Journal articles: 'Solvent extraction processes'

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STEVENS, GEOFFREY W., and JILSKA M. PERERA. "Kinetics of Solvent Extraction Processes." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 17, no. 1-4 (October 1997): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509708914148.

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Lezoul, Nour El Houda, Mohamed Belkadi, Fariborz Habibi, and Fabián Guillén. "Extraction Processes with Several Solvents on Total Bioactive Compounds in Different Organs of Three Medicinal Plants." Molecules 25, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204672.

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The extraction of secondary metabolites by water, MeOH:water (8:2) containing NaF, methanol, ethanol and acetone (all of them diluted (7:3) in water)from the different parts (leaves, flowers, stems and roots) of Passiflora caerulea L., Physalis peruviana L. and Solanum muricatum Aiton via decoction and maceration methods was studied. The highest extraction yields were recorded by methanol for decoction and acetone for maceration. The total polyphenol content (TPC) obtained by decoction had the highest TPC contents, and MeOH containing NaF was the best solvent for the extraction of TPC. Maceration was suitable for flavonoid extractions, with ethanol and acetone being the best solvents. In general, the highest levels of TPC and flavonoids were obtained from Passiflora leaves regardless of the solvent or extraction method applied. Furthermore, the roots of Physalis and Solanum showed important levels of these compounds in consonance with the total antioxidant activity (TAA) evaluated in the different organs of the plant in the three species. In this study, the solvents and extraction methods applied were tools that determined significantly the level of extraction of bioactive compounds, showing a different impact on plant organs for each medicinal species studied.

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De Brabander, Pieter, Evelien Uitterhaegen, Ellen Verhoeven, Cedric Vander Cruyssen, Karel De Winter, and Wim Soetaert. "In Situ Product Recovery of Bio-Based Industrial Platform Chemicals: A Guideline to Solvent Selection." Fermentation 7, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010026.

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In situ product recovery (ISPR), in the form of an extractive fermentation process, can increase productivity and product titers in the sustainable production of platform chemicals. To establish a guideline for the development of industrially relevant production processes for such bio-based compounds, a wide screening was performed, mapping the potential of an extensive range of solvents and solvent mixtures. Besides solvent biocompatibility with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, distribution coefficients of three organic acids (protocatechuic acid, adipic acid and para-aminobenzoic acid) and four fragrance compounds (2-phenylethanol, geraniol, trans-cinnamaldehyde and β-ionone) were determined. While for highly hydrophobic fragrance compounds, multiple pure solvents were identified that were able to extract more than 98%, reactive extraction mixtures were proven effective for more challenging compounds including organic acids and hydrophilic alcohols. For example, a reactive mixture consisting of 12.5% of the extractant CYTOP 503 in canola oil was found to be biocompatible and showed superior extraction efficiency for the challenging compounds as compared to any biocompatible single solvent. This mapping of biocompatible solvents and solvent mixtures for the extraction of various classes of industrial platform chemicals can be a tremendous step forward in the development of extractive fermentations.

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Mohammad Azmin, Siti Nuurul Huda, Nor Alafiza Yunus, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, and Mohd Shukri Mat Nor. "Stability Analysis of Binary Solvent Mixtures for Herbal Phytochemical Extraction." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v5i3.657.

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Most of the extraction processes of herbal phytochemicals use solvent mixtures as a phytochemical transfer mediums. It is very important to predict the stability of solvent mixtures before it is used to extract herbal phytochemicals. In order to prevent any disturbance in the herbal extraction, the solvent mixtures must be in a single liquid phase (miscible to each other). In this study, the stabilities of five binary solvents (methanol-water, methanol-ethyl acetate, methanol-acetic acid, methanol-n-propionaldehyde, and methanol-isobutyraldehyde mixtures) that could be used in the current extraction processes are evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate these binary solvents in terms of their stability using Gibbs energy of mixing. The value of the function ?Gmix/RT is calculated for each solvent mixture. Then, the graph for ?Gmix/RT versus solvent molar fraction x is plotted. From this plot and the value of function ?Gmix/RT, it can be concluded whether the solvent mixtures are stable or unstable. From the analysis, all five binary mixtures are stable within the selected molar fraction making all mixtures are suitable to be applied in herbal extraction.

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Zhang, Cheng Long, Jing Wei Wang, Jian Feng Bai, and Wen Jie Wu. "Life Cycle Assessment of the Bio-Hydrometallurgical Process of Recycling Copper from Printed Circuit Boards Scraps." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.929.

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Recently, a few studies have been undertaken for the extracting of metallic copper from electronic scrap/printed circuit boards by bioleaching - solvent extraction-electrowinning. Results of the present investigation indicate that bioleaching-solvent extraction-electrowinning could be a new cleaner hydrometallurgy route for recovery copper from the PCBs.The life cycle assessment method was used to investigate the environmental impacts of the new biohydrometallurgical process of production of metallic copper. The energy consumption，greenhouse effect，acidification in the new processes is studied and compared. The results indicate that the environmental impacts of bioleaching - solvent extraction-electrowinning technology is less than the conventional mechanical-pyrometallurgical processes and pyrometallurgical processes.

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Permadi, Asep Kurnia, Egi Adrian Pratama, Andri Luthfi Lukman Hakim, Alfanda Kurnia Widi, and Doddy Abdassah. "The Effect of Carbonyl and Hydroxyl Compounds Addition on CO2 Injection through Hydrocarbon Extraction Processes." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010159.

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CO2 miscible flooding occurs when injection pressure is higher than the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) which can exceed the fracture pressure. Co-solvents are expected to reduce the MMP by interacting with various hydrocarbons that depend on the polarity and intermolecular forces of solvent and oil. However, there are limited studies that have investigated co-solvent performance in CO2 injection through an extraction process based on oil compositional analysis. This paper is aimed at studying the effects of carbonyl and hydroxyl compounds on oil extraction and also the mutual interactions of CO2-oil-carbonyl and -hydroxyl. The experiment is conducted by using VIPS (viscosity, interfacial tension, pressure-volume, and swelling) and gas chromatography (GC) apparatuses. The compositional results from GC are utilized to analyze the performance of co-solvents, which are further classified based on the carbon number and molecular structure of oil. Acetone is a non-associated polar compound which reacts easily with and assists CO2 to extract polar-aromatic heavy and slightly polar components such as alkenes and straight-chain alkanes, due to high polarizability and low cohesive forces. Ethanol is a self-associated polar compound which has the capability of extracting high-boiling fractions and slightly polar-aromatic components. Moreover, both co-solvents also assist CO2 to extract non-polar components because they have non-polar end in the alkyl group.

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Alonso, Ana I., André Lassahn, and Günter Gruhn. "Optimal design of non-dispersive solvent extraction processes." Computers & Chemical Engineering 25, no. 2-3 (March 2001): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(00)00652-9.

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MIYAKE, YOSHIKAZU, and YOSHINARI BABA. "Rate Processes in Solvent Extraction of Metal Ion." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 21, no. 1-5 (September 2000): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827500008914173.

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Freiser, Henry. "Role of the Interface in Solvent Extraction Processes." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 61, no. 1 (January 1988): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.61.39.

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Chemat, Abert Vian, Ravi, Khadhraoui, Hilali, Perino, and Tixier. "Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications and Prospects." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24163007.

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In recent years, almost all extraction processes in the perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food ingredients, nutraceuticals, biofuel and fine chemical industries rely massively on solvents, the majority of which have petroleum origins. The intricate processing steps involved in the industrial extraction cycle makes it increasingly difficult to predict the overall environmental impact; despite the tremendous energy consumption and the substantial usage of solvents, often the yields are indicated in decimals. The ideal alternative solvents suitable for green extraction should have high solvency, high flash points with low toxicity and low environmental impacts, be easily biodegradable, obtained from renewable (non-petrochemical) resources at a reasonable price and should be easy to recycle without any deleterious effect to the environment. Finding the perfect solvent that meets all the aforementioned requirements is a challenging task, thus the decision for the optimum solvent will always be a compromise depending on the process, the plant and the target molecules. The objective of this comprehensive review is to furnish a vivid picture of current knowledge on alternative, green solvents used in laboratories and industries alike for the extraction of natural products focusing on original methods, innovation, protocols, and development of safe products.

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Seidova, Sabina A. "EXTRACTION METHODS OF CLEANING OF MOTOR FUEL." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 10 (October 29, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196210.5941.

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In paper the results of the carried out analysis of literary data on preparation of motor fuels of high quality by extraction method of purification of the corresponding oil distillates with use of compounds of various class as a selective solvent have been presented. In particular, the results of comparative analysis of existing methods of the extraction purification of distillates of motor fuels from unnecessary components – aromatic hydrocarbons, sulphur-containing compounds and resinous substances with use of organic solvents and ion-liquid compositions as a selective solvent have been presented. The advantage of the extraction method of purification of motor fuels determined by possibility of the process at low temperature and pressure, by absence of necessity of application of the expensive catalysts, by possibility of regeneration and reuse of solvent, etc. in comparison with widely used hydrogenation method has been shown. The lacks of the organic solvents used as an extractant have been also listed and due to the ecological problems the use of non-volatile, thermally stable ion-liquid compositions as a selective solvent in the processes of purification of the distillates, intended for preparation a high quality target products, such as diesel fuel, gasoline, base oils for various purposes has been substantiated. In paper the results of systematic investigations carried out at the Institute of Petrochemical Processes of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences with the participation of the authors themselves, concerning the selective purification of the oil fractions of various composition and viscosity with use of ionic liquids synthesized on the basis of formic and acetic acids composition have been also presented. By carried out analysis it has been shown the perspectivity of application of the ion-liquid compositions as an extractant in the processes of the selective purification of the oil distillates.

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Spasic, Aleksandar M., Vaso Manojlovic, and Mica Jovanovic. "Solvent extraction and entrainment problem." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 26, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/480.

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Applications of solvent extraction operations and processes play one of the most important roles in Hydrometallurgy. Therefore, in this brief review, some general concepts for selected representative applications are discussed. Also, one particular entrainment problem solution is discussed in some more details. At first, the selected general concepts for metal production of copper and uranium from their ores are presented. Then after, the leaching-solvent extraction-electro winning process for copper is shown. Finally, the extraction of uranium from wet phosphoric acid is discussed.

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Rodríguez-Llorente, Diego, Andrés Cañada-Barcala, Silvia Álvarez-Torrellas, Vicente Ismael Águeda, Juan García, and Marcos Larriba. "A Review of the Use of Eutectic Solvents, Terpenes and Terpenoids in Liquid–liquid Extraction Processes." Processes 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101220.

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Diverse and abundant applications of the eutectic solvents have appeared in the last years. Their promising tunable properties, eco-friendly character and the possibility of being prepared from numerous compounds have led to the publication of numerous papers addressing their use in different areas. Terpenes and terpenoids have been employed in the formulation of eutectic solvents, though they also have been applied as solvents in extraction processes. For their hydrophobic nature, renewable character, low environmental impact, cost and being non-hazardous, they have also been proposed as possible substitutes of conventional solvents in the separation of organic compounds from aqueous streams, similarly to hydrophobic eutectic solvents. The present work reviews the application of eutectic solvents in liquid–liquid extraction and terpenes and terpenoids in extraction processes. It has been made a research in the current state-of-the-art in these fields, describing the proposed applications of the solvents. It has been highlighted the scale-up feasibility, solvent regeneration and reuse procedures and the comparison of the performance of eutectic solvents, terpenes and terpenoids in extraction with conventional organic solvents or ionic liquids. Ultimately, it has been also discussed the employ of predictive methods in extraction, the reliability of thermodynamic models in correlation of liquid–liquid equilibria and simulation of liquid–liquid extraction processes.

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Mazuelos, A., N. Iglesias, and F. Carranza. "Inhibition of bioleaching processes by organics from solvent extraction." Process Biochemistry 35, no. 5 (December 1999): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-9592(99)00065-5.

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van Dorp, J. J. "Condensing Solvent Processes: In Search of the Production Function." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 24, no. 02 (January 21, 2021): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205009-pa.

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Summary The heavy-oil- and bitumen-recovery process by injection of a pure condensing solvent in a solvent vapor chamber provides an alternative to steam-based recovery techniques such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). Because of the lower operating temperature between 40 and 80°C, the process uses a much lower energy budget than a steam process and thus results in significantly reduced greenhouse-gas emissions. This paper describes the route to a successful production function with the physical processes at play and using analytical tools. Physical relationships are derived for the solvent/bitumen (S/B) ratio, the bitumen drainage from the roof of the solvent vapor chamber, and for bitumen extraction from both sides of the solvent chamber by the draining condensed solvent. The fast diffusion of bitumen into this narrow liquid solvent zone is likely subtly enhanced by transverse dispersion. The speed of bitumen extraction from the roof of the solvent vapor chamber is constrained by the gas/oil capillary pressure. Extraction from the side of the chamber is approximately three times faster by the action of the thin gravity-draining liquid solvent film. Several equations are provided to enable creation of a heat balance for this condensing solvent process. Laboratory and field observations are matched, including the rates, the heat balance, and the S/B ratio. The model can explain constrained production performance by identifying the rate-limiting steps (e.g., when insufficient solvent condenses). The model predicts high solvent holdup during the rise of the solvent chamber. A method to estimate this solvent liquid saturation is provided. The S/B ratio depends on injector-wellbore heat losses, the (high) liquid saturation in the rising solvent chamber, and the process properties (operating temperature), reservoir properties (heat capacity, porosity, and oil saturation), and solvent properties (density and latent heat). In the existing body of literature, no satisfactory analytical model was available; this new approach helps to constrain production performance and to estimate solvent and heat requirements. The methods in this paper can be used in the future for subsurface project design and performance predictions.

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Sachit, Ahad D., Lamya J. Basri, Dr Rana R. Jalil, and Ihab S. Hassan. "Using Microwave Technology to Extract Organic Matter from Rocks." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v9i4.320.

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Rock extraction is one of the most important processes to prepare samples to core analyses but this method consumes large quantity of solvents and time which means high cost; so it is necessary to innovate new high efficiency ways to replace the traditional methods. The use of microwaves in rock processing is an innovative and unobtrusive method in this field. The design of special furnaces to generate microwave and use them in the extraction of crude oil from rocks become a necessity; because of the need to reduce the costs of this treatment and shorten the necessary time to laboratory experiments and decreased conducted solvent for this process. A number of samples of carbonate reservoir rocks exposed to microwave radiation assisted extraction and many solvents were used to detect more suitable solvent, the results of the experiment show that some solvents were superior to others and the samples did not harm as a result of that processes, note that the type of rocks may be important in determining the ability of microwave waves to perform the required treatment. And it is approved its high efficiency by decreasing time of cleaning up to less than 25% of time, more economical, in term of the least consumption of solvent and safer by comparison with conventional.

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Sriti, Jazia, Thierry Talou, Mamadou Faye, Gerard Vilarem, and Brahim Marzouk. "Oil extraction from coriander fruits by extrusion and comparison with solvent extraction processes." Industrial Crops and Products 33, no. 3 (May 2011): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.01.005.

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Mousa, Khaled, and Fawwaz Khalili. "Solvent Extraction of Uranium (VI) by Didodecylphosphoric Acid." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 4 (December 1, 1999): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol4iss0pp15-21.

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Solvent extraction of uranium(Vl) ion from perchlorate solution using didodecylphosphorie acid, DDPA, in toluene diluent was studied. The effects of stripping nitric acid concentration, stripping time, extraction time, DDPA concentration, pH, ionic strength, supporting electrolyte and temperature on the extraction processes have been studied. From the distribution coefficient values at different temperatures, the enthalpy, the free energy and the entropy changes associated with the extraction processes were determined. The composition of the complex formed was established to be UO2(CLO4)(HR2)(HR)2 where, (HR)2 represents the dimer of DDPA.

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Khalili, Fawwaz I., Khaled M. Mousa, and Ehsan I. Soudani. "Solvent Extraction of Thorium(IV) by Didodecylphoric Acid." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol8iss2pp107-114.

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Solvent extraction of Thorium (VI) ion from perchlorate solution using didodecylphosphoric acid, DDPA, in chloroform diluent was studied. The effects of stripping hydrochloric acid concentration, stripping time, extraction time, DDPA concentration, pH, ionic strength, supporting electrolyte and temperature on the extraction processes have been studied. From the distribution coefficient values at different temperatures,the enthalpy, the free energy and the entropy changes associated with the extraction processes were determined. The composition of the complex formed was established to be Th(ClO4)4-nRn(HR)5-n where, n=1 or 2 and (HR)2 represents the dimer of DDPA.

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Chanioti, Sofia, Maria Katsouli, and Constantina Tzia. "Novel Processes for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Olive Pomace and Their Protection by Encapsulation." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061781.

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Olive pomace, the solid by-product derived from olive oil production consists of a high concentration of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, such as phenolic compounds, and their recovery by applying innovative techniques is a great opportunity and challenge for the olive oil industry. This study aimed to point out a new approach for the integrated valorization of olive pomace by extracting the phenolic compounds and protecting them by encapsulation or incorporation in nanoemulsions. Innovative assisted extraction methods were evaluated such as microwave (MAE), homogenization (HAE), ultrasound (UAE), and high hydrostatic pressure (HHPAE) using various solvent systems including ethanol, methanol, and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). The best extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds was achieved by using NADES as extraction solvent and in particular the mixture choline chloride-caffeic acid (CCA) and choline chloride-lactic acid (CLA); by HAE at 60 °C/12,000 rpm and UAE at 60 °C, the total phenolic content (TPC) of extracts was 34.08 mg gallic acid (GA)/g dw and 20.14 mg GA/g dw for CCA, and by MAE at 60 °C and HHPAE at 600 MPa/10 min, the TPC was 29.57 mg GA/g dw and 25.96 mg GA/g dw for CLA. HAE proved to be the best method for the extraction of phenolic compounds from olive pomace. Microencapsulation and nanoemulsion formulations were also reviewed for the protection of the phenolic compounds extracted from olive pomace. Both encapsulation techniques exhibited satisfactory results in terms of encapsulation stability. Thus, they can be proposed as an excellent technique to incorporate phenolic compounds into food products in order to enhance both their antioxidative stability and nutritional value.

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Conrad, Marc, and Irina Smirnova. "Counter-Current Suspension Extraction Process of Lignocellulose in Biorefineries to Reach Low Water Consumption, High Extraction Yields, and Extract Concentrations." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091585.

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The processing of large quantities of water in biorefining processes can lead to immense costs for heating, evaporation, and wastewater disposal. These costs may prohibit the exploitation of alternative products, e.g., xylooligosaccharides from straw, which are regarded as too costly. A new counter-current extractions method is proposed that aims at low solvent (water) consumption, as well as high yields and extract concentrations. This process was evaluated with suspension extraction experiments with steam pretreated wheat straw and the process window analysis based on a mass balance for a washing and a leaching scenario. The latter was conducted with two other suspension extraction processes as a comparison. The equilibration time was found to be well below 10 min. While the suspension extraction with and without recycling need to be designed to achieve a high yield or a high concentration and low solvent consumption, the proposed extraction method can reach all three simultaneously. Thus, this new process is evaluated as a potential method to spare water and downstream costs and allow new processing pathways in second-generation biorefineries.

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T. Santos, Diego, Dayane F. Barbosa, Ketllen Broccolo, M. Thereza M. S. Gomes, Renata Vardanega, and M. Angela A. Meireles. "Pressurized Organic Solvent Extraction with On-line Particle Formation by Supercritical Anti Solvent Processes." Food and Public Health 2, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.fph.20120206.08.

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Cantwell, Frederick F. "Reply: the role of the interface in solvent extraction processes." Analytical Chemistry 60, no. 2 (January 15, 1988): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00153a018.

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Glanz, S., and J. Stichlmair. "Mixed integer optimization of combined solvent extraction and distillation processes." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21 (May 1997): S547—S552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)87559-x.

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Glanz, S. "Mixed integer optimization of combined solvent extraction and distillation processes." Computers & Chemical Engineering 21, no. 1-2 (1997): S547—S552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(97)00106-3.

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Leonard, Ralph A., David G. Wygmans, Michael J. McElwee, Michael O. Wasserman, and George F. Vandegrift. "The Centrifugal Contactor as A Concentrator in Solvent Extraction Processes." Separation Science and Technology 28, no. 1-3 (January 1993): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399308019485.

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Serna-Vázquez, Julio, Mohd Zamidi Ahmad, Grzegorz Boczkaj, and Roberto Castro-Muñoz. "Latest Insights on Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Sustainable Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Natural Sources." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165037.

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Phenolic compounds have long been of great importance in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Unfortunately, conventional extraction procedures have a high cost and are time consuming, and the solvents used can represent a safety risk for operators, consumers, and the environment. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green alternatives for extraction processes, given their low or non-toxicity, biodegradability, and reusability. This review discusses the latest research (in the last two years) employing DESs for phenolic extraction, solvent components, extraction yields, extraction method characteristics, and reviewing the phenolic sources (natural products, by-products, wastes, etc.). This work also analyzes and discusses the most relevant DES-based studies for phenolic extraction from natural sources, their extraction strategies using DESs, their molecular mechanisms, and potential applications.

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Richins, Richard D., Laura Hernandez, Barry Dungan, Shane Hambly, F. Omar Holguin, and Mary A. O'Connell. "A “Green” Extraction Protocol to Recover Red Pigments from Hot Capsicum Fruit." HortScience 45, no. 7 (July 2010): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.7.1084.

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Plant pigments represent a source of non-toxic compounds that are used as food or cosmetic coloring agents. Red-fruited varieties of Capsicum annuum can be extracted to isolate the red-colored xanthophylls, capsanthin, and capsorubin. Common commercial processes for this extraction use hexane as the extracting solvent and mild or no heat varieties of Capsicum. In this report, we describe a process for efficient extraction of these red pigments using green chemistry: CO2 supercritical fluid extraction and trapping the pigments in ethanol. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this method can be performed on hot or pungent Capsicum fruit and the resulting pigment sample has very low levels of capsaicinoids, 1 to 2 ppm. This process then can reduce the use of hazardous solvents and expand the type of fruit that can be used for the extraction of red pigments.

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Świetlicka, Aleksandra, Agnieszka Środa, Violetta Kozik, Andrzej Bąk, Krzysztof Barbusiński, Natalia Howaniec, and Adam Smoliński. "Electrochemical Corrosion Monitoring in Low Conductive Fluid: Pilot-Scale Study on Sulfolane Corrosion Potential." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016005.

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Solvents are a group of chemical compounds that are widely used in organic synthesis. Taking into account the chemical nature, solvents are divided into protic and aprotic ones. An attractive alternative to commonly used industrial extractive liquids is an anthropogenic, organosulfur medium—sulfolane. Sulfolane is a five-membered heterocyclic sulfur–organic compound from the group of sulfones (R-SO2-R’, where R/R’ is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl), which contains an apolar hydrocarbon backbone and a polar functional group. It is a selective solvent in the liquid–liquid and liquid–vapor extraction processes used for the removal of close-boiling alkanes from cycloalkanes or for the separation of compounds with different degrees of saturation and polarity in the extractive rectification of arenes from non-aromatic saturated hydrocarbon mixtures. In standard conditions sulfolane is not an aggressive solvent for steel, but at higher temperature (170–180 °C) and oxygen availability, it may be decomposed and subsequently some corrosive (by-)products can be formed. The primary purpose of the presented pilot-case examination was to verify applicability of the industrial, multi-electrochemical technique for reliable detection of the corrosion processes in low conductive fluids.

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Yadav, Kartikey K., R. Vijayalakshmi, and H. Singh. "Uranium from phosphoric acid: Kinetic studies of the solvent extraction processes for uranium extraction." Desalination and Water Treatment 12, no. 1-3 (December 2009): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.949.

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Moon, Seong-Hoon. "Calculation of Light to Medium Rare Earth Solvent Extraction Processes Optimal Extraction Ratio Theory." Korean Society of Technical Education and Training 23, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29279/kostet.2018.23.2.65.

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Ofori-Boateng, Cynthia, Lee Keat Teong, and Lim JitKang. "Comparative exergy analyses of Jatropha curcas oil extraction methods: Solvent and mechanical extraction processes." Energy Conversion and Management 55 (March 2012): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.11.005.

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Rienks, Johan. "Comparison of results for chemical and thermal treatment of contaminated dredged sediments." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 6-7 (March 1, 1998): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0772.

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This article describes the main results of research work on chemical and thermal treatment techniques from a special programme, subsidised by the Dutch government. The aim was development and demonstration of treatment processes for contaminated dredged sediments. Studied treatment processes were thio-leaching, EDTA-extraction, solvent-extraction, extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide, wet air oxidation and thermal desorption. All processes were performed on laboratory scale, some also on pilot scale or even at full scale. Three processes were selected as potential remediation processes based on their clean-up results (>99% removal of specific contaminants): solvent-extraction, wet air oxidation and thermal desorption. Wet air oxidation of slurred fines and thermal treatment of dewatered sediment were demonstrated successfully at full scale. The demonstrations were performed respectively by the VerTech plant for wet air oxidation of sewage sludge at Apeldoorn and Ecotechniek's plant for thermal treatment of contaminated soil at Rotterdam. Pilot-plant testing of solvent-extraction with acetone in counter current was delayed due to mixing problems in the settler-extractor. A description of the three selected processes is presented, as well as the performance characterised by treatment results, re-use of treated sediments, consumption of energy and raw materials, emissions to air and surface water, investment costs and operational costs.

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CAMPA-GUEVARA, DIANA L., NOHRA V. GALLARDO-RIVAS, ANA M. MENDOZA-MARTÍNEZ, ULISES PÁRAMO-GARCÍA, LUCIANO AGUILERA-VÁZQUEZ, and REINALDO D. MARTÍNEZ-OROZCO. "SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF TWO NEW IONIC LIQUIDS IN THE EXTRACTION OF CELLULOSE FROM BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (February 12, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2021.55.03.

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Cellulose is a natural polymer formed by chains of polysaccharide carbohydrates. Traditional processes for extraction of cellulose are expensive and require solvents with high ionic strength and stringent conditions. In this paper, we propose the extraction of cellulose from Bougainvillea spectabilis by using a traditional procedure, such as alkaline and acidic hydrolysis extraction, as well as the Vieira extraction method with the aid of two ionic liquids (ILs), with the purpose of using a solvent that allows reducing the harmful impact on the environment and human health. The obtained fibrous materials were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and the gravimetric method. According to gravimetric measurements, the results show an efficiency of 99.3% for the proposed extraction method and of 42.97% for acid hydrolysis. These results show that the proposed method allows adequate extraction using ionic solvents.

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Shim, Hyunjin, and Hongkee Sah. "Qualification of Non-Halogenated Organic Solvents Applied to Microsphere Manufacturing Process." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12050425.

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As a non-halogenated dispersed solvent, ethyl acetate has been most commonly used for the manufacturing of poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres. However, ethyl acetate-based microencapsulation processes face several limitations. This study was aimed at proposing ethyl formate as an alternative. Evaluated in this study was the solvent qualification of ethyl formate and ethyl acetate for microencapsulation of a hydrophobic drug into PLGA microspheres. An oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction technique was developed to load progesterone into PLGA microspheres. Briefly, right after emulsion droplets were temporarily stabilized, they were subject to primary solvent extraction. Appearing semisolid, embryonic microspheres were completely hardened through subsequent secondary solvent extraction. Changes in process parameters of the preparative technique made it possible to manipulate the properties of emulsion droplets, progesterone behavior, and microsphere quality. Despite the two solvents showing comparable Hansen solubility parameter distances toward PLGA, ethyl formate surpassed ethyl acetate in relation to volatility and water miscibility. These features served as advantages in the microsphere manufacturing process, helping produce PLGA microspheres with better quality in terms of drug crystallization, drug encapsulation efficiency, microsphere size homogeneity, and residual solvent content. The present ethyl formate-based preparative technique could be an attractive method of choice for the production of drug-loaded PLGA microspheres.

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Fattah, I. M. Rizwanul, M. Y. Noraini, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T. M. Yunus Khan, Hwai Chyuan Ong, and T. M. I. Mahlia. "Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 6103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176103.

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Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.

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Martínez-Ávila, Guillermo C. G., Pedro Aguilar-Zarate, and Romeo Rojas. "Currently Applied Extraction Processes for Secondary Metabolites from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa and Future Perspectives." Separations 8, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8090158.

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The poleo (Lippia turbinata Griseb.) and damiana (Turnera diffusa Wild) are two of the most valued species in the Mexican semidesert due to their medicinal uses. The conventional essential oil extraction process is hydrodistillation, and for the extraction of antioxidants, the use of organic solvents. However, these techniques are time-consuming and degrade thermolabile molecules, and the efficiency of the process is dependent on the affinity of the solvent for bioactive compounds. Likewise, they generate solvent residues such as methanol, hexane, petroleum ether, toluene, chloroform, etc. Therefore, in recent years, ecofriendly alternatives such as ohmic heating, microwaves, ultrasound, and supercritical fluids have been studied. These methodologies allow reducing the environmental impact and processing times, in addition to increasing yields at a lower cost. Currently, there is no up-to-date information that provides a description of the ecofriendly trends for the recovery process of essential oils and antioxidants from Lippia turbinata and Turnera diffusa. This review includes relevant information on the most recent advancements in these processes, including conditions and methodological foundation.

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Grasso, F. V., P. A. Montoya, C. C. Camusso, and B. G. Maroto. "Improvement of Soybean Oil Solvent Extraction through Enzymatic Pretreatment." International Journal of Agronomy 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/543230.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate multienzyme hydrolysis as a pretreatment option to improve soybean oil solvent extraction and its eventual adaptation to conventional processes. Enzymatic action causes the degradation of the cell structures that contain oil. Improvements in terms of extraction, yield, and extraction rate are expected to be achieved. Soybean flakes and collets were used as materials and hexane was used as a solvent. Temperature, pH, and incubation time were optimized and diffusion coefficients were estimated for each solid. Extractions were carried out in a column, oil content was determined according to time, and a mathematical model was developed to describe the system. The optimum conditions obtained were pH 5.4,38°C, and 9.7 h, and pH 5.8,44°C, and 5.8𲀉h of treatment for flakes and collets, respectively. Hydrolyzed solids exhibited a higher yield. Diffusion coefficients were estimated between 10-11and 10-10. The highest diffusion coefficient was obtained for hydrolyzed collets. 0.73 g oil/mL and 0.7 g oil/mL were obtained at 240 s in a column for collets and flakes, respectively. Hydrolyzed solids exhibited a higher yield. The enzymatic incubation accelerates the extraction rate and allows for higher yield. The proposed model proved to be appropriate.

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Mortaheb, H. R., M. Mafi, B. Mokhtarani, K. Khosravi, and F. Mashkini. "Optimization of NMP Extraction in 1, 3-Butadiene Production Line." Eclética Química Journal 35, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v35.1.2010.p85-89.

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N-methylpyrrolidone is a powerful solvent for variety of chemical processes due to its vast chemical properties. It has been used in manufacturing processes of polymers, detergents, pharmaceuticals rubber and many more chemical substances. However, it creates large amount of residue in some of these processes which has to be dealt with. Many well known methods such as BASF in rubber producing units have tried to regenerate the solvent at the end of each run, however, there is still discarding of large amount of residue containing NMP, which over time, could cause environmental concerns. In this study, we have tried to optimize regeneration of the NMP extraction from butadiene production. It is shown that at higher temperatures NMP is separated from the residue with close to 90% efficiency, and the solvent residue proved to be the most effective with a 6: 1 ratio.

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Hiep, Nguyen Tuan, Hoang Thanh Duong, Dang Tuan Anh, Nguyen Hoai Nguyen, Do Quang Thai, Do Thi Thuy Linh, Vu Thi Huong Anh, and Nguyen Minh Khoi. "Subcritical Water Extraction of Epigallocatechin Gallate from Camellia sinensis and Optimization Study Using Response Surface Methodology." Processes 8, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091028.

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Background: Camellia sinensis is a plant whose leaves and buds are used to produce tea. With many medicinal activities already found, green tea has been consumed widely in the world. Methods: The subcritical water extraction (SWE) of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea leaves and the effect of the different extraction conditions are investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the model of the extraction processes is reviewed for application at the industrial scale. Results: Based on the RSM data, the maximum yield of extraction is determined via optimizing different parameters of the extraction processes. Optimal conditions are as follows: extraction time of 6 min, extraction temperature at 120 °C, and a sample/solvent ratio of 1:40 g/mL. Under such conditions, the best yield of EGCG is 4.665%. Moreover, the model of the extraction processes, which can be utilized for industry scale purpose, indicates a good correlation with the experimental data. Conclusions: Overall, SWE is competent and environmental-friendly, and it is also a highly selective and fast method. SWE is a promising method to take the place of organic solvents used in the extraction of weak polar and even non-polar natural compounds. Further studies on the scale-up of the extraction processes are ongoing.

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Chartroux, Christine, Kathrin Wichmann, Gudrun Goretzki, Torsten Rambusch, Karsten Gloe, Ute Müller, Walter Müller, and Fritz Vögtle. "Preorganized Complexing Agents as a Tool for Selective Solvent Extraction Processes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, no. 10 (October 2000): 3616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie000308z.

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Beltrami, Denis, Gérard Cote, Hamid Mokhtari, Bruno Courtaud, Bruce A. Moyer, and Alexandre Chagnes. "Recovery of Uranium from Wet Phosphoric Acid by Solvent Extraction Processes." Chemical Reviews 114, no. 24 (November 17, 2014): 12002–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr5001546.

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Meckes, Mark C., Esperanza Renard, Jim Rawe, and George Wahl. "Solvent Extraction Processes: A Survey of Systems in the SITE Program." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 42, no. 8 (August 1992): 1118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1992.10467058.

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Leonard, R. A. "Use of Electronic Worksheets for Calculation of Stagewise Solvent Extraction Processes." Separation Science and Technology 22, no. 2-3 (February 1987): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496398708068968.

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Wierczinski, B., J. Alstad, K. Eberhardt, J. V. Kratz, R. Malmbeck, M. Mendel, A. Nähler, et al. "Application of fast solvent extraction processes to studies of exotic nuclides." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 236, no. 1-2 (October 1998): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02386341.

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Chourfi, Abdelali, Soumia Darai, Ghizlane Echchgadda, and Tajelmolk Alaoui. "Processes contributing to the improvement in antifungal effect of bio-molecules extracted from Moroccan Laurus nobilis against Verticillium dahliae." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 4, no. 5 (January 20, 2015): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.4(5).p267-275.

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This work offers comparisons between stakeholder’s labor works before and during extraction of biomolecules extracted from Laurus nobilis in Morocco. The objective of this study was to determine some paths to follow in order to have a better extract that can inhibit or minimize the development of Ver-ticilium dahliae. For essential oils, we studied the effect of harvest region, harvest period, plant part, drying temperature, pressure of distillation, distil-lation temperature and fraction of applied essential oil. For extracts with organic solvents, we compared their effect by pursuing both techniques dur-ing extraction. The first one was about using an organic solvent for total ex-traction; while the second technique concerned a fractional extraction by using some solvents and pursuing an increasing polarity. The results showed that the degree of development inhibition in plant pathogen show a signifi-cant difference. Thus, these findings will be helpful in preparing a technical draft to be followed in the extraction of biomolecules from this plant in or-der to obtain better results in getting antifungal compounds.

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Klaviòa, Laura, and Gunta Spriòìe. "Optimisation of Conditions for Extraction of Biologically Active Compounds from Common Bryophytes in Latvia / Latvijâ Augoðu Briofîtu Ekstrakcijas Apstâkïu Optimizâcijas Ietekme Uz Bioloìiski Aktîviem Sekundârajiem Metabolîtiem." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0046.

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Abstract Bryophytes are the second largest taxonomic group in the plant kingdom. They contain a high number of biologically active compounds. Studies of their composition are important for understanding evolutionary processes in the plant kingdom. The aim of this study was to assess bryophyte secondary metabolite extraction options and to increase the yields of polyphenols and substances determining the free radical scavenging activity of bryophyte extracts. Similar studies have been conducted using higher plants as model organisms, but not using bryophytes. Comparison of five extraction methods (conventional, Soxhlet extraction, treatment with microwaves, ultrasound, and supercritical CO2 extraction) and several solvents with differing polarity showed microwave-assisted extraction as the most promising approach to obtain highest yields of extractives. The main factors that contributed to the efficiency of extraction were type of solvent, temperature, and the solvent to bryophyte mass ratio. The extracts obtained from bryophytes had remarkable antioxidant activity, the extent of which depended on the extraction conditions and bryophyte species. The extraction conditions can be optimised, and the total polyphenol content can be increased by up to 50% in comparison with the conventional approach.

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Setyawati, Harimbi, Yepta Octaria, Enggar Saraswati H, and Erni Yunita. "The Effect of Variation on Solvent Type and Starch Extraction Time on the Increased Level of Reducing Sugar from Jackfruit Straw Waste." International Journal of ChemTech Research 13, no. 1 (2020): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.130119.

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: Jackfruit straw is a part of jackfruit that does not experience pollination in the form of yellow fibers. Jackfruit straw has a composition consisting of 13.45% starch, 65.05% water. The potential content of jackfruit straw starch can be used as an alternative fuel, it was, bioethanol. This material can be converted to bioethanol through hydrolysis and fermentation processes. This study aimed to determine the effect of variations in the type of solvent and extraction time, used the type of solvent H2O, NaOH and NaHCO3 for starch which was then hydrolyzed and produced glucose as a raw material for making bioethanol. The initial content of jackfruit straw was carbohydrate of 11.5%, fat of 16.22% and protein of 8.38%. The first step was drying so that the jackfruit straw became powder with a moisture content <14%. Then extraction with a solvent to dissolve compounds that can interfere with the hydrolysis process such as fats and proteins. This research was conducted by extracting jackfruit straw powder into starch. Variation of the extraction process was the type of solvent (H2O, NaOH of 0.2%, and NaHCO3 of 0.2%) and the extraction time (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes) at room temperature. The results showed that the highest reducing sugar concentration of 2.16% was in the type of NaOH solvent for 25 minutes.

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Yan, Xiao Chao, Zheng Zai Cheng, Rui Lei, and Su Su Lin. "Regeneration of Used Vacuum Pump Oil by Furfuryl Alcohol." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.569.

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Solvent extraction technique is one of the cheapest and most efficient processes experienced in recycling of used lubricating oils. In this paper, the performance of furfuryl alcohol in recycling used vacuum pump oil was evaluated experimentally. The effect of the most critical parameters (solvent to oil ratio, and extraction temperature) was investigated. The results show that viscosity index and refractive index of refined oil was related to the solvent to oil ratio. Viscosity index and the refractive index come to a reasonable value at 90°C when solvent to oil ratio equal to 1.5. The difference of IR spectrum of the used vacuum pump oil and re-refined vacuum pump oil show that absorption peaks at 1745cm – 1 and 1160 cm – 1 disappeared after solvent extraction.

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Carpentieri, Serena, Farid Soltanipour, Giovanna Ferrari, Gianpiero Pataro, and Francesco Donsì. "Emerging Green Techniques for the Extraction of Antioxidants from Agri-Food By-Products as Promising Ingredients for the Food Industry." Antioxidants 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2021): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091417.

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Nowadays, the food industry is heavily involved in searching for green sources of valuable compounds, to be employed as potential food ingredients, to cater to the evolving consumers’ requirements for health-beneficial food ingredients. In this frame, agri-food by-products represent a low-cost source of natural bioactive compounds, including antioxidants. However, to effectively recover these intracellular compounds, it is necessary to reduce the mass transfer resistances represented by the cellular envelope, within which they are localized, to enhance their extractability. To this purpose, emerging extraction technologies, have been proposed, including Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, High-Pressure Homogenization, Pulsed Electric Fields, High Voltage Electrical Discharges. These technologies demonstrated to be a sustainable alternative to conventional extraction, showing the potential to increase the extraction yield, decrease the extraction time and solvent consumption. Additionally, in green extraction processes, also the contribution of solvent selection, as well as environmental and economic aspects, represent a key factor. Therefore, this review focused on critically analyzing the main findings on the synergistic effect of low environmental impact technologies and green solvents towards the green extraction of antioxidants from food by-products, by discussing the main associated advantages and drawbacks, and the criteria of selection for process sustainability.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solvent extraction processes'

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