Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Teneur en azote'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Sols – Teneur en azote.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Néel, Catherine. "Modélisation couplée du transfert et des transformations de l'azote : paramétrisation et évaluation d'un modèle en sol nu." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066308.
Full textDjegui, Narcisse. "Influence des systèmes de cultures sur le statut organique (particulièrement sur la dynamique de l'azote) des sols sur terres de barre du Sud-Bénin." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT001A.
Full textScheiner, Javier David. "Spéciation du carbone, de l'azote et du phosphore de différentes boues de stations d'épuration au cours de leurs incubations contrölées dans deux types de sol." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000379/.
Full textRecous, Sylvie. "Dynamique de l'azote en sol cultivé : organisation microbienne des formes ammoniacale et nitrique, conséquences sur l'utilisation de l'azote des engrais par une culture de blé." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10049.
Full textRezgui, Cyrine. "Etude du potentiel d'introduction de la culture du pois d'hiver dans les successions culturales en Normandie : conséquences sur les communautés microbiennes du sol et les flux d'azote Impacts of the winter pea crop (instead of rapeseed) on soil microbial communities, nitrogen balance and wheat yield Quantification et analyse des exsudats racinaires de pois, de blé et de colza : mise au point d’une méthodologie de collecte des exsudats racinaires N rhizodeposition quantification and root exudates characterization of pea (Pisum Sativum L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under controlled conditions Linking soil microbial community to C and N dynamics during crop residues decomposition." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR047.
Full textThe agroecological transition targets triple agronomic, ecological, and societal performance of farms. Some new agricultural practices had emerged to develop a new cropping system to respond to these constraints. Legumes constitute an interesting alternative. Indeed, legumes are advantageous for soils due to their symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The presence of compatible rhizobia combined to nitrogen-limited conditions promotes symbiosis which is the most efficient way for legumes to acquire more nitrogen. Compared with non-nodulated plants, symbiosis provides a competitive advantage by increasing soil nitrogen pool. However, some grain legumes, notably winter pea, are rarely studied, especially in the Normandy region where no reference has been published for this crop. The objective of this study is to compare two crop successions for a period of two years (winter pea-wheat and rapeseed-wheat), in order to assess the effect of replacing rapeseed by winter pea at the head of the rotation .We evaluated the effect of these two crops (winter pea vs rapeseed) on the biological state of the soil and nitrogen fluxes at different spatio-temporal scales. The results showed a significant spatio-temporal effect on the response of soil microbial communities and highlighted the importance of the pedoclimatic context in determining the abundance and activity of soil microbial communities. A positive effect of winter pea has been demonstrated on the availability of mineral nitrogen during the crop cycle and for following crops (wheat and barley). The supply of nitrogen to the soil is linked to the rhizodeposition of nitrogen via plants roots and the degradation of crop residues after harvest. Our results showed that winter pea exhibited the greatest amount of nitrogen rhizodeposition. However, rhizodeposition did not have a significant impact on rhizospheric microbial communities. Contrary to these observations, the degradation of crop residues significantly modified the composition of bacterial communities linked to their initial biochemical composition. Crop succession including winter pea enriched the soil with mineral nitrogen but simulation with STICS software revealed a nitrogen leaching around of 23 kg N. ha-1 during the cropping cycle. These findings underline the importance of adapting an adequate crop management system, including winter pea, to limit nitrogen losses. The results showed also that wheat yields after winter pea without the use of nitrogen fertilizers were equivalent to those obtained after rapeseed. However, rapeseed required significant nitrogen fertilization. Including winter pea in crop rotation in Normandy region may be a key to enhance productivity, to respond to the challenges of agroecological transition, regional protein autonomy, and to reduce environmental and economic costs, by reducing notably, the costs of fertilizers production and uses
Sallih, Zaher. "Relations entre activité rhizosphérique et décomposition de la matière organique des sols au niveau de la biomasse microbienne et de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20138.
Full textClark, Karen. "Transformations de l'azote dans deux sols froids après l'application d'un lisier de porc enrichi en ¹⁵N." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19296.
Full textPérié, Catherine. "Étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle d'indicateurs de la qualité des sols pour le suivi des traitements sylvicoles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17861.
Full textTrinsoutrot-Gattin, Isabelle. "Influence de la qualité biochimique et de la teneur en azote de résidus de colza (Brassica napus L) sur les biotransformations du carbone et de l'azote au cours de leur décomposition dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10070.
Full textAschi, Amira. "Effets des pratiques innovantes sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées : cas particuliers de l'introduction de légumineuses et du travail du sol." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES023.
Full textThe intensification of agriculture, which began in the mid 20th century, led to negative impacts on soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics causing a strong decline in their biodiversity. To address these threats, new agricultural practices have emerged to preserve the physical and biological integrity of the soils. These practices, namely innovative practices, include reduced tillage, crop residues management, permanent cover crop or the introduction of legumes in rotations. Considering the changes in agricultural practices, the aim of this thesis was to understand the combined effects of reduced tillage and the introduction of faba bean in crop rotations on the structure of soil microbial communities and soil functions these communities support. The central hypothesis was that the combination of reduced tillage and the introduction of the legume in the rotation improved the structure of microbial communities, enzyme activities and soil nitrogen dynamics. Two approaches were used to evaluate the effect of these innovative practices on the soil microbial communities and the resulting functions. The first approach was a single-factor / single-site approach designed to assess the individual effect of reduced tillage on one hand, and the introduction of the legume on the other hand both under controlled field conditions. The second approach was a multi-factorial approach / multisite approach aiming at investigating the combined effects of these two innovative practices taking into account various farmers’ practices related to the implementation of these innovative practices in farm conditions. The individual effect of the introduction of legume induced modification in the structure of soil microbial communities and the increase of enzyme activities. Moreover, the response of enzyme activities to soil tillage conversion showed significant enhancement by the reduced tillage / no tillage. The multi-factorial / multi-site approach showed that the combinations of these innovative practices are suitable to the soil microbial communities: (i) the presence of the legume as previous crop combined to conventional tillage modified the structure of microbial communities or (ii) the effect of the presence of legume three years before wheat persists under reduced tillage. However, microbial functions and nitrogen dynamics were not affected. Moreover, multi-factorial approach showed that the benefits of these innovative practices cannot be established without considering the whole variability brought by farmers’ practices around the implementation of these two innovative practices. Finally, the observations made with the two approaches suggest a crucial role of microbial communities and their activities on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. These findings have a special resonance in the context of agriculture on-going transformations and the suggestion of new practices that could change the soil biological functioning
Mathieu, Olivier. "Application du traçage isotopique 15N à l'étude du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) , gaz à effet de serre produit par l'activité microbienne des sols : quantification des flux et approche spatiale au terrain." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS050.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a trace gas involved in the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone (O3) depletion. During this work, we have developed isotopic techniques to study N2O emissions from soils. Using the addition of a 15N–labelled substrate, allowing the simultaneous measurement of N2O and N2, observed spatial variability of N2O and N2 emissions was significant at the field scale. Results support the hypothesis that soil carbon availability influences N2O/N2 regulation. The relative contributions to N2O production of nitrification and denitrification were investigated using a pair–labelled experiment (15NH4+ or 15NH3–). Transition to saturated conditions increases the proportion of nitrified nitrogen emitted as N2O. Finally, a study of isotopic fractionation during denitrification shows a decrease in the fractionation effect with the 15N enrichment of the added substrate
Lasserre, Frédérique. "Conception et intégration dans un SIG d'un modèle de transport des nitrates dans les aquifères libres : application sur deux bassins hydrogéologiques de la région Poitou-Charentes." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2267.
Full textHien, Victor. "Pratiques culturales et évolution de la teneur en azote organique utilisable par les cultures dans un sol ferralitique du Burkina Faso." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/prive/INPL_T_1990_HIEN_V.pdf.
Full textPoly, Franck. "Réponses des communautés bactériennes telluriques à des perturbations chimiques complexes : activités potentielles et empreintes génétiques." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO19001.
Full textDembélé, Oupré Claude. "Dynamique de l’azote et du carbone lors de la décomposition de trois légumineuses utilisées comme cultures de couverture." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40302.
Full textLonga, Norbert. "Influence de quelques agrosystèmes lorrains sur la qualité des eaux : cas des eaux de captage de la commune de Loisy-54." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL093N.
Full textIn agricultural areas, the pollution of aquifers by nitrates is caused especially by the mineralization of soil organic matter. This phenomenon is aggravated by farming practices that use organic or mineral fertilizers to achieve maximum yield. During five years, the nitrate levels in top-soil layer (Ap and subsequent lavers) of a clayey-calcareous soil were measured. The amounts of these nitrates non immobilized by soil or by crops come directly to a mini-watersheb supplying a water-catchment of the commune of Loisy (54). The nitrate contents of water were, for several years beyond the target content of 50 mg/l (CEE norm) to range between 65 and 75 mg/l. Therefore, an attempt was made to explain the relationship between the contents of nitrates in soil and in drainage water measured weekly. In parallel, the influence of the buryinf of the straw and an intercrop culture using rape to catch the nitrates was studied during the intercrop period on bare soil. The overall balance of this work explained clearly the necessity to know the real supply of native mineral nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers applications should be made accounting for local climatic conditions and particularly the different stages of the development of plant crop
Forest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Full textCambouris, Nancy Athyna. "Impact des zones d'aménagement des sols délimitées à l'aide de la conductivité électrique sur la gestion de l'azote dans la culture de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24912/24912.pdf.
Full textLachapelle, Jean-Mathieu. "Réévaluation des besoins en azote, phosphore et potassium des cultures de brocoli, de chou et de chou-fleur en sols minéraux au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21865.
Full textBonzi, Moussa. "Évaluation et déterminisme du bilan de l'azote en sols cultivés du centre Burkina Faso : étude par traçage isotopique [exposant]15N au cours d'essais en station et en milieu paysan." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL057N.
Full textHameed, Hassan Rasheed. "Transformation et translocation de l'azote sous influence lombricienne et microbienne : modèles et validation écologiques." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20243.
Full textClaude, Pierre-Phillippe. "Effets des cultures intercalaires dans le maïs-grain, sur le rendement en grain, la qualité édaphique, et la teneur en azote inorganique des sols." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74544.
Full textFall-ploughed red clover maintained the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates on the Ste-Rosalie clay. Spring-ploughed red clover on the other hand caused a decrease in bulk density in the top 10 cm of the Chicot loam.
The nitrogen-response of corn indicated that the intercrops did not contribute to the nitrogen regime of grain-corn. There were also indications that intercrops competed with corn for available inorganic nitrogen and water. The intercrops, however, did reduce the levels of soil inorganic nitrogen in the fall allowing for a possible decrease in the nitrogen load of soil percolates.
Despite the beneficial effect of nitrogen fertilisation on the organic nitrogen content of the soil, the presence of leguminous intercrops did not prevent the increase of the soil CN ratio.
Duquet, Bernard. "Étude comparée de l'humification d'une paille marquée à l'azote 15 dans différents sols du plateau calcaire de Besançon." Nancy 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NAN10382.
Full textLindemann, Yves. "Contribution à l'étude statistique des répartitions et à la modélisation de la dynamique de l'azote nitrique dans le sol." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112364.
Full textAlami, Younes. "Rôle d'une bactérie productrice d'exopolysaccharides (Rhizobium sp. ) dans l'agrégation du sol rhizosphérique du tournesol : conséquences de l'inoculation sur la structuration du sol et la nutrition minérale de la plante." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10169.
Full textThe bacterial strain Y AS34, selected for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, was isolated from the rhizoplane of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in a Dystric Cambisol. From cartography and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene it was concluded that strain Y AS34 belongs to the genus Rhizobium. The gelatinous EPS produced by this strain was different from succinoglycan usually produced by bacteria belonging to the genus Rhizobium. In the presence of 1 % (w/w) of the EPS purified from strain Y AS34, the water holding capacity of soil from St-Florent-sur-Cher was enhanced by 50%. Inoculation of sunflower seeds and soil with strain Y AS34 led to a significant increase of rootadhering soil mass per root biomass (+80%), under both, water stress and normal water supply conditions. Concomittantly with this bacterial effect on the mass of root-adhering soil, an increase of soil macro-porosity (pore diameter between 5 and 50 mm) was observed. In addition to these physical changes of root-adhering soil, nitrogen uptake by sunflower was significantly increased after inoculation with Rhizobium sp. Y AS34 in the presence of 1 N-nitrates. Strain y AS34 seems to modify the soil structure around the root system in a way that the water supply of sunflower and its nitrogen uptake is increased counteracting the effect of water deficit on sunflower growth
Brassard, Mariane. "Développement d'outils diagnostiques de la nutrition azotée du maïs-grain pour une gestion optimale de l'engrais azoté /cMarianne Brassard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18923.
Full textMahieu, Stéphanie. "Assessment of the below ground contribution of field grown pea (Pisum sativum L. ) to the soil N pool." Angers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ANGE0030.
Full textIn order to use grain legumes as a means of N acquisition in cropping systems, estimates of biological N2 fixation, N balances and the N benefit for following crops need to be improved. These estimates remain unclear, mainly because of difficulties in assessing below ground N (BGN = Root N + N rhizodeposition), especially N rhizodeposition. The aim of my Ph. D. Was to adapt and refine a 15N labelling method to measure the amount of N derived from rhizodeposition by a pea and to design a protocol for field studies. Two methods (split-root and cotton-wick) and a variety of labelling conditions were tested in the field and in the greenhouse. In addition, effects of water stress, N availability and sources of N nutrition (nitrogen fixation or inorganic N uptake) on this process were investigated on different pea varieties and isolines. The labelling frequency and concentration of the labelling solution were shown to influence the assessment of N rhizodeposition. However, results obtained with both methods were reliable when plants were labelled continuously with a diluted labelling solution. The 15N cotton-wick technique was easier to adapt and monitor in the field than the split-root method and was chosen for further field studies. The results suggest that N source and water stress have no specific effect on the proportion of total plant N allocated to the below ground parts. In the field, rhizodeposition represented around 90% of the total plant N. This should be taken into account when estimating N benefits from biological N2 fixation by a grain legume crop and for the prediction of N economies for succeeding crops in legume-based cropping systems
Voisin, Anne-Sophie. "Etude du fonctionnement des racines nodulées du pois (Pisum sativum L. ) en relation avec la disponibilité en nitrates du sol, les flux de carbone au sein de la plante et la phénologie : croissance des racines nodulées et activité fixatrice des nodosités." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS005.
Full textBoucher, Valérie. "Etude de la déshydratation par respiration aérobie de boues de station d'épuration : Limitation des pertes en azotes." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT001A.
Full textBlanc, Chèneby Dominique. "Caractérisation de la microflore dénitrifiante des sols agricoles en lien avec leur aptitude à émettre N2O au cours de la dénitrification." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10296.
Full textDiot, Florent. "Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique du soufre en sols cultivés lorrains." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL068N.
Full textCheloufi, Hamid. "Étude du devenir de fertilisants azotés minéraux dans quatre types de sols cultivés Lorrains : conséquences agronomiques et écologiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL069N.
Full textTexier, Michèle. "Régulation des transferts d'azote dans la rhizosphère de plantes non fixatrices d'azote (cas du blé)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20042.
Full textCourtaillac, Nathalie. "Maitrise du cycle de l'azote dans le système vertisol - canne à sucre : conséquences sur la gestion des parcelles." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL014N.
Full textPerron, Marie-Hélène. "Disponibilité de l'azote de biosolides de traitement de lisier de porc et de deux boues de papetière et émissions de N2O consécutives à leur épandage au champ." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26946/26946.pdf.
Full textDion, Pierre-Paul, and Pierre-Paul Dion. "Minéralisation et prélèvement direct de l'azote organique dans les cultures légumières biologiques en serre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37893.
Full textDevant la complexité du cycle de l’azote (N) et la variété de ses formes disponibles dans le sol, la planification de la fertilisation de cet élément repose sur des calculs et considérations complexes. La fertilisation biologique a de particulier que l’N est apporté sous forme organique, alors que les plantes le prélèvent principalement sous forme minérale. La disponibilité de l’N repose donc sur une minéralisation efficace des amendements. Cette situation peut mener des producteurs à surfertiliser, entraînant des pertes financières et d’N dans l’environnement. Parvenir à une meilleure synchronisation de la minéralisation de l’N avec les besoins de la plante est donc crucial pour le développement de la serriculture biologique, où les besoins en azote des cultures sont de loin plus élevés qu’au champ. De plus, la capacité de certaines plantes à prélever directement l’N sous forme organique est souvent considérée négligeable en agriculture, mais pourrait être plus importante qu’on ne le croit, contribuant ainsi substantiellement au bilan d’N de la plante. Les objectifs généraux de ma thèse étaient de : (1) évaluer les taux de minéralisation de fertilisants biologiques couramment utilisés en culture légumière sous serre au Québec ; (2) étudier l’impact de différentes sources fertilisantes sur la biodiversité des bactéries du sol ; (3) étudier la capacité du concombre à prélever l’N directement sous forme organique ; et (4) développer et valider un outil de gestion de la fertilisation biologique azotée. Une expérience d’incubation de cinq fertilisants biologiques d’usage commun en serriculture biologique a été menée. La minéralisation de l’N a plafonné dans un sol minéral et un substrat tourbeux à, respectivement, 41 et 63 % de l’N appliqué pour le fumier de poule granulé, 56-93 % pour la farine de sang, 54-81 % pour la farine de plume, 34-43 % pour la farine de luzerne et 57-73 % pour la farine de crevette. Dans un sol minéral, la biodiversité bactérienne alpha (indice Shannon) a été augmentée par l’apport de farine de luzerne, alors que dans un substrat organique à base de tourbe, ce sont la farine de crevette et le fumier de poule granulé qui l’ont le plus augmentée. En se basant sur ces résultats, le modèle NLOS a été adapté à la serriculture biologique pour produire le nouveau modèle NLOS-OG. Cet outil a été validé en serres expérimentales et commerciales et a permis une prédiction satisfaisante de la disponibilité d’N minéral pour une culture en sol minéral, ainsi que de la minéralisation cumulative de fertilisants appliqués dans un sol ou un substrat tourbeux. Par contre, de la recherche spécifique à la dynamique de l’eau dans les cultures biologiques en contenants sera nécessaire afin de prédire adéquatement la disponibilité de l’azote dans ce système. Une interface web est disponible pour les agronomes et producteurs (https://exchange.iseesystems. com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/). Le contenu en C et N solubles du substrat biologique d’une culture de concombre en serre biologique a été positivement corrélé au contenu en C et N organiques de la sève du xylème et aux solides solubles du fruit, suggérant un prélèvement et un transfert de C et N organiques vers les parties aériennes et les fruits. Dans une seconde expérience, en milieu contrôlé, de jeunes plants de concombre ont été exposés à une solution d’alanine enrichie en 13C et 15N. En combinant l’utilisation de molécules marquées à une position spécifique (Position-specific labelling) et l’analyse isotopique spécifique au composé (Compound-specific isotopic analysis), nous avons développé une approche innovatrice permettant de suivre le métabolisme de l’assimilation de l’N issu d’un acide aminé prélevé par les racines. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les racines peuvent prélever et assimiler l’N sous forme organique, surtout en situation de rareté de l’N. Elles ont toutefois une nette préférence pour les formes inorganiques (nitrate et ammonium). Les contributions scientifiques découlant de cette étude doctorale sont : (1) une meilleure connaissance de la minéralisation des fertilisants biologiques azotés ; (2) l’intégration de ces taux de minéralisation dans un outil de gestion de l’N applicable en serriculture biologique; et (3) une meilleure compréhension du prélèvement et de l’assimilation de l’azote organique par des plants de concombre. Ces connaissances permettront une meilleure planification de la fertilisation à base de matière organique, et par conséquent un accroissement de la durabilité de la serriculture biologique.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
O'Connor, Claire. "Caractérisation du partage des ressources en eau et en azote entre les arbres et les cultures au sein de jeunes peuplements agroforestiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR013.
Full textAlley-cropping systems (AC) offer several ecosystem services such as biodiversity preservation, carbon sequestration, soil erosion reduction and improving water quality. However, the introduction of trees creates a transition zone between the row and crop alley where the species compete for resources such as space, nutrients, water and light. This competition may induce a decrease of the crop yield. Other studies showed that a root complementarity was established between trees and crops, limiting the competition for water and nutrients. The initialization of deep tree root growth remains poorly understood, even though it is a crucial phase for the well management of agroforestry plots. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the sharing of water and nitrogen during the tree establishment in agricultural plots. The tree fine roots abundance was measured along a chronosequence of seventeen AC ranging from 3 to 12 years old. The water and nitrogen partitioning between trees and crop was monitored on a 4-year-old AC. Tea bags were buried to assess the decomposition of soil organic matter at 30, 50 and 100 cm depth. Several soil samples were taken during these experiments, the main parameters analyzed were water content, nitrogen and organic carbon content and mineral nitrogen content. The chronosequence evidenced that tree fine roots first colonized the topsoil in rows at a young age, but after 5 years of intercropping, they grew mainly vertically in rows before laterally exploring deep soil layers. The 3.5-year-old trees did not impact the water and nitrogen uptake of the crop, but a beginning of competition was detected for the fast-growing trees. Indeed, the soil water content decreased as the trees getting older, especially in topsoil and near the row, contributing to a best use of deep-water resources. Similarly, an increase in soil organic matter was observed in the 10-12-year-old stands in topsoil and within the row, attesting the capacity of AC to store carbon but this process is slow. Finally, the tree fine roots modified the nitrogen dynamics by promoting ammonification. The changes occurring during the conversion from a cropland system to AC are gradual, after 4 years of establishment, trees still had faintly effects on soil resources. Continued monitoring of the AC initialization will allow us to determine if a strong competition for water and nitrogen between the trees and the crop appears, from what age and at what depth
Bouanani, Fatiha. "Etude en champ et en conditions controlées de la minéralisation de l'azote et des modifications de l'organisation du sol, après apport de matières organiques issues de déchets urbains et agricoles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11014.
Full textAutfray, Patrice. "Effets de litières sur l'offre en azote d'origine organique dans les systèmes de culture de maïs à couvertures végétales : étude de cas dans la zone à forêt semi-décidue de Côte d'Ivoire." Montpellier, ENSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENSA0028.
Full textN supply coming from SOM mineralisation or above-ground litter decomposition was compared with Chromolaena odorata (natural) or Pueraria phaseoloides (improved) 6 month fallow (CS6MF) and 18 month fallow cropping systems (CS18MF) with maize. The capacity of litter to mineralise N during in-vitro incubation was directly correlated with the C/N ratio which were lower for Pueraria (20 à 23) than for Chromolaena (25 à 43). C and N litter dynamics during decomposition were different the two years but were closely fit the double-exponential model simulations. Soil mesofauna and termites were responsible for about 50% at the beginning and about 35% at the end of the total decomposition process. Utter N supply for subsequent maize crops was suggested to be asynchronous since the release of N litters was rapid. N supplies in 6MF cropping systems were globally insufficient and similar for the two species. Upper in situ N soil supply (0-10 cm) for CS6MF during two cropping seasons was weil correlated with N maize uptake and higher with Pueraria fallow. Natural 15N concentration in soil and plant samples showed that the Pueraria litter would contribute for 30 to 87% N maize uptake. After four years upper N soil stock (0-10 cm) was 2. 34 t ha-1 for CS6MF and 2. 83 t ha-1for CS 18MF. N balance between cumulated litter inputs and soil losses suggested that Chromolaena would have a better capacity than Pueraria for N soil maintenance. Upper soil in-vitro incubation (0-10 cm) contributed to estimate that the size of N pool of labile organic matter was higher with Pueraria for CS6MF in relation with lowest lignine 1 N ratio organic residues. This pool was comparable with those obtained for CS18MF
Clément, Chedzer-Clarc. "Lessivage des nitrates en fonction de la fertilisation azotée dans la pomme de terre irriguée et non irriguée au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69907.
Full textNitrogen (N) management and irrigation are important factors affecting yield and N losses through nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of N fertilization (rate and source) on total (TY) and marketable (MY) yields, in-season NO3-N leaching, and residual soil NO3-N (RSN) for potatoes grown on sandy soils under two irrigation regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated). Two field experiments were conducted to compare split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) products at several N rates during five (2008-2012) and three (2013-2015) years, respectively. The results showed that there was no benefit from additional water by irrigation when water deficits were low. Irrigation increased in-season NO3-N leaching by 52% but had no effect on TY and MY. Results from the 3-year field experiment showed that TY and MY response to N fertilization were not significant when soil N supplied by soil N mineralization was high. However, increasing the fertilizer N rate increased in-season NO3-N leaching and RSN. A single application of PCU resulted in similar TY and MY as split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers at equivalent N rates. Results from both field experiments suggest that the potential of PCU to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching may vary according to rainfall distribution and irrigation timing due to the N-release characteristics of the PCU. Application of PCU at planting was an effective strategy to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching when there was significant rainfall during the period between planting and hilling. The results also indicated that PCU+urea applied at planting may reduce TY and MY compared to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers due to excessive vegetative growth and delayed tuber initiation. Furthermore, PCU+urea increased in-season NO3-N leaching relative to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers applied at equivalent N rates. Residual soil NO3-N was an effective index of the potential soil NO3-N losses in the non-growing season, as overwinter NO3-N losses were generally higher with greater RSN. The results indicated that a single application of PCU, alone or mixed with a conventional soluble N fertilizer at planting increases the risk of NO3-N leaching in the non- growing season in comparison to conventional soluble N fertilizers. The overall results suggest that reducing the fertilizer N rate is more important than the choice of N sources to minimize NO3-N leaching from potato production.
Limaux, François. "Modélisation des besoins du blé en azote, de la fourniture du sol et de l'utilisation de l'engrais : application au raisonnement de la fertilisation en Lorraine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_LIMAUX_F.pdf.
Full textGilbert, Pierre-Antoine. "Impacts du désherbage mécanique et de la fertilisation sur la qualité du sol et la productivité du blé panifiable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25609/25609.pdf.
Full textNiane, Badiane Aminata. "Le statut organique d'un sol sableux de la zone Centre-Nord du Sénégal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_NIANE_BADIANE_A.pdf.
Full textValé, Mathieu. "Quantification et prédiction de la minéralisation nette de l'azote du sol in situ, sous divers pédoclimats et systèmes de culture français." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000301/.
Full textWahbi, Sanâa. "Influence des cultures associées fève/blé sur le potentiel mycorhizien des sols et la structure de la microflore mycorhizosphérique : conséquences sur la productivité des agrosystèmes au Maroc." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS031.
Full textThe future of sustainable agriculture is based on an optimal management of the soil fertility and the soil physical and biological properties. The present study focused on identifying cultural practices that mimic some ecological processes (facilitation, complementarity, "plant-soil-feedback” effect) contributing to the maintenance of the soil fertility. These concepts have been empirically used in farming practices mixing plant species in cropping systems. One of the most commonly Mediterranean cropping system associates legumes to cereal in rotation or intercropping (i.e. Faba bean/ Durum wheat association). However, in order to optimize the impact of crop management on the productivity and stability of agro-ecosystems, the biological mechanisms involved must be clarified. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the soil microflora plant interactions and especially the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in these biotic and abiotic processes. By conducting experiments in controlled and in situ conditions, our results show that intercropping stimulates the wheat growth and its mineral nutrition (N and P). We also showed that this cultural practice induces significant changes on the soil microbial functional diversity, on the fluorescent Pseudomonas functionalities, and also on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) community structures. Furthermore, and in order to optimize the impact of the composition of the plant cover in intercropping, we have shown that increasing the diversity of legumes significantly improved the expected benefits on wheat growth and its mycorrhizal status. These results highlight the need to manage crop diversity in agroecosystems, in order to enhance the ecological services provided by legumes, and to consider the management of AM fungal communities in agro-ecological strategies as major component to maintain crop productivity
Poisvert, Cécile. "Analyse et modélisation des surplus azotés en France au cours du siècle dernier : application aux échelles départementales et communales." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4030.
Full textThis work aimed to study trends in nitrogen pressure and its drivers on the French territory. A nitrogen soil surface balance was developed and used to obtain nitrogen surplus times series at the departmental scale from 1917 to 2015 and at the municipality scale from 1995 to 2015. Characterisation of departmental trends showed that nowadays, more than 69% of the country presents a decrease in nitrogen pressure, mainly resulting from decrease in mineral fertilizer. Municipality surpluses are heterogeneous for all departments since 1955. Results can be used in the framework of the status of the nitrate directive of 2019, but also to characterise nitrogen pressure on water bodies or as input data for other models
Joffre, Richard. "Contraintes du milieu et réponses de la végétation herbacée dans les dehesas de la Sierra Norte (Andalousie, Espagne)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20284.
Full textDujardin, Gaylord. "Dynamique des communautés herbacées d'un coteau calcaire de Haute-Normandie : étude des mécanismes impliqués dans les processus de maintien et de remplacement des espèces végétales." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES013.
Full textDuring the late 50s, the gradual abandonment of agro-pastoral practices in chalk hillsides initiated secondary succession dynamics which resulted in significant changes from the initial vegetation and led to structuring of a vegetation mosaic including herbaceous (short grasslands, tall grasslands and encroached grasslands) and woody communities (shrubs and forests). The present study aims at improving the knowledge of mechanisms responsible for the structuring and dynamics of herbaceous communities of a chalk hillside. To identify these mechanisms, taxonomic, comparative and functional approaches were used in field surveys and controlled conditions experiments. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the description of the herbaceous communities and analysis of successional dynamics. The main results reveal significant differences in structure, composition, diversity and species abundance between communities. The increase of social grasses and shrub encroachment are the two ecological mechanisms causing these changes. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of plant performance and their ability to respond to ecological changes in their local environment. The measurements of biological traits of dominant species identified phenotypic plasticity as an essential feature for their persistence during succession. Finally, the last part of this work proposes the characterization of nitrogen dynamics and water availability in different soils. These results highlighted the key role of water factor as an abiotic filter influencing the structuring of communities. Overall, the results obtained in this study clarify the mechanisms involved in the process of species persistence and replacement within the different communities, and provide new ground for the management and conservation of calcareous grasslands
Varin, Sébastien. "Plasticité fonctionnelle du trèfle blanc en réponse à la disponibilité en soufre." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2007.
Full text– Recent control of atmospheric S pollution is leading to important soil sulphur impoverishment. As a result, a decrease in soil sulphur content has appeared in the last decades in grasslands of Northern Europe. White clover (Trifolium repens L. ) is a key species in grasslands and was chosen as a model species. These phD focused on clover response to sulphur availability. Clover plasticity was assessed through the measurement of a set of functional traits along a gradient of nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation applied on a poor soil or a gradient of sulphate concentration when cultivated on a hydroponic system. A 15N / 34S double labelling was used to measure nitrate and sulphate uptake, N2 fixation an atmospheric S foliar deposition. White clover traits showed a great phenotypic plasticity, due to both morphological and physiological plasticity. Sulphur availability modify clover biomass as well as major functions such as the potential competitive ability, the vegetative reproduction, photosynthesis and sulphur and nitrogen acquisition. Sulphur effect on clover is linked to N2 fixation. N2 fixation was drastically reduced in S deficient plants mainly as a consequence of a decreased nodule development, but also as a consequence of decreased protein synthesis in nodules. Nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin were lower in S deficient nodules. S derived from the atmospheric deposition (Sdad) through foliar deposition appeared to be a significant source of S for clover growth. Sdad:leaf area ratio increased with decreasing S concentration in the nutrient solution. In contrast with N fertilisation, S fertilisation could help to maintain white clover in grassland
Bélec, Carl. "Influence de la succession culturale en sols organiques sur les propriétés physiques du sol et le bilan d'azote." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23616/23616.pdf.
Full text