friches à pollutions persistantes. La capacité de Miscanthus x giganteus à s'adapter aux sols de friches pollués en éléments traces métalliques (ETM), tout en favorisant la consolidation des processus de bioremédiation des polluants, sans entraîner d'impact négatif sur l'environnement, est étudiée. Des terrains lorrains, très impactés par l'activité industrielle passée, sont utilisés. Considérant la complexité des relations sol-plante-microorganismes, différents outils d'évaluation complémentaires (i.e. in vitro, en mésocosme et sur le terrain) sont employés afin de déterminer la réponse de chaque composante et de leurs interactions et ainsi déduire la durabilité de la méthode. La culture de M. x giganteus a un potentiel pour la réhabilitation des sols de friche à pollutions multimétalliques ou mixtes (+HAP), avec un double bénéfice : la phytostabilisation des ETM au niveau racinaire et la production d'une biomasse aérienne revalorisable (transfert limité des ETM). La plante n'altère pas les caractéristiques du sol qui participent à la mobilité des ETM (pH, CEC) ; les variations de celles liées à la fertilité du sol, de la toxicité (fraction liquide) et de l'accumulation des ETM par d'autres organismes, attestent de l'interaction avec le milieu qui rendrait les éléments plus disponibles. L'activité végétale est à l'origine des associations avec les bactéries du sol, où les phylotypes potentiellement métallorésistants (Zn, Cr) semblent communs aux sols utilisés
Soil is a nonrenewable resource to maintain because of its socio-economic and environmental importance. However, (bio)industrial activities can degrade soil and cause the appearance of persistent pollution brownfields. The ability of Miscanthus x giganteus to adapt to brownfield soils polluted with heavy metals (HM), while promoting the consolidation process of bioremediation of polluants, without causing a negative impact on the environment, is studied. Soils from Lorraine region (France), very affected by past industrial activity, are used. Considering the complexity of soil-plant-microorganisms relationships, various complementary assessment tools (i.e. in vitro,mesocosm and field) are used to determine the response of each component and their interactions, and thus deduce the sustainability of the method. The culture of M. x giganteus has great potential for rehabilitation of brownfield soils having a multimetallic pollution or mixed (+PAH) with a double benefit: phytostabilisation of HM at the root level and the production of biomass reclaimable (limited transfer of HM). The plant does not alter the characteristics of the soil involved in the mobility of HM (pH, CEC) ; but changes from those related to soil fertility, toxicity (liquid fraction) and the accumulation of HM by other organisms attest to the interaction of the plant with the elements that would make them more available. Plant's activity is causing associations with soil bacteria, for which the phylopes potentially métalloresistants (Zn, Cr) seem common in soils used

L'objectif était d'étudier la mobilité des HAP contenus dans un sol industriel pollué. Après une caractérisation physico-chimique du sol, les différentes expériences de lixiviations menées sur ce sol ont montré que la mobilité des polluants concernait à la fois les polluants sous forme dissoute et sous forme particulaire. Malgré une pollution massive du sol, le relargage des HAP sous forme dissoute est très limité en particulier pour des températures voisine de 15°C. Par contre le relargage devient significatif lorsque la fraction particulaire est prise en compte. Tandis que le relargage de la fraction dissoute est régulier dans le temps, le relargage particulaire n'est que temporaire : il apparaît lorsque la force ionique de la solution lixiviante est suffisamment faible et se termine quand le potentiel de HAP particulaires du sol est épuisé
The aim of this work was to study the mobility of PAH contained in a polluted industrial soil. After having established the physical and chemical features of the soil, the various lixiviation tests have revealed that both dissolved and particulate pollutants were concerned by the mobility of PAH. In spite of a heavy pollution of the soil, the release of dissolved PAH is limited particularly when the temperature during lixiviation is about 15°C. On the opposite, the release is quite significant when the particulate part is taken into account. The study revealed that the release of the dissolved part is regular, even with time whereas is temporary. It occurs when ionic strength of the leaching is low enough and it ends when there is no more particulate PAH in the soil

Abstract Stream pollution from human sewage is one of the oldest types of pollution, yet is pervasive today in both highly industrialized and less-developed nations. Pollutants include microbial pathogens, nutrients, suspended solids, BOD, pharmaceuticals, and other compounds. In this chapter the design of wastewater treatment plants is explained, what is treated and what isn’t, and results of failures described. Some human waste is treated by septic systems, which may operate well in proper circumstances but are sources of groundwater and surface water pollution where soils are porous and the water table high. Industrial-scale livestock production is a large source of stream pollution (microbial, nutrient, BOD) in selected areas, because the concentrated animal waste receives minimal treatment (often in waste lagoons) and is discharged into the air and/or onto surrounding soils. The waste pollutes streams from surface runoff, from groundwater movement through porous soils, and by atmospheric deposition of ammonia and fecal microbes.

For most of two centuries, the United States was a nation of small farms and many farmers, raising much of their own food along with one or more cash crops and livestock for local markets. Today, farms run by families of weatherbeaten farmers, pie-baking farm wives, and earnest 4-H offspring are disappearing. Americans live on supermarket or take-out food, mostly produced on extensive, highly mechanized and chemical-dependent industrial-scale “conventional” farms, raising single-crop monocultures or single-breed livestock. The larger farms cover tens of thousands of acres, too much for single families to manage. It is not agriculture, but agribusiness— an industry run by corporations. Conventional industrial agriculture is highly productive, and supermarket food is cheap. So why should anyone worry about growing food with chemical fertilizers, expensive equipment, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals? The reasons, acknowledged even by the industry, are that agribusiness “saddles the farmer with debt, threatens his health, erodes his soil and destroys its fertility, pollutes the ground water and compromises the safety of the food we eat.” Croplands presently encompass some 57 million acres in the 11 western states (table 2.1). Giant plantations consume huge amounts of natural resources—soil, fertilizers, fuels, and water. Synthetic fertilizers keep overused soils in production, until they become too salty (salinated) and must be abandoned. Industrial farming has taken over large areas of wildlife habitat, including forest, scrub, desert, or prairie, to replace degraded croplands. The clearings and massive pesticide applications threaten or endanger large and increasing numbers of plant and animal species in the western United States. Pesticide exposures sicken family farmers and agribusiness workers in the fields, and add environmental poisons to our diet. Pesticides and other problematic agricultural chemicals accumulate in our bodies. Agribusiness consumes especially huge amounts of increasingly costly, nonrenewable petroleum. “Every single calorie we eat is backed by at least a calorie of oil, more like ten” to run fleets of immense plowing, planting, cultivating, harvesting, and processing machines, plus countless irrigation pumps. Growing a pound of American beef consumes half a gallon of petroleum. A top executive of the giant agriculture-chemical corporation Monsanto has admitted that “current agricultural technology is not sustainable.” High-tech agriculture, such as cloning and genetically modifying crops, does not help conventional agriculture become more sustainable.

Addressing environmental issues is related to the scientific, economic, social, and political issues of a particular country. Human impact on nature is increasingly strong to equal to the action of natural factors, resulting in an imbalance of forces between society and nature. Day by day, pollutants accumulate in some or other environmental object, some of which do not take part in the natural cycle and accumulate in the biosphere, causing adverse ecological consequences. Mining industry plays a special role in the formation of technogenic relief. The technogenic impact, unlike other anthropogenic factors, leads to the pollution of large areas of terrain and water resources and their complete transformation. A typical example of this is the area of development of the Chiatura manganese deposit, where the relief is subject to radical changes with complete destruction of the soil and vegetation cover. Manganese is mainly mined by open-pit method, while the Kvirila River is constantly polluted during ore dressing. The content of manganese ore in the River is 10 to 12%. The waste rock accumulated following ore mining have formed hills, short ridges and embankments with the relative heights of over 10-30 m. However, sometimes, the relative heights of the hills and ridges formed by the accumulation of waste rocks on landfills exceeds 100 m. Their erosive processes pose additional risks of environmental pollution. The dispersion of chemical elements during the production process is often uncontrolled. As a result, technogenic aerosols may be released into the atmosphere, and soils, open water bodies, and rivers may be polluted by industrial wastes. The field and laboratory studies have established that, along with manganese, other heavy metals such as copper, nickel, zinc, and others pollute the environment.