Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Teneur en nitrates – Mesure'
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Tournebize, Julien. "Impact de l'enherbement du vignoble alsacien sur le transfert des nitrates." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13210.
Full textBrassard, Mariane. "Développement d'outils diagnostiques de la nutrition azotée du maïs-grain pour une gestion optimale de l'engrais azoté /cMarianne Brassard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18923.
Full textFerchaud, Fabien. "Etude des bilans d’eau, d’azote et de carbone dans des agrosystèmes dédiés à la production de biomasse en fonction des espèces et des pratiques culturales." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0037.
Full textSecond generation biofuels could provide renewable energy to the transportation sector while mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gas, energy and environmental balances will probably depend on the feedstock used for their production. Bioenergy crops that could be used for second generation biofuels will have to fulfil several requirements, including high productivity, low input requirements, and low environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to assess the water, N and C balances at the plot scale for various bioenergy crops with different management. The study is based on a long term field experiment, called “Biomass & Environment”, established at the INRA experimental station in Estrées-Mons, northern France. This experiment includes two perennial C4 crops (Miscanthus × giganteus and switchgrass), two semi-perennial forage C3 crops (fescue and alfalfa) and two annual C4/C3 crops (fibre sorghum and triticale). It compares two nitrogen treatments and two dates of harvest of perennial crops: early (October) or late harvest (February). Measurements have been carried out on: i) biomass production; ii) soil water stocks, monitored continuously during 7 years; iii) root depth and density; iv) drainage and nitrate concentration in drained water, assessed from soil water and mineral N content measurements (in mid-autumn and late winter) and using the STICS model; v) soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in 2006 and 2011-2012; vi) the fate of 15N-labelled fertiliser applied during 4 or 5 successive years.Thanks to their deep rooting system, perennial and semi-perennial crops consumed more water than annual crops. The amount of drained water was lower under semi-perennial than annual crops (64 vs. 133 mm yr-1 average over 7 years), despite an equivalent biomass production. It was intermediate under perennial crops (56-137 mm yr-1) and negatively correlated to biomass production, itself depending on crop species and N rate. Nitrate concentration in drained water varied between 2 and 23 mg l-1. It was generally lower under perennial than other crops, except for miscanthus on the first year of measurement. SOC stocks increased markedly over time under semi-perennial crops (+0.93 t C ha-1 yr-1), whereas no significant change occurred under perennial and annual crops. The 15N recovery in the harvested biomass was lower for perennial than other crops, particularly when harvested late, but compensated by a higher 15N recovery in belowground organs and soil. The overall 15N recovery in the soil-plant system was 69% in perennials, 61% in semi-perennials and 56% in annual crops, suggesting that important fertiliser losses occurred through volatilisation and denitrification. In our pedo-climatic conditions, the C4 perennial crops performed best in terms of production, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen losses towards the groundwater and the atmosphere. However, only semi-perennial crops yielded in SOC sequestration
Fazzolari, Correa Elisa. "La réduction dissimilative du nitrate en ammonium dans les sols." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10056.
Full textDelacre, Elisabeth. "Caractérisation thermique de matériaux poreux humides par analyse inverse dans le domaine fréquentiel." Artois, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ARTO0203.
Full textMathieu, Olivier. "Application du traçage isotopique 15N à l'étude du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) , gaz à effet de serre produit par l'activité microbienne des sols : quantification des flux et approche spatiale au terrain." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS050.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a trace gas involved in the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone (O3) depletion. During this work, we have developed isotopic techniques to study N2O emissions from soils. Using the addition of a 15N–labelled substrate, allowing the simultaneous measurement of N2O and N2, observed spatial variability of N2O and N2 emissions was significant at the field scale. Results support the hypothesis that soil carbon availability influences N2O/N2 regulation. The relative contributions to N2O production of nitrification and denitrification were investigated using a pair–labelled experiment (15NH4+ or 15NH3–). Transition to saturated conditions increases the proportion of nitrified nitrogen emitted as N2O. Finally, a study of isotopic fractionation during denitrification shows a decrease in the fractionation effect with the 15N enrichment of the added substrate
Lasserre, Frédérique. "Conception et intégration dans un SIG d'un modèle de transport des nitrates dans les aquifères libres : application sur deux bassins hydrogéologiques de la région Poitou-Charentes." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2267.
Full textGuérin, Dachkevitch Nathalie. "Emissions de N2 O par les sols cultivés : effets de la teneur en nitrate et de la température." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS081.
Full textLeviel, Bruno. "Évaluation des risques et maîtrise des flux d'azote au niveau d'une parcelle agricole dans la plaine roumaine et bulgare : application aux cultures de mai͏̈s, blé, colza et betterave." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT021A.
Full textPham, Hoai Nam. "Estimation de nitrate, nitrite et autres composés à partir de spectres ultraviolets, pour l'agroalimentaire et les eaux résiduaires." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1762.
Full textContents of nitrate, nitrite and some others ions can be estimated by UV spectrophotometry in wastewater also in vegetables for processing control as well as for in-situ monitoring. The method is based on the spectral identification: UV spectrum of a sample is considered as a linear combination of absorption spectra, named reference spectra. Mathematical identification of UV spectra can discriminate nitrite from nitrate, in the range of 0. 5 to 5 mg-N/L, even in presence of up to 100 mg/L chloride and up to 200 mg/L bicarbonate. The tests in different real conditions show that this method can be used for on-line monitoring in the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Paris. Several fresh vegetables as well as frozen spinaches have been tested. The nitrate content varied from 377 to 3240 mg/kg of fresh vegetables, and 545 to 1190 mg/kg of frozen spinach. The recovery of added nitrate ranged from 91 to 99%. The validation tests carried out in one industry showed the potentiality of the method of spectral identification. This method does not require almost any consumable, is quantitative and very fast reading with easy and low maintenance. The UV-Pro software identification used during this thesis has always shown similar results to those obtained by PLS or PCR, it is based on considerations and methods similar resolution. The prospects of this work will be the use of non-linear methods of identification and the use of complementary methods to expand the potential of UV spectrophotometry
Clément, Chedzer-Clarc. "Lessivage des nitrates en fonction de la fertilisation azotée dans la pomme de terre irriguée et non irriguée au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69907.
Full textNitrogen (N) management and irrigation are important factors affecting yield and N losses through nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of N fertilization (rate and source) on total (TY) and marketable (MY) yields, in-season NO3-N leaching, and residual soil NO3-N (RSN) for potatoes grown on sandy soils under two irrigation regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated). Two field experiments were conducted to compare split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) products at several N rates during five (2008-2012) and three (2013-2015) years, respectively. The results showed that there was no benefit from additional water by irrigation when water deficits were low. Irrigation increased in-season NO3-N leaching by 52% but had no effect on TY and MY. Results from the 3-year field experiment showed that TY and MY response to N fertilization were not significant when soil N supplied by soil N mineralization was high. However, increasing the fertilizer N rate increased in-season NO3-N leaching and RSN. A single application of PCU resulted in similar TY and MY as split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers at equivalent N rates. Results from both field experiments suggest that the potential of PCU to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching may vary according to rainfall distribution and irrigation timing due to the N-release characteristics of the PCU. Application of PCU at planting was an effective strategy to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching when there was significant rainfall during the period between planting and hilling. The results also indicated that PCU+urea applied at planting may reduce TY and MY compared to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers due to excessive vegetative growth and delayed tuber initiation. Furthermore, PCU+urea increased in-season NO3-N leaching relative to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers applied at equivalent N rates. Residual soil NO3-N was an effective index of the potential soil NO3-N losses in the non-growing season, as overwinter NO3-N losses were generally higher with greater RSN. The results indicated that a single application of PCU, alone or mixed with a conventional soluble N fertilizer at planting increases the risk of NO3-N leaching in the non- growing season in comparison to conventional soluble N fertilizers. The overall results suggest that reducing the fertilizer N rate is more important than the choice of N sources to minimize NO3-N leaching from potato production.
Legout, Cédric. "Étude des mécanismes hydrologiques et biogéochimiques de la recharge des nappes à surface libre." Rennes 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130462.
Full textPérié, Catherine. "Étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle d'indicateurs de la qualité des sols pour le suivi des traitements sylvicoles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17861.
Full textRecous, Sylvie. "Dynamique de l'azote en sol cultivé : organisation microbienne des formes ammoniacale et nitrique, conséquences sur l'utilisation de l'azote des engrais par une culture de blé." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10049.
Full textAbdi, Dalel. "Caractérisation par spectroscopie et analyse compositionnelle des formes du phosphore dans des sols agricoles canadiens." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25804.
Full textUnderstanding of phosphorus (P) forms dynamics and changes in agro-ecosystems is essential for the development of best management practices to maintain soil productivity and surface water quality. The objective of this thesis was to develop and use innovative methods to characterize soil P forms and their changes under different management practices. We examined the potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict soil total P (TP), soil P extracted by Mehlich-3 solution (M3P) and by water (Cp), and soil organic P (OP) for soil samples taken from two sites with different P content located at Quebec and Saskatchewan. The results showed that the prediction of TP and M3P in the site of Quebec were moderately useful and not acceptable, respectively. However, the opposite was found in the site of Saskatchewan. The prediction of OP was moderately useful to moderately successful in experimental site of Saskatchewan. The potential of NIRS to predict P depends to the soil texture, to P soil content variation and to the relation of P to organic matter. Furthermore, contradictory results of variance and correlations analyses were found for the raw and ordinary log transformed molecular P species expressed as proportions or concentrations, indicating spurious correlations. Using compositional analysis with centred log ratio or isometric log ratio transformations avoid the methodological biases and allow coherent interpretation. Finally, phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize P species for soil samples collected from a long-term corn-soybean rotation experiment in Quebec. Results showed an accumulation of TP (1326 mg kg-1) on the top 5 cm of P fertilized soil under no-till primarily due to orthophosphate ions accumulation (49.7% of TP). However, the organic P forms of inositol monoesters and nucleotides had accumulated in the deep layer; indicating a potential loss through different hydrological pathways. Overall, these studies allow us to improve our understanding of P forms and to better monitor them under different agro-ecosystems using the best management practices.
Béland, Kathleen. "Relations entre les coefficients d'adsorption de l'atrazine et les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et colorimétriques de la phase organique de différents sols." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24071/24071.pdf.
Full textGhiglione, Jean-François. "Compétitivité des microorganismes dans la rhizosphère : valeur sélective des fonctions de réduction dissimulative du nitrate et du nitrite." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO19003.
Full textSerhal, Hani. "Influence des pressions anthropiques sur l'évolution des concentrations en nitrates dans la nappe de la craie du Nord de la France : applications au Cambrésis et au nord Audomarois." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Serhal.pdf.
Full textLa modélisation est basée sur des données réelles fournies par les enquêtes de terrain et les données du Recensement Général Agricole (RGA). Les communes de la zone d'étude sont classées en quatre types selon leurs pratiques culturales. A chaque type j'ai attribué une rotation culturale. La modélisation, qui a débuté en 1965, s'étend jusqu'en 2003 dans le but de mieux comprendre l'influence de la variation des pratiques culturales (rotation et fertilisation) sur la variation de la qualité de l'eau alimentant la nappe. La modélisation permet de démontrer que la mise en place du programme Ferti-Mieux a déjà, dans la plupart des cas, conduit à un abaissement significatif des concentrations en nitrates dans l'eau lessivée. Dans l'arrondissement de Cambrai, j'ai réalisé un modèle intégré permettant de modéliser la transformation et le transfert des nitrates en partant de la surface du sol jusqu'à la zone saturée. J'ai pris en compte l'impact des nitrates d'origine agricole ainsi que ceux provenant des agglomérations. Le suivi des fertilisations, l'augmentation du nombre de stations d'épurations urbaines et l'amélioration de leurs performances diminuent les apports nitratés de surface. Mais l'effet de ces améliorations sur la qualité, des eaux de la craie n'est pas partout synchrone. Les comparaisons entre les piézométries mesurées et celles calculées, ainsi que les comparaisons entre les concentrations en nitrates mesurées et celles calculées m'ont permis de caler correctement les modèles hydrodynamiques et hydrodispersifs dans la zone non-saturée et dans la zone saturée. J'ai ensuite pris des hypothèses les plus vraisemblables des intrants azotés jusqu'en 2020. Cette évolution prospective de la qualité de l'eau de la craie permet à la fin de répondre à l'un des objectifs de la DCE et aussi de permettre l'optimisation de la gestion de l'aquifère de l'arrondissement de Cambrai
Voisin, Anne-Sophie. "Etude du fonctionnement des racines nodulées du pois (Pisum sativum L. ) en relation avec la disponibilité en nitrates du sol, les flux de carbone au sein de la plante et la phénologie : croissance des racines nodulées et activité fixatrice des nodosités." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS005.
Full textDupuy, Alain. "Simulation de la contamination diffuse des eaux souterraines par les nitrates à l'échelle du bassin versant." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2306.
Full textCharni, Halima. "Contribution à la connaissance de la radioactivité des sols tunisiens conséquences locales en matière de radioprotection : cas particuliers des phosphates." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30004.
Full textLonga, Norbert. "Influence de quelques agrosystèmes lorrains sur la qualité des eaux : cas des eaux de captage de la commune de Loisy-54." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL093N.
Full textIn agricultural areas, the pollution of aquifers by nitrates is caused especially by the mineralization of soil organic matter. This phenomenon is aggravated by farming practices that use organic or mineral fertilizers to achieve maximum yield. During five years, the nitrate levels in top-soil layer (Ap and subsequent lavers) of a clayey-calcareous soil were measured. The amounts of these nitrates non immobilized by soil or by crops come directly to a mini-watersheb supplying a water-catchment of the commune of Loisy (54). The nitrate contents of water were, for several years beyond the target content of 50 mg/l (CEE norm) to range between 65 and 75 mg/l. Therefore, an attempt was made to explain the relationship between the contents of nitrates in soil and in drainage water measured weekly. In parallel, the influence of the buryinf of the straw and an intercrop culture using rape to catch the nitrates was studied during the intercrop period on bare soil. The overall balance of this work explained clearly the necessity to know the real supply of native mineral nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizers applications should be made accounting for local climatic conditions and particularly the different stages of the development of plant crop
Vilain, Guillaume. "Emissions de N2O dans un versant agricole de grandes cultures (Brie, Bassin de la Seine) : observations, expérimentations et modélisation dans un continuum "plateau/zone enherbée/rivière"." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066545.
Full textDéziri, Sabri. "Classification des indices de pouvoir fixateur et de saturation en P des sols minéraux acides du Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20937.
Full textLacherez-Bastin, Sabine. "Contribution à l'étude de la migration des nitrates dans le sol et la zone non saturée de la nappe de la craie dans le Nord de la France : modélisation intégrée des nitrates dans le bassin versant de l'Escrebieux." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Lacherez-Bastin.pdf.
Full textEn période sèche, l'écoulement se fait à 85 % par effet piston au sein de la matrice poreuse crayeuse, avec une vitesse de l'ordre de 0. 6 rn/an sous un recouvrement argileux supérieur à 5 m, 1. 0 rn/an sous un recouvrement limoneux et enfm 1. 25 m sous un recouvrement sableux. Dans des conditions de saturation importante, l'écoulement par les fissures peut venir égaler voire supplanter le mode d'écoulement par effet piston. Les vitesses de migration des nitrates sont " brusquement" accélérées, pendant une courte période, au droit de la zone fissurée. On observe en général un décalage de l'ordre de 5 m d'une fraction du front de pollution azotée par l'intermédiaire des fissures. La modélisation intégrée des cycles de l'eau et de l'azote au droit du bassin versant de l'Escrebieux montre que le module nitrates, que nous avons développé, restitue correctement les observations de terrain effectuées aux droit des différents piézomètres de suivi de la qualité de la nappe de la craie de ce bassin
Cheloufi, Hamid. "Étude du devenir de fertilisants azotés minéraux dans quatre types de sols cultivés Lorrains : conséquences agronomiques et écologiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL069N.
Full textTherrien, Karine. "Validation et optimisation d'une méthode d'indice de risque de perte de phosphore." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24468/24468.pdf.
Full textSurface water quality impairment is primarily caused by phosphorus (P) lost from surrounding agricultural fields. This knowledge triggered the development of P losses predicting tools taking into account transport and source factors. In the United States, a great number of P index (PI) approaches has been developed and adopted. Because these PIs are not necessarily applicable in the province of Québec, a P index specific to Québec has been developed : the Phosphorus Risk Index (PRI). The objective of this research was to validate and possibly improve the PRI method using P losses measured on nine experimental agricultural plots located on the IRDA farm in Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon. For each plot, P losses and the amounts of water from runoff and tile-drainage were continuously measured during a two-year period (2001-2002) using automated systems. The total P losses were on average 540 g ha-1 from which 95% was exported via the subsurface drainage system. For each plots, the selected P loss value of each of the PRI components were multiplied by the weight assigned to each components and summed to obtain the final PRI value which is associated to one of the five P loss ratings (i.e. very low, low, medium, high and very high). Results indicate that the measured total P losses and PRI values showed a correlation coefficient of 0.63. In order to improve the relationship between P losses and the IRP, the Trust-region algorithm of the SAS none-linear programming (proc. NLP) was used to optimize weights and P loss potential values of the components. Optimization resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.92. Modifications to the method kept the additive structure of the PRI method. Results were only valid for the Saint-Lambert plots. Generalization across Québec would require experiments on a range of soil, climate, and agronomic conditions. Results from this research indicated possible improvement in the predictive accuracy of the PRI method. Keywords: Phosphorus index, phosphorus losses, optimization, risk assessment, source factors, transport factors.
Musset, Joanne. "Déterminisme de la distribution spatiale du nitrate dans un système d'aquifères : application à une petite région agricole méditerranéenne (Comtat Venaissin, Vaucluse, France)." Avignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AVIG0024.
Full textPaegelow, Martin. "Systeme d'information geographique et gestion de l'environnement application a l'etude des sols et de la pollution par les nitrates d'origine agricole en bassin-versant experimental." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20021.
Full textNitrogen pollution in agriculture is studied in the scope of an hydrological basin (330 ha, gers, france) which is caracterized by an intensive agriculture and very diversified heavy molassic soils. A localized database (physical-geographic and agronomic parameters) and a custom software developped in the scope of geographic information systems handling the database are created. On this bases, a geostatistic method generates representative areas where pedological prospection takes place. Besides the caracterization of the principal soil facets, variography optimizes distances between soil sampling points and pedological observations are extrapolated to the whole basin. The study about nitrogen dynamics is taken up at three scale: at the scale of the entire basin, at the scale of elementary basins (comparative analysis) and finally at the scale of sensitive areas where measurement series by porous ceramic cups confirm the supposition achieved from the comparative analysis of the elementary basins that the level of nitrogen pollution is related to the agronomic or landscape features. High risk areas are identified and a package of simple localized antipollution measures are suggested and in part applied
Lamontagne, Marie-Hélène. "Relation entre les fractions biogéochimiques et la saturation du phosphore dans les sols." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26204/26204.pdf.
Full textBoucher, Valérie. "Etude de la déshydratation par respiration aérobie de boues de station d'épuration : Limitation des pertes en azotes." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT001A.
Full textMoussounda, Boundzanga Henriette. "Valorisation de la biomasse pour l’élaboration de carbones activés et le développement de dispositifs d’élimination et de détection de nitrates en milieu aqueux." Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3069.
Full textNitrate pollution is a major environmental problem in France, even though current solutions in wastewater treatment plants make it possible to meet current discharge standards. In the Centre-Val de Loire Region, nitrate pollution mainly affects ground water aquifers, that are naturally poorly protected due to the hydrogeological characteristics of the subsoil. The purpose of this research is to valorize the use of original agro-materials (lignocellulosic plant wastes), issued from the various specialized production chains in the Centre-Val de Loire Region, for the synthesis of "biosourced" activated carbons. Then it has the objective to develop an adsorption process to eliminate nitrates at the outlet of a wastewater treatment plant based on activated carbons.The approach and the objectives of this research were:- firstly, to study the adsorption of nitrate ions in aqueous solution on activated carbons with a focus on their adsorption capacities. To this end, commercial activated carbons having different physico-chemical characteristics in terms of porosity, surface chemistry and surface charge were selected and analyzed. In order to optimize the nitrate adsorption capacities, kinetics and isotherms of nitrate adsorption on activated carbons were carried out by investigating the influence of experimental conditions, such as the pH (acid, basic, neutral) and temperature of the aqueous medium, the mass of activated carbon and the initial nitrate concentration. The study of the kinetics and isotherms of nitrate adsorption has highlighted the importance of the pH of the solution as well as the impact of the ions present in the aqueous solution. It is shown that the latter can compete with the adsorption of nitrate ions. All the results made it possible to propose nitrate adsorption mechanisms on activated carbon:- in a second step, to synthesize activated carbons from local agricultural biomass (tomato plants, miscanthus and poplar wood) by chemical activation. During this activation process, several experimental parameters were investigated, such as the ratio between the raw material and the activating agent and the activation temperature. The objective of this work was to develop efficient and specific activated carbons for nitrate adsorption by promoting the local biomass. For the four lignocellulosic agricultural residues which were activated according to the same chemical activation protocol using phosphoric acid, it is shown that they are potentially activable to produce activated carbon for water treatment. In addition, this study showed that it was possible to predict the contribution of each component (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of lignocellulosic wastes to the mass and porous properties of activated carbons issued from a phosphoric acid chemical activation process. These results confirmed and extended the use of the simple predictive calculation that allows to calculate the proportion of carbon from hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin within the final activated carbon, and, above all, to estimate the chemical activation yields from the biochemical composition of the lignocellulosic precursor.- in a third step, to study the surface functionalization of activated carbons diazonium salts grafting. The objective of this part is to establish the correlation between the chemistry of the AC surface and the adsorption of the nitrate ions. The functionalization of commercial and home-made activated carbons allowed the grafting of different chemical functions on their surface. This grafting induced significant changes in the physico-chemical characteristics and textural properties of the activated carbons studied
Garcia, Vindas José Ralph. "Transport du radon en milieu poreux (expérimentation et modélisation) : implication pour la réalisation et l'interprétation de mesures "in situ"." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20003.
Full textBouanani, Fatiha. "Etude en champ et en conditions controlées de la minéralisation de l'azote et des modifications de l'organisation du sol, après apport de matières organiques issues de déchets urbains et agricoles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11014.
Full textMacaigne, Peggy, and Peggy Macaigne. "Suivi du devenir de l'eau et des nitrates sous culture de pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) à l'aide du traçage isotopique ¹⁸O, ²H et ¹⁵N et d'un échantillonnage représentatif de la microtopographie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19734.
Full textLa quantification du lessivage des engrais azotés en vue de réduire les pertes dans l’environnement sous production de pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) sur sol sableux constitue un enjeu majeur de la recherche actuelle. L’objectif général de la thèse répond à cette problématique en trois parties. Le premier sous-objectif visait à suivre le devenir des pluies et du couvert neigeux fondu dans le sol tout au long de l’année par les isotopes stables de l’eau (18O et 2H), car les nitrates suivent le trajet de l’eau. Nos résultats évaluent la vitesse de percolation des pluies et de l’eau issue de la fonte du couvert neigeux à environ 1,5±0,5 mois. L’eau circule plus lentement dans la couche arable supérieure que dans la couche sous-jacente. Finalement, un modèle perceptuel permet de distinguer le lessivage sur deux périodes : une première période entre la récolte et la plantation et une seconde période durant le développement de la plante. Le deuxième sous-objectif s’est intéressé au déplacement de l’engrais dans le sol et à estimer les quantités récupérées par la plante par le suivi de l’engrais enrichi en azote 15. Des profils de sol ont été prélevés les mêmes jours que pour l’oxygène 18 et le deutérium. Les résultats montrent que l’engrais reste localisé au centre de la butte tant qu’il n’y aucune pluie supérieure à 70±10 mm. Les nitrates sont lessivés essentiellement à l’automne, ce qui confirme les résultats obtenus avec l’oxygène 18 et le deutérium. A la récolte, le tubercule a prélevé 47% de l’azote issu du fertilisant, le reste étant susceptible au lessivage. Jusqu’au maximum de couverture foliaire, la plante prélève préférentiellement l’azote issu de l’engrais comparativement à l’azote issu de la minéralisation. La situation s’inverse ensuite. Le troisième sous-objectif était de simplifier la mesure des nitrates du sol à l’intérieur de la butte en vue d’améliorer la précision des bilans azotés. La butte a été échantillonnée sur une profondeur de cinquante centimètres à quatre endroits et à cinq moments durant la saison. Une relation robuste de pente de 0.78 reliait les concentrations de nitrate du sol prélevées au centre de la butte à celles de l’intégralité du profil de sol (0-80 cm) dont la microtopographie avait été modifiée par le buttage.
Quantifying nitrogen fertilizer leaching in order to reduce environmental losses in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils is a major issue of current research. The general objective of the thesis was to address this problem in three parts. The first part aimed to follow the fate of rainfall and snowmelt in the soil during an entire year with water stable isotopes (18O and 2H) since nitrates follow water pathways. Rainfall and snow melt percolation rate was approximately 1.5±0.5 months. Water percolates at slower rate in the upper soil layer than in sublayers. Finally, a perceptual model considered two periods of nitrate leaching: the first period from previous harvest to seeding and the second during the cropping season. In the second part, we followed the nitrogen fertilizer pathway through soil and estimated fertilizer recovered by plants after fortification with nitrogen 15. Soil profiles were sampled on the same days as for the oxygen 18 and deuterium samplings. Results show that the fertilizer remained in the hill until the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 70±10 mm. Nitrates are leached away mostly during the fall, as was the case for oxygen 18 and deuterium. At harvest, the tuber took up 47% of the nitrogen from fertilizer, leaving the remainder susceptible to leaching. Until maximum foliage coverage, the plant took up nitrogen more from fertilizer than mineralized organic nitrogen, but the reverse occurred thereafter. The third part was to simplify the sampling procedure of soil nitrate within the hill for budgeting nitrate. The hill was sampled across a 0-50 cm soil profile at four places and at five moments during the cropping season. A reliable relationship with a slope of 0.78 related soil nitrate content sampled at the centre of the hill to that of the entire hill for the 0-50 cm soil profile.
Quantifying nitrogen fertilizer leaching in order to reduce environmental losses in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils is a major issue of current research. The general objective of the thesis was to address this problem in three parts. The first part aimed to follow the fate of rainfall and snowmelt in the soil during an entire year with water stable isotopes (18O and 2H) since nitrates follow water pathways. Rainfall and snow melt percolation rate was approximately 1.5±0.5 months. Water percolates at slower rate in the upper soil layer than in sublayers. Finally, a perceptual model considered two periods of nitrate leaching: the first period from previous harvest to seeding and the second during the cropping season. In the second part, we followed the nitrogen fertilizer pathway through soil and estimated fertilizer recovered by plants after fortification with nitrogen 15. Soil profiles were sampled on the same days as for the oxygen 18 and deuterium samplings. Results show that the fertilizer remained in the hill until the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 70±10 mm. Nitrates are leached away mostly during the fall, as was the case for oxygen 18 and deuterium. At harvest, the tuber took up 47% of the nitrogen from fertilizer, leaving the remainder susceptible to leaching. Until maximum foliage coverage, the plant took up nitrogen more from fertilizer than mineralized organic nitrogen, but the reverse occurred thereafter. The third part was to simplify the sampling procedure of soil nitrate within the hill for budgeting nitrate. The hill was sampled across a 0-50 cm soil profile at four places and at five moments during the cropping season. A reliable relationship with a slope of 0.78 related soil nitrate content sampled at the centre of the hill to that of the entire hill for the 0-50 cm soil profile.
Philippe, Élodie. "Contribution à la modélisation du transfert des nitrates au travers de la zone non saturée à l'échelle régionale : application au bassin de la Seine." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00622536.
Full textKessouri, Pauline. "Mesure simultanée aux fréquences moyennes et cartographie de la permittivité diélectrique et de la conductivité électrique du sol." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787908.
Full textKvakic, Marko. "Dans quelle mesure le phosphore limite-t-il la production agricole à l'échelle mondiale ? : Une approche basée sur les processus." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0191/document.
Full textThe global role of phosphorus (P) in agriculture is undeniable: P is an essential nutrient required by all living beings to function, and thus necessary for sustaining yields worldwide in the time to come. In global agriculture, most of the P used to grow crops comes in form of chemical fertilizer which is mined from existing soil deposits. This in itself would not be an issue, was it not for the way we globally (mis)manage this potentially finite resource. While some places use P to the point of harming the environment, others do not have enough to sustain their yields and feed themselves. Combined with uncertainties of equitable P supply in the future which depend on economical and political factors as well, serious questions arise on the potential impacts of P on global food security. Recent studies have looked into the main drivers of yield worldwide, but have difficulties separating P’ contribution, as they lack the information to do so due to their empirical nature. As an initial step, we combined simulated global information on agricultural soil P and cereal growth in ideal conditions, while accounting for mechanisms of soil-plant P transfer more faithfully. We have found that P could significantly contribute to existing global production gaps with an average yield gap of 22, 55 and 26 % in winter wheat, maize and rice; lowering only slightly with today’s P fertilizer use. This is mainly to be due to the global P management history or the net soil P balance up to date. But the idealized nature of the employed models ignored other processes, namely plant adjustment in P limited environments, which have a significant potential to change our diagnostic estimates. To better represent plant adjustment, we have then developed an carbon (C) & P allocation model based on optimal functioning principles. The idealized model is capable of simulating primary plant response to a P limited environment: root-shoot ratio change, biomass and P concentration decrease. It was compared to plant growth across a P availability gradient at different scales (hydroponic to field) and has been found to reasonably predict observed plant behaviour. In spite of its simplistic assumptions which do not capture the exact nature of P flow within a plant, the idealized model could be introduced into a more physical vegetation one to allow the study of P limitation in a generic growing environment. The coupling of our idealized allocation model to a physical vegetation one was performed using ORCHIDEE, a dynamic vegetation model used to study global vegetation-climate interaction. Its parameterizations of fundamental plant processes were used to drive our model as function of C and P availability, and compared to two irrigated maize observation datasets. The results have shown the potential of their combination to simulate crops in different growing environments, which is to be used on a global scale and finally help us better understand contribution of P to crop productivity globally
Vedere, Charlotte. "Impact du potentiel matriciel sur la biodégradation de résidus végétaux - Evolution spatio-temporelle de la détritusphère." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB014.
Full textAs a result of the heterogeneous spatial distribution of microorganisms and substrates in soil and restricted accessibility, biodegradation occurs mainly in hot-spots, such as in the detritusphere induced by decomposing plant residues. Knowing the characteristics of the volume of soil involved in decomposition of a given organic substrate would help understand and predict biodegradation, while this information is not yet known for given soil characteristics. Our objectives were: (i) to identify the volume of soil involved in the biodegradation of plant residues and (ii) to determine to what extent this volume is affected by soil moisture under diffusive conditions, by monitoring the mineralisation and spatio-temporal evolution of residues-C and microorganisms in soil at the scale of the microbial habitat. We incubated repacked soil cores, with a central layer of 13C labelled maize residues at three different matric potentials. We monitored the 13C and total C mineralisation over 601 days of incubation, we separated soil slices with increasing distances from the residues at 3, 7, 15 and 45 days and analysed therein the 13C from the residue, the microbial community structure and its activity by processing PLFA and 13C-PLFA but also prepared thin sections for fluorescence and nanoSIMS observations. Mineralisation and priming effect increased with soil moisture, but beyond 70 days, they both become higher than expected in dry conditions. A few mm thick detritusphere was established as fast as the soil humidity was important, with an increasing gradient of 13C, total, 13C PLFA and observed colonies towards the residues layer. Most 13C from the residues was located in the first two millimetres of the detritusphere and little impacted by matric potential. The degrading microbial communities were different from the total communities but similar in wet and dry conditions. Both bacteria and fungi were involved in biodegradation after 7 days of incubation. The use of analysis methods of points repartition between them and according to macropores allowed us to obtain little widespread micro-scale data in soil sciences on the distribution of soil microorganisms. The aggregation of microorganisms seems little affected by the water content and the proximity of the residue. On the other hand, distribution gradients of microorganisms around the macropores were stronger in dry than wet conditions and in contact with the residue. The NanoSIMS observations could not give very reliable results but were consistent with a rapid assimilation of the resources available after a few days of incubation. It seems more generally that in the case of dry soil, part of the processes are slower (establishment of the detritusphere, development of fungi, biodegradation, priming effect, distribution of microorganisms around the pores, etc.), however, their intensity is not lessened
Shorieh, Amani. "Nouvelle approche d'estimation de la vulnérabilité des aquifères combinant le modèle DRASTIC et la sensibilité des sols à l'infiltration. Application à l'aquifère du Dogger dans l'interfluve Clain-Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2274.
Full textThe main objective of this PhD thesis is the optimization of a novel approach to estimate groundwater vulnerability using both the DRASTIC model and soil infiltration sensitivity. The model will be then applied to the Dogger aquifer of Poitiers, Center West France; to delineate areas that are more susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic sources. This is an important element for sensible resource management and land use planning.Poitou-Charentes, located in the Center-West of France, is a region where economy is mainly based on agriculture. It is made up of 4 Departments (Vienne, Charente, Charente Maritime, Deux-Sèvres) and is largely supplied by groundwater, both for consumption and irrigation. This resources thus vital to the region and its preservation is a major issue. The objective of this study is the determination of the roundwater quality in the Dogger aquifer of Poitiers (Vienne Department), which is the main water resource for his area in order to achieve a better understanding of the factors influencing groundwater mineralization. Sixty-six wells, distributed over the study area, were sampled and analyzed for major ions (Ca2+, M2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-). The hydrochemistry of groundwater is determined by both natural processes, and anthropogenic factors. Natural factors are dissolution of carbonate and dolomite minerals, and cation exchanges with clays, while anthropogenic factors are contaminant infiltration of wastewater and agricultural fertilizers. Nitrate is the main contaminant found in the groundwater and makes this resource unsuitable for consumption at some places.This study focuses, by the use of mapping, on the assessment of the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution in particular to the intrinsic vulnerability of unconfined aquifers. The DRASTIC method was considered the most basic vulnerability studies.In this study, we intend initially to implement the DRASTIC model, as it was developed by US-EPA. The results of application of DRASTIC will be discussed and validated against available knowledge on Dogger groundwater quality, and in particular nitrate levels. Secondly, the development of a new approach will be developed based on a combination of DRASTIC model and a concept recently developed by the Chamber of Agriculture of Vienne soil susceptibility to infiltration. The results showed that this new approach results in a vulnerability assessment of the aquifer is entirely consistent with the state of contamination of the well and integrates all the parameters (risk parameters intrinsic parameters) involved in transferring pollutants from the soil surface to the well.
Ta, An-Ninh. "Etude de l'interaction sol-atmosphère en chambre environnementale." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00517746.
Full textXue, Chaoyang. "Les sources de HONO atmosphérique rural et leur impact sur la qualité de l'air régional dans la Plaine de Chine du Nord." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3107.
Full textAir pollution is still an environmental problem that urgently needs to be solved in the North China Plain (NCP). With the aim to explore nitrous acid (HONO) formation and its impact on regional air quality in the NCP, the development and systematic assessment of instruments to measure atmospheric HONO concentration and soil HONO emission flux were realized. Based on field measurements, a 3D chemistry-transport model (the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System, CMAQ) and a box (0D) model (Master Chemical Mechanism, MCM) were used to explore the HONO budget and its impact on regional air pollution, e.g., summer ozone (O3) pollution and winter haze pollution. We found that agricultural soil was an important HONO source with a significant impact on regional O3 pollution in the summertime. A new soil HONO emission mechanism related to nitrification was proposed. HONO also plays an important role in atmospheric oxidizing capacity and deteriorating regional air quality in the wintertime
Tabach, Eddy El. "Étude de l'impact d'une pollution accidentelle et d'une pollution agricole sur les ressources en eau souterraine." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Tabach.pdf.
Full textCette étude permet de dégager les paramètres prépondérants. Ces paramètres sont ensuite considérés pour la construction d'une base de données qui sert à la calibration d'un modèle basé sur les "réseaux de neurones ". Ce modèle est utilisé dans le cas de l'étude de l'impact de l'aménagement de la RN2 entre Avesnes sur Helpes et Maubeuge sur les champs captants du synclinal de Bachant. La troisième partie traite de la migration d'une pollution diffuse d'origine agricole (nitrates) dans la zone non saturée. On présente la zone d'étude et les résultats des suivis in situ, en ce qui concerne d'une part les apports d'engrais en surface (historiques culturaux) et d'autre part les mesures de profils en nitrates effectués pour certains sondages. On présente ensuite la construction de la base de données. Les variables d'entrée retenues sont les historiques culturaux en surface (apports d'azote), l'épaisseur de la couche de couverture limoneuse en dessous de la zone racinaire, la profondeur de la nappe et le temps. Finalement, on présente le modèle de réseaux de neurones artificiels et son application à la construction de cartes de contamination en nitrates de la partie supérieure de la nappe
Laurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Full textThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Noirot-Cosson, Paul-Emile. "Optimisation de l'insertion des Produits Résiduaires Organiques dans les systèmes de cultures d'un territoire francilien : évolution des stocks de carbone organique et substitution des engrais minéraux." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0011/document.
Full textThe use of Exogenous Organic Matter (EOM) in agriculture could be an efficient way to substitute mineral fertilisation and increase soil organic matter (SOM) enhancing soil fertility and storing carbon (C). It could also cause nitrogen (N) pollutions such as nitrate leaching and gas emissions. Better understanding of C and N fate after EOM applications on cropped soils would allow improving these benefits while limiting environmental impacts. This thesis aims at: (i) predicting EOM impacts when applied on cropped soils, (ii) studying the effects of various scenarios of EOM applications in terms of C storage, synthetic N saving and N pollutions in the context of the Plain of Versailles region (221 km²) and taking into account soil diversity, crop successions and soil organic C contents, (ii) studying the potential for improving these benefits at the regional scale with an optimal distribution of EOM. The CERES-EGC crop model was used to simulate the effects of repeated applications of EOM over 13 years on both soil C and N dynamics in the soil-crop-water-air system of the long-term field experiment QualiAgro located within the region. The sub-model NCSOIL was parameterised from C and N mineralisation kinetics of EOM measured in laboratory conditions. When transposing the parameters into the CERES-EGC model, C storage at the field scale was well simulated, together with crop N uptake and yields, as well as soil mineral N contents. The kinetics of C and N mineralisation of the 18 EOM available in the region were used along with EOM biochemical fractionations for parameterising the NCSOIL model. The soil type did not significantly change EOM parameters. Four groups of EOM were distinguished based on their C and N dynamics: (i) stable composts, (2) more reactive and less mature composts and stable manures, (3) manures with reactive OM corresponding to horse manures and (4) very reactive EOM as sludges, litters that should be used as fertilisers. Numerous scenarios of EOM applications, constrained on the phosphorus and N quantities they bring (and limiting the input in trace elements), were simulated for 20 years in all regional contexts of soil, crop successions and soil organic C contents. The soil type was the main factor controlling C storage and N leaching while it was crop successions for N saving. Some composts allowed C storage up to 1.1 t C ha-1 yr -1 reaching 63% of C applied. N saving of 74 kg N ha-1 yr -1 were possible with a dried sewage sludge and a compost. N substitution could reach more than 90% of N applied with EOM, these high percentages being related with the indirect effect of EOM on soil OM and the hypothesis made for N substitution An optimisation model was developed to select EOM application scenario for each crop plot (soil x crop succession x initial soil OC content x area) accounting for EOM availability in the region with the objectives of maximising C storage or synthetic N saving or minimising N leaching at the regional scale. Applying preferentially the most stable EOM on soils with the highest potential for C storage i.e. with the highest calcareous and clay contents, up to 0.47 t C ha-1 yr-1 could be stored. Applying preferentially fertilising EOM on crop succession with maize and amending EOM on succession with rapeseed, up to 53 kg N ha-1 yr -1 could be saved