Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sols – Teneur en sodium'
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Sigala, Frédéric. "Etude de l'influence du sodium, apporté par une irrigation estivale, sur l'évolution de la couche superficielle d'un sol argileux sous l'effet de la pluie." Avignon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AVIG0003.
Full textGonzalez-Barrios, José Luis. "Eaux d'irrigation et salinité des sols en zone aride mexicaine : exemple dans la "Comarca Lagunera"." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20235.
Full textBaron, Jean. "Etude sur les interactions des métaux lourds avec des boues d'épuration et les sols : Complexation de Cu et Cd par des boues et spéciation dans des solutions de sols." Pau, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PAUU3008.
Full textNjomgang, Rosaline. "Modélisation des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux : Etude des systèmes Fer (III) - acides Dihydroxybenzoïques et Fer (III) - Polycondensats." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS007.
Full textFloch, Carine. "Les enzymes du sol : étude de leurs potentialités bioindicatrices de contaminations par des métaux et des polluants organiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30070.
Full textThe main objective of this research was to determine the potential bioindicator of certain enzymatic activities to characterize the functioning and quality of soil in the context of metal and organic pollutions (i. E. Pesticides and conventional, organic or biological, and integrated management strategies). In a first step, a methodology for the quantification in soils of phenol oxidase activities has been developed, and further study on its sensitivity towards certain metals has been performed. Thereafter, different approaches have been apprehended through incubation under controlled laboratory conditions and field observations, made at scales ranging from plot to landscape. The enzymes studied are involved in the functioning of the major biogeochemical cycles of C (cellulase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and phenol oxidase), N (arylamidase), P (acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase) and S (arylsulfatase). The results have clearly demonstrated the variability of response patterns of enzyme activities, with the type of contamination and physical and chemical characteristics of soils. This underlines the difficulty for selecting universal enzymatic bioindicators of soil quality for a wide range of perturbations. However, some enzymes, such as arylamidases and phenol oxidases, proved repeatedly to be indicators especially sensitive to disturbance applied to the different soils of this study. An interesting continuation of this work would be to integrate such kind of study of these potential bioindicators in networks of soil quality measurement. Finally, other microbial parameters were also studied, the functional diversity of bacterial communities (Biolog® Eco) and bacterial and fungal densities, but they have proved to be less relevant as soil quality indicators with regards to enzyme activities
Scheiner, Javier David. "Spéciation du carbone, de l'azote et du phosphore de différentes boues de stations d'épuration au cours de leurs incubations contrölées dans deux types de sol." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000379/.
Full textPaul-Delmas, Isabelle. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et évaluation de l'efficacité agronomique de phosphates bruts ou partiellement acidifiés provenant d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10405.
Full textGobet, Mallory. "Etude par spectroscopies de RMN 23Na , 31P et 1H : effets de la teneur en sel (NaCl) dans des matrices alimentaires." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS063.
Full textThe reduction of salt (NaCl) content in food has become a matter of public health. However, the multiple functions of salt in food make the reduction of its content difficult. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the applicability of NMR innovative techniques in order to characterise the mobility of sodium ions (distinction between ‘free’ and ‘bound’ sodium), to bring a better understanding of the role of salt in the organisation of the food matrix (in particular phosphorous molecules in dairy systems) and to study impact of salt on the mobility of aroma compounds. In a first step, the 23Na NMR study of iota-carrageenan gels validated the quantification of total sodium (Single-Quantum, SQ experiment) and also demonstrated the involvement of ‘bound’ sodium ions in the gelation process of this polysaccharide (Double-Quantum Filtered, DQF experiment). The diffusion of aroma compounds in these systems was measured by 1H DOSY NMR, but no specific impact of salt was evidenced. The second step was dedicated to study dairy systems and semi-hard cheeses by 23Na NMR and solid-state 31P NMR using the magic angle spinning (MAS) technique. We demonstrated the feasibility of 23Na NMR methods for the quantification of total sodium and the characterisation of Na motional state (presence of ‘bound’ ions) in these systems. 31P MAS NMR (simple pulse excitation, SPE and cross-polarisation, CP) enabled the identification of different phosphorous compounds (inorganic phosphate, colloidal calcium phosphate, phosphoserins), the determination of their proportions and also permitted to determine the involvement of these phosphorous compounds in the protein network of coagulated systems. With these results, we achieved to identify the parameters of composition (or processing) influencing the dynamics of sodium ions in real cheeses. We also determined the distribution of phosphorous compounds, in particular inorganic phosphate, in these cheeses. This work demonstrates that these 23Na and 31P NMR innovative techniques are perfectly applicable to real food and can help to adjust the manufacturing process of cheeses in order to optimise their sensory and functional properties
Yan, Zhixing. "Biodisponibilité et effets secondaires d' herbicides sulfonylurées dans les sols." Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0088.
Full textPena, Cervantes Edmundo. "Étude de l'assimilabilité des ions Po3/4 en sols vertiques et ferrugineux après apports de phosphate diammonique et de paille de riz." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10027.
Full textMetzger, Laure. "Comportement du rimsulfuron dans deux sols carbonatés." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10302.
Full textThe fate of rimsulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, was studied in a rendzina and an alluvial soil, through (i) laboratory soil incubations and (fi) batch experiments to de termine the capacity and the dynamics of rimsulfuron adsorption. The application of rimsulfuron, at 4-5 times the recommended field doses, did not modify the soil microbial activity, measured by the soil respiration. The mineralization of rimsulfuron occured only in the presence of an active microflora and was very low: 2 and 0. 75 % of the applied radioactivity for the alluvial soil and the rendzina soil, respectively. The lower rimsulfuron mineralization observed in the rendzina could be explained by high amounts of organic matter that (i) constituted an alternative source of organic carbon for the microflora, and (ii) might increase the adsorption of rimsulfuron residues, thus reducing their availability for mineralization processes. Lndeed, adsorption studies showed not only that the specific surface area influenced the rimsulfuron adsorption, but also that higher clay contents seemed to enhance the adsorption dynamics and that organic matter seemed to increase the adsorption capacity. Besides, non extractable residues (NER) of rimsulfuron were more concentrated in the grain-size fractions having the higher organic matter contents and a non negligible proportion of these NER has been co-extracted with alcalino-soluble organic compounds. However, 65 to 80 % of rimsulfuron residues were still extractable, even after 3 to 7 months. This potential mobility of rimsulfuron residues was confirmed by the Kd values obtained from the adsorption experiments, ranging from 0. 12 to 1. 7. Thus rimsulfuron residues can accumulate in soil and be available for migration or for absorption by plants. The processes influencing the behavior of rimsulfuron in soil are similar to those affecting the evolution of natural organic matter but the relative importance of these processes and their kinetics are different
Fuentes, Perez Edwar. "Méthodologies analytiques pour la détermination de l'antimoine total dans les sols et les végétaux et pour sa spéciation dans les sols." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3004.
Full textAntimony is an element of environmental concern due to its toxicity and biological effects. This element is non-essential for plants and animals, and its action depend on the oxidation state, being Sb(III) compounds more toxic than Sb(V) ones. This work presents the optimization of analytical methodologies for the total antimony determination in soils and vegetables and its redox speciation in soils. The analytical techniques optimized were the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS), and the hydride generation coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) or to atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). This last technique shows the best analytical performances (LOD 0. 01 mg l-1). The methodologies were validated by analyzing appropriates certified reference materials and then applied to the antimony determination in soils and alfalfa samples from sites contaminated and non-contaminated by copper mining activities from three regions in Chile. The redox speciation of antimony was based on the selective determination of Sb(III) by HG-AFS. Sb(V) was evaluated as the difference between total antimony and Sb(III) determinations. This methodology was applied to the redox speciation of antimony in soils extracts obtained by simple and sequential extraction procedures. Significantly difference between the antimony concentration in samples collected from contaminated and non-contaminated sites were obtained. The soluble and available antimony fractions in soils were low; it was mostly associated to the residual fraction. Furthermore, in all fraction Sb(V) was the predominant species. It was concluded that antimony in these soils has a relatively low mobility and availability
Andrianatrehina, Ndriamihaja Livah. "Etude du comportement triaxial non drainé de matériaux granulaires ; effet de la teneur en fines et de la forme des courbes granulométriques." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENISE017.
Full textInteraction of water with dams and dikes makes them vulnerable to erosion phenomena and can, in some cases, result in their failure. In this thesis, a large number of granular materials was made, with different shapes of the grain size distribution curves and different percentages of fines (<0. 315 mm), and a maximum size of grains equal to 16 mm. The aim is to study the influence of the grain size distribution, on the behavior of the soils on undrained triaxial paths on one hand, on the internal stability of these materials on the other hand. The material stability, according to Kenney and Lau criterium (1985, 1986), was confronted with the results of other criteria. The criteria diverge on the classification of the stability of the materials and it seems better to associate two criteria to estimate it. Undrained triaxial tests were carried out on samples at different relative densities under 3 confining stresses of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. The tests showed that the percentage of fines influences the behavior of materials. For low fines contents, it is the intergranular void ratio which plays the major part in the bahavior of the materials whereas, for higher fines contents, it is rather the inter-fines void ratio which permits to describe the behaviour of the granular materials. For materials with continuous grain size distribution under given test conditions, the increase in pore-watr pressure and the corresponding deviatoric stress remain constant up to a fines content of 30%; beyond this percentage, these values decrease. In the case of discontinuous grain size distribution, no clear logic is highlighted. During some triaxial tests, grain migration is observed in the specimens with discontinuous distribution, which results in a change in the mechanical properties of these soils. The tests provide a clearer view of the relations between these two aspects
Maillant, Sophie. "Conséquences d'un refroidissement climatique sur le comportement de radionucléides dans les sols du Barrois." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_MAILLANT_S.pdf.
Full textFor the safety assessment of underground radioactive waste disposal conducted by Andra, it is required to estimate the behaviour of radionuclides in soils for the next ten thousand years. Within this time scale, soils would probably evolve from their actual status, according to climate changes. It is then necessary to assess these changes in order to predict the behaviour of the radiochemicals that would enter the soils. We present a pedological forecast method for the assessment of a specific case (i. E. Limestone plateau), undergoing periglacial conditions. Then we study the retention of mobile radionuclides, iodine (I) and technetium (Tc) on the forecast periglacial soils. The method relies on the study of analogous soils, sampled in regions with similar geochemical (calcareous) and topographical contexts but undergoing a cold climate which mimics future periglacial conditions of the reference region (steppe-tundra or boreal forest biomes). We have added to the cold and dry climatic series a cold and humid biome (montane strata). The organic matter compartment (OM), considered as an indicator of the effects of the climate on the soils, was thoroughly characterised and taken into account. The analogous soils sampled have developed under boreal forest, cold steppe and subalpine conditions from limestone or calcareous parent materials. The observed soils were eutric Leptosols under boreal forest, and Chernozems under cold steppe. In both biomes, under hydromorphic conditions, OM accumulated in the soil and was high in aromatic molecules in the humified fraction. In the montane strata, the leaching of carbonates was strong enough to allow a diversification of soil genesis: from humic Leptosols to dystric Luvisols. The OM of these soils was different from that of the soils from dry biomes. This study has confirmed that the main differences between soils were observed between the humid and cold climate (montane) on one side and the dry and cold (cold steppe and boreal) on the other. Evolution scenarios constructed from these results indicated that the periglacial conditions would probably favour the persistence of soils still similar to the present ones in the reference region, especially during the boreal stage. However these soils would display higher OM content. In this biome, soils would be mainly rendzic Leptosols and eutric (or calcaric) Cambisols as presently, but with a higher OM content in the surface horizon because of the forest cover. In the steppe-tundra biome, a pergelisol would favour hydromorphy in most soils (stagnic Cryosols). In both biomes, hydromorphic soils, developped on marly material could display very high OM content (fen). Maps summarising these scenarios have been edited for each biome. The consequences of these pedological changes on the behaviour of mobile radionuclides were studied through the retention of Tc and I in the analogous soils at field capacity in batch experiments. The experiment showed that the dehydration of soils could favour the retention of both elements under aerobic conditions, although the latter are not usually favourable to Tc and I retention (Kd > 1 l. Kg-1 in analogous soils of boreal forest after one year of contact time). These results were used to establish maps of the retention of each element for both periglacial biomes. It is suggested that Tc would be retained in the soils in the cold steppe soils whereas I would be more retained in soils of the boreal biome. In both biomes, soils with the highest retention towards I and Tc would be peaty soils located in the bottom of marly valleys. Special attention was paid therefore to peaty soils : we studied the behaviour of I in situ in a peat bog. I had accumulated at the bog surface (Kd was multiplied by 6 within 15 years) and was found to be associated to polyphenolic substances from the humified peat. Carex sp was identified as the species that accumulated the highest contents of I amongst the vegetation of the bog. The proposed method underlain by analogy and laboratory retention studies should help to understand and forecast the behaviour of the long-lived radionuclides. It should help in the determination of the site specific parameters for the dose computation of safety assessment in a cold biosphere scenario
Périé, Catherine. "Étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle d'indicateurs de la qualité des sols pour le suivi des traitements sylvicoles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17861.
Full textSallih, Zaher. "Relations entre activité rhizosphérique et décomposition de la matière organique des sols au niveau de la biomasse microbienne et de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20138.
Full textParry, Stéphanie. "Influence de la structure et des matières organiques particulières sur l'anoxie et la dénitrification à l'échelle de la motte de sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10028.
Full textPonthieu, Marie. "Spéciation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols et les solutions des sols : du modèle au terrain." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30059.
Full textNowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metals behavior in soils and to appreciate their transfer. The fate of the metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive soil compartments (organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays). The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several model to study metal ion speciation in the soil and the soil solution. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC (amorphous and crystallized iron oxides), NICA-Donnarf (organic matter and manganese oxides), cationic ion exchange model (clays). First, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) with iron and manganese oxides, a part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after the validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to two contaminated soils located in the North of France (atmospheric deposits) and in Brittany (intensive pig manure applications)
Echairi, Abdelwahad. "Effets du cuivre sur quelques indicateurs de la qualité biologique des sols viticoles : étude à différentes échelles." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS008.
Full textCopper-based fungicides are used for more than a century by vine growers to fight against mildew (and other diseases). As a result, copper accumulates in soil, reaching high concentrations, with potential harmful effects on soil biocenosis. In spite of this threat, copper-based products are still in use, especially in organic farming. In this work, we tried to make clear the effects of copper on some aspects of biological quality of vineyards in “real” conditions, on the short, medium and long term. Long term effects were studied in a region (Champagne) through soil samples representing a large range of copper concentrations. Two different sites, in Burgundy and Champagne were used to study the medium-term effects (decade). Finally, to study in details the short term effects (1-4 years) we used an experimental approach, in three different locations, copper additions being the only source of variation. Biological indicators (microbial biomass, C & N mineralization, nitrification) were used for routine analysis. In addition, two fungal populations of interest for vine growing and wine making were studied: mycorrhizal-arbuscular fungi (MA) and yeasts able to grow on vine juice. The main characteristics of the soil samples were measured simultaneously, including total and EDTA-extractable copper. Microbial biomass is a reliable indicator of soil quality but, for low levels of Cu, spatio-temporal variations were higher than the effects of copper addition. The same observations were made for C and N mineralization activities. Nitrification activity (ammonium oxidation) turned out to be less affected by copper additions than by previous nitrogen additions (as reduced forms: organic N and ammonium N). Therefore, nitrification is not a reliable indicator of Cu contamination. Our results also showed that MA fungal populations are of potential interest to assess the effects of cultural practices, including copper additions, provided the other sources of variation are under control. These populations can be characterized both quantitatively (spore numbers) and qualitatively (diversity of morphological types). Significant differences between treatments were observed in our experiments. However, the efficiency of these populations (for P uptake) are not addressed by these tests. Populations of yeasts are also potentially interesting to study the effects of Cu in vineyards. We developed a protocol to assess both genotypic and phenotypic diversity of these fungal populations. Genotypic characterization was based on 18S rDNA PCR-RFLP and polymorphism of D1-D2 region of 26S rDNA. Phenotypic characterization was limited to the assessment of copper tolerance by measuring growth rate on a medium containing increasing Cu concentrations. The results showed no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Many strains were able to grow on media containing high concentrations of copper, even when they were isolated from soil samples without previous Cu application
Della, Puppa Loïc. "Stabilisation of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn using a novel manganese oxide in contaminated soil." Limoges, 2014. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/e081bc9f-0d01-44c2-8acd-4d8432e97d5b/blobholder:0/2014LIMO4008.pdf.
Full textA novel manganese oxide was synthesised and characterized in order to be used as chemical stabilizing agent to reduce metal elements mobility and availability in contaminated soils. This amorphous manganese oxide (AMO) is not absolutely stable in soil and water, resulting in Mn released in the beginning of each experiments, but presents high sorption properties. Its presence in soil seems to promote biomass respiration, showing its non toxicity. Both column and batch experiments show that AMO becomes effective to reduce Cu, Cd and Pb mobility from 0. 1% w/w ratio. Moreover, AMO increased soil sorption capacity and increased the pH of the studied contaminated soil sample, depending on the ratio. This AMO impacted more significantly new pollution than former pollution. An increased of the metallic elements immobilisation and changes in AMO properties were observed over time, highlighting the importance of ageing effect. This is coupled with a decrease of Mn released, which became unavailable over time due to the precipitation of rhodochrosite at the AMO surface
Dedourge, Odile. "Impact de l'effet rhizosphère du colza et de l'orge sur la dynamique du soufre dans le sol." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL010N.
Full textPoozesh, Vahid. "Réponse des graminées des prairies permanentes à l'acidité, à l'aluminium et à la fertilisation (N, P) : relations avec les traits fonctionnels." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7589/1/poozesh.pdf.
Full textFazzolari, Correa Elisa. "La réduction dissimilative du nitrate en ammonium dans les sols." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10056.
Full textMassoura, Stamatia. "Spéciation et phytodisponibilité du nickel dans les sols." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL009N.
Full textThis thesis relates to the study of parameters which influence the dynamic of nickel and its radionuclide 63 Ni in soils. At the Saille time, the study of the chemical and biological characteriza- tion of these elements availability in the soils is done. The available pool of Ni and 63 Ni (chemical estimation) was measured by chemical and isotopic methods and soil incubations; by evaluating the interest and limits of each roethod. The factors which influence the mobility of metal in soils were thus determined. With through this study, we showed that the bio- and phyto-availability of Ni depend on the soil mineralogy, on the soil weathering, on the type of metal associations with the mineraIs, and on the quantitative presence of these mineraIs. The transfer of Ni and 63 N i from the soil to the plant depends on the metal availability in the soil and on the roots behaviour to the soil offe1, in relation to the strategies of hyperaccumulation, accumulation or exclusion of N z. Plants are able to modify the metal availability in soils by influencing the sorption processes of Ni from the solid phase to the soil solution. They are also able to change the speciation of Ni in solu- tion however the majority form of Ni in the soil solution was N i2+. Hyperaccumulators regulate Ni and 63 N i concentration in soil solution and their migration to the ground water. If the physico-chemical properties of soils, the pollutant availability and the choice of the hyperaccumulators are taken into account, the se plants are able to decrease and control durably the ecotoxicological effects of trace elements and radionuclides contamination in soils
Ouedraogo, François. "Etude des transferts d'eau à l'interface sol-atmosphère : cas d'un sol du Burkina Faso à faible teneur en eau." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20235.
Full textThe transfer of water at the soil-atmosphere interface is addressed through a thermo dynamical approach which constitutes a general framework for describing both the thermodynamical status of the water in the soil and the transfer mechanisms at stake: liquid phase filtration, water vapor diffusion, liquid-vapor phase change. An experimental characterization of a soil has been carried out and completed with bibliographical data. Experimental tests of water transfer in columns of the same soil, placed in drying atmosphere enabled the establishment of the global kinetic of water loss and the evolution of the profiles of the water content through time. A numerical simulation of the water transfer in the neighborhood of the interface is proposed. A study about the sensitiveness to the physical parameters of the soil is presented. The results of the numerical model are then compared with the tests of the transfer on the columns. The correspondence is good on the basis of an adjustment of the hydrologic parameters as mentioned in the literature. Water and vapor fluxes evolutions in low water content soils allow the description of transfer mechanisms near the interface. It is shown that the phase change which ensures the continuity of the transfers between the soil and the atmosphere relates to a few centimeters of the soil under that interface
Jaillard, Benoît. "Les structures rhizomorphes calcaires : modèle de réorganisation des minéraux du sol par les racines." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20174.
Full textAschi, Amira. "Effets des pratiques innovantes sur les communautés microbiennes des sols agricoles et les fonctions associées : cas particuliers de l'introduction de légumineuses et du travail du sol." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES023.
Full textThe intensification of agriculture, which began in the mid 20th century, led to negative impacts on soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics causing a strong decline in their biodiversity. To address these threats, new agricultural practices have emerged to preserve the physical and biological integrity of the soils. These practices, namely innovative practices, include reduced tillage, crop residues management, permanent cover crop or the introduction of legumes in rotations. Considering the changes in agricultural practices, the aim of this thesis was to understand the combined effects of reduced tillage and the introduction of faba bean in crop rotations on the structure of soil microbial communities and soil functions these communities support. The central hypothesis was that the combination of reduced tillage and the introduction of the legume in the rotation improved the structure of microbial communities, enzyme activities and soil nitrogen dynamics. Two approaches were used to evaluate the effect of these innovative practices on the soil microbial communities and the resulting functions. The first approach was a single-factor / single-site approach designed to assess the individual effect of reduced tillage on one hand, and the introduction of the legume on the other hand both under controlled field conditions. The second approach was a multi-factorial approach / multisite approach aiming at investigating the combined effects of these two innovative practices taking into account various farmers’ practices related to the implementation of these innovative practices in farm conditions. The individual effect of the introduction of legume induced modification in the structure of soil microbial communities and the increase of enzyme activities. Moreover, the response of enzyme activities to soil tillage conversion showed significant enhancement by the reduced tillage / no tillage. The multi-factorial / multi-site approach showed that the combinations of these innovative practices are suitable to the soil microbial communities: (i) the presence of the legume as previous crop combined to conventional tillage modified the structure of microbial communities or (ii) the effect of the presence of legume three years before wheat persists under reduced tillage. However, microbial functions and nitrogen dynamics were not affected. Moreover, multi-factorial approach showed that the benefits of these innovative practices cannot be established without considering the whole variability brought by farmers’ practices around the implementation of these two innovative practices. Finally, the observations made with the two approaches suggest a crucial role of microbial communities and their activities on the carbon and nitrogen cycles. These findings have a special resonance in the context of agriculture on-going transformations and the suggestion of new practices that could change the soil biological functioning
Khoury, Randa. "Comportement de deux produits phytosanitaires dans deux sols typiques libanais." Perpignan, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PERP0346.
Full textTruong, Binh. "Evaluation de l'efficacité agronomique de phosphates naturels provenant de l'Afrique de l'ouest." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10480.
Full textEtchebers, Olivier. "Etude pluricontextuelle et pluridimensionnelle de la mobilité des métaux lourds (Cd, Ni, Pb) dans les sols." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3004.
Full textThe mobility of heavy metals is studied on three cases of contamination, each one at a different scale. The first one deals with spreading of sewage sludge on forest soils. Processes are accelerated under centrifugation, at microcosm scale. Despite several months of simulated evolution, migration of heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb) is quite limited, probably by affinity with organic matter accumulated at the surface. The second one is run at mesocosm scale, using an agricultural soil spiked with Pb. After several months outdoor, Pb is retained within the solid. It is adsorbed on organic and clay (montmorillonite) particles, but remains under a potentially soluble form. The third one corresponds to an aquifer underlying an industrial site (macrocosm) polluted by Cu and H2SO4. Acidity enhances the solubility of Cd and Pb. However, the buffer capacity of the solid induces the precipitation of Cu and Fe; and the fixation of Cd and Pb by adsorption or coprecipitation
Bee-Debras, Agnès. "Etude des systèmes cuivre (II) - acides dihydroxybenzoïques et cuivre (II) - polycondensats : modélisation des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux oligo-éléments." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS004.
Full textDridi, Salim Redouane. "Le fractionnement du baryum dans certains sols du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26139/26139.pdf.
Full textTrinsoutrot-Gattin, Isabelle. "Influence de la qualité biochimique et de la teneur en azote de résidus de colza (Brassica napus L) sur les biotransformations du carbone et de l'azote au cours de leur décomposition dans le sol." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10070.
Full textForest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Full textAbdi, Dalel. "Caractérisation par spectroscopie et analyse compositionnelle des formes du phosphore dans des sols agricoles canadiens." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25804.
Full textUnderstanding of phosphorus (P) forms dynamics and changes in agro-ecosystems is essential for the development of best management practices to maintain soil productivity and surface water quality. The objective of this thesis was to develop and use innovative methods to characterize soil P forms and their changes under different management practices. We examined the potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict soil total P (TP), soil P extracted by Mehlich-3 solution (M3P) and by water (Cp), and soil organic P (OP) for soil samples taken from two sites with different P content located at Quebec and Saskatchewan. The results showed that the prediction of TP and M3P in the site of Quebec were moderately useful and not acceptable, respectively. However, the opposite was found in the site of Saskatchewan. The prediction of OP was moderately useful to moderately successful in experimental site of Saskatchewan. The potential of NIRS to predict P depends to the soil texture, to P soil content variation and to the relation of P to organic matter. Furthermore, contradictory results of variance and correlations analyses were found for the raw and ordinary log transformed molecular P species expressed as proportions or concentrations, indicating spurious correlations. Using compositional analysis with centred log ratio or isometric log ratio transformations avoid the methodological biases and allow coherent interpretation. Finally, phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize P species for soil samples collected from a long-term corn-soybean rotation experiment in Quebec. Results showed an accumulation of TP (1326 mg kg-1) on the top 5 cm of P fertilized soil under no-till primarily due to orthophosphate ions accumulation (49.7% of TP). However, the organic P forms of inositol monoesters and nucleotides had accumulated in the deep layer; indicating a potential loss through different hydrological pathways. Overall, these studies allow us to improve our understanding of P forms and to better monitor them under different agro-ecosystems using the best management practices.
Mathieu, Olivier. "Application du traçage isotopique 15N à l'étude du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) , gaz à effet de serre produit par l'activité microbienne des sols : quantification des flux et approche spatiale au terrain." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS050.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a trace gas involved in the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone (O3) depletion. During this work, we have developed isotopic techniques to study N2O emissions from soils. Using the addition of a 15N–labelled substrate, allowing the simultaneous measurement of N2O and N2, observed spatial variability of N2O and N2 emissions was significant at the field scale. Results support the hypothesis that soil carbon availability influences N2O/N2 regulation. The relative contributions to N2O production of nitrification and denitrification were investigated using a pair–labelled experiment (15NH4+ or 15NH3–). Transition to saturated conditions increases the proportion of nitrified nitrogen emitted as N2O. Finally, a study of isotopic fractionation during denitrification shows a decrease in the fractionation effect with the 15N enrichment of the added substrate
HACHANI, LAHCENE. "Consolidation et impermeabilisation des sols argileux par electro-injection du silicate de sodium." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066104.
Full textLê, Thi Ngoc Ha. "Comportement des sols fins utilisés en couverture étanche des installations de stockage de déchets : approche expérimentale et numérique." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10245.
Full textThe study of the behavior ofmaterials constitutive ofa coyer ofstorage ofwaste must be realized. The principal material is the clay of Aptien. It is altered, humidified and compacted to guarantee the sealing of the work. The traditional step consists in characterizing the behavior ofmaterials in laboratory and on the site of the work. Tests conventional (simple compression, triaxial compression tests) and nonconventional (direct, indirect traction) in laboratory were carried out to determine the important parameters. An extension of the results was made on rising and deflection tests on site. A mechanical improvement of clay behavior by fibres was aimed. Interpretations of the results were made to optimize the placement of materials. However the experiments in laboratory are not sufficient and difficult to lead. A numerical modeling by the MED was considered. Simulations were gauged on tests used for materials of the ground. The difficulty lies in the modeling of the clay which can be subjected simultaneously to traction and compression (deflection test). The clay microstructure was not reproduced but to model by one assembles contact segments. Severallaws of contact were used. The influence of the microscopic parameters of the model on the macroscopic behavior of the samples was studied. An extension ofthese results to the modeling ofa test ofrising ofbig size and in situ was carried out. It is a first answer to the real behavior of the argillaceous coyer of the site
Mora, Torres Rocio. "Recherche de résidus d'un fongicide chloré (le pentachloronitrobenzène) dans les végétaux et les sols : étude des moyens de biodégradation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE18013.
Full textBen, Hassine Abdelkader. "Effet d’un traitement électrocinétique sur le comportement d’un mélange de kaolinite et de carbonate en présence de plomb." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENISE030.
Full textSoil remediation and the selection of appropriate methods for this application have attracted special interest in recent years. There are almost as many methods of remediation that type of pollution. Method of depollution by electrokinetic is one of these methods. It consists in applying an electric current and to thereby cause the migration of pollutants. The objective of this work is to study the behavior of kaolinite, a mixture of kaolinite and carbonate of lead under the effect of an electrokinetic treatment and to study the evolution of the structure kaolinite, and kaolinite-carbonate mixtures before and after the electrokinetic. For this study, the sample length was 20 cm. The applied electric field is equal to 1V / cm. Electrokinetic treatment trials are made equal to 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 168h, and 192h. Measurements are made during the tests, such as the pH of the anodic and cathodic reservoirs, the intensity of electric current, the potential difference of the sample and the electro-osmotic flow. The measurements performed after the tests are the pH, the conductivity as a function ofthe distance from the anode. And measures by, X-ray diffraction, mercury porosimetry and surface area are also performed to study the evolution of the structure after the electrokinetic treatment
Guntzer, Flore. "Impact de la culture intensive de céréales sur les stocks de silice biodisponible dans les sols européens." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30064.
Full textSilicon is found in the same proportions as most macronutrients in plants and is known to be beneficial for their growth. Although silicon is one of the main constituents of soil, most of the forms under which it is found are not available for plants. In natural ecosystems, phytoliths (amorphous silica particle recycled by plants) are one of the main sources of silicon for plants as their dissolution cinetic is way faster than that of other silicate minerals at pH > 4. However in cultuvated soils where the crops are exported, phytoliths do not come back to the soil. We studied soils cultivated with cereals to asses the impact of the exportation of crops on the amorphous silica stock. All studied soils were poor in amorphous silica. We also studied the effect of different Si fertilization. Restoration of straw to the soil, even for a short period of time, has a real impact on the stock of amorphous silica. This means the restitution of straw could be a simple remediation for the decrease of the bioavailable silica stock of cultivated soils
Courde, Laurent. "Etude des effets d'applications répétées de cuivre sur l'activité et la diversité de la microflore des sols." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS048.
Full textSierra, Jorge. "Etude de l'anoxie dans les sols à structure agrégée en relation avec la respiration microbienne." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10076.
Full textLebourg, Annie. "Etude de l'extraction des métaux en traces de sols pollués en vue de la détermination de leur biodisponibilité." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-244.pdf.
Full textGossart, Pascal. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux lourds : étude structurale et analytique de molécules modèles." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-187-188.pdf.
Full textLe, Bourgeois Olivier. "Caractérisation des propriétés hydrodynamiques des sols et de leur variabilité spatiale par modélisation inverse de leur teneur en eau. Application aux sols des Cévennes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS139/document.
Full textThis research work aims to characterize soil hydrodynamic properties of the Cévennes area, a low mountain region known to be prone to flash floods. We thus chose to estimate hydraulic conductivity and water retention properties of the Mualem –van Genuchten model and their spatial variability at the hillslope scale and between multiple hillslope profiles. The objectives are also to evaluate the weathered bedrock permeability, and consequently to enhance our understanding of the soil saturation processes.The soil and bedrock hydrodynamic properties were estimated by inverse modelling of soil moisture from a pilot station and a network of 50 stations distributed on 4 granitic hillslope and 2 schist hillslope. The pilot station was instrumented with 3 soil moisture sensors located at 20, 40 and 60 cm deep whereas the hillslope stations were instrumented with 2 soil moisture sensors located variably from 15 to 45 cm deep. Both soil moisture and precipitation were recorded with a 15 min time step for every station. The inverse modelling procedure is based on the multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II. This procedure was used for every station considering a variably deep soil composed by 2 layers surmounting a 100 cm deep third layer representing the weathered bedrock. Fifteen parameters were calibrated for every station, and were estimated from small selected rainfall periods of 1 to 15 days corresponding to the major rainfall events during the monitoring period. Evapotranspiration has been considered as negligible during those events. The analysis of those retention and conductivity properties shows a very important hydraulic conductivity for the studied soils, ranging from 1000 to 2000 mm/h, and their low retention capacity. The soil saturated water content varies from 0.30 to 0.60 cm3.cm-3, which is a consequence of the important soil heterogeneity at the hillslope scale. We also find that heterogeneity on the estimation of soil depth which varies from 31 to 120 cm. For the weathered bedrock layer, we also found contrasted permeability varying from a few units to a hundred of mm/h. Stations with the shallowest soils and the less permeable bedrock presenting a saturation process at the soil/bedrock contact, as monitored and simulated during the most intense rainfalls. If the estimated soil hydrodynamic properties exhibit important variations at the hillslope scale from a station to another, results showed no specific spatial organization of this variability. The station's position on the hillslope is not decisive to estimate saturated soil moisture, soil depth, soil permeability or water retention capacity. The distribution of those properties, calculated for the 6 studied hillslope is not either correlated to the landscape general characteristic: geology, orientation, land cover
Dembélé, Oupré Claude. "Dynamique de l’azote et du carbone lors de la décomposition de trois légumineuses utilisées comme cultures de couverture." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40302.
Full textDavid, Lucas. "Sodium-water reaction : a heterogeneous runaway process." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0580.
Full textThe reaction of sodium metal with water is a heterogeneous reaction: reactants are in two distinct condensed phases, separated by a layer of gas. In such configuration, a runaway of the reaction is theoretically not possible, yet experimental observations show the opposite. An explosive runaway of sodium-water reaction can indeed be triggered, generating pressure waves and ejecting matter. A mechanism is proposed to explain these observations by sodium vaporization. As a consequence of the heat generated by the heterogeneous reaction, sodium would vaporize intensely and mix with water vapor in gas-phase, which would generate a homogeneous configuration enabling a runaway. The study of this mechanism is presented through a three-way approach: analytical, numerical and experimental. An analytical, Semenov-type 0d model, adapted to the heterogeneous configuration, first demonstrates that this mechanism can result in a reaction runaway. Numerical simulations of sodium-water reaction, in 1d and in 2d with the “diffuse-interface” approach, then show that this mechanism can produce explosive effects such as shock waves and ejection of matter. Finally, an experimental study confirms the presence of sodium vapor, although the temperature measured inside the liquid sodium is far from its boiling temperature. This study therefore shows that the explosive effects of the sodium-water reaction can theoretically be explained by a rapid vaporization of sodium, although as experimental results suggest, the actual phenomenology is probably more complex. It possibly involves subscale phenomena such as turbulence or fragmentation mechanisms that were not considered in this study
Tummolo, Mauro. "Advanced Oxidation Processes for water remediation by crude oil pollution." Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10005.
Full textLe pétrole, probablement le mélange organique le plus complexe, est un liquide naturel et inflammable constitué de composés organiques ayant des propriétés chimiques différentes: hydrocarbures saturés et insaturés, composés hétéro‐atomiques (N S et O) et une petite quantité de métaux. La pollution de l’eau et du sol causée par le pétrole est un problème mondial. Les hydrocarbures arrivent dans l'environnement par des épanchements accidentels ou des fuites industrielles ou, encore, comme sous‐produits de l’activité commercial et domestique. Quelque soit le type de pollution (primaire ou secondaire, c'est‐à‐dire directe ou occasionnel) les hydrocarbures du pétrole arrivent sur la surface du sol et dans l’eau et peuvent arriver dans les nappes aquifères et entrer dans la chaîne alimentaire. L’irradiation solaire représente un procédé naturel d’atténuation des polluants organiques à la surface des sols pouvant servir par exemple à la décontamination de sites contaminés par le pétrole. Ce procès peut être accéléré avec l’utilisation de catalyseurs (photocatalyse) tel que le bioxyde de titane (TiO2) qui semble être le catalyseur le plus efficace et économique. Depuis quelques années on étudie, aussi, l’application soit des ultrasons (sonolyse) soit le couplage sonolyse‐photocatalyse afin de dégrader les polluants organiques dans l’eau. Toutefois la littérature ne reporte pas des articles scientifiques qui appliquent ce couplage pour la purification de l'eau contaminée par les hydrocarbures dérivés du pétrole. Le but de ce travail, pourtant, a été d’étudier la possibilité d'appliquer des méthodes d’oxydation extrême (AOPs, Advanced Oxidation Processes) pour la purification d'eau polluée par le pétrole. Pour les essais de dégradation on a préparé une suspension eau/pétrole dans un récipient en Pyrex (10 L). Dans le récipient on a introduits 7,0 L d'eau distillé et pétrole en rapport 1/20 (pétrole/eau). La solution a été maintenue en agitation à l’obscurité pour 30 jours pour permettre à l'eau de se saturer d’hydrocarbures. La dégradation du pétrole dissous dans l’eau a été menée par sonolyse à 20 kHz, par photocatalyse et par sonophotocatalyse. La dégradation photocatalytique à été menée en utilisant une lampe HPK 125 W et TiO2 comme catalyseur alors que pour la sonolyse on à utilisé un ultrason de puissance électrique enregistrable entre 7 e 100 W. Les échantillons du pétrole ont été analysés par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC‐MS), par résonance magnétique nucléaire sur le proton liquide (1H RMN), par spectrométrie de masse à Résonance Cyclotronique Ionique et Transformée de Fourier (FT‐ICR‐MS) et par fluorescence. L’étude en GC‐MS des composés non polaires du pétrole irradiés dans le simulateur solaire, a montré, après l’irradiation, une augmentation de la quantité relative de la fraction C13‐C23 et une réduction de la fraction C7‐C12. L’analyse des mêmes échantillons en FT‐ICR‐MS à montré l'oxygénation des doubles liaisons et une augmentation des produits d’oxydation. Les analyses en GC‐MS des composes non polaires, présents dans la fraction soluble du pétrole naturel, ont montrés une forte présence d'alcanes complexes et une grande quantité d'alcanes linéaires et aromatiques. En général, les trois méthodes de dégradation utilisées (sonolyse, photocatalyse, et sonophotocatalyse) ont produit une augmentation des composée en C5 et une diminution de la fraction C6‐C9. Les analyses en FT‐ICR des composés polaires ont relevé rien de remarquable après la sonolyse, une légère diminution des composes oxygénés après les photocatalyse et une évidente réduction des mêmes composes après la sono‐photocatalyse. Les diagrammes de Kendrick et van Krevelen confirment ces résultats: on observe, en effet, une augmentation des composés avec bas poids moléculaire et une légère augmentation d'atomes d’oxygène. En conclusion on peut affirmer que les ultrasons ont une influence remarquable sur la dégradation photocatalytique des polluants organiques. La sonophotocatalyse, pourtant, grâce à la synergie d’action, augmente l'efficacité du procès de dégradation
Besson, Benoit. "Sensibilité radioécologique des zones de prairies permanentes." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA2048.
Full textThe project “SENSIB" of the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) aims at characterizing and classifying parameters with significant impact on the transfer of radioactive contaminants in the environment. This thesis is focused on permanent grassland areas. Its objectives are the analysis of the activity variations of two artificial radionuclides in the chain from soil to dairy products as well as the categorization of ecological and anthropogenic parameters, which determine the sensitivity of the studied area. For this study, in situ sampling is carried out in 15 farms in 3 different French regions (Charente, Puy-de-Dome and Jura). The sampling sites are chosen according to their natural variations (geology, attitude and climate) and the soil types. Additionally to the radiologic measurements, geographic, soil and vegetation data as well as data concerning cattle-rearing and cheese manufacturing processes are gathered. […] A nonlinear approach based on a discretization method of the transfer factor with multiple comparison tests admits a classification of the sensitivity factors from soil to grass vegetation. We can determine 20 factors interfering in the CS transfer into the vegetation, for instance, the clay rate of the soils or a marker for soil particles adhered on vegetation. Cs transfers into milk depend on the clay rate of the vegetation sample and on the cattle feed. […]