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1
Zaremski, Alba, Louis Gastonguay, Clara Zaremski, Fanny Chaffanel, Gaetan Le Floch, and Jacques Beauchêne. "Capacité des sols forestiers tropicaux de Guyane et de la Réunion à dépolluer les bois imprégnés de biocides." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 318, no. 318 (December 1, 2013): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2013.318.a20518.
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Le matériau bois a depuis longtemps fait l'objet de traitements fongicides ou insecticides dont l'impact sur les sols après lessivage constitue un réel problème écologique. À ce jour, l'essentiel des études sur la dégradation de ces produits toxiques a été mené à partir des micro-organismes isolés en laboratoire. La présente étude a cherché à affiner les connaissances concernant ces microorganismes, en particulier les champignons lignivores dégradant les polluants in situ, pour lesquels peu de données sont en fait disponibles. En vue de dépolluer des bois traités, la capacité des micro-organismes lignivores issus de sols forestiers tropicaux de la Guyane et de la Réunion pour dégrader des biocides toxiques a été évaluée. Il s'agit du pentachlorophénol (PCP) et des composés à base de cuivre chrome arsenic (CCA). Le suivi de la dégradation d'éprouvettes de pin rouge, Pinus resinosa, montre que le sol de Guyane est plus performant que celui de la Réunion en termes d'activité microbienne vis-à-vis de ces deux biocides. Une différence significative de la perte de masse des éprouvettes de pin rouge traitées au CCA et au PCP peut aller du simple au double (respectivement 18 % et 30 %). Ces résultats confirment que le CCA est moins lessivable et moins dégradable par les microorganismes de ces sols que le PCP. D'après le barème des pertes de masse en essais de laboratoire, ces bois ainsi traités seraient classés peu durables après trois ans de mise en contact avec le sol, alors que le traitement est prévu comme très durable.
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Roy, M., and D. Couillard. "Mobilité des métaux et risque de contamination des eaux lors de la valorisation sylvicole des boues de station d'épuration municipales au Québec : une revue." Revue des sciences de l'eau 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705291ar.
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La présence de métaux dans les boues municipales demeure l'obstacle majeure à leur valorisation comme fertilisant agricole ou forestier. L'utilisation des boues en milieu forestier diminue certes les risques de contamination de la chaîne alimentaire humaine. Cependant, nos connaissances sur le comportement à long terme des métaux ajoutés aux sols forestiers sont encore très limitées. Le risque de lessivage des métaux vers les écosystèmes aquatiques situés en aval des zones traitées doit être évalué. Cet article propose une comparaison des risques de contamination de l'eau selon que l'application des boues s'effectue en forêt ou en milieu agricole. Les concentrations de métaux dans les boues municipales, leurs formes et leur mobilité dans les sols amendés sont passées en revue. Et finalement, les normes québécoises qui ont été établies pour protéger le milieu récepteur contre les métaux présents dans les boues sont comparées à celles recommandées par l'U.S. EPA.
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Hatira, A., L. Baccar, M. Grira, and T. Gallali. "Analyse de sensibilité du système oasien et mesures de sauvegarde de l’oasis de Métouia (Tunisie)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2007): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/014907ar.
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Résumé L’oasis de Métouia, située au sud‑est de la Tunisie, est caractérisée par un climat aride où les précipitations sont rares et irrégulières. L’oasis doit donc son existence aux eaux souterraines qui, autrefois, provenaient de sources artésiennes actuellement taries suite à une surexploitation de la nappe profonde. La pédogenèse actuelle est dominée par l’évolution des processus de salinisation et d’hydromorphie affectant en totalité ou en partie le profil pédologique. Cette salinisation est la résultante des effets cumulés de la salinité des eaux d’irrigation et celle de la nappe phréatique proche de la surface dont la remontée capillaire génère des efflorescences salines. Ce facteur est accentué par l’absence de lessivage des sols et le dysfonctionnement du réseau de drainage. Le suivi des paramètres abiotiques de l’oasis durant quatre années successives (2001 – 2004), a révélé une interdépendance étroite entre la qualité des eaux précédemment décrite et les processus géochimiques qui en résultent, d’une part, et la dégradation de la zone non saturée, siège des accumulations gypseuses, d’autre part. Par ailleurs, aux facteurs précédemment signalés, viennent s’ajouter la mauvaise exploitation des parcelles et l’absence de règles de gestion du système oasien dans sa globalité. Afin de contrecarrer ces phénomènes qui affectent profondément la sensibilité du système oasien, on a élaboré des recommandations visant l’optimisation des besoins dynamiques en eau, du mode de distribution, ainsi que du réseau de drainage freinant la remontée de la nappe et améliorant l’aération et le lessivage de la zone non saturée.
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Meunier, Nathalie, Michael Haberman, Jean-François Blais, and ET Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi. "Récupération du plomb extrait de sol contaminé par adsorption sur des colonnes d'écailles de cacao." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 703–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.044.
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Abstract La lixiviation par l'acide chlorhydrique représente une option largement étudiée pour la décontamination des sols pollués par les métaux. Les métaux ainsi solubilisés doivent être éliminés des lixiviats acides générés lors du traitement des sols. La présente étude avait pour objectif d'étudier la performance des écailles de cacao pour la récupération du plomb extrait par lessivage acide de sol contaminé et ce, dans un système d'adsorption en colonnes opéré en phases successives de fixation et d'élution du plomb. Les essais menés avec un ensemble de huit colonnes d'adsorption remplies de 50 g d'écailles de cacao et opérées à différentes charges hydrauliques ont montré qu'un temps de contact minimal de l'ordre de 30 min est nécessaire pour le traitement de 100 mL d'un lixiviat acide (Ci = 36 mg Pb/L et pHi = 2.0) par gramme d'écailles de cacao. Des essais réalisés avec un système de quatre colonnes disposées en série et contenant chacune 80 g d'écailles ont également démontré que le plomb fixé peut être aisément élué par une solution d'acide diluée (HCl 1 N) et que les écailles de cacao peuvent être réutilisées pour plusieurs cycles d'adsorption-élution sans perdre de manière importante leur capacité de fixation du plomb.
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Saab, Hamid Bou, Nadine Nassif, Antione G. El Samrani, Rosette Daoud, Samir Medawar, and Naim Ouaïni. "Suivi de la qualité bactériologique des eaux de surface (rivière Nahr Ibrahim, Liban)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 20, no. 4 (January 21, 2008): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016909ar.
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Résumé Le bassin versant du Narh Ibrahim est classé parmi les sites du patrimoine mondial. Les rejets sauvages solides et liquides ont un impact important sur le développement d’une contamination bactériologique tout au long de la rivière. Dans cette étude, des paramètres physico-chimiques et bactériologiques ont été suivis sur neuf sites de prélèvement qui couvrent la rivière Nahr Ibrahim de son amont jusqu’à son estuaire. L’ensemble des paramètres est étudié pendant des périodes de l’année caractérisées par un temps sec ou un temps de crue. Au cours de ces périodes, ces paramètres ont révélé une influence importante du type d’occupation des sols et des phénomènes de lessivage sur la composition bactériologique de la rivière. L’origine et le degré de la contamination bactérienne instantanée ont été également identifiés. Une approche statistique multivariée a montré que l’effet de la localisation du site masque l’effet date sur un même site et pendant la même période. Les sites en aval de la rivière sont caractérisés par une pollution en nitrate et une contamination bactériologique alors que les sites en amont sont marqués par une contamination bactériologique seulement.
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Sinsi, Raymond Lumbuenamo, Elie Nsimba Ngembo, Eric Lutete Landu, Joël Tungi Tungi, and Blandine Nsombo Mosombo. "Caractérisation de la cinétique des échanges isotopiques du phosphore et potentialités des roches naturelles phosphatées de la République Démocratique du Congo dans la fertilisation phosphorique des sols ferrallitiques." Revue Africaine d’Environnement et d’Agriculture 6, no. 4 (January 9, 2024): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rafea.v6i4.4.
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Description du sujet. Les sols tropicaux, dont les sols congolais, comportent un profond complexe d’altération suite aux fortes températures et au lessivage intense auxquels ils sont soumis. Ils sont en général fortement déssaturés, en plus d’être extrêmement pauvres en phosphore (P). Leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques ainsi que la rapide perte de leur fertilité après une mise en culture constituent de sérieuses difficultés pour une production agricole soutenue. Des apports conséquents d’engrais minéraux sont nécessaires pour remédier à cet état des choses.Objectif. La présente étude tente d’apporter une alternative aux engrais phosphatés, en évaluant l’aptitude de trois roches phosphatées, deux en RD Congo (Kongo-central) à savoir celles de Kanzi et Fundu et la troisième en Tunisie, la roche de GAFSA, à corriger les carences en P.Méthode. L’approche isotopique, précisément celle de la dilution isotopique est celle qui a été utilisée dans cette étude. L’étude a analysé les échantillons des sols de l’hinterland de Kinshasa (Ndjili) et Mvuazi ainsi que ceux des roches phosphatées de Kanzi et Fundu. Les deux roches phosphatées ont été analysées avec une comparaison faite aux roches de GAFSA et triple superphosphate (TSP).Résultats. La méthode de dilution isotopique choisie à cet effet a montré que le phosphate naturel de Kanzi dans le Kongo-central contient plus d’ions P directement assimilables dans la solution du sol (Epie1mg Pkg-1 = 2270) que le phosphate de GAFSA (Epie1mg Pkg-1 = 976) et a une cinétique isotopique égalisant le TSP.Conclusion. Les roches phosphatées de Kanzi pourraient servir d’engrais phosphatés naturels.
Description of the subject. Tropical soils, including Congolese soils, have a deep alteration complex, particularly due to high temperatures and intense leaching to which they are exposed. They are generally highly desaturated, in addition of having a very low phosphorus (P) content. Their physico-chemical characteristics as well as the rapid loss of their fertility after one cultivation are serious issues for sustained agricultural production. Substantial inputs of mineral fertilizers are necessary to remedy this situation.Objective. This study aims to provide an alternative to phosphate fertilizers, by evaluating the ability of tree phosphate rocks, two from Kanzi and Fundu in DR Congo and the other from GAFSA in Tunisia, to correct deficiencies in this element.Methods. The isotopic approach, precisely that of isotopic dilution, is the one used in this study. The study analyzed soil samples from the hinterland of Kinshasa (Ndjili) and Mvuazi as well as those from the phosphate rocks of Kanzi and Fundu. The two phosphate rocks were analyzed with a comparison made to the rocks of GAFSA and triple superphosphate (TSP).Results. The isotopic dilution method chosen for this purpose showed that natural phosphate from Kanzi in Kongo Central contains more P ions directly assimilable in the soil solution (Epie1mg Pkg-1 = 2270) than GAFSA (Epie1 mgPkg-1 = 976) and has isotopic kinetics equalizing TSP.Conclusion: Kanzi phosphate rocks can be used as a natural phosphate fertilizer instead of TSP.
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Pankiv, Zenoviy, Stepan Malyk, and Taras Yamelynets. "Diagnostic criteria for lessivage of profile-differentiated soils of the Precarpathian region (Ukraine)." Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment 70, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/boku-2019-0018.
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Summary Profile-differentiated soils of the Precarpathian region were formed due to the combined effect of such processes as podzolization, lessivage, gley-eluvium. For the diagnosis of these soils, researchers have used different diagnostic features. The most controversial is the diagnosis of the lessivage process. Based on our own field and analytical studies, it is suggested to use the granulometric composition compared to the contents of the horizon and the silt content in argillanes for the diagnosis of lessivage argillanes within the illuvial horizon. A reliable feature of lessivage is the equal distribution of the montmorillonite group minerals within the profile, which is diagnosed by the ratio of SiO2:Al2O3 in the silty fraction, the accumulation of Fe2O3 and R2O3 in the illuvial horizon in comparison with the rock and positive values of eluvial-accumulative coefficient of oxides in the silty fraction in the illuvial part of the soil profile.
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Ouandaogo-Yameogo, Suzanne, Bernard Blavoux, Julien Nikiema, and Alain Nindaoua Savadogo. "Caractérisation du fonctionnement des aquifères de socle dans la région de Ouagadougou à partir d’une étude de la qualité chimique des eaux." Revue des sciences de l’eau 26, no. 3 (October 9, 2013): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018784ar.
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Une partie de l’alimentation en eau potable de Ouagadougou provient d’environ 1 800 puits traditionnels et 100 forages plus profonds de 40 à 65 m en moyenne. Une étude hydrochimique a été menée pour mieux connaître la qualité de la ressource en eau captée. Ses résultats permettent de proposer un modèle conceptuel du fonctionnement des aquifères dans la région de Ouagadougou, en contexte de socle cristallin. La ville connaît un climat de type soudano-sahélien avec une saison des pluies de juin à septembre et une saison sèche d’octobre à mai. Les précipitations moyennes sont de l’ordre de 700 mm. La géologie du secteur d’étude est constituée de formations de socle cristallin comportant une épaisse couverture d’altérites de 30 m environ. On y distingue, d’une part, l’aquifère supérieur libre de la cuirasse latéritique, capté par les puits et, d’autre part, isolé à son toit par des altérites argileuses, l’aquifère inférieur, souvent captif, constitué par les arènes grenues et le socle cristallin fissuré ou fracturé sous-jacent. Ce second aquifère est capté par les forages. L’eau des forages profonds présente un faciès bicarbonaté calcique et magnésien alors que celle captée par les puits présente un faciès chloruré et nitraté à tendance sodique. Le processus dominant dans l’aquifère inférieur est l’hydrolyse des silicates, alors que l’aquifère supérieur est fortement influencé par des apports superficiels. Dans ce cas, la minéralisation de la matière organique anthropique favorise la dissolution des silicates. Deux paramètres facilement mesurables sur le terrain, la conductivité électrique et l’alcalinité de l’eau, permettent de juger de ce phénomène. Les teneurs en nitrates dépassent les normes de l’OMS dans près de 60 % des 1 800 puits répertoriés. Le traitement statistique des concentrations mesurées en fonction de la distance séparant les différents ouvrages met en évidence l’hétérogénéité du milieu et le caractère localisé de l’influence des apports anthropiques. Cela confirme le concept d’une hydrodynamique en milieu discontinu caractéristique des zones de socle. Les variations saisonnières des teneurs en nitrates dans les puits indiquent un phénomène de pluvio-lessivage des sols durant la saison humide. Les teneurs en isotopes stables de l’eau (18O/2H) permettent de distinguer les puits, marqués par des phénomènes d’évaporation, des forages, dont les teneurs sont proches des teneurs moyennes pluriannuelles des pluies de pleine mousson. Ces observations valident un processus de recharge hétérogène et sélective. Elles indiquent deux types de recharge : l’une s’effectue directement à travers le manteau d’altération et l’autre de manière retardée à partir de mares et marigots soumis à des phénomènes d’évaporation.
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Mafra, A. L., E. F. Silva, M. Cooper, and J. L. I. Demattê. "Pedogênese de uma seqüência de solos desenvolvidos de arenito na região de Piracicaba (SP)." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 25, no. 2 (June 2001): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832001000200012.
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O trabalho abordou a formação de solos com horizonte B textural e teve por objetivo identificar os processos pedogenéticos envolvidos na formação de lamelas, do gradiente textural abrupto, assim como suas implicações sobre os atributos físicos, químicos e mineralógicos do solo. O estudo foi desenvolvido numa toposseqüência de solos derivados de arenito: o perfil (P1), ocorrendo na parte alta do relevo (topo); perfil (P2), na faixa intermediária (terço médio da encosta), e perfil (P3), no terço inferior da encosta. As análises realizadas foram: granulométrica, química, mineralógica e micromorfológica. Os perfis apresentaram seqüência de horizontes do tipo A-E-Bt, tendo sido classificados como Alissolos Crômicos. Os solos foram classificados como quimicamente ácidos, com mineralogia da fração argila mostrando predomínio de caulinita. Os materiais analisados evidenciaram uniformidade quanto à granulometria, diâmetro médio, arredondamento e relação zircão/turmalina das areias, assim como no aspecto morfológico, apontando para formação autóctone do solo. Os processos pedogenéticos responsáveis pela formação do gradiente textural foram a degradação das argilas em condições de oxirredução e a lessivagem. O primeiro processo foi constatado em microdomínios no contato E/Bt, onde se notaram cores de gleização, indicando encharcamento temporário. Neste caso, a formação do horizonte álbico deveu-se principalmente à destruição do topo do horizonte Bt. As lamelas nada mais seriam do que heranças do horizonte Bt no horizonte álbico. A presença de cerosidade, associada aos cutãs de iluviação no exame micromorfológico, revelou a participação do processo de lessivagem contribuindo para a diferenciação textural.
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Turmel, M. C., J. M. L. Turgeon, C. François, and B. Cloutier-Hurteau. "Saisonnalité du transport de carbone organique dissous dans le ruisseau de l'Hermine, un bassin versant de tête de réseau du Bouclier Canadien." Revue des sciences de l'eau 18, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 353–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705563ar.
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Nous avons étudié la variabilité saisonnière de la relation entre les fluctuations des concentrations en carbone organique dissous (COD) dans le ruisseau de l'Hermine (Québec, Canada) et les changements du débit (Q). Un total de 93 événements hydrologiques échantillonnés de 1994 à 2003 et regroupés sur une base saisonnière (hiver-printemps, été, automne) a été analysé. Le modèle de régression linéaire est utilisé afin de déterminer, pour chaque événement, la pente de la relation entre la concentration en COD dans le ruisseau et le débit. Ces pentes sont regroupées par saison et selon un seuil arbitraire de un qui permet de contraster les conditions hydrologiques et climatiques initiales des événements répertoriés. Les résultats du test de Kruskal-Wallis, visant la comparaison entre les événements de pentes supérieures et inférieures à un, montrent clairement la saisonnalité de la relation entre le COD et le débit. La saisonnalité de la relation COD/Q est ensuite mise en relation avec des variables climatiques et hydrologiques susceptibles de conditionner le transport du COD dans le bassin de l'Hermine. Les résultats montrent que les changements saisonniers des conditions climatiques et hydrologiques dans le bassin versant ont un impact significatif sur la relation entre le COD et le débit. Ainsi, le volume de précipitation tombé durant l'événement, la température moyenne de l'air et la température du sol régissent significativement (p =0,041; 0,001 et 0,009 respectivement) le transport du COD pour la période hiver-printemps. Les basses températures du sol et l'apport élevé en eau via les précipitations et la fonte favorisent le lessivage intense du COD soluble déjà limité par les basses températures. Au cours de l'été, l'état initial d'humidité du bassin est le principal facteur contrôlant l'évolution des concentrations de COD lors d'une crue; les fortes relations avec le pourcentage d'humidité des sols et le débit total 24 h avant l'événement le prouvent (p =0,039 et 0,0003 respectivement). Les changements les plus prononcés du COD surviennent, au cours de l'été, suite à une période prolongée de sécheresse. À l'automne, le transport du COD est influencé par le volume de précipitation tombé durant l'événement (p =0,031) et la température du sol (p =0,042). La modélisation de la relation COD/Q par les variables hydro-climatiques montre que 40% de la relation COD/Q s'explique par la température du sol durant la période d'hiver-printemps. Durant l'été, les conditions initiales d'humidité du bassin, traduites par le débit 24 h avant l'événement, expliquent à 51% la relation COD/Q. À l'automne, la relation COD/Q est gouvernée à 50% à la fois par le volume de précipitation tombé durant l'événement et la température du sol. L'analyse de ces données établit clairement la saisonnalité de la relation COD/Q et que des variables climatiques et hydrologiques permettent de quantifier ces fluctuations saisonnières.
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Smaga, Ivan. "Diagnosis of eluvial-illuvial profile differentiation processes in Pre-Carpathian soils." Biolohichni systemy 12, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2020.02.226.
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Elementary soil processes, as components of the soil-forming process, play an important role in the formation of morphological and genetic features of soils and are used for their genetic diagnosis. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation of the background profile for Precarpathian soils is due to the passage of processes from the group of eluvial, in particular podzolization, silting and gley-eluvial. The diagnostic criteria for these processes remain controversial and need further development. The article provides some justifications for their objectivity and reliability in identifying individual processes of soil formation and the results of establishing the genetic consequences of their passage. The formation of clay cutanes in the illuvion is considered to be an important sign of lessivage, but the presence of one and a half oxides may also indicate the passage of the processes of podzolization and in-soil clay forming According to another criterion - the presence of "optically oriented clays" in the illuvion is difficult to establish their migration path and the intensity of the lessivage process. Increasing the value of the ratio of silt content to the content of physical clay in the illuvial horizons compared to the eluvial horizons does not allow to distinguish the processes of podzolization and lessivage, and the same ratio in the illuvial horizon compared to the parent rock - lessivage and clay forming. Changes within the profile of the mineral part of the soil, which are reflected by the molecular ratios of SiO2:Al2O3 and eluvial-accumulative coefficients of aluminum, the values of silt and aluminum losses, also the profile distribution of montmorillonite are important criteria for the separation of loess and podzolization and indicate the decisive role of the latter in the formation of the profile differentiation of the soils of Precarpathians. Important criteria for gley-eluvial processes are higher losses from the upper podzolic illuminated of Fe2O3 layer than Al2O3, an increase in the molecular ratio of Al2O3:Fe2O3, the ratio of losses of Fe2O3 and Al2O3, also increase the criterion SiO2:Fe2O3/SiO2. Complementing the national system of parameters for the diagnosis and classification of soils with criteria that are characteristic of the substantive-genetic approach according to the WRB requires further study.
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Kozłowski, Michał, and Jolanta Komisarek. "Textural diversity in selected Retisols in the catena of the Opalenica Plain (western Poland)." Soil Science Annual 68, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2017-0002.
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Abstract The investigation was carried out in the catena of Retisols within the Opalenica Plain. The aim of the study was to characterize the variation in texture of selected Retisols formed from ground moraine glacial till of Leszno Phase of Vistulian glaciation. The analyzed soils are characterized by a similar degree of soil material segregation, which is characteristic for the typical glacial till. Particle size distribution and granulometric indices lead to conclusion that soils located in the catena on summit and shoulder positions, have vertical texture distribution formed primarily by lessivage process. Sandy texture of eluvial horizons noted in the Retisol of the slope pediment can be a consequence of not only lessivage but also of slope forming processes that led to the appearance of lithic discontinuity. The cluster analysis using Ward’s method and 1-rPearson as the distance measure can be helpful for identification the lithogenic uniformity and/or non-uniformity of soil parent material.
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Zaidel’man, F. R. "Lessivage and its relation to the hydrological regime of soils." Eurasian Soil Science 40, no. 2 (February 2007): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064229307020019.
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Yakovenko, V. M. "The influence of deluvial processes on macro- and micromorphology of ravined forest soil." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, no. 3-4 (September 10, 2014): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041419.
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The paper presents the results of studying the effect of deluvial processes on the formation of macro- and micromorphological properties of forest soils on the example of ravined biogeocenoses of Dnieper Prysamarya. Ravined forest biogeocenoses have a long history of development associated with the evolution of land cover in Postpleistocene epoch. One of the factors of soil formation in ravines is deluvial process as a natural phenomenon typical for the landscapes of the present steppes. Ravined forest soils in the catena in the upper reaches of the ravine Glyboky have been studied. They are situated on the upland part of the watershed-gulch landscape in 2 km tonorth of the Andreevka village Novomoskovsk district Dnepropetrovsk region. The methods of macromorphological and micromorphological study of genetic profiles of soils have been used. It is established that ravined forest ecosystems are subjected to intensive influence of deluvial processes, whereby, morphogenesis of ravined soil has a complex peculiar character, which results to theformation of specific morphological properties. It is revealed that the source rock for the forest chernozem on the slopes and formeadow-forest soils of the thalweg are loamy humus deluvial deposits, unlike the ordinary chernozem near the ravines formed on loess rocks. Modern deluvial deposits are the materialof surface horizons of chernozems adjacent to ravine territories. Ravines act as storage ofhumus material of steppe chernozem rendered by adjacent areas. The peculiarities of the morphological structure of the profiles of the soils indicate the intensity of involvement of deluvial material in the processes forest chernozem formation. The different effects of slope processes on the structure of the investigated soil catenahave been revealed. Ordinary chernozem near forest edges have signs of erosion of the surface horizons, while the forest soils of slopes and thalweg are characterized by superpower profile. It is found that the profile of the thalweg and forest soils tends to develop, increasing its power in the two lateral directions: down – thanks to the vertical flow of substances (lessivage, intensive movement of soil invertebrates, the development of the root system); up – the deposition of lessivage material. Deluvial processes connected with lessivage ones as theytransport the new mass of finely divided material into the body of forest soil.
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Malyk, Stepan, and Zinoviy Pankiv. "Humus condition of brownish-podzolic soils of the Pregorganian Precarpathians." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 99, no. 1-2 (2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2020.1-2.04.
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The indicators of humus condition reflect not only the productivity of soils, but also the features of the genesis, intensity and direction of soil-forming processes. It was found that the brownish-podzolic soils of the Pregorganian Precarpathian region are characterized by a low content of humus (1 36-3.7%) within the NE gl horizon, and in the lower horizons its content decreases sharply. Profile distribution of humus is determined as regressive-accumulative type, which is typical for most soils with elluvial-illuvial type of profile. The content of humus in the silty fraction of the studied soils is 1.5-2.0 times higher in comparison with the fine soil, and within I (e) m gl of the horizon the accumulation of humus is established, which is due to the lessivage process. Brown-podzolic soils are characterized by fulvate type of humus (C ha: C fa = 0.2-0.5). The movement of fulvic acids within the profile, especially organo-mineral colloids, is caused by the lessivage process. Among fulvic acids, the fraction connected with the mineral part (FC-3) has the highest content, which increases with the depth from 17.6 to 35.1%. The enhance in the content of this fraction with depth is primarily due to the ability to migrate within the profile. It can cause both the movement of fulvic acids deep into the profile with their sorption on peptizing colloids, and the joint movement of organo-mineral peptized colloids in the profile. The highest level of humification (28.10–28.75%) have upper humus-elluvial horizons, because they create the best conditions for the intensive activity of microorganisms. The humus content in clay cutans is 1.5 times higher than in the contained illuvial horizon, which is caused by lessivage and clay granulometric distribution. The humus content in the nodules is lower (0.26%) in comparison with the contained horizon. The results of the optical density analysis indicate a decrease in the extinction index from NE g1 to I (e) m gl of the horizon, which correlates with the indicators of the profile distribution of humic acids, the total content of which decreases with the depth. Such characteristics of humus composition indicate the genetic affinity with brown forest soils.
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Lavkulich, L. M., and J. M. Arocena. "Luvisolic soils of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 5 (October 2011): 781–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2011-014.
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Lavkulich, L. M. and Arocena, J. M. 2011. Luvisols of Canada: Genesis, distribution, and classification. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 781–806. Luvisols link the soil continuum on the Quaternary landscapes. These soils are developed from parent materials rich in Ca and Mg in a relatively humid climate. An acidic eluvial horizon overlying a phyllosilicate-enriched illuvial Bt horizon is the common horizon sequence in Luvisolic soils. Lessivage or the translocation of clays with minimal chemical alteration is the characteristic soil-forming process and results to the diagnostic Bt horizon with well-developed, oriented clay skins or cutans. These soils commonly form intergrades with Chernozems, Podzols and Vertisols. With time, the eluvial horizons experience increased chemical weathering and further release of sequioxides to form Brunisolic and Podzolic sequences within the eluvial Ae in biseqeual soils. Lessivage significantly influences several ecosystem functions of soils. The high amounts of phyllosilicates in the Bt horizon serve as one of the most active sorption sites in soils for metals and organic materials including soil carbon. Sorption of cations takes place through cation exchange reactions and determines the availability of cations to plant roots as well as in the “colloid facilitated transport” of strongly sorbing metals and organic pollutants. Clays in Bt can be restrictive to water and air movement as well as to root growth and distribution. Agricultural and forestry practices such as tillage can compact the structure of Luvisols and may decrease soil productivity.
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Medeiros, Paula Suélen Corrêa de, Paulo César do Nascimento, Alberto Vasconcellos Inda, and Diego Silva da Silva. "Caracterização e classificação de solos graníticos em topossequência na região Sul do Brasil." Ciência Rural 43, no. 7 (July 2013): 1210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013000700011.
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Na região sul do Brasil, foi verificada a ocorrência de forte gradiente textural em solos localizados em áreas de morros graníticos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os processos pedogenéticos envolvidos na formação de solos em topossequência de granito em Porto Alegre (RS). Foram descritos e amostrados morfológica, química, física e mineralogicamente quatro perfis de solos localizados em diferentes segmentos da paisagem. Os perfis de solos do topo, encosta superior e sopé da topossequência apresentaram gradiente textural expressivo, e a relação argila fina:argila total aumentou nos horizontes subsuperficias (Bt), indicando transporte da fração mais fina. O índice de uniformidade inferior a 0,6 sugeriu que os solos não apresentaram indícios de descontinuidade litológica. O índice Ki, a relação Fe2O3d/Fe2O3s e a presença de feldspato e minerais 2:1 e 2:1:1, constatadas pela difração de raios-x indicaram grau de intemperismo intermediário. A difração por raios x também mostrou aumento do argilomineral caulinita em profundidade. Na encosta inferior, o perfil de solo não apresentou horizonte B pedogenético. Os resultados são indicativos da ocorrência da lessivagem como o principal processo pedogenético atuante, apesar das características indicativas de estádio de intemperismo pouco avançado.
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Papish, Igor, and Oleksii Telehuz. "Chemical and mineralogical composition of clay fraction found in Podillia upland haplic chernozems." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 51 (December 27, 2017): 278–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8866.
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The article presents data on gross chemical and mineralogical composition of clay faction found in typical chernozems occurred within the Podillia Upland. Geographical regularities of formation as regards clayey profile of Chernozems pertaining to the same genetic series are revealed. The relationship between conditions and Chernozem development stage, character of vertical differentiation of basic mineral phases of clayey plasma and its chemical and mineralogical composition are shown. Izoclayey profile of hydromicas is the consequence of their relative accumulation as a result eluviation of colloid-dispersible mica-smectite minerals. The character of clay profile observed in Chernozems is determined by the correlation of intensity of carbonates leaching, lessivage and soils argillisation. Typical Podolian Chernozems are characterised with the like weathering crust of silicate type. The modern Chernozem clayey profile originated mainly during a wetter stage of soil formation. In the ploughable layer a high content of clastic minerals (quartz, potassium feldspar, sodium plagioclase) is observed. Random mixed and stratified mica-smectite minerals with a high content (>50 %) of smectite packets (33–63 %), hydromica (33–52 %), and kaolinite plus chlorite (4–15 %) are present in the profile. The mineralogical composition of soils clay fraction indicates obvious signs of smectite eluviation and relative illite accumulation. Clayey profile of the Bug upstream plateau located within the Podillia Upland is atypical for Chernozems found in the eastern forest-steppe and steppe areas. The distribution character of layered silicates, especially smectite, is even more contrastive. Clayey plasma redistributes differentially through leaching and lessivage processes. Accumulative type of sludge deposits formed in Chernozems of the Dniester plateau located within the Podillia Upland, even profile distribution of basic oxides and molar ratios of SiO2 : Al2O3 and SiO2 : Fe2O3 against the background of decreased downward smectite content indicate weakened eluviation of fine-grained clays towards the Dniester. The prevalence of smectite over hydromicas within the entire profile indicates argillisation of Chernozems. Key words: Chernozem, chemical-mineralogical composition, clayey minerals, hydromica, smectite, kaolinite, leaching, lessivage, argillisation.
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Marinari, S., R. Marabottini, G. Falsone, G. Vianello, L. Vittori Antisari, A. Agnelli, L. Massaccesi, et al. "Mineral weathering and lessivage affect microbial community and enzyme activity in mountain soils." Applied Soil Ecology 167 (November 2021): 104024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104024.
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Pankiv, Z. P., and S. Z. Malyk. "The process of lessivage in profile-differentiated soils of the Pregorganian Precarpathian region." AgroChemistry and Soil Science, no. 88 (2019): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/acss88-06.
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Pol’chyna, Svitlana. "Process evaluation of profile-differentiated gleyed soils of Precarpathians." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 44 (November 28, 2013): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.44.1235.
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Process analysis of profile-differentiated soils of the Precarpathians dismembered them to ESP set: basic processes (lessivage, oxidative segregation, spotty gley formation, the surface flow of organic matter, its nutrient transformation, gley (Fe, Mn) migration of substances); allocated linked processes (mineralization of organic matter and humus, humification), background processes (coagulation and biogenic structure formation, the disintegration of mineral matter, the transformation of clay minerals, calcium and salt migration). Sometimes occurs processes of subsurface input of organic matter, migration and immobilization of humic substances, the destruction of silicates, abiogenic (cryogenic) and biogenic pedoturbations. Creation of possible process soil types support the hypothesis of their geterogenetics. Key words: elementary soil processes, profile-differentiated soils, Precarpathians.
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Arocena, J. M., and P. Sanborn. "Mineralogy and genesis of selected soils and their implications for forest management in central and northeastern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 571–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-071.
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Soil properties in central and northeastern British Columbia are strongly influenced by parent materials because of geologically young till, glaciolacustrine, and glaciofluvial deposits. We examined pedogenesis on various parent materials to support studies of long-term forest productivity. We sampled nine pedons developed on till (Bobtail, Lucille Mountain, Skulow Lake, Log Lake, Topley, and Kiskatinaw), glaciofluvial (Bowron), and glaciolacustrine (Aleza Lake 1, 2) deposits. The Skulow Lake pedon is distinctive in the occurrence of talc, while the Lucille Mountain pedon has the only clay fraction in which kaolinite is absent. Other pedons on till contain mica, kaolinite, chlorite, smectite, and vermiculite. The Bowron pedon has mica, kaolinite, and chlorite, while the Aleza Lake pedons have mica, kaolinite, chlorite, and 2:1 expanding minerals. In pedons with low amount of 2:1 expanding clays in the C horizon, mica and chlorite appear to degrade into 2:1 expanding clays, while in pedons with C horizons containing 2:1 expanding clays, mica and chlorite seem stable and the formation of hydroxy-interlayered clays is the predominant process. Podzolization and lessivage are major pedogenic processes, while redoximorphic processes are observed in some pedons with illuvial Bt horizons. Significant soil compaction hazards are presented by the medium and fine soil surface textures. Although clay-rich Bt horizons may benefit soil nutrient regimes, conservation of nutrient-rich forest floors is important, given the low S contents in mineral soils. High contents of feldspars in these soils provide a large reserve of nutrients such as Ca and K. Key words: Clay minerals, parent material, podzolization, lessivage
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Plotnikova, Oxana, Marina Lebedeva, E. B. Varlamov, Yu D. Nukhimovskaya, and E. V. Shuyskaya. "Micromorphological features of soils of semidesertic solonetzic complexes under different herbaceous communities with the participation of fodder plant Kochia prostrata (Caspian lowland)." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 100 (January 3, 2020): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2019-100-83-116.
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The aim of the study was to research the relationship of chemical and micromorphological properties of soils with the growth of Kochia prostrata. The objects of study were the soils on natural pastures of the North-Western part of the Caspian lowland. It was laid 4 soil pits (soils – light solonetz, solonetzic chestnut) with the maximum penetration depth of the main mass of roots of the studied plants. K. prostratais a very plastic forage species that can grow on soils with a wide range of morphological properties, different salt content and their chemical composition. It is revealed that on the background of almost the same content of humus and high content of exchangeable magnesium micromorphological features represent the different degree of manifestation of primary pedogenic processes – humus accumulation, leaching of soluble salts, gypsum accumulation, carbonate enrichment, solonetzization. Despite the different content of exchangeable sodium, in all soils there are fresh clay or humus-clay illuvial coatings, indicating the manifestation of the modern eluvial-illuvial redistribution of fine matter (lessivage or illimerization).
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Piotrowska-Długosz, Anna, Jacek Długosz, Agata Gryta, and Magdalena Frąc. "Responses of N-Cycling Enzyme Activities and Functional Diversity of Soil Microorganisms to Soil Depth, Pedogenic Processes and Cultivated Plants." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020264.
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The rates of N cycling and soil enzyme activities involved in the transformation of soil N-related nutrients are rarely measured in soils below a 30 cm depth, even though substantial amounts of nitrogen are also stored in deep soils. The aim of this study was to determine how soil microbial and enzymatic properties changed as a function of depth across soil profiles that were developed on the same parent material but differed in terms of soil-forming processes. Two soil profiles were excavated in fields with lucerne and two under winter wheat. We assessed the N-cycling enzymes, the microbial utilization of the N-substrates, the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC, MBN) content, and the related physicochemical properties. The most beneficial enzymatic (on a soil mass) and microbial properties, as well as nitrogen substrate utilization, were found in the Ap horizons and decreased with depth to varying degrees. The specific enzymatic activity (per unit of soil TOC and MBC), was more variable in response to the depth of the profile, but did not exhibit clear trends. The potential enzyme activities in the subsurface layers were also affected by factors that are associated with the pedogenic processes (e.g., the lessivage process, clay content). Only nitrate reductase activity was significantly higher in the horizons with potential reducing conditions compared to oxidative horizons, while the opposite trend was found for N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity. The cultivated plants had a significant impact on the degree of enzymatic activity and N-substrate utilization. The lessivage process significantly reduced microbial biomass and enzymatic activity (except for NAG activity). In general, nitrogen substrate utilization decreased with increasing soil depth and was greater in lucerne than the winter wheat profiles. Mollic Stagnic Gleysols (MSG) and Cambic Stagnic Phaeozems (CSP) horizons also have higher nitrogen substrate utilization than Luvisol profiles.
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Dultz, Stefan. "Effects of silicate weathering and lessivage on K-content in forest soils derived from Pleistocene sediments." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 163, no. 3 (June 2000): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2624(200006)163:3<299::aid-jpln299>3.0.co;2-f.
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H. A. S. Razvanchy and M. A. Fayyadh. "STUDY SOIL DEVELOPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION IN ERBIL PROVINCE, KURDISTAN, IRAQ USING MATHEMATICAL INDICES." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 54, no. 6 (December 29, 2023): 1802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1879.
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The study area located at Erbil province, Kurdistan, Iraq, seven pedons were elected. Twenty-one soil samples were collected in the study area. Different physiochemical and fertility indices have been used to determine the soils development, despite of generating interpolated maps for them. The results indicated that the low values of clay were found in the less pedon developed and argillic horizon existed in development pedons. Study soils were non-saline, slightly to moderately alkaline, and had relatively high bulk density values. Organic matter is concentrated at the soil surface. Considerable total carbonates are found in studied soils and have irregular distribution manner, as well as have high CEC values. Low C/N ratio due to highly decomposed organic matter. The active CaCO3/total CaCO3 increases with depth in all pedons, while, slightly fluctuated in one pedon. The ratio of total clay in BH /AH was found just in some pedons and more than (1) therefore these soils are considered development, and are more developed depending on the ratio of fine clay/total clay. Soils are classified into three groups the first was the least developed soils, the second group has the most development. Third group are intermediate in their development. Pedogenic processes included leaching, illuviation, eluviation, alkalization, humification, lessivage, desalinization, calcification, decomposition, and littering. Studied soils classified as Inceptisols and Mollisols.
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Fayyadh, M. A., and H. K. Ismail. "GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT, AND CLASSIFICATION FOR SOME SELECTED SOILS AT KURDISTAN REGION, NORTH OF IRAQ." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 6 (December 22, 2021): 1498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i6.1491.
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The study area was located in the North of Iraq. Five sites were selected that have formed from the limestone parent material. One pedon dug in each site and was divided into a number of horizons. Thirty-five soil samples were collected for physical and chemical analyses. The climate of study sites were similar to the Mediterranean Sea climate which is hot dry in summer and cool humid in winter. The mean of annual precipitation, varies from one site to another. Studied soils classified as Mollisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols, and Aridisols. Study soils were relatively high clay content and its content at the surface horizons is lower than it at subsurface horizons, and soil texture was ranged between clayey to loamy, the high value for clay content indicates to soil development. Fine clay/Coarse clay ratio showed that the pathway of fine clay similar to the pathway of total clay. CEC values increased with increasing clay. Organic matter was high in the surface horizons and decrease with depth. The following pedogenic processes occurred in study soils loss, gain, leaching, illuviation, eluviation, alkalization, humification, lessivage, desalinization, calcification, decomposition, and synthesis.
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Matviishyna, Zhanna, and Oleksandr Parkhomenko. "Holocene pedogenesis peculiarities of the Early Bronze Age settlement near the village of Malchivtsi (the Bar district of the Vinnytsia region)." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 99, no. 1-2 (2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2020.1-2.03.
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The paper concerns the issue of using paleopedological data in order to reconstruct the ancient Man environments during the different periods of the Holocene. The soil sections, located within the ancient settlement (the excavation №1) and outside it (the excavation №2, the modern soil), have been studied at the archeological site of the Early Bronze Age in the Bar district of the Vinnytsia region, 150 m SW of the Murafa River and 1 km SW of the Malchivtsi village. The samples were taken for grain-size, bulk chemical, and micromorphological analyses, and large-scale field sketches with smears of natural material were made. Micromorphology of soil genetic horizons has been analyzed in sections with intact structure. Podzolization, lessivage, and clay weathering were the main processes in the soil formation (excavation №1) that allows to define it as transitional between Greyzem and Luvisol. The fact that the soil profile includes a large number of ‘krotovinas’, and carbonate material is present in some of them indicates that the carbonate horizon was located at a small depth below the soil.The settlement existed under predominance of forest landscapes of a fairly humid climate, as it is evidenced by the soil profile. The modern soil was studied in order to compare it with the paleosol of the settlement. According to macro- and micromorphological features, the modern soil can be defined as brown- podzolic forest, which humus-eluvial horizon is depleted in organic-iron material and it includes a huge number of light “washed” areas without typical complex aggregates. Thus, the features of ancient and modern soils indicate their formation in a humid, moderately warm climate of the forest-steppe zone. However, the profile of the ancient soil of the settlement, formed on the sandy substrate, was better differentiated into the eluvial and illivial genetic horizons. It has a significant number of ‘krotovinas’ and the features typical for cultivated soils. If the ancient soil is more similar to the podzolic soils, which at present spread to the north of the studied area, the modern soil, formed on loamy substrate, is closer to the Luvisol but still with the features of podsolization. This soil type evidences a wetter climate regime as compared to the ancient soil. The features of lessivage may indicate the dominance of deciduous (beech-hornbeam) forests in this area (the composition of their leaf mould is enriched in carbonates).
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Haskevych, Volodymyr. "Change of granulometric composition of drained soils of Male Polissia in the context of development of degradation processes." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10167.
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Sod-podzolic (Albenuvisoils Gleyic), meadow (Gleyic Chernic Phaeozems) and sod (Arenosols) soils are typical for Male Polissia. In the natural state, these soils are waterlogged, characterized by unsatisfactory physical properties, unsuitable for agricultural use. After the drainage reclamation, the soils are intensively used as arable land, pastures, and hayfields. The drainage has led to a significant decrease in groundwater levels, increased the washing water regime, intensified the processes of lessivage, which affected the physical properties of soils, in particular, granulometric composition. In the reclaimed areas, aridification and deflationary processes intensified. In deflated sod-podzolic soils, the relief of granulometric composition has been reducing due to decrease in the content of sludge and fine dust in the arable horizons. Granulometric composition of soils undergoes more significant transformations as a result of the intensification of flushing water regime after drainage. The content of physical clay in the arable horizon of sod-podzolic fixed- sandy soils decreased by 1.63 %, and of the sandy loam soils – by 5.30–6.20 %. In the humus-accumulating arable horizon of meadow soils, the physical clay content decreased by 2.40–1.60 %, that of sod soils – by 1.27–6.39 %. Washing off with drainage waters of small granulometric fractions results in an increase in the content of sand fractions and facilitates the granulometric composition of soils, changes in soil gradation at the level of variety. Decrease in the content of physical clay causes deterioration of physical, physical-and-chemical, agronomic properties of soils, and therefore causes the development of degradation processes: non-structural, deflation, dehumification, degradation of water and air and nutrient regimes, aridification. This gave rise to the idea of referring to the granulometric composition facilitation of drained soils as “granulometric degradation” and classifying it as physical degradation of soils. Key words: Male Polissia, drainage reclamation, soils, granulometric composition, physical clay, granulometric degradation.
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Zamotaev, I. V., and V. P. Belobrov. "Position of soils and soil-like formations of football grounds in the soil classification system." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 79 (July 1, 2015): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2015-79-91-110.
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Under consideration is the classification of soils and soil-like formations in special landscapes and the football ground in particular. The latter is usually represented by soils subjected to human impacts of varying intensity: from weakly transformed by technogenic processes to artificial soils or technogenic superficial formations. The objects of research are more than 40 football grounds in Russia and the Republic of Byelarus. They differ in the age (exploitation time), regular and intensive technogenic loads, natural conditions and soil properties. The football grounds under study were divided into 3 groups: sports-ground at the age of its exploitation (less than 5 years), sports-mass grounds (30-50 years) and professional football grounds (50-75 years). Every group of football grounds is characteristic of soils and technogenic superficial formations represented by (1) technogenic-natural soils, (2) technogenically transformed soils and (3) technogenic superficial formations. The first two groups include the surface-transformed and disturbed soils, the natural profile of which is weakly changed. The technogenic superficial formations artificially constructed on the buried horizons of natural soils are highly subjected to technogenesis. In dependence on natural and technogenic conditions, age or exploitation time, peculiar features of soil stratum on football grounds it is possible to recognize a postlithogenic type of soddy-podzolic soils as well as 3 synlithogenic types represented by techno-soddy podzolic soil and 2 types of technogenic superficial formations including primitive and soddy quasizems. The evolution trends are striving to develop three subtypes of soddy quasizems under all the bioclimatic conditions including lessive, gleyic and solonetzic ones, whereas under humid conditions of the Moscow region there exist 5 subtypes of techno-soddy podzolic soils represented by lessive, gleyic, technogenically overcompacted, residual-carbonate and chemically polluted ones.
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Sacramento, José Augusto Amorim Silva do, Jorge Antonio Gonzada Santos, Oldair Vinhas Costa, Léo Jakson da Silva Moreira, Alide Mitsue Watanabe Cova, and Marcela Rebouças Bomfim. "Chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes of the soils of the Sertanejo pediplain in the sisal-growing areas of the semiarid Bahia." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p17.
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Information and available knowledge of the soils of the Sertanejo pediplain are relatively scarce and restricted to survey data. Researches about soil characterization and classification contributes to the knowledge of different soil orders within a region and allows information to be obtained systemically based on the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the genesis of the Sertanejo pediplain soils, through the characterization of the chemical and mineralogical properties and classification of the soils of the sisal-growing region. Five soil profiles located in Araci, Retirolândia, St. Dominic, and Valente, cities located in the sisal-growing areas of the Bahia semiarid region, were studied, described morphologically, and analyzed for chemical (pH H2O and KCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, H+ + Al3+, P, and TOC) and mineralogical attributes. Most evaluated soil classes were formed by lithological discontinuity of material. The main processes involved in the formation of such soil classes were: cumulization, accretion, and lessivage. The mineralogy of the clay fraction observed was complex and included a variety of minerals, with a predominance of kaolinite and bayerite. In addition, we also found goethite and illite in most of the studied profiles, both in the sediment, horizons P1 C2, and in the crystalline horizon P1 Cr, P2 Bi, P3 2Cr, and P5 Bi. The soils were classified up to the fourth category level, as Entisol Eutrophic Inceptisol (RRE), Alfisols Haplic typical Eutrophic (SXE), and Inceptisols Ta Eutrophic vertissólico (CXve).
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Smaga, I. S. "Diagnostic problems of elementary soil processes and profile-differentiated soils of the Precarpathian region." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 17, no. 1-2 (May 16, 2016): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041604.
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Present condition, scientific concepts and ways of further development of diagnosis problem of elementary soil processes and genetic nature profiled-differentiated gleyed soils of the Pre-Carpathian region, known as brownish-podzolic, brownsoil-podzolic and sod-podzolic, based on stable indicators of soil properties are studied. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation nature of the soil profile of the studied soils is founded. The aim of research was to develop criteria for the diagnosis of elementary soil processes and genetic nature profiled-differentiated soil deposits of Ciscarpathia and discovering of the parameters of the relevant indicators of soil properties. The soil profile with his characteristic set of genetic horizons and morphological characteristics can result from taking place of both various set (kit) of ESP and of varying intensity of individual processes (complex ESP). Formation of genetic soil type is caused by the course of the profile forming (main) process with the possible participation of several (related) processes. An important condition for the diagnostic determination of profile-differentiated soils in the Ciscarpathia is the search for reliable diagnostic criteria for basic elementary soil processes (ESP) which play a crucial role in the genesis and determine their macromorphological characteristics: lessivage, podzolisation, gleying and eluvial-gleying processes. Diagnostic criteria of the elluvial processes resulted in gross chemical composition of the soil (molecular ratio), particle size distribution (loss sludge) and mineralogy silt fraction (montmorillonite content) were tested. The criteria for establishing genetic origin of the Pre-Carpathian soils, podzolization and eluvial-gley processes detection and their possible parameters were suggested. Followed the impact of the prevailing development of individual creating profile elementary soil processes (podzolization, eluvial-gley and gleying) by laboratory simulation modeling of soil regimes that are conducive to them (washing, water stagnant and contrast) for evaluative indicators of acid-base soil buffer and made the conclusions about the possibility of these processes isolation. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation of Ciscarpathia typical soils is coursed by passage of profile forming process of podzolisation (acid hydrolysis, podzolic) and related from the group of eluvial - eluvial-gleying process and lessivage. They are diagnosed by the gross grain and chemical composition of the soil and the content of montmorillonite. Brown soil forming processes have a significant impact on the formation of humus status and physical and chemical properties of the studied soil. Substantiated differences forming the group composition of humus and fractional composition of humic acids of soils formed underbrownsoil formation processes from the sod soils type (the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acid, gumatcalcium content, optical density of humic substances). Advantages and disadvantages of using quantitative identification criteria - profile humus accumulation factor in the genetic diagnosis of soil type are analyzed. In the conditions of wash and contrasting modes of moisture, causing the priority development processes of podzolisation and gleye- eluvial respectively a similar trend of formation of acid-base buffer capacity of soil and similar parameters of evaluating indicators within the soil profile are observed. It is impossible to separate the processes of podzolisation and gleye- eluvial using the indicators of acid-base buffering. Describing of profile structure, morphological and genetic traits of genetic horizons, the profile distribution of acid-base buffering indicators (even without the use of criteria based on gross chemical and grain composition and content of clay minerals) help to clear identify brownish-podzolic gley soils of Ciscarpathia.
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Parahyba, Roberto da Boa Viagem, Mauro Carneiro dos Santos, Fernando Cartaxo Rolim Neto, and Paulo Klinger Tito Jacomine. "Pedogênese de planossolos em topossequência do agreste pernambucano." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 6 (December 2010): 1991–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000600023.
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Os Planossolos assumem, na região do Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco, grande importância econômica, tanto pela sua magnitude de ocupação quanto pela utilização intensiva, especialmente com atividades agropecuárias. Aspectos como dualidade ou retrabalhamento do material de origem e natureza dos processos envolvidos na formação das marcantes diferenciações texturais e nas concentrações de Na e de sais são pontos importantes a serem esclarecidos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o processo de pedogênese dos Planossolos no Agreste de Pernambuco, com base nos resultados das análises físicas, químicas, mineralógicas, macromorfológicas e, especialmente, micromorfológicas. Foram estudados três perfis de solos com marcante contraste textural, em trincheiras abertas ao longo de uma topossequência de solos. Realizaram-se análises físicas, químicas, mineralógicas e macro e micromorfológicas. Verificou-se que os solos são autóctones e que os nítidos contrastes texturais, devido à argilização dos horizontes Bt, parecem ser, principalmente, o resultado de uma combinação de processos e não uma simples eluviação-iluviação (lessivagem). Entre esses processos estão incluídos a intemperização de biotitas, com formação in situ de argilas, e as perdas dessa fração, devido a movimentações laterais por arraste mecânico ou dissoluções. A combinação exata desses processos, bem como a acumulação de Na, foi fortemente influenciada pelo posicionamento dos solos no relevo.
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Chojnicki, Józef, Wojciech Kwasowski, Michał Piotrowski, Lidia Oktaba, and Marek Kondras. "Trace elements in arable Cambisols and Luvisols developed from boulder loam and fluvioglacial sands of the Skierniewicka Upland (central Poland)." Soil Science Annual 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2015-0037.
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AbstractThe paper was focused on determining the content soluble in 20% HCl of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Co, Pb, and Ni in arable Cambisols and Luvisols, developed from boulder loams and fluvioglacial sands of the Middle-Polish (Riss) glacial period, Wartanian Stadial in the Skierniewicka Upland, and recognizing the relationships between these elements and selected soil properties. The mean content of Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Co, Pb, Ni, and Fe in the soils developed from boulder loam was: 288, 24, 5, 3, 12.4, 4, 9, and 6.8 mg·kg−1of soil, and 1.24%, respectively. The contents of the above mentioned elements in soils developed from fluvioglacial sands were lower and reached: 235, 16, 2.9, 6.5, 2.5, 7, 3.4 mg·kg−1of soil, and 0.71%, respectively. Statistical analysis has indicated a correlation between the total amounts of Zn, Cu, B, Co, Ni, and the contents of <0.02 mm and <0.002 mm particles and iron. The Fe content was correlated with the texture of soil, the Mn amount was correlated only with the iron content, whereas that of lead – with the organic carbon content. The soil-forming processes influenced the distribution of total contents of elements. The lessivage process influenced the distribution of Zn, Cu and B, the brunification process influenced the distribution of Fe, Ni, B and Co, the gleying process influenced the distribution of Mn, whereas Pb and Zn were bioaccumulated in most humus horizons of the studied soils. The studied arable soils had natural contents of trace elements.
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Gorban, V. A. "Soil natural radioactivity of northern variant ravine biogeocenoses of Ukrainian steppe zone." Питання степового лісознавства та лісової рекультивації земель 49 (October 25, 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/442005.
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Ravine biogeocenoses in the steppe zone of Ukraine are a unique natural phenomenon. Under these natural forests for many millennia formed a specific kind of soil – forest chernozems, which differ in a number of ways from the zonal chernozems. Today in the scientific literature you can find information about such properties of these soils as organic matter, structural and aggregate composition, lessivage, micromorphological features. However, the natural radioactivity of forest chernozems remains virtually unexplored. Our work is devoted to the establishment of the peculiarities of the natural radioactivity of the soils of ravine biogeocenoses. The soils of the Hlyboky ravine, which according to the classification of O.L. Belgard belongs to the northern version of the ravines of the steppe zone of Ukraine. As a result of the performed researches it is established that the surface horizons of chernozems of forest southern and northern exposures of the ravine differ in reduced values of ashing coefficient, which indicates an increased content of organic matter in them compared to other horizons of the studied soils. Eluvial horizons are characterized by reduced values of natural radioactivity compared to illuvial, which indicates increased sorption by small particle size fractions of radioactive elements compared to larger fractions. The maximum values of natural radioactivity were found in the lower genetic horizons of the studied soils. This indicates that the source of radioactive elements is the parent rock from which the soil was formed. Organic substances and their ability to bind radioactive elements are characterized by a smaller contribution to the natural radioactivity of soils compared to small particle size fractions and parent rock. The distribution of natural radioactivity values by soil profile is determined by the peculiarities of soil genesis of each individual soil type and to some extent can reflect them.
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Darwish Abdulrahman, Haliz, Mohammed Ali Fayyadh, and Jamal A.h. Doski. "Formation And Development of Vertisols in Selivany Plain at Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq." Journal Of Duhok University 23, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/ajuod.2020.23.2.28.
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The study area located at the Selivany plain in Duhok governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Forty- three soil samples were taken from horizons in all studied pedons then physically and chemically analyzed according to standard methods. The studied soils were slightly alkaline non- saline. The values of CEC increased with increasing clay content. The Studied soils considered Vertisols and occurs pedoturbation, in turn, trans-locating organic matter from surface to subsurface and deep horizons, additionally, existing plant roots contribute in increasing organic matter in these horizons, and the humification process can occur in different soil horizons. Total carbonate content increased with increasing depth in subsurface horizons this due to the origin of limestone parent materials. The differences in carbonate distribution manner indicated to development. The studied soils contain a considerable amount of active carbonate that affecting different soil properties. Relatively high clay content in studied soils and its content at the surface horizons are lower than it at subsurface horizons. The high value of clay and silt content indicates to soil development. The following pedogenic processes can be specified loss, gain, leaching, illuviation, eluviation, alkalization, humification, lessivage, desalinization, calcification, decomposition, synthesis, pedoturbation, and braunification. Humification processes of organic matter are predominate because the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C / N) is less than 25. According to the criterion (Total clay in B-horizon / Total clay at A-orizon) most of the studied pedons (1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 14) considered as well developed soils. The ratio of (Active carbonate/ Total carbonate) was high ranged between (0.31-3.14%), and this may be due to the high weathering intensity of parent material, as a result of increased the ratio mass of active carbonate to total carbonate.
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Papish, Ihor, Halyna Ivanyuk, and Viktor Ivaniuk. "Changes in Chernozem Erosion Resistance Due to the Evolution of Clay Plasma in Western Ukrainian Region." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 05, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.050303.
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The major problem of efficient agriculture in Ukraine is increasing rates of the water erosion in Chernozems. The aim of this research study is to describe the negative trends in the clay profile for evolution of various Chernozem sub-types, which lead to the reduction of erosion resistance. Cohesion strength between soil aggregates is determined dominating smectite minerals in clay plasma. Disturbing the stable balance between the organic and mineral matter are the main causes of soil disaggregation. Evolutionary changes of Chernozems clay plasma are studied using the methods of chemical and x-ray diffractometry analysis. The processes of de-humification have been destabilized the mineral colloidal complex and smectite-illit dynamic equilibrium in soils. From Haplic Chernozems to Greyzemic Chernozems, the substantial loss of highly dispersive smectite material is observed. The dominance of inactive illite clay in the arable layer of all Chernozems reduce the role of clay plasma in formatting of water-stable micro- and macrostructure. According to the anti-erosion properties of clay plasma, the Chernozems under study is found in the following order: Haplic Chernozem > Greyzemic Chernozem. These properties reduce themselves following the increase in soil hydromorphism stimulating argillification in the middle and lower horizons due to the processes of lessivage and inter-soil weathering. Anthropogenic evolution of Chernozems, when caused by the changes in the silicate fraction of soils, is basically of irreversible degrading nature.
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Innocent, Christophe, Jean-Pierre Girard, and Robert Wyns. "Un âge crétacé inférieur probable pour les paléoaltérations latéritiques du graben de Saint-Maixent-l’École (seuil du Poitou) d’après l’étude isotopique (Rb-Sr, δ18O-δD, U-Th) de pisolites ferrugineux." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 190 (2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018018.
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Le début du Crétacé a été marqué en Europe occidentale par le développement de paléoaltérations de type latéritique. Les argiles rouges à cuirasse ferrugineuse pisolitique du graben de Saint-Maixent-l’École (seuil du Poitou) peuvent constituer un exemple-témoin de ce type d’altération. Toutefois, leur âge reste inconnu et leur position stratigraphique, au-dessus des calcaires oligocènes du fond du graben, ne permet pas d’exclure un âge de formation beaucoup plus récent. Des pisolites de goethite provenant de ces sols latéritiques ont été échantillonnés dans la forêt de Fouilloux et ont fait l’objet d’analyses isotopiques Rb-Sr, U-Th et δ18O-δD, afin de tenter de lever l’indétermination sur l’âge de leur formation. Pour Rb-Sr, outre les analyses sur pisolites totaux, des expériences de lessivages ménagés ont été effectuées afin d’essayer d’isoler un composant radiogénique. Les résultats obtenus n’ont pas permis de donner un âge fiable par la méthode des isochrones, même si les données tendraient plutôt à faire remonter l’épisode d’altération au début du Crétacé. Les analyses δ18O-δD ont été effectuées sur des pisolites de goethite totaux, ainsi que sur des fragments sous-échantillonnés. Les résultats plaident en faveur de conditions de formation en zone climatique chaude et/ou aride. Aucun argument en faveur d’un âge fini ou post-oligocène ne peut être tiré de l’étude des isotopes de l’oxygène et de l’hydrogène. Enfin, les analyses U-Th ont été effectuées sur des goethites totales ainsi que sur des fragments sous-échantillonnés. Les rapports d’activités 234U/238U sont tous légèrement supérieurs à l’équilibre séculaire, indiquant que les goethites évoluent actuellement et/ou ont évolué récemment en système ouvert. Ainsi, les sols latéritiques apparaissent toujours comme géochimiquement actifs. Si cette étude n’a pas permis d’apporter une réponse claire sur l’âge des sols latéritiques, l’hypothèse la plus probable au vu des données isotopiques est que ces sols latéritiques se sont développés au-dessus des calcaires kimméridgiens sur les bordures du graben de Saint-Maixent-l’École, puis remaniés et finalement resédimentés au fond du graben.
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Sądej, Wiera, and Andrzej Cezary Żołnowski. "Comparison of the effect of various long-term fertilization systems on the content and fractional composition of humic compounds in Lessive soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 4 (April 23, 2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/777/2018-pse.
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A field experiment was established in 1972 on Luvisol. Three types of fertilizers – cattle manure (CM), cattle slurry (CS) and mineral fertilizers were used. CS was applied in the following doses: I – balanced with CM in terms of the amount of introduced total nitrogen and II – balanced with CM in terms of the amount of introduced total organic carbon (C<sub>tot</sub>). 39 years after the experiment was established, half of each experimental plot was limed and since then the experiment was carried in two series – non-limed and limed soils. The paper presents the results of soil analyses 41 years after the experiment was started. It was found that each fertilization system increased the C<sub>tot</sub> content in soil in relation to the unfertilized control plot. The increase of C<sub>tot</sub> fluctuated between 0.35–6.22 g/kg of dry matter. In both series, the highest C<sub>tot</sub> content was observed in the soil fertilized with CM and CM + PK. Limed compared to non-limed soil contained nearly 25% more carbon of humic acids than fulvic acids and nearly 20% lower content of low molecular humic bonds. Liming considerably widened the humic acids carbon:fulvic acids carbon (C<sub>HA</sub>:C<sub>FA</sub>) ratio of the fertilized soils, up to 1.32–1.87, while the corresponding objects of the non-limed series showed the C<sub>HA</sub>:C<sub>FA</sub> ratio between 0.75–0.97.
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Niedbała, Mateusz. "The effect of the use of a soil improver based on waste brown coal on the enzymatic activity of soil in the cultivation of Paulownia hybrids (Paulownia Siebold & Zuccarini, 1835)." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 116 (December 30, 2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6878.
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The effect of the use of a soil improver based on waste brown coal on the enzymatic activity of soil in the cultivation of Paulownia hybrids (Paulownia Siebold & Zuccarini, 1835). An important element in controlling the condition of the soil and the plants grown on it are tests of the enzymatic activity of the soil matrix. One of the greatest advantages of using enzyme tests is the ability to make an assessment that also includes other non-measurable factors that affect soil health and condition. The diagnosed changes in soil enzymatic activity are the best parameter for determining the biochemical processes taking place there. This article describes the enzymatic activity of lessive soils on which the Paulownia hybrid variety is cultivated and a soil improver based on waste brown coal is used
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SANTOS, M. C. D., A. R. MERMUT, D. W. ANDERSON, and R. J. ST. ARNAUD. "MICROMORPHOLOGY OF THREE GRAY LUVISOLS IN EAST-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-077.
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Micromorphology of three Gray Luvisolic soils under Boreal Forests occurring on late Wisconsinan age glacial till were studied. Profiles 1 and 2 occurred on loam with 8–10% carbonates; Profile 3 on clay loam till with 58% carbonates. The presence of various fecal pellets shows the importance of soil fauna in the decomposition of litter and the formation of aggregates in organic horizons. Aggrotubules and fecal pellets in the lower part of the profiles testified to the presence of biological activity even at depth. Several types of banded fabrics and iron-manganese nodules were observed, and are thought to result from temporary saturated conditions of the Ae horizons. Ferri-argillans occur as both illuviation (due to lessivage) and in situ weathering cutans. The weakest ferriargillans were found in the thickest profile. The most birefringent ferriargillans with strong continuous orientation and the most abundant iron-manganese nodules were found in Profile 3 which had the thinnest solum. This indicates that high carbonate content reduces the depth of solum, but not intensity of soil-forming processes. Considerable amount of weathering of the primary minerals, particularly sand-sized micas and feldspars in the C horizons was attributed to ancient chemical weathering. Analyses indicated the physical breakdown of sand particles to silt in the Ae horizons. Neocalcitans were observable in the relatively thicker Profiles 1 and 2 and calcans were specific to Profile 3 with extremely calcareous, dominantly dolomitic parent material. Key words: Luvisols, Boreal Forest soil, micromorphology, nodules, cutans, faunal activity
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Yakovenko, V. M., and N. A. Bilova. "Morphology of forest ravined soil formation on deluvial loams." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 16, no. 3-4 (September 30, 2015): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041512.
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The paper establishes the general features of the soil morphogenesis in ravined forests of Dnieper Prysamaria and genetic relationships of forest soils with zonal chernozem under herbaceous associations based on the detection of morphological properties that are «lithogenic», that is inherited from deluvial material and «pedogenic» features formed directly in the forest soil. The study area is located on the Dnieper Prysamaria (Dnipropetrovsk region) within the area of the steppes. The trial areas are incorporated in the upper Deep ravine, located in the upland part of watershed landscape. Catena is represented by five typical sections – between edging of the ravined forest and the field in the middle thirds of the slopes of the northern and southern exposures and in the thalweg of the ravine. Samples for meso-morphological studies were selected by genetic horizons, samples for soil horizons were selected using a soil drill. Basic morphological characteristics were determined in the laboratory (except for the hardness index). The mathematical processing of the results was carried out by methods of nonparametric statistics (method K-means). It was found that, despite the temporal and spatial disorder of deluvial material deposition processes and the differences of the water regime in the thalweg on the slopes, in the ravined biogeocenoses the forest soils are formed with common features of morphological organization of the genetic profile of the individual and morphological properties. The uniformity of the general structure is shown in a set sequence and the power of the genetic horizons, polycyclic and texture eluvial-illuvial differentiation of the genetic profile. The uniformity of the changes in the profile of the individual morphological properties is shown in the form of colour options of genetic horizons (due to humus content talus deposits), changing the particle size distribution of horizons in accordance with the general differentiation profile on eluvial and illuvial (due lessivage) part, changes in the morphology and dimensions of structural units related to changes in the structure of hardness horizons intensive leaching of carbonates from the profile of forest soils. The necessity of research processes clayization profile in situ, their role in the morphogenesis of compacted horizons are noted. There are two groups of properties that make it possible to analyze the micromorphology level communication between the soils in the catena. The first – a lithogenic conditionally or diluvial material properties, which persist for a long time in a forest soil – granulometry and less coloration horizons. The second – a pathogenic properties, sharply differing in the studied soils associated with the peculiarities of morphogenesis of a particular genetic profile and specific genetic horizon. These include the level of occurrence of carbonates in the profile and intensity of effervescence, the morphology of the structural units, the hardness of the genetic horizons, the level of spot colour. Cluster analysis identified a statistically illustrates the differences between the morphological structure of the soil catena, combining in one cluster the ravined soils on deluvial deposits under forest vegetation, and in the other – the soils on the loess under herbaceous vegetation. The contrast of differences increases down the profile.
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Tomic, Zagorka, and Nikola Jovic. "Recent succession of the pedunculate oak and narrow-leaved ash forest in the unflooded part of Gornji Srem." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 85 (2002): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0285101t.
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In the unflooded part of the river Sava, Bosut and Studva bottom lands in Gornji Srem (forest sections Morovi? and Visnji?evo), the following succession series are clearly differentiated on large areas: forests of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinetum angustifoliae Jov. et Tom.1979. s.l) on ((/(-(/(-gley ( forests of pedunculate oak and narrow-leaved ash (Fraxino-Quercetum roboris Jov. et Tom.1979. s.l) on humogley, humosemigley and semigley ( forests of pedunculate oak, hornbeam and ash (Carpino-Fraxino-Quercetum roboris Jov. et Tom. 1979, s.l) on semigley, brown forest soil and soil lessive Forest of pedunculate oak and narrow-leaved ash, which is an intermediary stage of the ecological succession series, is also differentiated into three ecological units (subassociations), which are the developmental phases of the association - primary, optimal and terminal ? Forest of pedunculate oak and ash with hygrophilic accessories (Fraxino-Quercetum roboris hygrophyllum) on moderately moist hydromorphic black soils (humogley, ecological (-gley) is the primary phase, ecologically and syn-dynamically related to the terminal phase of the previous stage ? forest of narrow-leaved ash with sedge (Fraxinetum angustifoliae caricetosum remotae) on (/(-gley. The dominant edificator is narrow-leaved ash, while pedunculate oak is in the subdominant position Moister meadow black soils are characterised by intensive moisture, because already at the depth of 20/30-50 cm, the process of gleying occurs. Underground water stagnates at the depth of 80-120 cm ? Typical forest of pedunculate oak and ash (Fraxino-Quercetum roboris typicum) on the drier varieties of humosemigley is the optimal phase in the development of the association, with a slowed down dynamism. Both edificators are in their ecological and coenological optima, i.e. the conditions of their development are excellent In the drier hygromorphic black soils the level of underground water is about 40 cm lower than the moister variety, so that the stagnating underground water occurs at the depth of 120-160 cm. However, thanks to capillary rise, the tree root system has abundant moisture. Simultaneously, the physical properties of the soil are more favourable, so the ecological productivity potential is very high ? Forest of pedunculate oak and ash with field maple and Tartar maple (Fraxino-Quercetum roboris aceretosom) on semigleys is the terminal phase, syn-dynamically and spatially related to the following phase ? forest of pedunculate oak, hornbeam and ash with sedge (Carpino-Fraxino-Quercetum roboris caricetosum remotae) on semigleys to semigleys lessive in the unflooded zone. Pedunculate oak undertakes the role of the dominant edificator, while ash is retreating The depth of the stagnating ground water is 150/160-200 cm and the soils are significantly lighter, so that capillary rise is twice as difficult. This is not unfavourable to pedunculate oak, which reaches its ecological optimum even in the less moist communities with hornbeam in the terrestrial conditions, but it hinders the development of the more hygrophilic narrow-leaved ash and thus accelerates the syn-dynamic processes of the transition to the following, drier stage The study of the dynamism of pedunculate oak and narrow-leaved ash forests, one of the most widely distributed and most productive ecosystems in Gornji Srem, should direct, advance and facilitate the carrying out of all operations on its enhancement.
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Matviishyna, Zh M., and S. P. Doroshkevych. "Micromorphological peculiarities of the Pleistocene soils in the Middle Pobuzhzhya (Ukraine) and their significance for paleogeographic reconstructions." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 2 (July 6, 2019): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111932.
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The basic micromorphological features of fossil Pleistocene soils of the Middle Pobuzhzhya region are revealed. The early Neopleistocene (Shyrokyne, Martonosha, Lubny) and Middle Pleistocene Zavadivka soils are characterized by bright brownish, reddish and brownish colors of plasma, compact composing structural separations in the form of cleave blocks with densely packed nodular formations of ferruginous matter, cracksman ship of the mass, a significantamount of ferruginous, manganese and carbonate new formations. In the soils of the early optimum of the Kaydaky stage, signs of the eluvial-illuvial processes were observed (impoverished on the thin clays and humus fields with the «washed» grains of the mineral skeleton, the destroyed microaggregates in the eluvial and the impregnation of the plasma by calomorphic clays in the form of streaks, films, streams in the illuvial horizons). In the Pryluky soils there is a well-expressed microagregation of the mass, a branched net of twisted pores, humus coagulation in the humus and humus transition horizons, various forms of carbonate new formations as the impregnation and plasma cementation by microcrystalline calcite, presence of isolated crystals of crypto-, micro- and small crystalline calcite. The specific individual features of the Vytachiv soils are cleave block microstructure, the presence of the nodular concentric organo-iron-clay formations, and microorsteins. Dofinivka soils are characterized by a loose microstructure, fuzzy rounded microaggregates, a developed system of twisted pores, and enrichment of mass on carbonates. In order to clarify the genetic types of fossil Pleistocene soils of the Middle Pobuzhzhya, identification of the signs of elementary soil formation processes was carried out on the basis of micromorphological analysis data. The significance of the results of micromorphological researches for paleogeographical reconstruction is outlined. It has been established that certain groups of soil formation processes are characteristic for fossil soils of separate paleogeographical stages. In the soils formed up to the Dnieper glaciation (Shyrokyne, Martonosha, Lubny and Zavadivka), signs of processes of claying, rubbification, ferralization, cleaving were displayed, but weakly expressed humus formation, thoughcarbonization were diagnosed. In the soils formed after the maximum glaciation (Kaydaky, Pryluky, Vytachiv, Dofinivka), signs of the such processes as humus formation, podzolization, lessive, leaching, damp-meadow soil formation on floodplain, migration of carbonates, etc., are established. It is processes which are predominating in the modern soils of the territory of Ukraine. Assertaintment of elementary soil-forming processes, diagnosed in multi-annual fossil soils, have made it possible to identify their genetic types and as a result, to reconstruct the soil cover in separate stages of the Neopleistocene, to establish regional patterns of evolutional stadial changes and the natural environment in the Pleistocene on the territory of the Middle Pobuzhzhya.
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Kostenko, I. V., and A. R. Nikiforov. "CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF BIOAVAILABLE HEAVY METAL COMPOUNDS IN THE SOILS OF THE CRIMEAN MOUNTAIN PLATEAUS AFTER AFFORESTATION." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 1, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-20214112.
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About 3 thousand hectares of forest stands were created on the surface of the Crimean mountain plateaus in the middle of the 20th century as a result of afforestation. Studies on the influence of these stands on the properties of mountain meadow soils (Phaeozems) showed that under the forest vegetation, the consolidation of structural aggregates, a decrease in the humus content, and an increase in acidity compared to the soils under the meadow vegetation, which could also affect other soil properties, including the mobility of some metals, were observed. The work objective of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the content of Pb, Mn, Cu, and Zn compounds available for biota (1 M ammonium acetate) in the soil under mountain meadows, natural beech forest, and artificial forest stands. Following the obtained results, the available Pb, Mn, and Cu compounds accumulated in the afforested mountain meadow soils relative to the adjacent mountain meadows areas. Thus, the average Pb content in the soil layer of 0–10 cm under the mountain pine stands in comparison with the soil under meadow vegetation was 1.6 times higher, Mn – 1.2 times, Cu – 1.2 times. The Pb content was 2.5 times higher, Mn – 1.5 times higher, and Cu – 1.2 times higher under the silver birch stands. The Pb content was 2.2 times higher, Mn – 2.4 times higher, and Cu – 1.5 times higher under Siberian larch stands. The Pb content was 1.9 times higher, Mn – 1.1 times higher, Cu – 1.3 times higher under the sycamore maple stands, compared to the meadow. Differences between afforested and meadow soils in the content of these elements in most cases were significant, except for the Zn content, signs of accumulation of which under artificial stands were not revealed. The Pb, Mn, and Cu content in the brown forest lessive soil (Luvisols) under the oriental beech corresponded to their concentration under the larch, and the Zn content was significantly higher compared to the soil under all species. The main reason for the increase in the mobility of some elements under tree stands is their transition from immobile forms under the influence of increased acidity of afforested soils. Wood litter due to the low content of trace elements in its composition cannot be a source of their accumulation in the topsoil.
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Litvinovich, Andrey, Anton Lavrishchev, Vladimir Bure, Tara Grujić, and Elmira Saljnikov. "Agrogenic evolution of soddy-podzolic soil: Feasibility of repeated re-involvement in cultivation of the fallow lands formed on band clays." Zemljiste i biljka 71, no. 2 (2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zembilj2202086l.
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Transformations of the soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil in a long-term agricultural use (> 200 years) was studied in Leningrad region, northwest Russia. This feasibility study investigated the possibility of re-cultivation of these soils after long term fallowing. Morphological structure, particle size distribution, content and ratio of ferrous and oxide forms of iron in the profile of virgin (indigenous forest) and arable drained soil were analysed. In addition, changes in the organogenic-profile were traced in the course of long-term agrogenesis (> 200 years). In virgin forest soil, during its pedogenesis the loss of fractions <0.01 mm from the eluvial layer was 877.4 kg m-2 , and the loss of <0.0001mm was 287.5 kg m-2 , as compared with parent material not affected by the processes of pedogenesis. However, long-term agrogenesis (>200 years) led to increased eluvial losses of fine earth particles. The loss of fraction <0.01 mm from the arable horizons was 1244.8, and < 0.0001 mm was 570 kg m-2 , respectively. This was due to multiple yearly tillage that increased the porosity of the soil and thus intensified lessivage, which led to increased leaching and eluvial losses. The total loss of colloids from the entire profile of virgin soil was 262.1 kg m-2 , and from the arable layer of drained soil - 290.1 kg m-2 . The humus enrichment of the colloids of the plough (P) horizon of the arable soil was two times lower than that of the surface (AY) horizon of the virgin soil. The relative share of the participation of colloids in the fixation of humus by the soil was the same (11.6 and 10.9%, respectively). In the subsurface horizons, the absolute content of humus in the colloids decreased, and the share of participation in the fixation of humus increased. When soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil is brought to cultivation then the water-air regime is improved, content and composition of humus, depth of arable horizon is increased and the soil acidity decreased. At the same time the leaching of fine earth materials is accelerated. When this soil was withdrawn from crop production, the positive changes achieved as a result of cultivation were gradually lost. For the first time we could qualitatively calculate the losses of the fine earth fractions for the given soil from top soil. Taking into account the high costs of re-cultivation of the former land and a high cost of re-installation and maintenance of an optimal hydrological regime (drainage network) we concluded that repeated ploughing and involvement of arable soddy-podzolic gleyic clay soil into cultivation is economically unreasonable.
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Wilczewski, Edward, and Lech Gałęzewski. "Effect of Sowing Method on Yield of Different Plants Grown as a Catch Crop." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (October 13, 2023): 14829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014829.
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Currently, the most important task of stubble catch crops, as an element of sustainable agriculture, is to provide the soil with organic matter. The basic problem in the implementation of this task is the shortage of precipitation during the sowing period, which, combined with high temperatures in Europe in August, results in the loss of soil water and, consequently, weakening of germination and delay in plant emergence. The development of agrotechnics to increase the reliability of germination of seeds of plants grown as a catch crops is very important for the use of this valuable source of organic matter in regions with low and irregular rainfall, especially in the case of light soils with low water retention capacity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the response to furrow sowing of plants from various botanical groups grown as a stubble catch crop. Field studies were carried out on lessive soil in 2013–2015 at the Research Station in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. The subject of the research was the sowing method (factor I): furrow sowing versus traditional (row) sowing. Sowing methods were tested for four crops (factor II): white mustard, tansy phacelia, common buckwheat, and common vetch. Certain plants reacted differently to the use of furrow sowing, and this reaction was different in various years of the study. In years with average soil moisture during the sowing period, furrow sowing made it possible to increase the yield of green mass and post-harvest residues of catch crop. In a year with very low soil moisture in this period, the desired effect of this method was not obtained. Furrow sowing allows seeds to be placed in a deeper, more moist soil layer, which can contribute to the acceleration of plant emergence. However, it requires refinement in terms of the precision of covering the sown seeds with soil.
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Jean, Yéo Nogodji. "La Culture Attelée: un Progrès dans les Méthodes de Production Agricole aux Incidences Agro-pédologiques et Socio-éducatives Néfastes dans la Sous-préfecture de Sirasso (Nord-Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 39 (December 31, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n39p108.
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Soldés par des échecs au cours de la décennie 1950-1960, les essais de développement de la culture attelée en Côte d'Ivoire ont finalement connus une suite heureuse de 1971 à 1980 avec la mise en place de 10 000 attelages de bovins. Depuis, cette forme de mécanisation de l’agriculture s’est progressivement répandue dans le Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire notamment dans la sous-préfecture de Sirasso du fait des résultats probants qu’elle a enregistrés et de l’adhésion massive des populations rurales. Ce fort engouement pour cette forme d’agriculture et les avantages qu’elle renferme voile, cependant, ses incidences agro-pédologiques et socio-éducatives négatives qui, sommes toutes, méritent un regard particulier. Cet article est donc une analyse des incidences négatives de ce moyen de production agricole prisé à Sirasso. Pour y parvenir, l’étude s’est appuyée sur des données secondaires et primaires issues d’une recherche documentaire et une enquête de terrain auprès de 219 acteurs (84 agriculteurs, 135 agro-éleveurs). L’analyse qualitative et quantitative faite à partir de ces données indique que la culture attelée est une avancée dans les méthodes de production agricole du fait de la réduction de l’effort humain et des multiples tâches manuelles pénibles, de l’exploitation de surfaces agricoles relativement grandes et de l’augmentation des volumes de production qu’elle rend possible. L’étude relève, en outre, que 79,5 % des acteurs enquêtés ont au moins une paire de bovins de culture attelée. Ce qui montre que l’appropriation quasi généralisée de cette forme de production agricole demeure tout de même nuisible du point de vue socio-éducatif et agro-pédologique. À ce propos, l’étude révèle que le labour à la charrue expose les terres cultivées à l’érosion hydrique et au lessivage. Ce qui peut dans le long terme hypothéquer l’agriculture dans ces espaces. En outre, du fait de la coïncidence des périodes des travaux champêtres avec celle de l’année scolaire (notamment la période mai-juillet), ce moyen de production agricole constitue une source de déscolarisation et non scolarisation des enfants qui sont les plus utilisés pour conduire les attelages de bovins (68 %, des enfants commis à cette tâche, est déscolarisé et 21,45 % non scolarisé).
Sold by failures during the decade 1950-1960, the development trials of harnessed cultivation in Ivory Coast finally had a successful follow-up from 1971 to 1980 with the establishment of 10 000 cattle teams. Since then, this form of mechanization of agriculture has gradually spread in the north of Ivory Coast, particularly in the sub-prefecture of Sirasso due to the convincing results it has recorded and the massive support of the rural populations. This strong enthusiasm for this form of agriculture and the advantages it contains veils, however, its negative agro-pedological and socio-educational impacts which, all in all, deserve a special look.This article is therefore an analysis of the negative impacts of this popular means of agricultural production in Sirasso. To achieve this, the study relied on secondary and primary data from a documentary research and a field surveys with 219 stakeholders (84 farmers, 135 agro-pastoralists). The qualitative and quantitative analysis made from these data indicates that harness farming is an advance in agricultural production methods due to the reduction in human effort and the multiple painful manual tasks, the exploitation of agricultural areas. relatively large and the increase in production volumes that it makes possible. The study further notes that 79.5% of the actors surveyed have at least one pair of harnessed culture cattle. This shows that the almost generalized appropriation of this form of agricultural production is still harmful from a socio-educational and agro-pedological point of view. In this regard, the study found that plowing with a plow exposes cropland to water erosion and leaching. This can in the long term jeopardize agriculture in these areas. In addition, due to the coincidence of the periods of field work with that of the school year (especially the May-July period), this means of agricultural production constitutes a source of school drop-out and non-schooling of children who are the most used to drive cattle teams (68%, of the children committed to this task, are out of school and 21.45% out of school).
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Bettahar, Naïma, Abdelkader Ali Benamara, Ahmed Kettab, and Abdelkader Douaoui. "Risque de pollution nitratée des zones semi-arides : cas de la vallée du moyen Cheliff occidental (Nord Algérien)." 22, no. 1 (February 4, 2009): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019824ar.
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Résumé L’agriculture est l’activité dominante dans la vallée du moyen Cheliff occidental (Nord algérien). Les cultures principales sont l’arboriculture et le maraîchage, ce dernier est un grand consommateur de fertilisants minéraux de type azoté. La présente étude montre, dans une première étape, l’évolution spatiale des nitrates à travers une carte établie par krigeage ordinaire pour l’année 2004 en période de hautes eaux. Il apparaît, d’après cette carte, que les zones les plus affectées sont celles pour lesquelles le niveau d’intensification de la fertilisation azotée (zones de maraîchage) est le plus fort sous les sols les plus perméables situés sur les bordures de la vallée. Ces mêmes zones sont reconnues par des pratiques d’élevage importantes. Au contraire, les teneurs sont plus faibles sous les sols de texture fine couvrant la partie centrale de la vallée. L’infiltration assez faible, caractérisant en général les zones semi-arides, semble aussi jouer un rôle important dans ce sens. Dans une seconde étape, cette étude permet d’estimer, pour l’année 2004, l’apport total en azote sur les sols de la vallée. L’apport par l’agriculture constitue 86 % du total, dont 97 % est attribué aux fertilisants azotés utilisés d’une manière intensive dans les cultures maraîchères, la pomme de terre en particulier. Rapporté à la surface totale irriguée, cet apport est évalué à 238 kg•ha‑1 pour cette année. Les conditions pédoclimatiques semblent favoriser des pertes d’azote par volatilisation et par dénitrification en parallèle avec un apport faible d’azote naturel par minéralisation. Au contraire, les pertes par lessivage en profondeur sont très faibles.
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Yamelynets, Taras, Zinoviy Pankiv, and Stepan Malyk. "Soil-forming processes in profile textural-differentiated forest soils of the Cis-Carpathian region, Ukraine." BALTIC FORESTRY 26, no. 2 (October 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.46490/bf472.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout the history of soil science development, one of the most controversial issues was the explanation of the genesis of the profile textural-differentiated soils influenced by forest vegetation and climate conditions within the Cis-Carpathian region, Ukraine. Scientists' views on the formation of the eluvial-illuvial, namely granulometric content, and profile differentiation have been and remain ambiguous due to the contradictory criteria of diagnosing the processes of eluvial soil degradation (lessivage, podzolization, eluvial-gleying process) and the almost similar results of these processes. The complexity and ambiguous interpretation of the genetic nature of the profile textural-differentiated soils of the Cis-Carpathian region necessitates the development of clear diagnostic criteria for revealing their genetic nature. The purpose of the work is to establish the diagnostic criteria of elementary soil-forming processes in profile textural-differentiated forest soils of the Cis-Carpathian region based on the analysis of data on soil properties previously collected by the authors.
It has been established that in sod-podzolic soils formed under forest, the main profile-forming elementary process of soil formation is podzolization, which is characterized by the negative values of the eluvial-accumulative coefficients and the coefficient of change of the silicate part for the upper three horizons. The processes of lessivage and segregation are of little intensity in this type of soils. The main profile-forming elementary processes of soil formation in brown-podzolic soils (Neocambic Gleyic Retisols) are lessivage and inner soil argillization with little podzolization, the eluvial-gleying process and segregation effects.
Keywords: forest soils, argillanes, neoplasms, ortsteins, podsolization, elementary soil-forming processes, Cis-Carpathian region