Journal articles: 'Solution (Chemistry) Interferometers'

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Nguyen, Thanh-Trung, Thanh-Tung Vu, Thanh-Dong Nguyen, and Toan-Thang Vu. "Axial Error of Spindle Measurements Using a High-Frequency-Modulated Interferometer." Crystals 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070801.

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In this paper, a novel, compact, and high-precision axial error measurement using a frequency-modulated interferometer is developed. Normally, heterodyne interferometers are a powerful system for small displacement measurements due to their property of being less sensitive to temperature and pressure variations. However, the maximum measurement speed of the heterodyne interferometer is around 5 m/s because it is usually limited by the difference in frequency between the two components of the laser beam, which is no larger than 3 MHz or 20 MHz corresponding laser source based on the Zeeman effect and acousto-optic modulator, respectively. The proposed measuring system is realized by modulating the frequency of the laser diode source at a high modulation frequency and using lock-in amplifiers to extract the harmonics of the interference signal. The measurement speed is proportional to the modulation frequency. Thus, the higher the modulation frequency, the higher the measuring speed attains. The frequency-modulated interferometer is then applied to measure the axial error of an ultra-precision spindle. The proposed system can be a capable solution for noncontact and high-precision spindle error measurements in the machining process.

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Zhao, Na, Qijing Lin, Zhuangde Jiang, Kun Yao, Bian Tian, Xudong Fang, Peng Shi, and Zhongkai Zhang. "High Temperature High Sensitivity Multipoint Sensing System Based on Three Cascade Mach–Zehnder Interferometers." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 2688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082688.

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A temperature multipoint sensing system based on three cascade Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) is introduced. The MZIs with different lengths are fabricated based on waist-enlarged fiber bitapers. The fast Fourier transformation is applied to the overlapping transmission spectrum and the corresponding interference spectra can be obtained via the cascaded frequency spectrum based on the inverse Fourier transformation. By analyzing the drift of interference spectra, the temperature response sensitivities of 0.063 nm/°C, 0.071 nm/°C, and 0.059 nm/°C in different furnaces can be detected from room temperature up to 1000 °C, and the temperature response at different regions can be measured through the sensitivity matrix equation. These results demonstrate feasibility of multipoint measurement, which also support that the temperature sensing system provides new solution to the MZI cascade problem.

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Nguyen, Dung Tien, Le Canh Trung, Nguyen Duy Cuong, Ho Dinh Quang, Dinh Xuan Khoa, Nguyen Van Phu, Chu Van Lanh, Nguyen Thanh Vinh, Do Thanh Thuy, and Bui Dinh Thuan. "Measuring the refractive index of a methanol - water mixture according to the wavelength." Photonics Letters of Poland 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v13i1.1058.

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The refractive index of the methanol-water mixture depending on the wavelength at different concentrations was determined by our experimental method using a Michelson interferometer system. A comparative study of Gladstone-Dale, Arago–Biot and Newton relations for predicting the refractive index of a liquid has been carried out to test their validity for the methanol-water mixture with the different concentrations 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The comparison shows the good agreement between our experimental results and the results in the expressions studied over the wavelength range approximately from 450 to 850 nm. Full Text: PDF ReferencesS. Sharma, P.B. Patel, R.S. Patel, "Density and Comparative Refractive Index Study on Mixing Properties of Binary Liquid Mixtures of Eucalyptol with Hydrocarbons at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K", E-Journal of Chemistry 4(3), 343 (2007). CrossRef A. Gayathri, T. Venugopal, R. Padmanaban, K. Venkatramanan, R. Vijayalakshmi, "A comparative study of experimental and theoretical refractive index of binary liquid mixtures using mathematical methods", IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 390, 012116 (2018). CrossRef A. Jahan, M.A. Alam, M.A.R. Khan, S. Akhtar, "Refractive Indices for the Binary Mixtures of N, N-Dimethylformamide with 2-Butanol and 2-Pentanol at Temperatures 303.15 K, 313.15 K, and 323.15 K", American Journal of Physical Chemistry 7(4), 55 (2018). CrossRef N. An, B. Zhuang, M. Li, Y. Lu, Z. Wang, "Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study of Refractive Indices of Water–Acetonitrile–Salt Systems", J. Phys. Chem. B 119(33), 10701 (2015). CrossRef M. Upadhyay, S.U. Lego, "Refractive Index of Acetone-Water mixture at different concentrations", American International Journal of Research in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics 20(1), 77 (2017). CrossRef T.H. Barnes, K.Matsumoto, T. Eiju, K. Matsuda, N. Ooyama, "Grating interferometer with extremely high stability, suitable for measuring small refractive index changes", Appl. Opt. 30, 745 (1991). CrossRef B. W. Grange, W. H. Stevenson, R. Viskanta, "Refractive index of liquid solutions at low temperatures: an accurate measurement", Applied Optics 15(4), 858 (1976). CrossRef P. Hlubina, "White-light spectral interferometry with the uncompensated Michelson interferometer and the group refractive index dispersion in fused silica", Optics Communications 193(1-6), 1 (2001). CrossRef P. Hlubina, W. Urbanczyk, "Dispersion of the group birefringence of a calcite crystal measured by white-light spectral interferometry", Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(6), 1267 (2005). CrossRef P. Hlubina, D. Ciprian, L. Knyblová, "Direct measurement of dispersion of the group refractive indices of quartz crystal by white-light spectral interferometry", Optics Communications 269(1), 8 (2007). CrossRef S. R. Kachiraju, D. A. Gregory, "Determining the refractive index of liquids using a modified Michelson interferometer", Optics & Laser Technology 44(8), 2361 (2012). CrossRef F. Gladstone, D. Dale, "XXXVI. On the influence of temperature on the refraction of light", Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 148, 887 (1858). CrossRef D.F.J. Arago, J.B. Biot, Mem. Acad. Fr. 15, 7 (1806). CrossRef Kurtz S S and Ward A L J, "The refractivity intercept and the specific refraction equation of Newton. I. development of the refractivity intercept and comparison with specific refraction equations", Franklin Inst. 222, 563-592 (1936). CrossRef K. Moutzouris, M. Papamichael, S. C. Betsis, I. Stavrakas, G. Hloupis, D. Triantis, "Refractive, dispersive and thermo-optic properties of twelve organic solvents in the visible and near-infrared", Appl. Phys. B 116, 617 (2013). CrossRef S. Kedenburg, M. Vieweg, T. Gissibl, H. Giessen, "Linear refractive index and absorption measurements of nonlinear optical liquids in the visible and near-infrared spectral region", Opt. Mater. Express 2(11), 1588 (2012). CrossRef

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Mastouri, Wejdene, Luc Pichon, Serguei Martemianov, Thierry Paillat, and Anthony Thomas. "Effect of immersion time at the stainless steel 304L/NaCl (0.01 M) interface." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.639.

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Stainless steels are broadly used thanks to their specific physical properties such as their high corrosion resistance in poorly aggressive solutions. However, only few studies have been reported in the literature concerning their electrochemical behavior in low concentration electrolytes medium. Accordingly, the present work aims to study the immersion time influence on the solid-liquid interface properties of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L, immersed in a low-concentrated (0.01 M) sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The electrochemical behavior of the interface was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP) monitoring. The morphological features and the modification of the surface composition were evaluated by Optic Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, Atomic Force Microscopy, White Light Interferometry and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. It was determined by OCP measurement that the characteristic time of the interface stabilization is very long (several months). After an immersion of 2 months in NaCl solution, a second time constant on impedance phase diagram appears. Surface characterizations reveal a significant modification of the morphology and chemistry of the AISI 304L surface that can be linked to OCP/EIS observations. It can be noticed that the repeatability deviation of the EIS method was about 1 % while its reproducibility deviation was estimated to 35 %.

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Jepsen, S. T., T. M. Jørgensen, W. Zong, T. Trydal, S. R. Kristensen, and H. S. Sørensen. "Evaluation of back scatter interferometry, a method for detecting protein binding in solution." Analyst 140, no. 3 (2015): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01129e.

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Girei, Saad Hayatu, Hong Ngee Lim, Muhammad Zamharir Ahmad, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Ahmad Rifqi Md Zain, and Mohd Hanif Yaacob. "High Sensitivity Microfiber Interferometer Sensor in Aqueous Solution." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 4713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174713.

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The need for environmental protection and water pollution control has led to the development of different sensors for determining many kinds of pollutants in water. Ammonia nitrogen presence is an important indicator of water quality in environmental monitoring applications. In this paper, a high sensitivity sensor for monitoring ammonia nitrogen concentration in water using a tapered microfiber interferometer (MFI) as a sensor platform and a broad supercontinuum laser as the light source is realized. The MFI is fabricated to the waist diameter of 8 µm producing a strong interference pattern due to the coupling of the fundamental mode with the cladding mode. The MFI sensor is investigated for a low concentration of ammonia nitrogen in water in the wide wavelength range from 1500–1800 nm with a high-power signal provided by the supercontinuum source. The broad source allows optical sensing characteristics of the MFI to be evaluated at four different wavelengths (1505, 1605, 1705, and 1785 nm) upon exposure towards various ammonia nitrogen concentrations. The highest sensitivity of 0.099 nm/ppm that indicates the wavelength shift is observed at 1785 nm operating wavelength. The response is linear in the ammonia nitrogen range of 5–30 ppm with the best measurement resolution calculated to be 0.5 ppm. The low concentration ammonia nitrogen detected by the MFI in the unique infrared region reveals the potential application of this optical fiber-based sensor for rivers and drinking water monitoring.

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Avery, E. R., and L. G. Benning. "Anaerobic pyrite oxidation rates determined via direct volume-loss measurements: a Vertical Scanning Interferometric approach." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.15.

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AbstractPresented here are quantitative dissolution rate data (volume of pyrite lost/time) for the inorganic oxidation of pyrite in synthetic, anaerobic and acidic (pH 2) hydrothermal vent fluids (HVF) from experiments where the volume loss was measured directly via Vertical Scanning Interferometry (VSI). The VSI-derived reaction rate was 2.12x10-10±1.14x10-1 mol/m2/min, which is ∼2 to 4 orders of magnitude slower than pyrite oxidation rates previously determined using traditional batch experiments where rates are calculated based on changes in solution chemistry. This lower rate stems primarily from differences in experimental conditions (i.e. water to rock ratios, vigorous vs. gentle stir rates, grain-size effects, time), yet the rates derived here are believed to be more representative of pyrite oxidation in natural environments where more static and high solution to solid rate conditions prevail, such as seafloor conditions or acid-mine-drainage environments.

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Vorontsov, Dmitry A., Vadim V. Grebenev, Natalia A. Vasilyeva, Elena B. Rudneva, Vera L. Manomenova, Ekaterina L. Kim, and Alexey E. Voloshin. "Growth Kinetics of the (110) Faces of Complex Potassium Cobalt–Nickel Sulphate K2CoxNi1−x(SO4)2·6H2O Crystals." Crystals 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060642.

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The normal growth rate, the steepness of polygonized growth hillocks and the velocity of step movement on the (110) faces of potassium cobalt–nickel sulphate crystals in aqueous solutions with cobalt to nickel ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 were investigated as a function of supersaturation by the geometry of growth hillocks using laser interferometry. It was found that the morphologies of growth hillocks on the (110) faces of the crystals grown from 1:1 and 1:2 solutions are similar and that the growth hillocks are formed by multiple screw dislocation sources. The experimental data on the growth kinetics of the (110) faces of the crystals were analyzed by using the Burton–Cabrera–Frank theory. It was found that (1) there is a critical supersaturation for the growth of the (110) faces, and the value of this supersaturation in the 1:2 solution is higher than that in the 1:1 solution, and (2) the kinetic coefficient of the step movement in the sectors of growth hillocks is highly anisotropic, and the values of this coefficient are larger in 1:2 solution than in 1:1 solution. These results are discussed in the presented work.

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Zhou, D. K., W. L. Smith, A. M. Larar, X. Liu, J. P. Taylor, P. Schlüssel, L. L. Strow, and S. A. Mango. "All weather IASI single field-of-view retrievals: case study – validation with JAIVEx data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 6 (March 27, 2009): 2241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2241-2009.

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Abstract. Atmospheric thermodynamic parameters, such as atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, cloud optical/microphysical properties, and surface properties are basic meteorological variables for weather forecasting. In addition, they are critical parameters in tropospheric chemistry studies. A physical, geophysical parameter retrieval scheme dealing with cloudy and cloud-free radiances observed with satellite ultraspectral infrared sounders has been developed to determine simultaneously surface, atmospheric thermodynamic, and cloud microphysical parameters. A one-dimensional variational (1-D Var.) multivariable inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation is used to iteratively improve a background state defined by eigenvector regression. This algorithm has been applied to data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the EUMETSAT Metop-A satellite. The IASI retrieved parameters presented herein are from radiance data gathered during the Joint Airborne IASI Validation Experiment (JAIVEx). JAIVEx provided intensive aircraft observations obtained from airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) systems, such as the NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed – Interferometer (NAST-I), in-situ measurements, and dedicated dropsonde and radiosonde measurements for the validation of the IASI products. Here, IASI atmospheric profile retrievals are compared with those obtained from dedicated dropsondes, radiosondes, and the airborne FTS system. The IASI examples presented here demonstrate the ability to retrieve fine-scale horizontal features with high vertical resolution from satellite ultraspectral sounder radiance spectra.

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Zhou, D. K., W. L. Smith, A. M. Larar, X. Liu, J. P. Taylor, P. Schlüssel, L. L. Strow, and S. A. Mango. "All weather IASI single field-of-view retrievals: case study – validation with JAIVEx data." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 16, 2008): 21001–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-21001-2008.

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Abstract. Atmospheric thermodynamic parameters, such as atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, cloud optical/microphysical properties, and surface properties are basic meteorological variables for weather forecasting. In addition, they are critical parameters in tropospheric chemistry studies. A physical, geophysical parameter retrieval scheme dealing with cloudy and cloud-free radiances observed with satellite ultraspectral infrared sounders has been developed to determine simultaneously surface, atmospheric thermodynamic, and cloud microphysical parameters. A one-dimensional variational (1-D Var.) multivariable inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation is used to iteratively improve a background state defined by eigenvector regression. This algorithm has been applied to data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the EUMETSAT Metop-A satellite. The IASI retrieved parameters presented herein are from radiance data gathered during the Joint Airborne IASI Validation Experiment (JAIVEx). JAIVEx provided intensive aircraft observations obtained from airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) systems, such as the NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed – Interferometer (NAST-I), in-situ measurements, and dedicated dropsonde and radiosonde measurements for the validation of the IASI products. Here, IASI atmospheric profile retrievals are compared with those obtained from dedicated dropsondes, radiosondes, and the airborne FTS system. The IASI examples presented here demonstrate the ability to retrieve fine-scale horizontal features with high vertical resolution from satellite ultraspectral sounder radiance spectra.

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Sarimov, Ruslan M., Vladimir N. Binhi, Tatiana A. Matveeva, Nikita V. Penkov, and Sergey V. Gudkov. "Unfolding and Aggregation of Lysozyme under the Combined Action of Dithiothreitol and Guanidine Hydrochloride: Optical Studies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052710.

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Using a number of optical techniques (interferometry, dynamic light scattering, and spectroscopy), denaturation of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) by treatment with a combination of dithiothreitol (DTT) and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) has been investigated. The denaturing solutions were selected so that protein denaturation occurred with aggregation (Tris-HCl pH = 8.0, 50 mM, DTT 30 mM) or without aggregation (Tris-HCl pH = 8.0, 50 mM, DTT 30 mM, GdnHCl 6 M) and can be evaluated after 60 min of treatment. It has been found that denatured by solution with 6 M GdnHCl lysozyme completely loses its enzymatic activity after 30 min and the size of the protein molecule increases by 1.5 times, from 3.8 nm to 5.7 nm. Denaturation without of GdnHCl led to aggregation with preserving about 50% of its enzymatic activity. Denaturation of HEWL was examined using interferometry. Previously, it has been shown that protein denaturation that occurs without subsequent aggregation leads to an increase in the refractive index (Δn ~ 4.5 × 10−5). This is most likely due to variations in the HEWL–solvent interface area. By applying modern optical techniques conjointly, it has been possible to obtain information on the nature of time-dependent changes that occur inside a protein and its hydration shell as it undergoes denaturation.

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Božić, Mirijana, Dušan Arsenović, and Lepša Vušković. "Transverse Momentum Distribution of Atoms in an Interferometer." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 56, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2001): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2001-0128.

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Abstract From the stationary solution of Schrödinger's equation in an interferometer we derive the wave functions of the longitudinal and the transverse motion. The former function is a plane wave. The wave function of the transverse motion is a one dimensional wave packet representing a super position of components with various values of the particles transverse momentum. The particles transverse momentum distribution in an interferometer is time independent and is determined by the aperture wave function. Consequently, it is independent of the distance from the slits. As such, it is a very important characteristic of the quantum state. Experimental determination of the mo mentum distribution would support the particle and wave interpretation of quantum interference in a new manner.

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Andreev, E., G. Dovbeshko, and V. Krasnoholovets. "The Study of Influence of the Teslar Technology on Aqueous Solution of Some Biomolecules." Research Letters in Physical Chemistry 2007 (August 23, 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/94286.

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The possibility of recording physical changes in aqueos solutions caused by a unique field generated by the Teslar chip (TC) inside a quartz wristwatch has been studied using holographic interferometry. We show that the refraction index of degassed pure distilled water and aqueous solutions of L-tyrosine and b-alanine affected by the TC does not change during the first 10 minutes of influence. In contrast, a 1% aqueous solution of plasma extracted from the blood of a patient with heart vascular disease changes the refractive index when affected by the TC. The characteristic time of reaction is about 102 seconds. Based on our prior research experience, we state that the response of the system studied to the TC's field is similar to that stipulated by the action of a constant magnetic field with the intensity of 1.1×10−3 T. Nevertheless, our team have unambiguously proved that the TC generates the inerton field, which is associated with a substructure of the matter waves (and, therefore, it does not relate to the electromagnetic nature). We could unambiguously prove that the TC generates the inerton field.

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O'Brien, R. N., and K. S. V. Santhanam. "Concentration profiles in the electrodeposition of copper ferrocyanide by laser interferometry." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 2009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-333.

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The electrodeposition of cupric ferrocyanide from a solution of potassium ferrocyanide with the convection-free parallel plane horizontal electrodes with the cathode over the anode was followed by multiple beam laser interferometry as well as the conventional electrochemical instrumentation. It is considered that the cupric ion generated immediately reacts with ferrocyanide ion to form a conducting adhering precipitate layer. The initial resistance of this layer is low. Its resistance is constant with thickness until about 5 × 10−8 C mm2 has been passed probably representing ~105 molecular layers when the resistance begins to rise. A magnetic field of 0.47 T caused a slight decrease in the resistance of the cell probably due to slow rotation of the inhomogeneous paramagnetic solution. This coating may be useful as an electrode.

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Guermazi, Henda, Pasquale Sellitto, Juan Cuesta, Maxim Eremenko, Mathieu Lachatre, Sylvain Mailler, Elisa Carboni, et al. "Quantitative Retrieval of Volcanic Sulphate Aerosols from IASI Observations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091808.

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We developed a new retrieval algorithm based on the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations, called AEROIASI-H2SO4, to measure the extinction and mass concentration of sulphate aerosols (binary solution droplets of sulphuric acid and water), with moderate random uncertainties (typically ∼35% total uncertainty for column mass concentration estimations). The algorithm is based on a self-adapting Tikhonov–Phillips regularization method. It is here tested over a moderate-intensity eruption of Mount Etna volcano (18 March 2012), Italy, and is used to characterise this event in terms of the spatial distribution of the retrieved plume. Comparisons with simultaneous and independent aerosol optical depth observations from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), SO2 plume observations from IASI and simulations with the CHIMERE chemistry/transport model show that AEROIASI-H2SO4 correctly identifies the volcanic plume horizontal morphology, thus providing crucial new information towards the study of volcanic emissions, volcanic sulphur cycle in the atmosphere, plume evolution processes, and their impacts. Insights are given on the possible spectroscopic evidence of the presence in the plume of larger-sized particles than previously reported for secondary sulphate aerosols from volcanic eruptions.

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Munster, Petr, Tomas Horvath, and Josef Vojtech. "Distributed Sensing Based on Interferometry and Polarization Methods for Use in Fibre Infrastructure Protection." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081810.

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Fibre optic infrastructures are very important, and therefore, it is necessary to protect them from fibre cuts. Most fibre cuts are caused by digging activity, and many network operators seek appropriate solutions enabling detection of possible unexpected events (predict these cuts) and subsequent network outages. In most cases, there is no need to locate events, and only information regarding the occurrence of the event is sufficient. Direct detection-based distributed fibre optic sensing systems appear to be an appropriate solution, allowing digging to be detected before the fibre breaks. The average power of such signals is relatively small, and there is no interference with other signals in the fibre. We performed laboratory measurements to compare the sensitivity and accuracy of interferometric and polarization systems for acoustic vibrations. In the case of interferometric systems, the reference and sensing arms were in the same cable, and both were subjected to acoustic vibrations.

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Malik, S., P. Joshi, S. N. Shintre, and R. A. Mashelker. "Association of polymers in dilute hydrocarbon solutions probed by ultrasound interferometry." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30, no. 3 (March 15, 1992): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1992.090300310.

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Latham, Joey C., Richard A. Stein, Darryl J. Bornhop, and Hassane S. Mchaourab. "Free-Solution Label-Free Detection of α-Crystallin Chaperone Interactions by Back-Scattering Interferometry." Analytical Chemistry 81, no. 5 (March 2009): 1865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac802327h.

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BALUJA, S., A. KULSHRESTHA, and M. BHATT. "ULTRASONIC STUDIES OF ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUG IN PROTIC AND APROTIC SOLVENTS AT 308.15 K." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 44, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2014.424.

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Ultrasonic velocities and density of various concentrations (0.01 to 0.10M) of anti protozoal drog “Diloxanide Furoate” in methanol, dimethyl formamide and 1,4-dioxan have been measured at 308.15 K by using single crystal variable path ultrasonic interferometer operating at 2 MHz and pycnometer respectively. Using these experimental data, some acoustical parameters have been evaluated and they are interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in these solutions.

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Bello, Valentina, Alberto Simoni, and Sabina Merlo. "Spectral Phase Shift Interferometry for Refractive Index Monitoring in Micro-Capillaries." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041043.

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In this work, we demonstrate spectral phase-shift interferometry operating in the near-infrared wavelength range for refractive index (RI) monitoring of fluidic samples in micro-capillaries. A detailed theoretical model was developed to calculate the phase-sensitive spectral reflectivity when low-cost rectangular glass micro-capillaries, filled with samples with different refractive indices, are placed at the end of the measurment arm of a Michelson interferometer. From the phase-sensitive spectral reflectivity, we recovered the cosine-shaped interferometric signal as a function of the wavelength, as well as its dependence on the sample RI. Using the readout radiation provided by a 40-nm wideband light source with a flat emission spectrum centered at 1.55 µm and a 2 × 1 fiberoptic coupler on the common input-output optical path, experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the expected theoretical behavior. The shift of the micro-capillary optical resonances, induced by RI variations in the filling fluids (comparing saline solution with respect to distilled water, and isopropanol with respect to ethanol) were clearly detected by monitoring the positions of steep phase jumps in the cosine-shaped interferometric signal recorded as a function of the wavelength. By adding a few optical components to the instrumental configuration previously demonstrated for the spectral amplitude detection of resonances, we achieved phase-sensitive detection of the wavelength positions of the resonances as a function of the filling fluid RI. The main advantage consists of recovering RI variations by detecting the wavelength shift of “sharp peaks”, with any amplitude above a threshold in the interferometric signal derivative, instead of “wide minima” in the reflected power spectra, which are more easily affected by uncertainties due to amplitude fluctuations.

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Lee, Kyunghyun, Jinhwan Oh, Hyukwoo Lee, and Kwanho You. "Earthquake Magnitude Estimation Using a Total Noise Enhanced Optimization Model." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061454.

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In this paper, a heterodyne laser interferometer, which is used as a sensor for high-precision displacement measurement, is introduced to measure ground vibration and seismic waves as a seismometer. The seismic wave is measured precisely through the displacement variation obtained by the heterodyne laser interferometer. The earthquake magnitude is estimated using only the P-wave magnitudes for the first 3 s through the total noise enhanced optimization (TNEO) model. We use data from southern California to investigate the relationship between peak acceleration amplitude ( P d ) and the earthquake magnitude ( M g ). For precise prediction of the earthquake magnitude using only the P d value, the TNEO model derives the relation equation between P d and the magnitude, considering the noise present in each measured seismic data. The optimal solution is obtained from the TNEO model based objective function. We proved the performance of the proposed method through simulation and experimental results.

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Słobodzian, Piotr, Krzysztof Szostak, Katarzyna Skowronek, Laura Jasińska, and Karol Malecha. "An Ultrahigh Sensitive Microwave Microfluidic System for Fast and Continuous Measurements of Liquid Solution Concentrations." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 5816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175816.

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In this paper, we describe a low-cost microwave microfluidic system of ultrahigh sensitivity for detecting small changes in the concentration of polar solutions (liquid dielectrics) in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Its principle of operation is based on microwave interferometry, which is implemented using planar microstrip lines and integrated microwave components. The key features of this system include small solution intake (<200 µL per measurement), short time of measurement (ca. 20 ms), ultrahigh sensitivity of concentration changes (up to 55 dB/%), and low error of measurement (below 0.1%). The ultrahigh sensitivity was proven experimentally by measurements of the fat content of milk. In addition, it is a user-friendly system due to an effortless and fast calibration procedure. Moreover, it can be made relatively compact (<20 cm2) and features low power consumption (200 mW). Thus, the proposed system is perfect for industrial applications, especially for highly integrated lab-on-chip devices.

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Dong, Hao, Shicheng Liu, Liming Yang, Jiangbo Peng, and Keming Cheng. "Optical Fiber Displacement Sensor Based on Microwave Photonics Interferometry." Sensors 18, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113702.

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An optical fiber displacement sensor based on the microwave photonics interferometric (MWPI) method is proposed and experimented, which provides an ideal solution for large range displacement measurement with high resolution. The sensor used a Michelson microwave photonics interferometer to sense the displacement with one sensing arm and a length-adjusted reference arm. The displacement variation would change the period of the microwave response function of the interferometer. According to the principle that the phase difference in one free spectral range (FSR) of the microwave response function is 360°, the displacement can be retrieved by the microwave response function by means of a vector network analyzer (VNA). A programmable path-switching true time delay line was used in the reference arm to decrease the microwave bandwidth. The measurement results show that the displacement sensing range is larger than 3 m and the measurement resolution is 31 μm. Finally, the measurement stability is tested, and the factors affecting the measurement resolution of this method and the main source of errors are investigated in detail.

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Pesciotta, Esther N., Darryl J. Bornhop, and Robert A. Flowers. "Back-Scattering Interferometry: A Versatile Platform for the Study of Free-Solution versus Surface-Immobilized Hybridization." Chemistry - An Asian Journal 6, no. 1 (November 16, 2010): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asia.201000614.

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Grebenev, Vadim V., Maria S. Lyasnikova, Sergey I. Kovalyov, Natalia A. Vasilyeva, Elena B. Rudneva, Vera L. Manomenova, and Alexey E. Voloshin. "Interferometric Study of the Stability of K2CoxNi(1−x)(SO4)2·6H2O (KCNSH) Mixed Crystal Faces Depending on the Composition and Flow Velocity of the Solution." Crystals 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121112.

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The change in the surface morphology of the (001) and (110) faces of K2CoxNi(1−x)(SO4)2·6H2O (KCNSH) mixed crystal, depending on the supercooling solution, has been studied under various conditions by laser interferometry. The experiments were carried out in both static mode, by changing the solution composition, and in dynamic mode, by changing the flow velocity. The conditions for the onset and suppression of the reaction of the isomorphic replacement leading to the formation of mosaic micro-inhomogeneity in mixed crystals have been studied. The mechanism of the reaction of isomorphic replacement has been analyzed depending on the shift of the solution composition from the initial one. For the first time, it has been observed that the reaction of isomorphic replacement may occur through a layer-by-layer mechanism.

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Rizos, A. K., and K. L. Ngai. "Solvent Rotational Mobility in 1,2-Polybutadiene/Aroclor Solutions by Dielectric Relaxation and Fabry-Perot Interferometry." Macromolecules 27, no. 24 (November 1994): 7076–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00102a011.

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Kamińska, Aleksandra M., Marcin R. Strąkowski, and Jerzy Pluciński. "Spectroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography for Thin Layer and Foil Measurements." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 5653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195653.

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The main goal of this research was to assess if it is possible to evaluate the thickness of thin layers (both thin films on the surface and thin layers below the surface of the tested object) and foils using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for thickness assessment under the resolution of the standard commercially available OCT measurement system. In the proposed solution, light backscattered from the evaluated thin layer has been expressed as a multiple beam interference. Therefore, the OCT system was modeled as a two-beam interferometer (e.g., Michelson), in which one beam propagates from the reference arm and the other comes from a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. As a consequence, the mathematical model consists of the main Michelson interferometer, in which the measuring arm represents the Fabry–Pérot interferometer. The parameters of the layer (or foil) are evaluated by analyzing the minimum value of the interference contrast. The model developed predicts the behavior of the thin layers made from different materials (with different refractive indexes) with different thickness and located at different depths. To verify the correctness of the proposed model, an experiment with a wedge cell has been carried out. The wedge cell was shifted across the scanning beam using a linear translation stage with a micrometer screw under the scanning head. The relationship between the thickness of the gap of the wedge cell and the OCT output signal is presented. For the additional verification of the proposed model, the results of the measurements of the thickness of the thin foil were compared with the theoretical results of the simulations. The film thickness was evaluated based on the calculated positions of the minimum value of interference contrast. A combination of the standard potentialities of OCT with the proposed approach to analyzing the signal produces new metrological possibilities. The method developed allows us to evaluate thickness under the resolution of the system and the location of the layer as well. This produces the possibility of measuring a layer which is covered by another layer. Moreover, it is possible to create a thickness map with high sensitivity to thickness changes. These experiments and simulations are the culmination of preliminary research for evaluating the potential of the proposed measurement method.

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Yeh, Yen-Liang, and Yen-Pin Lin. "High-precision measurement system based on laser interferometer for determining alcohol concentration of liquid solution." Optics Communications 281, no. 4 (February 2008): 744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2007.10.107.

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Steinsland, Elin, Terje Finstad, and Anders Hanneborg. "Laser Reflectance Interferometry for In Situ Determination of Silicon Etch Rate in Various Solution." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 146, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 3890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1392568.

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Guo, Cuixia, Xiaojie Yang, Zhiyuan Shen, Jian-Ping Wu, Suyi Zhong, Yonghong He, Tian Guan, and Fangyi Chen. "A Fluidic Biosensor Based on a Phase-Sensitive Low-Coherence Spectral-Domain Interferometer." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113757.

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A phase-sensitive fluidic biosensor based on a spectral-domain low-coherence interferometer is presented in this paper. With a fiber optic probe employing the common-path interferometric configuration, subnanometric changes in thickness of the molecular layers can be detected through phase analysis of the acquired interference signal from the sensor surface. Advantages of this biosensor include its picometer-scale thickness sensitivity, 13.9-ms time response, and tolerance to the fluctuation in concentration of the target solution. The capabilities of this biosensor in monitoring specific molecular binding and recognizing specific molecular was successfully demonstrated by using the reactions between the molecules of protein A and IgG. The calculated minimum detectable concentration of IgG is 0.11 µg/mL.

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Zheng, Chen, Wenlin Feng, Xiaozhan Yang, Bangxing Li, and Zhi Chen. "Silver-coated three-core fiber Michelson interferometer for liquid-level measurement." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 75, no. 12 (November 18, 2020): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2020-0201.

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AbstractThe Michelson liquid-level sensor based on silver coated the end face of the three-core fiber reflection structure has been proposed to measure continuous or discrete liquid level. The Michelson interference structure can be obtained by the combination of the single-mode optical fiber and the three-core optical fiber with the silver film coated on the other end face of it. The inter-mode interference can be obtained by the fiber-core mismatch at the fusion joint. The liquid level can be measured by monitoring the dip wavelength shift of the interference spectrum. The results indicate that the sensitivity of the liquid-level sensor will decrease with the increasing sensing length. The sensing length of 30 mm is selected to investigate the performance of the sensor. The sensitivity of water level is reached as high as 392.83 pm/mm with an excellent linearity of 0.99946. Interestingly, the sensitivity of the sensor increases with the liquid refractive index and the sensitivity of the refractive index for NaCl solution is 4410.74 pm/mm/RIU. The performance of the sensor is very stable in the range of 20–90 °C. The maximum drift for temperature is 0.3001 nm. The sensor can be applied to the measurement of the liquid level in different environments.

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Chen, Kun-Huang, Jing-Heng Chen, Shou-Wei Kuo, Tsung-Ter Kuo, and Ming-Hung Lai. "Non-contact method for measuring solution concentration using surface plasmon resonance apparatus and heterodyne interferometry." Optics Communications 283, no. 10 (May 2010): 2182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2010.01.023.

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Jepsen, Søren, Thomas Jørgensen, Henrik Sørensen, and Søren Kristensen. "Real-Time Interferometric Refractive Index Change Measurement for the Direct Detection of Enzymatic Reactions and the Determination of Enzyme Kinetics." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030539.

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Back scatter interferometry (BSI) is a sensitive method for detecting changes in the bulk refractive index of a solution in a microfluidic system. Here we demonstrate that BSI can be used to directly detect enzymatic reactions and, for the first time, derive kinetic parameters. While many methods in biomedical assays rely on detectable biproducts to produce a signal, direct detection is possible if the substrate or the product exert distinct differences in their specific refractive index so that the total refractive index changes during the enzymatic reaction. In this study, both the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by hexokinase, and the conversion of adenosine-triphosphate to adenosine di-phosphate and mono-phosphate, catalyzed by apyrase, were monitored by BSI. When adding hexokinase to glucose solutions containing adenosine-triphosphate, the conversion can be directly followed by BSI, which shows the increasing refractive index and a final plateau corresponding to the particular concentration. From the initial reaction velocities, KM was found to be 0.33 mM using Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The experiments with apyrase indicate that the refractive index also depends on the presence of various ions that must be taken into account when using this technique. This study clearly demonstrates that measuring changes in the refractive index can be used for the direct determination of substrate concentrations and enzyme kinetics.

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Fernández-Sempere, J., F. Ruiz-Beviá, and R. Salcedo-Dı́az. "Measurements by holographic interferometry of concentration profiles in dead-end ultrafiltration of polyethylene glycol solutions." Journal of Membrane Science 229, no. 1-2 (February 2004): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2003.10.029.

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Soliman, Tarek Salekh Attia, Elena V. Rusinova, and Sergey A. Vshivkov. "EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE ETHERS SOLUTIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216404.6334.

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The rheological properties, structure and phase transitions of hydroxypropyl cellulose in ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol solutions and ethylcellulose in dimethylformamide solutions are studied using viscometry, the cloud-point method, polarization microscopy, the optical interferometry and a polarization photoelectric apparatus in the temperature range 280-360 K. The temperature-concentration regions of isotropic and anisotropic phases are determined for all systems. The type of boundary curves of phase diagrams is compared with the chemical structure of macromolecules. It is shown that the constant magnetic field (3.6 kOe) leads to the orientation of macromolecules in solutions. The domain structure arising in solutions is fixed after evaporation of a solvent and shown in orientation of strips of the film relief. It was found that the flow curves of all solutions at 298 K in the range of shear rates from 0 to 15 s-1 are typically for the non-Newtonian liquids. It was found that the magnetic field leads to an increase in the viscosity of isotropic solutions and a decrease in the viscosity of anisotropic solutions. Both effects depend on the direction of the magnetic field lines. When the rotor-rotation axis is parallel to the direction of power lines of the magnetic field the change in the viscosity of solutions is greater than that at perpendicular orientation of the rotor-rotation axis and power lines of the magnetic field. The results are discussed using representations about the changes in the macromolecule conformation and in the size and shape of the supramolecular particles in the solutions during flow under a magnetic field with different orientation of the power lines.

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Ghosh, Souvik, and B. M. A. Rahman. "Design of on-chip hybrid plasmonic Mach-Zehnder interferometer for temperature and concentration detection of chemical solution." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 279 (January 2019): 490–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.09.070.

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Wylock, C., S. Dehaeck, D. Alonso Quintans, P. Colinet, and B. Haut. "CO2 absorption in aqueous solutions of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine: Experimental characterization using interferometry and modeling." Chemical Engineering Science 100 (August 2013): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.02.068.

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38

Liu, Haifeng, Hao Zhang, Yinping Miao, Bo Liu, Yuetao Li, Xing Zhao, and Lie Lin. "A light-intensity-controlled microfiber-assisted Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on ethyl orange solution under 532nm laser excitation." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 216 (September 2015): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.04.051.

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Sun, Yu, Dong, and Luo. "ScanSAR Interferometry of the Gaofen-3 Satellite with Unsynchronized Repeat-Pass Images." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214689.

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Gaofen-3 is a Chinese remote sensing satellite with multiple working modes, among which the scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) mode is used for wide-swath imaging. synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry in the ScanSAR mode provides the most rapid way to obtain a global digital elevation model (DEM), which can also be realized by Gaofen-3. Gaofen-3 ScanSAR interferometry works in the repeat-pass mode, and image pair non-synchronizations can influence its performance. Non-synchronizations can include differences of burst central times, satellite velocities, and burst durations. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze their influences and improve the interferometric coherence. Meanwhile, interferometric phase compensation and rapid DEM geolocation also need to be considered in interferometric processing. In this paper, interferometric coherence was analyzed in detail, followed by an iterative filtering method, which helped to improve the interferometric performance. Further, a phase compensation method for Gaofen-3 was proposed to compensate for the phase error caused by the unsynchronized azimuth time offset of image pair, and a closed-form solution of DEM geolocation with ground control point (GCP) information was derived. Application of our methods to a pair of Gaofen-3 interferometric images showed that these methods were able to process the images with good accuracy and efficiency. Notably, these analysis and processing methods can also be applied to other SAR satellites in the ScanSAR mode to obtain DEMs with high quality.

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Silveira, Mariana L., Helder R. O. Rocha, Paulo F. C. Antunes, Paulo S. B. André, Marcelo E. V. Segatto, Anselmo Frizera, and Camilo A. R. Díaz. "An Optimized Self-Compensated Solution for Temperature and Strain Cross-Sensitivity in FBG Interrogators Based on Edge Filter." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 5828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175828.

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Optical fiber sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are prone to measurement errors if the cross-sensitivity between temperature and strain is not properly considered. This paper describes a self-compensated technique for canceling the undesired influence of temperature in strain measurement. An edge-filter-based interrogator is proposed and the central peaks of two FBGs (sensor and reference) are matched with the positive and negative slopes of a Fabry–Perot interferometer that acts as an optical filter. A tuning process performed by the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm is required to determine the optimal spectral characteristics of each FBG. The interrogation range is not compromised by the proposed technique, being determined by the spectral characteristics of the optical filter in accordance with the traditional edge-filtering interrogation. Simulations show that, by employing FBGs with optimal characteristics, temperature variations of 30 °C led to an average relative error of 3.4% for strain measurements up to 700μϵ. The proposed technique was experimentally tested under non-ideal conditions: two FBGs with spectral characteristics different from the optimized results were used. The temperature sensibility decreased by 50.8% as compared to a temperature uncompensated interrogation system based on an edge filter. The non-ideal experimental conditions were simulated and the maximum error between theoretical and experimental data was 5.79%, proving that the results from simulation and experimentation are compatible.

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Arise, Ichiro, Yasuhiro Fukunaka, Frank R. McLarnon, and Takeshi Abe. "In Situ Observation at the Surface of Zinc in Alkaline Solution under Pulsed Current by Holographic Interferometry." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 080509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac18e3.

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Salunkhe, Tejaswi Tanaji, Dong Jun Lee, Ho Kyung Lee, Hyung Wook Choi, Sang Joon Park, and Il Tae Kim. "Enhancing Temperature Sensitivity of the Fabry–Perot Interferometer Sensor with Optimization of the Coating Thickness of Polystyrene." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030794.

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The exploration of novel polymers for temperature sensing with high sensitivity has attracted tremendous research interest. Hence, we report a polystyrene-coated optical fiber temperature sensor with high sensitivity. To enhance the temperature sensitivity, flat, thin, smooth, and air bubble-free polystyrene was coated on the edge surface of a single-mode optical fiber, where the coating thickness was varied based on the solution concentration. Three thicknesses of the polystyrene layer were obtained as 2.0, 4.1, and 8.0 μm. The temperature sensor with 2.0 μm thick polystyrene exhibited the highest temperature sensitivity of 439.89 pm °C−1 in the temperature range of 25–100 °C. This could be attributed to the very uniform and thin coating of polystyrene, along with the reasonable coefficient of thermal expansion and thermo-optic coefficient of polystyrene. Overall, the experimental results proved the effectiveness of the proposed polystyrene-coated temperature sensor for accurate temperature measurement.

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Arnone, E., E. Castelli, E. Papandrea, M. Carlotti, and B. M. Dinelli. "Total depletion of ozone reached in the 2010–2011 Arctic winter as observed by MIPAS/ENVISAT using a 2-D tomographic approach." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2011): 33191–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-33191-2011.

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Abstract. We present observations of the 2010–2011 Arctic winter stratosphere from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard ENVISAT. Limb sounding infrared measurements were taken by MIPAS during the Northern polar winter and into the subsequent spring, giving a continuous vertically resolved view of the Arctic dynamics, chemistry and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We adopted a 2-D tomographic retrieval approach to account for the strong horizontal inhomogeneity of the atmosphere present under vortex conditions, self-consistently comparing 2011 to the 2-D analysis of 2003–2010. Unlike most Arctic winters, 2011 was characterized by a strong stratospheric vortex lasting until early April. Lower stratospheric temperatures persistently remained below the threshold for PSC formation, extending the PSC season up to mid-March, resulting in significant chlorine activation leading to ozone destruction. Through inspection of MIPAS spectra, 84% of PSCs were identified as supercooled ternary solution (STS) or STS mixed with nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), 16% formed mostly by NAT particles, and only a few by ice. In the lower stratosphere at potential temperature 450 K, vortex average ozone showed a daily depletion rate reaching 100 ppbv day−1. In early April at 18 km altitude, 10% of vortex measurements displayed total depletion of ozone, and vortex average values dropped to 0.6 ppmv. This corresponds to a chemical loss from early winter greater than 80%. Ozone loss was accompanied by activation of ClO, associated depletion of its reservoir ClONO2, and significant denitrification, which further delayed the recovery of ozone in spring. Sporadic increases of NO2 associated with evaporation of sedimenting PSCs were also observed. Once the PSC season halted, ClO was reconverted into ClONO2. Compared to MIPAS observed 2003–2010 Arctic average values, the 2010–2011 vortex in late winter had 15 K lower temperatures, 40% lower HNO3 and 50% lower ozone, reaching the largest ozone depletion ever observed in the Arctic. The overall picture of this Arctic winter was remarkably closer to conditions typically found in the Antarctic vortex than ever observed before.

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De, Moutusi, Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay, and Vinod Kumar Singh. "Prospects of Photonic Crystal Fiber as Physical Sensor: An Overview." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030464.

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Photonic crystal fiber sensors have potential application in environmental monitoring, industry, biomedicine, food preservation, and many more. These sensors work based on advanced and flexible phototonic crystal fiber (PCF) structures, controlled light propagation for the measurement of amplitude, phase, polarization and wavelength of spectrum, and PCF-incorporated interferometry techniques. In this article various PCF-based physical sensors are summarized with the advancement of time based on reported works. Some physical PCF sensors are discussed based on solid core as well as hollow core structures, dual core fibers, liquid infiltrated structures, metal coated fibers, grating incorporated fibers. With the advancement of sensing technology the possibilities of temperature, pressure, strain, twist, curvature, electromagnetic field, and refractive index sensing are discussed. Also, limitations as well as possible solutions and future hopes are outlined.

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Torres, Juan F., Atsuki Komiya, Daniel Henry, and Shigenao Maruyama. "Measurement of Soret and Fickian diffusion coefficients by orthogonal phase-shifting interferometry and its application to protein aqueous solutions." Journal of Chemical Physics 139, no. 7 (August 21, 2013): 074203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4817682.

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46

Zhong, Ping, Zhisong Li, Huazheng Yang, Xin Tang, and Guoxing He. "A Strain Distribution Sensing System for Bone-Implant Interfaces Based on Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020365.

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This paper aims to provide an effective measurement method for the distribution of deformations and strains focusing on the response to external loading of bone-implant interfaces. To achieve this target, a novel speckle interference imaging method is proposed by introducing phosphate buffer saline medium, in which the samples were completely placed into a phosphate buffer saline solution medium to stable the water molecules. The stability of interferometry imaging is analyzed by using the concepts of co-occurrence matrix and moment of inertia. A series of experiments to measure load-driven deformation and strain in the bone-implant interface was carried out, and the experiments results were analyzed and discussed. It shows that the proposed method is feasible and effective for the no-contact strain measurements of biomaterials in a physiological condition. The proposed strain distribution sensing system will contribute to evaluating computational simulations and improving selection of implant designs and materials.

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47

Nikulova, Uliana V., and Anatoly E. Chalykh. "Phase Equilibrium and Interdiffusion in Blends of Polystyrene with Polyacrylates." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142283.

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The solubility and interdiffusion of polystyrene (PS) with polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polyethyl acrylate (PEA), polybutyl acrylate (PBA), and polyethylhexyl acrylate (PEHA) have been studied by the optical interferometry method. Phase state diagrams are plotted. It is shown that they are characterized by the upper critical solution temperatures (UCST), which are localized in the temperature range above 450 K. Pair interaction parameters and their temperature dependences are determined and analyzed. Extrapolation of the temperature dependence of the interaction parameter was used to construct the dome of binodal curves and determine the spinodal curves in the framework of the Flory–Huggins theory. The diffusion coefficients of polystyrene into polyacrylates and polyacrylates into polystyrene are calculated. The dependences of the interdiffusion coefficients on the concentration, temperature, polystyrene molecular weight, and the number of carbons in the side chain of polyacrylate are analyzed. The numerical values of the interdiffusion coefficients of PS-1 into polyacrylates at 433 K change as −8.5 → −6.7 → −6.4 in the homologous series PMA → PEA → PBA. The coefficients of friction are calculated and the effect of change in the matrix structure on the diffusion of polystyrene in them is estimated.

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48

Salakhov, Ildar I., Anatoly E. Chalykh, Nadim M. Shaidullin, Alexey V. Shapagin, Nikita Yu Budylin, Ramil R. Khasbiullin, Ilya E. Nifant’ev, and Vladimir K. Gerasimov. "Phase Equilibria and Interdiffusion in Bimodal High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Based Compositions." Polymers 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050811.

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The compositions based on bimodal high-density polyethylene (HDPE, copolymer of ethylene with hexene-1) and in mixture with monomodal tercopolymer of ethylene with butene-1/hexene-1 (LLDPE, low-density polyethylene) have been studied. Phase equilibrium, thermodynamic parameters of interdiffusion in a wide range of temperatures and ratios of co-components were identified by refractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, optical laser interferometry, X-ray phase analysis. The phase state diagrams of the HDPE—LLDPE systems were constructed. It has been established that they belong to the class of state diagrams of “solid crystal solutions with unrestricted mixing of components”. The paired parameters of the components interaction and their temperature dependences were calculated. Thermodynamic compatibility of α-olefins in the region of melts and crystallization of one of the components has been shown. The kinetics of formation of interphase boundaries during crystallization of α-olefins has been analyzed. The morphology of crystallized gradient diffusion zones has been analyzed by optical polarization microscopy. The sizes of spherulites in different areas of concentration profiles and values of interdiffusion coefficients were determined.

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McGuinness, Fintan, Aidan Cloonan, Mohamed Oubaha, Dinesh Babu Duraibabu, M. Mahmood Ali, Gerald Kilkelly, Emma Tobin, and Gabriel Leen. "Fabrication and Qualitative Analysis of an Optical Fibre EFPI-Based Temperature Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 4445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134445.

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The following presents a comparison of an extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (EFPI)-based temperature sensor, constructed using a novel diaphragm manufacturing technique, with a reference all-glass EFPI temperature sensor. The novel diaphragm was manufactured using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The novel sensor fabrication involved fusing a single-mode fibre (SMF) to a length of fused quartz capillary, which has an inner diameter of 132 μm and a 220 μm outer diameter. The capillary was subsequently polished until the distal face of the capillary extended approximately 60 μm beyond that of the single mode fibre. Upon completion of polishing, the assembly is immersed in a solution of PVA. Controlled extraction resulted in creation of a thin diaphragm while simultaneously applying a protective coating to the fusion point of the SMF and capillary. The EFPI sensor is subsequently sealed in a second fluid-filled capillary, thereby creating a novel temperature sensor structure. Both temperature sensors were placed in a thermogravimetric analyser and heated from an indicated 30 °C to 100 °C to qualitatively compare sensitivities. Initial results indicated that the novel manufacturing technique both expedited production and produces a more sensitive sensor when compared to an all-glass construction.

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Spang, Reinhold, Lars Hoffmann, Rolf Müller, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Ines Tritscher, Michael Höpfner, Michael Pitts, Andrew Orr, and Martin Riese. "A climatology of polar stratospheric cloud composition between 2002 and 2012 based on MIPAS/Envisat observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 7 (April 16, 2018): 5089–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5089-2018.

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Abstract. The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument aboard the European Space Agency (ESA) Envisat satellite operated from July 2002 to April 2012. The infrared limb emission measurements provide a unique dataset of day and night observations of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) up to both poles. A recent classification method for PSC types in infrared (IR) limb spectra using spectral measurements in different atmospheric window regions has been applied to the complete mission period of MIPAS. The method uses a simple probabilistic classifier based on Bayes' theorem with a strong independence assumption on a combination of a well-established two-colour ratio method and multiple 2-D probability density functions of brightness temperature differences. The Bayesian classifier distinguishes between solid particles of ice, nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), and liquid droplets of supercooled ternary solution (STS), as well as mixed types. A climatology of MIPAS PSC occurrence and specific PSC classes has been compiled. Comparisons with results from the classification scheme of the spaceborne lidar Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on the Cloud-Aerosol-Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite show excellent correspondence in the spatial and temporal evolution for the area of PSC coverage (APSC) even for each PSC class. Probability density functions of the PSC temperature, retrieved for each class with respect to equilibrium temperature of ice and based on coincident temperatures from meteorological reanalyses, are in accordance with the microphysical knowledge of the formation processes with respect to temperature for all three PSC types. This paper represents unprecedented pole-covering day- and nighttime climatology of the PSC distributions and their composition of different particle types. The dataset allows analyses on the temporal and spatial development of the PSC formation process over multiple winters. At first view, a more general comparison of APSC and AICE retrieved from the observations and from the existence temperature for NAT and ice particles based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis temperature data shows the high potential of the climatology for the validation and improvement of PSC schemes in chemical transport and chemistry–climate models.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solution (Chemistry) Interferometers'

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