Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Lessivage'
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Van, Den Bogaert Romain. "Analyse des mécanismes du lessivage des argiles dans les sols par des approches expérimentales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4315/document.
Full textClay translocation is a widespread process of particle transfer from a surface eluviated horizon to a deeper illuviated horizon. Nevertheless, a number of gaps persist in understanding this process. We therefore investigated: the water flow processes in the active porosity, the effect of rain-interrain cycles on the retention of particles, and the consequences of physical and chemical disturbances of the soil solution on the stability of soil particles in suspension. To address these issues, we have made the choice of a laboratory reductionist approach coupled with modern analytical methods, poorly used in soil science. As a model materials, we used undisturbed luvisol E horizons and natural clay particles extracted from these horizons. We show experimentaly for the first time that macroporous preferential flow consist in rivulets. Our work also provides a first step towards estimating the water-soil specific surface area. We show that particle retention occurs in the matrix close to active macropores, the thickness of the concern matrix being a function of the interrain duration. Finally we have shown that the variations of the calcium concentration and pH of the soil solution, subsequent to the infiltration of rain water into the pores, cause a change in the arrangement of the particles in the soil suspension on a timescale corresponding to the duration of a rainfall event
Thevenot, Mathieu. "Influence de matières organiques exogènes dissoutes sur le lessivage du diuron en sols viticoles acide et calcaire." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS014.
Full textThe influence of several different composts on diuron leaching through vineyard soils was studied. Experiments showed that exogenous organic matter sometimes increases diuron leaching, due to the increase in DOM content in solution. Diuron-DOM interactions are explained by the formation of hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. This result was confirmed when using undisturbed soil columns. In the laboratory, diuron leaching increases through an amended sandy soil from Beaujolais, but is either unmodified or decreases for a clay soil from Vosne-Romanée. The use of a model highlights the effect of soil structure on water flow conditions, with homogeneous transfers in most of the columns. In outdoor conditions after one year, increased diuron leaching is only observed for the Beaujolais soil after compost addition. The formation of mobile diuron-DOM complexes and/or competition between diuron and DOM for the soil adsorption sites could explain this increase. For both soils, the amount of diuron leached is not influenced by the nature and degree of maturity of the composts applied
Sauvageau, Guillaume. "Pratiques d'irrigation et lessivage en production de fraises en Californie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40133.
Full textCalifornia is the largest strawberry producing region in North America and this productionwould not be possible without irrigation. However, water resources are limited in thisregion and the water quality has become an issue in some growing areas due to nitrateleaching. Therefore, it appears essential to optimize the irrigation management to savewater and to limit the leaching of nutrients without decreasing fruit productivity. Previousworks have shown that maximum yield is obtained under wet irrigation managementconditions (i.e. irrigation being initiated when a soil matric potential threshold of -10 kPawas exceeded), but the water use efficiency (WUE) is not maximized. WUE could beimproved by using drier thresholds when the water need of the plant is lower.The first chapter aimed to compare different deficit irrigation strategies to wet managementand to conventional grower management. Significant increases in WUE were obtainedusing deficit irrigation compared to wet management (-10 kPa) without any significantimpact on fruit yield. However, deficit irrigation tended to decrease fruit yield by 0 to 3 %and given the high value of the strawberry product, it would be relevant to verify whetherthis trend of yield loss is confirmed. Moreover, using a predetermined soil water potentialthreshold to manage irrigation more efficiently could reduce the water leaching comparedwith conventional grower management as this technology allows a finer adjustment ofirrigation period and therefore limits the loss of water and nutrients beyond the root zone.The second chapter aimed to measure the impact of different irrigation strategies on soilsalinity and to determine whether the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil solution was anappropriate indicator to follow the concentration of nitrates in the soil. Different irrigationmanagements based on soil water potential were compared with irrigation managementbased on evapotranspiration (ET) and with conventional grower management. Nosignificant difference was observed among treatments on both sites, as all five irrigationstrategies resulted in a salinity build-up over the season, but winter rainfalls were sufficientto leach the salt accumulation from the root zone. Thus, tension-based deficit irrigationmanagement does not represent a risk of increasing the soil salinity. Furthermore, the ECof the soil turned out to be inadequate to assess the nitrate concentration in the soil sincethis ion did not have a great impact on the soil salinity compared with other ions naturallypresent in the soils investigated.
Gury, Michel. "Genèse et fonctionnement actuel des pseudogleys podzoliques sur terrasses alluviales, dans l'est de la France." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10507.
Full textMontagne, David. "Impact de la mise en culture et du drainage sur l’évolution récente des sols : cas des luvisols dégradés de l’Yonne." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2065.
Full textDousset, Sylvie. "Évaluation des potentialités de lessivage de la terbuthylazine et de l'atrazine dans trois sols de la région Centre." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_DOUSSET_S.pdf.
Full textAfes, Moussa. "Contribution à la détermination des paramètres de gonflement des sols, et étude de l’argile de Mila (Algérie) traitée à la chaux." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0046.
Full textThis work is the study of the expansive clay of Mila (Algeria). It is not aimed as resolving swelling problems which could take place in Algeria, but a working aid to help designers, contractors, etc. . . In decision making when conducting foundation projects in these areas. The first part of this work deals with literature review of swelling mechanisms, methods and measuring procedures as well as the stabilisation of clayey-soils. The second part quantifies the swelling phenomenon, the physical and mineralogical characteristics of treated and untreated expansive clay samples. Two new apparatus were developed, the first for monitoring the swelling kinetic and seepage, and for varying the hydration mode, the second for measuring the swelling pressure at a virtually constant volume under controlled volume of infiltration water. A study of swelling variation with : time, thickness, hydration mode, applied stress, clods size and infiltration water volume was conducted on untreated clay samples. However; studied of treated clay were carried out on the variation of swelling with : lime percentage, time of treatment, conservation mode, moisture, and the evolution of the physical and mineralogical characteristics with he added lime percentage, time of treatment and sodium carbonate percentage. Finally, the problem of retained lime after leaching was also treated
Landry, David. "Dynamique du transfert vertical d'herbicides en sols viticoles calcaires : approche à l'aide de colonnes de sol." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS024.
Full textNechi, Chaima. "Impact de la fertilisation potassique sur le lessivage du potassium sous culture de pomme de terre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26640.
Full textQuantification of nutrient movement from agricultural soils is important for both fertilizer and environmental management. This study evaluated the impact of potassium (K) fertilization on K leaching in relation to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) leaching under potato crop in sandy soils. From 2012 to 2014, two sites per year were established on loamy-sand textured soils near Quebec City. Soil series were Morin, Orleans and Saint-Nicolas. Each site included eight K treatments as a combination of rates and sources of KCl and Sul-Po-Mag with three replications. In 2012, the K was applied at four rates (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg K2O ha-1). In 2013 and 2014, another K rate was added (105 kg K2O ha-1) as well as three rates of calcium (15, 125, 250 kg Ca ha-1) applied as CaSO4. The soil solution was sampled biweekly from planting to harvest using suction lysimeters and the concentrations of K (SSK), Ca (SSCa) and Mg (SSMg) in the soil solution were measured. From 2012 to 2014, adding K fertilizers did not significantly influence the SSK except on specific dates. K leaching was higher at the beginning of the growing season, then it gradually decreased but increased at the end of the growing season until plant reached senescence stage. For all the sites, SSCa and SSMg were significantly influenced by the K treatments and the sampling period. The rate of K generally had no impact on the leaching of K in sandy soils but increased SSCa and SSMg leaching.
Matteau, Jean-Pascal. "Modélisation du lessivage de l'azote en grande culture en champ drainé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27897.
Full textAgricultural nitrogen fertilizer losses are among the main pollutants involved in water quality degradation in Quebec. Under maize crop, leached nitrate can reach up to 185 kg ha-1. Synchronizing nitrogen fertilization with crop uptake would be a way to optimize the use of nitrogen fertilizer and reduce nitrate leaching. The process-oriented modeling of the nitrogen cycle coupled with a soil water model could contribute to simplifying the optimisation of nitrogen fertilizer use. The objectives of this study were to: (1) to determine the most suitable soil surface empirical nitrate production model, (2) to couple this model with HYDRUS in order to predict nitrate leaching into subsurface drains, and (3) to evaluate the soil organic nitrogen contribution to nitrate leaching. In this study, we used nitrogen pools and transformations in governing mass balance equation. The equations were combined into 60 N-release patterns taking into account one dissolution function of nitrate, 4 transformation and dissolution functions for the ammonium, 5 organic nitrogen pools and 3 N organic nitrogen from the soil and manure release functions. These N release patterns were applied for a mineral fertilizer treatment and four organic fertilizer treatments for a total of 300 unique nitrate release patterns. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the methodological framework to evaluate the contributions of nitrogen based on atmospheric data, crop rotation or soil particle size. The prediction method must be different if the fertilizer applied to the plot is organic or mineral. In addition, the study showed that the soil organic nitrogen contribution tends to decrease as the organic fertilizer application rates increases. The simulations also showed that the nitrate masses leached are closely related to the fertilizer supply nitrogen content.
Briand, Olivier. "Influence des facteurs environnementaux et des pratiques agricoles sur les variations spatio-temporelles des niveaux de contamination de l'atmosphère par les pesticides." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10077.
Full textBoutouil, Mohamed. "Traitement des vases de dragage par solidification/stabilisation à base de ciment et additifs." Le Havre, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LEHA0010.
Full textFaivre, Pierre. "Lessivage et planosolisation dans les séquences de sols caractéristiques des milieux intrandins de Colombie (Amérique du sud)." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN1A002.
Full textFaivre, Pierre. "Lessivage et planosolisation dans les séquences de sols caractéristiques des milieux intrandins de Colombie, Amérique du Sud." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616688x.
Full textClément, Chedzer-Clarc. "Lessivage des nitrates en fonction de la fertilisation azotée dans la pomme de terre irriguée et non irriguée au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69907.
Full textNitrogen (N) management and irrigation are important factors affecting yield and N losses through nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of N fertilization (rate and source) on total (TY) and marketable (MY) yields, in-season NO3-N leaching, and residual soil NO3-N (RSN) for potatoes grown on sandy soils under two irrigation regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated). Two field experiments were conducted to compare split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) products at several N rates during five (2008-2012) and three (2013-2015) years, respectively. The results showed that there was no benefit from additional water by irrigation when water deficits were low. Irrigation increased in-season NO3-N leaching by 52% but had no effect on TY and MY. Results from the 3-year field experiment showed that TY and MY response to N fertilization were not significant when soil N supplied by soil N mineralization was high. However, increasing the fertilizer N rate increased in-season NO3-N leaching and RSN. A single application of PCU resulted in similar TY and MY as split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers at equivalent N rates. Results from both field experiments suggest that the potential of PCU to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching may vary according to rainfall distribution and irrigation timing due to the N-release characteristics of the PCU. Application of PCU at planting was an effective strategy to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching when there was significant rainfall during the period between planting and hilling. The results also indicated that PCU+urea applied at planting may reduce TY and MY compared to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers due to excessive vegetative growth and delayed tuber initiation. Furthermore, PCU+urea increased in-season NO3-N leaching relative to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers applied at equivalent N rates. Residual soil NO3-N was an effective index of the potential soil NO3-N losses in the non-growing season, as overwinter NO3-N losses were generally higher with greater RSN. The results indicated that a single application of PCU, alone or mixed with a conventional soluble N fertilizer at planting increases the risk of NO3-N leaching in the non- growing season in comparison to conventional soluble N fertilizers. The overall results suggest that reducing the fertilizer N rate is more important than the choice of N sources to minimize NO3-N leaching from potato production.
Quénard, Laurence. "Analyse d'un processus pédogénétique par une approche expérimentale : le lessivage des argiles dans le sol." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703478.
Full textLeviel, Bruno. "Évaluation des risques et maîtrise des flux d'azote au niveau d'une parcelle agricole dans la plaine roumaine et bulgare : application aux cultures de mai͏̈s, blé, colza et betterave." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT021A.
Full textQuérel, Arnaud. "Lessivage de l'atmosphère par la pluie : approche microphysique." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859330.
Full textChaouechi, Ameni. "Lixiviation du potassium sous culture de pomme de terre irriguée en sol sableux : impact des engrais azotés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25452.
Full textBergeron, Piette Eliane. "Pertes d'eau et de solutés durant l'irrigation de laitues romaines en sols organiques : comparaison de méthodes d'évaluation et impacts sur les rendements." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22405.
Full textOndo, Zue Abaga Norbert. "Efficacité du vétiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) pour limiter la dispersion de trois micropolluants dans les sols cotonniers et maraîchers du Burkina Faso : endosulfan, cuivre et cadmium." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00761070.
Full textCheloufi, Hamid. "Étude du devenir de fertilisants azotés minéraux dans quatre types de sols cultivés Lorrains : conséquences agronomiques et écologiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL069N.
Full textNdongo, Bekolo. "Lessivage et distribution spatio-temporelle du linuron et de l'imidaclopride dans les sols sableux sous culture de pomme de terre, Solanum tuberosum, à Portneuf, Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ47581.pdf.
Full textMathieu, Daniel. "Apport des isotopes à vie moyenne de l'uranium et du thorium, du 210 pb dans l'étude de l'altération latéritique : l'exemple des pédogenèses sur roche basique (bassin du Parana) et sur roche acide (massif de Pitinga), Brésil." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30068.
Full textAl, Rajab Abdul Jabbar. "Impact sur l'environnement d'un herbicide non sélectif, le glyphosate : approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL039N/document.
Full textThe main processes and factors which influence glyphosate fate in soils and the risks of water resources contamination were studied. Its adsorption in the soils was very fast and intense (Kf between 16.6 to 34.5 depending on the soil) and the effect of pH on this process was confirmed: adsorption decreases when soil pH increased. In addition, glyphosate was slightly desorbed and its degradation in controlled or natural conditions was fast, but its kinetics was very variable according to the biological activity of the soils. Degradation led to the formation of the metabolite (AMPA), which tends to accumulate in the soil. The experimentation in columns of different soils confirmed the low mobility of the glyphosate and the AMPA. The residues exported by the leachates after more than 332 days represented less than 0.28% of the amount applied. The hydrodynamic properties of the soil and the pluviometry observed had a significant effect on the leaching of the residues
Bossy, Angélique. "Origines de l’arsenic dans les eaux, sols et sédiments du district aurifère de St-Yrieix-la-Perche (Limousin, France) : contribution du lessivage des phases porteuses d’arsenic." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/2e95ffd2-92b0-4376-aa7a-9206705f56ed/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4036.pdf.
Full textIn order to understand the pollution of waters in arsenic (As), it is important to know the biogeochemical processes involved in the transfer of this metalloid from the solid reservoir to waters. The aims were to evaluate (i) the contribution of As-rich solid phases weathering, from natural geochemical anomaly, through mineralogical characterization and (ii) the abiotic and biotic mobilization of As during hydrological monitoring and laboratory experiments. The soil profile showed a decrease of As bulk content during pedogenesis. Mineralogical characterization of the As-bearing phases showed an evolution in the soil profile from arsenates (Ba-rich pharmacosiderite) in the bedrock and the 135-165 cm soil horizon into Fe-oxyhydroxides (goethite, hematite and ferrihydrite) less and less rich in As towards the soil surface. The monitoring of dissolved As in the aqueous compartment showed the contribution of ground-, wetland and mine waters, runoff and soil solutions (in the surface horizons) to surface water pollution. Indeed, in situ monitoring of dissolved As in soil solutions showed a higher As release in the 0-5 cm soil horizon (25-119 μg. L-1) than in the deep soil horizons (6-56 μg. L-1), suggesting that As-bearing phases were less and less stable during pedogenesis. In addition to the physico-chemical mobilization, this study showed the influence of bacterial activity on As speciation in the waters of watershed, with the dissolved As(III) release before the Fe(II) in the groundwaters
Benlamlih, Fatima Zahra. "Évaluation d'une nouvelle génération d'engrais enrobés pour diminuer le lessivage des éléments minéraux et réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (N2O)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36575.
Full textIn order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use and reduce the negative impact they have on the environment, the coating of conventional fertilizers with new biodegradable polymers is a promising solution.The objective of this study was to evaluate a new generation of fertilizers coated with novel biodegradable polymers. The homogeneity of coated fertilizer particles was slightly lower than that of conventional fertilizers. Biodegradable polymers are relatively soluble in water and do not inhibit the release of mineral elements. The kinetics of nutrient release in a peat substrate was however similar for both types of fertilizer. Two hours after application, Biodrix N released 34% less urea and N-urea than Ureia, but the difference disappeared after one day. The effect of coated fertilizers on the reduction of nitrate leaching and N₂O losses was evaluated under controlled conditions. Aminaex and Biodrix N reduced nitrate leaching by 41% and 54% compared to Ureia and delayed the peak of N₂O efflux by 10 days. On the other hand, the coating of the phosphorus did not reduce its leaching. Aminaex and Biodrix N had a longer N₂O emission period than Ureia, which increased the cumulative N₂O efflux emissions after 20 days for both coated fertilizers compared to Ureia. In conclusion, undercontrolled conditions, coating nitrogen fertilizers with biodegradable polymers hindered the instantaneous solubilization of urea, decreased nitrate leaching and reduced the peak of N₂O efflux.
Sauzet, Ophélie. "Quantification par approche micromorphologique couplée à de l’analyse d’images de l’effet de la mise en culture et de l’apport de matières organiques sur l’intensité et la dynamique des processus de lessivage et de bioturbation à l’échelle pluri décennale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA024/document.
Full textThe intensity at which soils provide ecosystem services are function of soil properties that permanently evolved according to numerous processes. Lessivage and bioturbation are of crucial importance as they imply the clay size fraction but are still poorly characterized. This study aims at i) developing a digital 2D image analysis method to quantify both processes intensity, ii) quantifying the effect of two centuries of continuous cultivation and of a decade of organic amendments spreading on their intensity, and iii) characterizing their dynamics. We succeeded in quantifying those processes by carefully considering different levels of soil organization while combining a colorimetric and a textural approach. The percentage volume of worm-worked soil since 10 000 to 15 000 years is 65% at 40 cm depth and between 20 and 30% at 150 cm depth that corresponds to a soil mass flow of 6 500 t.ha-1, i.e. 1 700 t.ha-1 of clay size fraction. Illuviation is responsible for a clay size fraction mass flow of 1 100 t.ha-1. On a time scale as short as two centuries, cultivation was found to induce i) a change of the soil poral network characteristics until 1 meter depth, ii) a modification of the structure of the worm-worked soil volume, and finally iii) an increase of the lessivage intensity. A decade of organic matter spreading tended to lower the intensity of lessivage. Finally, our study points out the fact that soils are highly reactive and that our method may be particularly helpful to predict soil evolution while facing climate change among others
Ben, Simon Rose. "Tests de lessivage acide de minerais d'uranium et modélisations géochimiques des réactions : application à la récupération minière in situ (ISR)." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00657386.
Full textBen, Simon Rose. "Tests de lessivage acide de minerais d'uranium et modélisations géochimiques des réactions : application à la récupération minière in situ (ISR)." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00657386.
Full textThe in situ Recovery (ISR) method consists of ore mining by in situ chemical leaching with acid or alkaline solutions. ISR takes place underground and is therefore limited to the analysis of the pumped solutions, hence ISR mine management is still empirical. Numerical modelling has been considered to achieve more efficient management of this process. Three different phenomena have to be taken into account for numerical simulations of uranium ISR mining: (1) geochemical reactions; (2) the kinetics of these reactions, and (3) hydrodynamic transport with respect to the reaction kinetics. Leaching tests have been conducted on ore samples from an uranium mine in Tortkuduk (Kazakhstan) where ISR is conducted by acid leaching. Two types of leaching experiments were performed: (1) tests in batch reactors; and (2) extraction in flow through columns. The assumptions deduced from the leaching tests were tested and validated by modelling the laboratory experiments with the numerical codes CHESS and HYTEC, both developed at the Géosciences research center of Mines ParisTech. A well-constrained 1D hydrogeochemical transport model of the ISR process at laboratory-scale was proposed. It enables to translate the chemical release sequence that is observed during experiments into a geochemical reaction sequence. It was possible to highlight the controlling factors of uranium dissolution, and the precipitation of secondary mineral phase in the deposit, as well as the determination of the relative importance of these factors
Laquerie, Nathalie. "Simulation numérique d'un écoulement diphasique multicomposant en milieu poreux." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10526.
Full textJagercikova, Marianna. "Kinetic quantification of vertical solid matter transfers in soils by a multi-isotopic approach." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4307/document.
Full textClay translocation is one of the major soil forming processes, howeverit is poorly quantified and modeled. We propose to quantify it togetherwith bioturbation by combining different isotopic systems (137Cs , 210Pb (xs),meteoric 10Be, 206/207Pb, δ13C, 14C) with numerical modeling based on a nonlineardiffusion-convection equation with depth dependent parameters. Thisnovel method has been applied on Luvisol anthroposequences developed onloess, differing by their land use (cropping versus grassland or forest) andtheir agricultural practices (reduced tillage, no tillage and manure input).Our results show that as much as 91 ± 9 % and 80 ± 9 % of 137Cs and10Be, respectively, are associated to the clay size fraction (0-2 µm) and canthus effectively trace vertical solid matter transfers in soils with pH > 5 andlow organic carbon. Lead partitioning between different solid phases is morecomplex. Considering two spatial distributions of isotopes (macropores or soilmatrix), we built up a multi-isotopic modelling approach that simulates theexperimental data with the common set of transfer parameters and allowedus to quantify the relative contributions of vertical solid matter transfers topresent-day 0-2 µm vertical distributions. Clay translocation is responsiblefor 9 to 66 % of the clay accumulations in the Bt-horizon. The diffusion coefficientalso quantifies the rate of soil mixing by bioturbation. Modeling of thekinetics of solid matter transfer at multiple spatio-temporal scales should becomea method of predilection in modern pedogenic and critical zone studies
Shumskykh, Mykyta. "Release of trace elements from contaminated sediments into surface waters during sediments dynamics : an experimental study." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4008.
Full textIn aquatic systems, most of trace metals (TM) are buried in sediments and then can be released according to chemical conditions and microbial activity occurring at the sediment-water interface. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of resuspension events (flood or maintenance operations for dam reservoir) on the mobility of some TM. Different batch experiment conditions were chosen to mimic those events: under oxic and anoxic conditions on raw sediments and on gamma-irradiated ones (“sterilized” one). The use of deionized water allowed maximizing the release process. Two sediment types issued from different contexts were selected: the Villerest dam reservoir (France) and the Xiang River (China). Long term experiments (30-day long) allowed identifying that organic matter degradation, microbial activity and alteration/dissolution of trace metal bearing phases were the main controlling factors. The gamma-irradiation did not sterilize sediments but only limited aerobic bacteria and enhanced anaerobic activity. The impact of such 24h resuspension event on reservoir waters and downstream biota is very limited as less than 1% of trace elements was released
Rakotovololona, Lucia. "Quantification expérimentale et modélisation de la production, des flux d'eau et d'azote en systèmes de culture biologiques." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0024.
Full textNowadays, in a context of global changes, addressing the interlinked challenges of food security and environmental impacts is fundamental for the sustainability of agricultural systems. Therefore, the thesis aimed to assess agronomic and environmental performances of organic systems, by coupling the experimental monitoring of a 35 organic fields network in the Northern region of France with modeling the soil-crop continuum, to better understand the underlying processes in water and nitrogen dynamics within those systems, and to promote a more sustainable management.Water drainage and nitrate leaching were assessed by coupling soil, crop and climate data within LIXIM model. Then we analyzed N leaching pattern under diverse organic arable fields to explain its main driving factors. Leaving aside the strong soil type effect and the importance of climatic conditions on drainage, the combination of previous crops and autumn field management appeared to be a key determinant of nitrate leaching in the studied organic systems, as they both drive the amount of soil mineral nitrogen before draining period and explain the position of nitrate in the soil profile. We also showed the dichotomous role of legumes as preceding crop in organic cropping systems and the poor performance of the standard catch crops, sown in late summer in this context.Yield gap of cereals was investigated using a deterministic modeling approach as a diagnosis tool, to contribute in improving the productivity of organic agriculture. The soil-crop model STICS was used to estimate the potential yields of each studied winter wheat and winter triticale crop fields in their given soil and climate conditions. Our results reasserted how nitrogen stress could explain a major part of the yield gap occurring in organic crops and outweigh biotic limiting factors impacts, for cropping systems relying on few or no manures for nitrogen supply.Lastly, we aimed to address the challenge of nitrogen supply in organic arable systems for a better nitrogen use efficiency and improved crop yields. We used the model STICS to simulate the impact of alternative nitrogen management practices by carrying out a numerical experiment in a participatory approach involving farmers, technical advisors and researchers. The findings emphasized the importance of crop succession design and management practices, particularly the implementation of catch crops and the timing of the destruction of perennial legume crops. Optimizing the farmer’s actual practices could then be possible, reducing the potential emissions of nitrogen via leaching or gaseous losses, without decreasing the nitrogen supply for the following crop.Organic arable cropping systems, within the studied soil, technics and climate contexts, can achieve agronomic performances combined with low environmental impacts, with well-managed nitrogen practices
Canton, Mathieu. "Dynamique des éléments biogènes dans le continuum fluvio-estuarien de la zone hydrologique d'influence du Bassin d'Arcachon." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13919/document.
Full textThe anthropized watersheds shift quickly and may disturb the ecosystems. Coastal ecosystems and coastal lagoons are highly sensitive to the amount and the quality of biogenic material originating from continents. The Arcachon lagoon (France South West) raises continental waters originating from a watershed of 3,000 km2 . Pine forestry cover the main surface area of the watershed since 150 years. Cornfields are appeared since 1970 and quickly increase. A solid waste disposal has been created near the littoral. The purpose of this PhD is to assess the global cycle of biogenic materials through the riverine and estuarine continuum. Land-use analyze by GIS, two years of monitoring and some studies of flood events and river continuum have permit to assess the flux of biogenic material and to build a transport model. The export rates depend of land-use and we assess the annual export rate to 45, 93, 2,850, and 61 kg N-Nitrate km-2 year -1 in forested parcel, deforested parcel, agricultural parcel and urban parcel respectively. The export is more efficiency at the beginning of flood events. However the groundwater may supply high amount of nitrogen in highly agricultural watershed. We have shown that a decrease of 10 % in fertilizer input to farming areas would probably reduce the annual flux of more than 50 %. A study based on hydrology, biogeochemistry and geophysics permit to understand the behavior of a contaminated plume originating from the waste disposal. The ammonium plume flows towards the lagoon at a velocity of 23 m year -1 whereas the chloride plume should flows at 50 m year -1. It highlights an efficiency attenuation of ammonium dispersion due to sorption in soil and nitrification. The plume needs about 100 years to reach the lagoon and nowadays the only way of dispersion is the drainage of contaminated groundwater by the river. This way permits an efficiency nitrification in the hyporheic zone and limits the flux of ammonium. Considering that the input of ammonium from the landfill is balanced by the present day output via the river, the residence time of ammonium in the aquifer is between 7 and 18 years. The integration of estuarine biogeochemistry has been realized for the first time. The survey of biogenic materials and organic matter emphasizes that estuaries are autotrophic at annual scale and decrease the nitrogen continental flux of about 30 %. But in autumn, the mineralization and nutrient recycling is observed. In the Arcachon lagoon, the estuaries have a negligible impact on phosphorus biogeochemistry contrary to the sediment
Mousset, Emmanuel. "Integrated processes for removal of persistent organic pollutants : soil washing and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes combined to a possible biological post-treatment." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1130/document.
Full textSoils contaminated by hydrophobic organic pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common concern since they are extremely difficult to remove and their potential toxicological impacts are significant. As an alternative to traditional thermal or physical treatments, soil washing and soil flushing processes appear to be conceivable and efficient approaches, especially for higher level of pollution. However, the treatment of highly loaded soil washing/flushing solutions is another challenge to overcome. In that way, a new integrated approach is suggested: soil washing/flushing processes combined to an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) in a combination with a recirculation loop (to save extracting agents) and/or a biological post-treatment step (to minimize energy cost).Extraction efficiency of the extracting agent like hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) is compared to the traditional non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 in synthetic and real soil washing solutions. A new simple fluorescent sensitive and selective quantification method is developed to monitor Tween 80 oxidation. Two EAOPs were compared: electro-Fenton (EF) and anodic oxidation (AO). Platinum (Pt) (in EF process) and boron doped diamond (BDD) (in both treatment) anodes are the respective electrodes employed to recycle effluents and to consider a biological post-treatment, respectively. Regarding the extracting agent recovery, the biodegradability evolution of effluent and the energy consumption (in kWh (kgTOC)-1) during EAOP, HPCD is more advantageous than Tween 80. However, in terms of extraction efficiency, costs of extracting agents and impact on soil respirometry, Tween 80 is much more efficient. By considering all these advantages and drawbacks, Tween 80 could still appear to be the best option
Maha, Chalhoub. "Effet de l'apport de composts sur la dynamique hydrique du sol, la disponibilité de l'azote pour la plante et le lessivage du nitrate : cas d'un sol limoneux cultivé du bassin parisien." Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784391.
Full textChalhoub, Maha. "Effet de l'apport de composts sur la dynamique hydrique du sol, la disponibilité de l'azote pour la culture et le lessivage du nitrate : cas d'un sol limoneux cultivé du Bassin parisien." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112244.
Full textThis research aimed at evaluating the effect of repeated application of different types of urban composts on the dynamics of water and nitrogen (N) in a cultivated loamy soil. We conducted a field study to quantify the impact of compost on soil water dynamics, solute transport and nitrogen leaching. Ln addition to the monitoring of soil water potential and water content using tensiometers and TDRs, a tracer study was carried out to evaluate the effect of a compost application on the transport of non-sorbing conservative solutes in soiI. The dynamics of nitrogen was evaluated by sampling destructively the soil to measure its mineral nitrogen content. The deterministic soil-crop model PASTIS was used to simulate the observed water and N dynamics. Compost application affected the soil water properties only in the upper tilled horizon by increasing its water holding capacity and reducing cumulative evaporation under high evaporative demand. This could be explained by the increase in soil organic matter content after 10 years of compost application. Simulated N fluxes showed that the application of urban composts increased nitrogen availability for plants. Compost with high biodegradability presented higher nitrogen release the year following its application, while composts with low biodegradability allowed long term availability of N after several years of compost application
Joly, François-Xavier. "Tree diversity and litter decomposition in European forests." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS215.
Full textForest ecosystems play a key role in regulating the global carbon (C) and nutrient cycles, and the ongoing erosion of biodiversity is susceptible to modify these ecosystem functions. Over the past two decades, a strong research effort was put into the understanding of how changing biodiversity impacts primary productivity. The reverse process of respiratory C loss during organic matter breakdown however, remained much less studied. In this PhD thesis, I aimed at teasing apart the different mechanisms of how tree and associated leaf litter diversity may affect litter decomposition in European forest ecosystems using three distinct approaches.First, using a network of forest plots with tree diversity gradients in six major forest types across Europe, I studied the effects of tree diversity on litter decomposition through (i) modifications of the decomposition environment and (ii) the direct consequences of leaf litter diversity, with two litterbag experiments. Across all sites, while tree species richness had only a limited effect, forest canopy closure affected decomposition positively by potentially improving microclimatic conditions. In addition, mean chemical and physical quality traits of the litterfall, and trait dissimilarity in leaf litter from different species influenced decomposer communities in a way that decomposition of the common substrates was predictable to a reasonable degree. Once these effects were accounted for, the quality of decomposing litter showed an additional, but comparatively small impact. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect effects of tree diversity on decomposition through microenvironmental controls are more important than the direct effects of the inherent quality of decomposing litter.With a second approach using microcosms under controlled-conditions, I aimed at assessing the role of soluble compounds leached from decomposing litter of different species for microbial-driven soil processes. Leachates from litter of broadleaved deciduous species differed in composition and quantity and induced stronger soil microbial respiration than those from litter of coniferous species. When the species-specific leachates were mixed, I observed non-additive mixing effects on soil microbial processes associated to the dissimilarity in leachate stoichiometry. Since leaching is the dominant process during the initial stage of decomposition, litter leachate identity and diversity may significantly contribute to the control of carbon and nutrient cycling.Finally, in a third approach my goal was to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the observed strong effects of soil detritivores on litter decomposition and diversity effects. I investigated whether the transformation of litter into feces by the detritivore Glomeris marginata stimulated microbial decomposers, and whether this stimulation depended on the quality of the ingested litter. Microbial activity was stimulated in feces derived from recalcitrant litter, but not in feces derived from litter of higher initial quality. In conclusion, the consequences of litter transformation into macroarthropod feces for microbial decomposers is litter species-specific which may further contribute to litter diversity effects.The data collected during my PhD thesis shows that the functional diversity of trees can affect litter decomposition through various mechanisms during different stages of decomposition. As a result of this complexity, the consequences of changes in biodiversity for the carbon and nutrient cycles in European forests can be substantial, but are presently difficult to predict and to generalize
Tshibanda, Kabumana Dieudonne. "Contribution à la recherche d'un modèle de gestion d'un passif envronnemental issu d'un traitement métallurgique des minerais sulfurés cuivre zinc en République Démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209618.
Full textPar contre, les autres rejets de la filière, en l’occurrence les rejets de flottation de Kipushi et les scories de fusion pour matte de cuivre, peuvent eux être acceptés en décharge de classe I, sans traitement préalable au regard des limites fournies par la même directive. Les procédés de lixiviation acide chaude et de digestion ont été proposés et retenus comme scénarios de gestion durable à appliquer à ces rejets Ex – UZK, car ils se réalisent tous deux en milieu acide sulfurique d’une part et d’autre part leur application et surtout leur faisabilité en République Démocratique du Congo reste possible ;en outre ils aboutissent à des nouveaux rejets contenant le fer sous forme d’hématite, pouvant être stocké aisément et durablement dans la nature, ce qui est conforme au principe du développement durable. Nous avons tenté de modéliser ces deux scénarios en discutant et comparant la circulation des flux de matière dans les deux procédés, d’abord autour de chaque opération métallurgique unitaire, et ensuite sur l’ensemble du procédé. Ainsi nous avons pu chiffrer tous les flux entrant et sortant dans le système étudié, en considérant 1000 kg de rejets Ex –UZK alimentés. Cette quantification nous a permis de comparer les coûts opératoires de ces deux procédés. Les résultats obtenus dans la présente étude sont encourageants et nous ont permis de formuler des recommandations pour les études ultérieures éventuelles dont les résultats pourront l’enrichir davantage, notamment sur les aspects technologiques, économiques et environnementaux, de manière à faciliter les applications sur terrain.
This work deals with environmental liabilities consisting of base metals pollution due to metallurgical processing of copper – zinc sulphide ores in Kipushi mine in Democratic Republic of Congo. The main objective of this work was to propose sustainable management scenarios for the most important environmental liabilities from metallurgical sector. For this purpose, liabilities were first identified on four metallurgical plants. Then, leaching tests with deionized water were carried out to assess the soluble fractions of base metals. These effluents were also classified according to the test described in european decision 2003-33-EC, which determines the conformity of waste to landfill. Ex – UZK effluents are the most dangerous from this sector, according to this directive, since the quantities of leached copper and zinc were far beyond the limits :they cannot be sent to class I landfill without prior metallurgical processing. However, other effluents like flotation wast and Lubumbashi slag originating from melting for copper matte, are acceptable without prior treatment. Hot acid leaching and digestion were proposed as sustainable management scenarios for to these Ex – UZK waste because :both can be performed in sulfuric acid and they are feasible in Democratic Republic of Congo. They also lead to an iron – rich waste consisting of hematite that can be stored easily and sustainably in nature, which is consistent with the principle of sustainable development. We have modeled these two scenarios by discussing and comparing the flows in both processes, first for each individual metallurgical unit process, and then for the whole chain of value. So we could assess all the inputs and outputs of the studied system, expressed per ton of Ex – UZK waste. The operating costs of both processes were calculated and compared. The results are encouraging. Recommendations were proposed for further studies, in order to investigate more deeply the technological, economical and environmental aspects, to facilitate the final application.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pallud, Céline. "Étude multi-échelles du fonctionnement hydrodynamique et microbiologique d'un sol soumis à un apport de solutés : application à l'ammonium et au 2,4-D." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10178.
Full textTrap, Jean. "Relations morphologie-cycle de l'azote au sein de l'épisolum humifère en futaie régulière pure de hêtre." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594180.
Full textTrap, Jean. "Relations morphologie-cycle de l'azote au sein de l'épisolum humifère en futaie régulière pure de hêtre." Phd thesis, Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES035.
Full textAutret, Bénédicte. "Quantification and modelling of carbon and nitrogen fate in alternative cropping systems experiments on the long term." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0023/document.
Full textAgricultural activities can lead to imbalanced carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics compared to natural terrestrial eco-systems, causing potential damages for soil, water and air quality. Among these prejudices, decreased soil C and N stocks, increased nitrate leaching in waters and gaseous N emissions towards the atmosphere are of a major concern. To reduce these environmental impacts, innovative and sustainable farming systems are promoted, such as low inputs cropping systems, “conservation” agriculture or organic farming. The objectives of this work were i) to quantify the long term impact of different alternative cropping systems on the fate of C and N in the soil-plantatmosphere system and ii) to simulate C and N dynamics with the agro-environmental model STICS. For this purpose, we studied three long-term field trials: the experiment of La Cage (France) established in 1998, the DOK (Switzerland) started in 1978 and the Foulum Organic (Denmark) established in 1998. The methodological approach combined experimentation and modelling. While La Cage trial enabled an in situ quantification of soil organic C and N storage, N leaching, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and greenhouse gas (GHG) balance in alternative cropping systems compared to conventional, the Swiss and Danish experiments were used for in silico estimation of the C and N fates in organic cropping systems, after adaptation of the STICS model, followed by calibration and evaluation of the model. Significant annual SOC and SON accumulation was found under conservation agriculture and organic farming at La Cage, whereas no significant change was observed in the low input and the conventional systems. No difference of specific SOC and SON mineralization rates was found between systems in vitro or in silico : we conclude that the higher C and N storage in soil observed in the conservation and organic systems was mainly driven by increased crop residues, rather than by the effect of no tillage practiced in conservation agriculture. The N surplus, i.e. the difference between N inputs and N exports at the field scale, varied widely between treatments. The fate of this N surplus also varied between systems with wide variations in SON storage and gaseous losses but no differences in N leaching. The cumulative N2O emissions measured continuously for three years were highly correlated with the calculated gaseous N losses (volatilization and denitrification), with higher losses in the conservation system. These calculations allowed establishing a full GHG balance. Therefore the four agricultural systems dissimilarly impacted the N fate, which could not be predicted by the N surplus alone. The GHG balance is a much better indicator of the environmental impact of cropping systems relative to C and N fluxes. In the Danish and Swiss experiments, the soil-crop model STICS was used to mimic crop production, N uptake and N surplus. The model was first adapted and evaluated to simulate organic farming systems. The model could satisfactorily simulate crop production, N uptake, N surplus and SON storage in the organic and conventional systems of these two longterm experiments. Model outputs suggested that the N fate could be contrasted according to fertilization and crop management, and that N losses were not systematically reduced in organic compared to conventional cropping systems. This study challenges the frequent belief that alternative cropping systems systematically improve the global C and N environmental impacts of agriculture
Mantilla, Morales Gabriela. "Modélisation des transferts de nitrates, confrontation des concepts, des données et des informations : application au bassin de la Charente." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00569426.
Full textMessaadia, Hocine. "Les facteurs d'inhibition de la régénération naturelle du hêtre (fagus sylvatica L. ) dans la forêt domaniale de Lyons (Haute-Normandie), influence de l'allélopathie et du mode de recyclage des litières forestières." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES041.
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