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Academic literature on the topic 'Solvant polaire aprotique'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solvant polaire aprotique"
Maity, Nishith. "Caractérisation de la polarité, dynamique de réorientation et photophysique des colorants à base d'indoline dans des mélanges de liquide ionique/solvant : analyse par spectroscopie UV-visible, RPE, fluorescence résolue en temps et absorption transitoire et effet Kerr optique femtoseconde." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR015.
Full textDye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is one of the available renewable energy sources which are intensively investigated. There are many directions of research to improve the efficiency of these DSSCs. In this thesis, we have chosen to focus on the photosensitizers and the electrolytes with the objective of characterizing the polarity and the reorientation dynamics of the ionic liquid-molecular solvent (IL-MS) mixtures and also to investigate the effect of the mixture composition on the photophysics of the sensitizers. For this purpose, few spectroscopic techniques were used, including steadystate UV-visible, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), picosecond time-resolved fluorescence, femtosecond optical Kerr effect (OKE) and femtosecond transient absorption (TA). The studied sensitizers are organic indoline dyes D102, D149 and D205 and the electrolytes are [Bmim][BF4/PF6/TFO/TFSI]-ACN/γ-BL/PC mixtures. These indoline derivatives are used as the sensitizer in a DSSC. In addition, IL-MS mixtures are considered as suitable replacement for the viscous ILs due to some of their advantageous properties. Various types of interactions like ion-ion, ion-solvent, solvent-solvent, dye-solvent are modulated by changing the IL mole fraction (XIL), which helps to disentangle the contribution of these interactions on the structure of the IL-MS mixture and also on the photophysics of the studied dyes.Therefore, part of this thesis is devoted to the analysis of the effect of the composition of IL-MS mixtures on their physicochemical properties. OKE study in time and frequency domain was used to characterize the effect of the mixture composition on the reorientation dynamics in BmimPF6-ACN mixture. Time domain study reveals three relaxation times. While two longer ones are attributed to the reorientation of the cation the acetonitrile molecules in the vicinity of the imidazolium ring, shortest one is associated with cation rotation and the reorientation of ACN near alkyl chains of the cation. With the help of MD simulations, we have developed a new interpretation of the low frequency response as obtained by OKE.Furthermore, EPR study using the spin probe TEMPO in the IL-MS mixtures helped us to study mixture composition effect on the values of hyperfine coupling constant (AN) and rotational correlation time (TR) of the probe. Careful fitting of the EPR signals have showed that, both AN and TR values are slightly affected at XIL range between 1 and 0.4 while it strongly decreases for further dilution of the IL. We have also discussed the correlation between AN and Reichardt polarity parameter. In addition, using the picosecond time-resolved fluorescence, we have found that the solvation dynamics of C153 in IL-MS mixture becomes slower while increasing XIL and the solvation time follows the fraction power law dependence with the mixture’s viscosity.We have also characterized excited state dynamics of three indoline dyes in the whole composition range of the IL-MS mixtures using femtosecond TA technique. The steadystate absorption and emission maxima, Stokes shift and the relative quantum yield values undergo a large change at low XIL region. Furthermore, global analysis reveals four relaxation times to characterize dye excited state dynamics. We have noticed an overall decrease of their values while diluting IL and their values go through the minima at XIL~0.1 for the two slower ones. The viscosity and polarity dependence of these four times were also discussed. The presence of the minima in the emission lifetime and relative quantum yield values at low XIL region indicates the presence of different interactions between the dye and the neighboring medium.The overall results from this thesis constitute a useful basis in the case of further studies where the Dye-IL-MS mixture is at the interface of the electrode
Moskaieva, Olena. "Structure moléculaire et équilibres ioniques des colorants fluorogènes dans les solvants aprotiques polaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR012.
Full textFluorescein dyes are widely used in different brunches of chemistry and related sciences, first of all owing to their unique fluorescent properties. Among these compounds, nitro derivatives are much less explored. This work was aimed to disclose the main protolytic and spectral properties in non-aqueous solutions of these dyes.A series of nitrofluoresceins and several amino derivatives, 22 compounds in total, was studied in detain mainly by spectroscopic methods.The behavior of these compounds differs significantly from that of other fluorescein dyes, e.g., very popular halogen derivatives. The shift of the tautomeric equilibrium of the neutral forms of the dyes is shifted toward the lactone. The peculiar feature of the dyes bearing four NO2 groups in the xanthenes portion of the molecule is formation of anionic lactones, caused by the pulling electron density away from the nodal carbon atom. Another feature is the ease of the rupture of the pyran ring in highly alkaline solutions.The values of the dyes were determined by the spectrophotometric method in buffer solutions in DMSO and in several cases in acetonitrile that contains 4 mass % DMSO, at 25 oC.Interpreting the values require an understanding of the state of tautomeric equilibria. For instance, the difference between the values of stepwise dissociation of the dyes, , in DMSO vary from 1.2 for 5'-nitrofluorescein to 7.6 to 4,5-dinito-2,7-dibromofluorescein. The analysis of the absorption spectra in the visible region allows identifying the molecular and ionic structures of the dyes. The evaluation of the fractions of the tautomers made it possible to calculate the so-called microscopic equilibrium constants, describing the dissociation of single tautomers. The last-named coincide with those of model compounds: esters, ether, and a sulfo analogue.A special study was devoted to revealing the transmittance of the electronic effects in the fluorescein molecule by examining the influence of NO2 and NH2 substituents in the phthalic acid residue on the s of the OH groups in the xanthenes part.Introduction of a nitro group in the phthalic part of fluorescein quenches the emission. Surprisingly, the dyes with four NO2 groups in the xanthenes part exhibit bright fluorescence in DMSO and aprotic solvents. As result, a new pH-independent fluorescent indicator, methyl ester of 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorescein, very sensitive to the ability of the solvent to hydrogen bonding, is proposed. Also, the conditions of single- and double-charged anions of 5'-aminofluorescein in solutions of different nature are elucidated.The study of a mixture of aprotic and hydrogen bond donor solvents with model compounds (BODIPY) will allow us to further study in more detail the mechanism of the effect of hydrogen bonds on fluorescein derivatives
LE, BORGNE CORINNE. "Etude par spectrometrie infrarouge de l'association des cyanates et des azotures dans des solvants aprotiques polaires." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT2013.
Full textMarekha, Bogdan. "Structure et dynamique microscopiques dans les mélanges de liquides ioniques à base d’imidazolium et de solvants polaires aprotiques : RMN, spectroscopie Raman et modélisation moléculaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10071/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a multi-technique approach for analysis of the structure and dynamics in the mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+) cation coupled with perfluorinated anions (BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO2)2N−), on one side, and polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN), ), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and propylene carbonate (PC), on the other side. Raman spectroscopy and NMR chemical shift measurements were used to probe changes of electronic density at specific interaction sites of ILs and solvent molecules as a function of mixture composition. Quantum-chemical calculations of the representative configurations were performed to complement the interpenetration of spectral observations. Important changes in the structure and dynamics are observed only at low IL content (xIL<0.2). It was established that ion solvation phenomena prevail over those of ion association for the solvents of high donicity (γ-BL, PC) and for ILs whose anions are bulky and have diffusive charge distribution (PF6−, (CF3SO2)2N−). The relative diffusion coefficients of solvent molecules to cations as a function of concentration depend on the nature of the solvent but not on the anion. In all cases these relative coefficients exhibit constant values at low IL content (xLI<0.2) and then increase steeply (AN), moderately (γ-BL) or negligibly (PC) at high IL concentrations. In BmimPF6-based systems anionic diffusivities were followed via RMN of 31P nuclei
Francese, Catherine. "Reactions du bromotrifluoromethane en presence de zinc : trifluoromethylations dans les conditions de barbier." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066381.
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