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Journal articles on the topic 'Solvent-free Knoevenagel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

HOSSEINI-SARVARI, Mona, Hashem SHARGHI, and Samane ETEMAD. "Solvent-free Knoevenagel Condensations over TiO2." Chinese Journal of Chemistry 25, no. 10 (2007): 1563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.200790288.

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2

Pillai, Manoharan Karuppiah, Sooboo Singh, and Sreekanth B. Jonnalagadda. "Solvent-Free Knoevenagel Condensation over Cobalt Hydroxyapatite." Synthetic Communications 40, no. 24 (2010): 3710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397910903531714.

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3

Alok, Kumar Mitra, Karchaudhuri Nilay, and De Aparna. "Solvent-free Knoevenagel condensation reaction under microwave irradiation exploiting a new reagent : antimony trichloride." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 82, Feb 2005 (2005): 177–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5825122.

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Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, India Department of Chemistry, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, Barrackpore-700 120, India Deshabandhu Mahavidyalaya, Chittaranjan, Burdwan-713 331, India <em>Manuscript received 14 October 2003, revised 14 September 2004, accepted 17 September 2004</em> A rapid microwave-assisted Knoevenagel condensation exploiting antimony trichloride under solvent-free condition is reported. Several aromatic aldehydes condense with malononitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate within a few minutes in high

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4

Ramaiah, Manjunatha M., Nanjunda Swamy Shivananju, and Priya Babu Shubha. "A Facile, Efficient and Solvent-Free Titanium (IV) Ethoxide Catalysed Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes and Active Methylenes." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 2 (2020): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178616666190401194641.

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: Titanium ethoxide has been employed as a novel and efficient reagent for the Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes with active methylenes such as diethyl malonate and ethyl cyanoacetate under solvent free conditions to afford substituted olefins in high to excellent yields. The reaction is suitable for a variety of aromatic, aliphatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with various active methylenes. Parallel to this, microwave irradiation has been utilized to achieve improved reaction rates and enhanced yields. Herein, we illustrated a convenient method for the preparation of α,β-unsaturated comp

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5

Trotzki, Ronald, Markus M. Hoffmann, and Bernd Ondruschka. "Studies on the solvent-free and waste-free Knoevenagel condensation." Green Chemistry 10, no. 7 (2008): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b801661e.

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6

Ma, Lufang, Xiaoning Wang, Dongsheng Deng, Feng Luo, Baoming Ji, and Jian Zhang. "Five porous zinc(ii) coordination polymers functionalized with amide groups: cooperative and size-selective catalysis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 40 (2015): 20210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06248a.

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7

Zhai, Zhi-Wei, Shuang-Hua Yang, Ya-Ru Lv, Chen-Xia Du, Lin-Ke Li, and Shuang-Quan Zang. "Amino functionalized Zn/Cd-metal–organic frameworks for selective CO2 adsorption and Knoevenagel condensation reactions." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 12 (2019): 4007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt00391f.

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8

Wan, Jie-Ping, Yanfeng Jing, Yunyun Liu, and Shouri Sheng. "Metal-free synthesis of cyano acrylates via cyanuric chloride-mediated three-component reactions involving a cascade consists of Knoevenagel condensation/cyano hydration/esterification." RSC Adv. 4, no. 109 (2014): 63997–4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13826k.

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9

Dou, Ming-Yu, Dan-Dan Zhong, Xian-Qiang Huang, and Guo-Yu Yang. "Imidazole-induced self-assembly of polyoxovanadate cluster organic framework for efficient Knoevenagel condensation under mild conditions." CrystEngComm 22, no. 24 (2020): 4147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce00660b.

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Three new polyoxovanadates have been made, one of them displays highly efficient heterogeneous solvent-free catalytic activity and excellent recyclability in the Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature.

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10

Jain, Kavita, Saikat Chaudhuri, Kuntal Pal, and Kalpataru Das. "The Knoevenagel condensation using quinine as an organocatalyst under solvent-free conditions." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 3 (2019): 1299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj04219e.

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11

Singh, Prabal Pratap, Manmohan Kumar, and Juby K. Ajish. "Recent development of green protocols towards Knoevenagel condensation: A Review." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 11 (2021): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2511rjce170174.

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A large number of varied synthetic strategies for carbon-carbon bond formation have been proposed by researchers from time to time. Knoevenagel condensation products synthesized by green protocol have been highly appreciated, Knoevenagel products find enormous application in therapeutics and pharmacological. Green synthetic strategies like ionic liquid media, solvent free condition, use of aqueous media and utilization of nano particles towards synthesis of Knoevenagel products have been recently utilized by scientist all over the world. In this study we highlight the recent development of gre

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12

Wang, Weifan, Man Luo, Weiwei Yao, et al. "Catalyst-free and Solvent-free Cyanosilylation and Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 1 (2018): 1718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05486.

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13

Zhang, Yuliang, and Zhongqiang Zhou. "A Solvent-Free Protocol for the Green Synthesis of 5-Arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones Using Ethylenediamine Diacetate as Catalyst." Organic Chemistry International 2012 (September 2, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/194784.

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A simple and efficient synthesis of 5-arylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones by the Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes with 2,4-thiazolidinedione catalyzed by ethylenediamine diacetate under solvent-free conditions is described. The major advantages of this method are simple experimental and work-up procedures, solvent-free reaction conditions, small amount of catalyst, short reaction time, high yields, and utilization of an inexpensive and reusable catalyst.

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14

Pei, Wen-Yuan, Bing-Bing Lu, Jin Yang, Tianqi Wang, and Jian-Fang Ma. "Two new calix[4]resorcinarene-based coordination cages adjusted by metal ions for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 28 (2021): 9942–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt01139a.

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Two new calix[4]resorcinarene-based metal-coordinated cages have been synthesized through tuning metal ions, where they featured catalytic activities for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction under solvent-free conditions.

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15

S N, Rachitha, Abhishek Kumar Yadav, Mangalapalli Kamali, Putla Sudarsanam, and Saikat Dutta. "Mechanochemical synthesis of Knoevenagel condensation products from biorenewable furaldehydes using crustacean waste-derived chitosan as a sustainable organocatalyst." RSC Advances 15, no. 25 (2025): 19687–95. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra02836a.

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The Knoevenagel condensation reaction between biomass-derived furaldehydes and malononitrile afforded excellent isolated yields of the products at ambient temperature under solvent-free mechanochemistry using chitosan as a recyclable organocatalyst.

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16

Karchgaudhuri, Nilay, Aparna De, and Alok Kumar Mitra. "Microwave-Assisted Condensation Reactions Exploiting Hexamethylenetetramine as a Catalyst under Solvent-Free Conditions." Journal of Chemical Research 2002, no. 4 (2002): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823402103171591.

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Hexamethylenetetramine has been exploited for the first time successfully as a catalyst for the Doebner reaction and Knoevenagel condensation along with the rate enhancement by microwave irradiation under solvent-free conditions.

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17

Li, Xue-Tian, Jie Zou, Qi Yu, et al. "Construction of acid–base bifunctional covalent organic frameworks via Doebner reaction for catalysing cascade reaction." Chemical Communications 58, no. 15 (2022): 2508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06461d.

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A series of acid-base bifunctional COFs which can highly catalyze tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation reaction under solvent-free conditions is synthesized by the multicomponent one-pot in situ Doebner reaction.

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18

Suri, Mrinaly, Farhaz Liaquat Hussain, Chinu Gogoi, Pankaj Das, and Pallab Pahari. "Magnetically recoverable silica catalysed solvent-free domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels–Alder reaction to access divergent chromenones." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 11 (2020): 2058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ob00284d.

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A silica catalyzed solvent-free three-component domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels–Alder (DKHDA) reaction between 1,3-dicarbonyl, aldehydes/ketones, and alkenes/alkynes leading to chromenones, dihydrochromenones and spirochromenones has been described.

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19

van Schijndel, Jack, Luiz Alberto Canalle, Dennis Molendijk, and Jan Meuldijk. "The green Knoevenagel condensation: solvent-free condensation of benzaldehydes." Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 10, no. 4 (2017): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2017.1391881.

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20

Pillai, M. K., S. Singh, and S. B. Jonnalagadda. "Solvent-free Knoevenagel condensation over iridium and platinum hydroxyapatites." Kinetics and Catalysis 52, no. 4 (2011): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0023158411030153.

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21

Pillai, Manoharan Karuppiah, Sooboo Singh, and Sreekanth B. Jonnalagadda. "ChemInform Abstract: Solvent-Free Knoevenagel Condensation over Cobalt Hydroxyapatite." ChemInform 42, no. 16 (2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201116076.

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22

何, 心伟. "Uncatalyst and Solvent-Free Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction at Room Temperature." Journal of Organic Chemistry Research 01, no. 03 (2013): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jocr.2013.13003.

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23

Zheng, Mingming, Yanxiang Wang, and Pingyun Feng. "Bifunctional Heterometallic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Solvent-Free Heterogeneous Cascade Catalysis." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030309.

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A family of heterometallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (CPM200s) harmoniously coexisting as Lewis acids and base (azo) sites were prepared. Seven CPM200s were employed as multifunctional heterogeneous cascade catalysts for the one-pot deacetalization-Knoevenagel reaction in a solvent-free system. Benefiting from the cooperation between Lewis acids from the open metal sites and base sites from the ligands, the CPM200s showed high activity and selectivity for the tandem reaction. The heterometallic 3D porous framework reported here not only offers a combination of two opposite active sites i

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24

Liu, Qing, and Yinfeng Han. "Knoevenagel Condensation Catalyzed by Sodium Silicate Under Solvent-Free Conditions." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 186, no. 10 (2011): 2033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2011.558034.

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25

Viswanadham, Balaga, Pedada Jhansi, Komandur V. R. Chary, Holger B. Friedrich, and Sooboo Singh. "Efficient Solvent Free Knoevenagel Condensation Over Vanadium Containing Heteropolyacid Catalysts." Catalysis Letters 146, no. 2 (2015): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-015-1646-9.

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26

Mane, Vishal, and Dhanjay Mane. "[DBN][HSO4]-Promoted facile and green synthesis of 2-Amino-4H-pyrans derivatives under microwave irradiation." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 2-S (2021): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i2-s.4824.

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The [DBN][HSO4] -promoted Knoevenagel condensation followed by cyclization protocol has been developed for the first time by a successive reaction of aldehydes, dimedone and malononitrile to afford 2-Amino-4H-pyrans derivatives in high to excellent yields at room temperature. The synergic couple of microwave and ionic liquid provided the capability to allow a variability of functional groups, short reaction times, easy workup, high yields, recyclability of the catalyst, and solvent-free conditions, thus providing economic and environmental advantages. Keywords: [DBN][HSO4], Environmental

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27

Thirupathi, G., M. Venkatanarayana, P. K. Dubey, and Y. Bharathi Kumari. "L-Tyrosine as an Eco-Friendly and Efficient Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation of Arylaldehydes with Meldrum’s Acid in Solvent-Free Condition under Grindstone Method." Organic Chemistry International 2012 (November 13, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/191584.

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We investigate L-Tyrosine as an efficient catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation of arylaldehydes with meldrum’s acid containing cyclic active methylene group in solvent-free condition under grindstone method at room temperature to produce substituted-5-benzylidene-2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-diones 3(a–j).

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28

Santra, Sougata, Matiur Rahman, Anupam Roy, Adinath Majee, and Alakananda Hajra. "Microwave-Assisted Three-Component “Catalyst and Solvent-Free” Green Protocol: A Highly Efficient and Clean One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans." Organic Chemistry International 2014 (September 17, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/851924.

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A green and highly efficient method has been developed for the one-pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans via a three-component condensation of aldehydes, 1,3-cyclic diketones, and malononitrile under MW irradiation without using any catalyst and solvent. This transformation presumably occurs by a sequential Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, and intramolecular cyclization. Operational simplicity, solvent and catalyst-free conditions, the compatibility with various functional groups, nonchromatographic purification technique, and high yields are the notable advantages of this proce

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29

Wang, Guan-Wu, and Bo Cheng. "Solvent-free and aqueous Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic ketones with malononitrile." Arkivoc 2004, no. 9 (2004): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0005.902.

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30

Mitra, Alok Kumar, Aparna De, and Nilay Karchaudhuri. "Solvent-Free Microwave Enhanced Knoevenagel Condensation of Ethyl Cyanoacetate with Aldehydes." Synthetic Communications 29, no. 16 (1999): 2731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397919908086438.

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31

Muralidhar, L., and C. R. Girija. "Simple and practical procedure for Knoevenagel condensation under solvent-free conditions." Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 18, no. 5 (2014): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.10.024.

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32

Rong, Liangce, Xiaoyue Li, Haiying Wang, Daqing Shi, Shujiang Tu, and Qiya Zhuang. "Efficient Green Procedure for the Knoevenagel Condensation under Solvent‐Free Conditions." Synthetic Communications 36, no. 16 (2006): 2407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397910600640289.

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33

Feroci, Marta, Monica Orsini, Laura Palombi, and Achille Inesi. "Electrochemically induced Knoevenagel condensation in solvent- and supporting electrolyte-free conditions." Green Chemistry 9, no. 4 (2007): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b614483g.

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34

Haferkamp, Sebastian, Franziska Fischer, Werner Kraus, and Franziska Emmerling. "Mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation investigated in situ." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (September 26, 2017): 2010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.197.

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The mechanochemical Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile with p-nitrobenzaldehyde was studied in situ using a tandem approach. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were combined to yield time-resolved information on the milling process. Under solvent-free conditions, the reaction leads to a quantitative conversion to p-nitrobenzylidenemalononitrile within 50 minutes. The in situ data indicate that the process is fast and proceeds under a direct conversion. After stopping the milling process, the reaction continues until complete conversion. The continuous and the stopped milling proce

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35

Bhatewara, Anjna, Srinivasa Rao Jetti, Tanuja Kadre, Pradeep Paliwal, and Shubha Jain. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dihydropyrimidinone Derivatives as Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Agents." International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2013 (April 15, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/197612.

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A simple protocol for the efficient preparation of aryl and heteroaryl substituted dihydropyrimidinone has been achieved via initial Knoevenagel, subsequent addition, and final cyclization of aldehyde, ethylcyanoacetate, and guanidine nitrate in the presence of piperidine as a catalyst in solvent-free under microwave irradiation. The synthesized compounds showed a good anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activity.

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36

van Schijndel, Jack, Luiz Canalle, Dennis Molendijk, and Jan Meuldijk. "Exploration of the Role of Double Schiff Bases as Catalytic Intermediates in the Knoevenagel Reaction of Furanic Aldehydes: Mechanistic Considerations." Synlett 29, no. 15 (2018): 1983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610235.

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This paper presents mechanistic considerations on an efficient, green, and solvent-free Knoevenagel procedure for the chemical transformation of furanic aldehydes into their corresponding α,β-unsaturated compounds. In the proposed mechanism furanic aldehydes react with ammonia, released from ammonium salts, to form a catalytically active double Schiff base. The catalytic intermediates involved in the condensation step are characterized.

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37

Fernandes, Sylvia, P. Rajakannu, and Sujata V. Bhat. "Efficient catalyst for tandem solvent free enantioselective Knoevenagel-formal [3+3] cycloaddition and Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels–Alder reactions." RSC Advances 5, no. 83 (2015): 67706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09865c.

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Tandem Knoevenagel-cycloaddition reactions forming bicyclic tetrahydro-2H-chromen-5(6H)-ones and tricyclic octahydro-2H-benzo[c]-chromen-1(6H)-ones are achieved with up to 98.8% ee in the presence of chiral LBA and titanium-isopropoxy-(S)-BINOLate.

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38

Sobrinho, R. C. M. Alves, P. M. de Oliveira, C. R. Montes D'Oca, D. Russowsky, and M. G. Montes D'Oca. "Solvent-free Knoevenagel reaction catalysed by reusable pyrrolidinium base protic ionic liquids (PyrrILs): synthesis of long-chain alkylidenes." RSC Advances 7, no. 6 (2017): 3214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25595g.

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In this work, an efficient and reusable pyrrolidinium ionic liquid (PyrrIL) catalysis system was developed and used in a Knoevenagel condensation reaction of long-chain aldehydes with several 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.

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39

Hesse, Stéphanie. "Synthesis of 5-arylidenerhodanines in L-proline-based deep eutectic solvent." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (October 4, 2023): 1537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.110.

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Rhodanines and their derivatives are known to have many pharmacological activities that can be modulated through different functionalization sites. One of the most studied modification in those scaffolds is the introduction of a benzylidene moiety on C5 via a Knoevenagel reaction. Here, a facile synthesis of 5-arylidenerhodanines via a Knoevenagel reaction in an ʟ-proline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) is reported. This method is fast (1 h at 60 °C), easy, catalyst-free and sustainable as no classical organic solvents were used. The expected compounds are recovered by a simple filtration af

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40

Alizadeh, Abdolhamid, Mohammad M. Khodaei, and Ali Eshghi. "A solvent-free protocol for the green synthesis of arylalkylidene rhodanines in a task-specific ionic liquid." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 6 (2010): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-011.

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2-Hydroxyethylammonium formate acts as a task-specific ionic liquid (TSIL) for the Knoevenagel condensation of carbonyl compounds with rhodanine to afford arylalkylidene rhodanines under solvent-free conditions and in good-to-excellent yields. Additionally, compared with those in organic solvents, the yields obtained in the presence of our ionic liquid (IL) were significantly increased. The detailed mechanism of the catalytic effect of TSIL is also reported for the first time.

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41

Alok, Kumar Mitra, Kumar Banerjee Sajal, and Chattopadhyay Sarmishtha. "Microwave-assisted Knoevenagel condensation of ethyl cyanoacetate with aldehydes in solvent-free condition." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 80, Oct 2003 (2003): 921–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839482.

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Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, India <em>E</em><em>-</em><em>mail : </em>akmitra@cucc.ernet.in                       <em>Fax : </em>91-33-23519755 <em>Manuscript received 16 September 2002, revised 1 April 2003, accepted 5 May 2003</em> Piperazine has been used successfully as a catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation of ethyl cyanoacetate and aromatic aldehydes along with the rate enhancement by microwave irradiat

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42

Shelke, Kiran, Suryakant Sapkal, Kirti Niralwad, Bapurao Shingate, and Murlidhar Shingare. "Cellulose sulphuric acid as a biodegradable and reusable catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation." Open Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2010): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-009-0111-2.

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AbstractA green, mild and efficient method for Knoevenagel condensation of 3-formylchromone/2-chlroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde with active methylene compounds such as Meldrum’s acid/ethyl cyanoacetate using biosupported cellulose sulphuric acid (CSA) in the solid-state by grinding under solvent-free condition has been developed. This method provides several advantages including environmental friendliness, shor t reaction times, high yields and a simple work-up procedure. Moreover, the CSA was successfully reused for four cycles without significant loss of activity.

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43

Das, Paramita, and Chhanda Mukhopadhyay. "Microwave Irradiation for Catalyst and Solvent Free Knoevenagel/Michael Addition/Cyclization/Aromatization Cascades." Current Microwave Chemistry 1, no. 2 (2014): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335601666140610201423.

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44

Yue, Caibo, Aiqin Mao, Yunyang Wei, and Minjie Lü. "Knoevenagel condensation reaction catalyzed by task-specific ionic liquid under solvent-free conditions." Catalysis Communications 9, no. 7 (2008): 1571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2008.01.002.

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45

Mitra, Alok Kumar, Aparna De, and Nilay Karchaudhuri. "ChemInform Abstract: Solvent-Free Microwave Enhanced Knoevenagel Condensation of Ethyl Cyanoacetate with Aldehydes." ChemInform 30, no. 40 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199940080.

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46

Schijndel, Jack van, Dennis Molendijk, Luiz Alberto Canalle, Erik Theodorus Rump, and Jan Meuldijk. "Temperature Dependent Green Synthesis of 3-Carboxycoumarins and 3,4-unsubstituted Coumarins." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 1 (2019): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179415666180924124134.

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Aim and Objective: Because of the low abundance of 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins in plants combined with the complex purification process required, synthetic routes towards 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins are especially valuable. In the present work, we explore the possibilities of a solvent-free Green Knoevenagel condensation on various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives and malonic acid without the use of toxic organocatalysts like pyridine and piperidine but only use ammonium bicarbonate as the catalyst. Materials and Methods: To investigate the scope of the Green Knoevenagel condensation for the

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47

Datta, Arup. "Bismuth (III) Triflate: A Mild, Efficient Promoter for the Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes through Knoevenagel Condensation." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 36, no. 05 (2020): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/360507.

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In this work, smooth efficient and eco-friendly two component coupling method is reported for the synthesis of Knoevenagel Condensation product in presence of Bi(OTf)3 catalyst under solvent free condition. Catalyst has participated in condensation between substituted aldehydes (aromatic and hetero-aromatic) and active methylene compounds (ethyl cyanoacetate, malononitrile and cyanoacetamide) effectively to generate an excellent yield of the product. Bi(OTf)3 catalyst is stable, inexpensive and easily available was used for four times in this reaction without loss of catalytic activity.

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48

Alharthi, Abdulrahman I. "Simple Protocol for the Knoevenagel Condensation Under Solvent Free Conditions using Tungstophosphoric Acid as Catalyst." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (2019): 2181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22072.

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The effect of calcination on the performance of tungstophosphoric acid for the product of Knoevenagel condensation was investigated. Substituted aldehydes and dimedone has been used in the presence of calcined tungstophosphoric acid as a heterogeneous catalyst using grinding method at room temperature. The results of reactions revealed that calcined tungstophosphoric acid has superior catalytic activity comparing to non-calcined catalyst in terms of yield and reaction time. Maximum yield of model compound was achieved by using 10 mol% of calcined catalyst in a reaction time that does not excee

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49

Kong, Rui, Shuai-Bo Han, Jing-Ying Wei, et al. "Highly Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones (DHPMs) Catalyzed by Hf(OTf)4: Mechanistic Insights into Reaction Pathways under Metal Lewis Acid Catalysis and Solvent-Free Conditions." Molecules 24, no. 2 (2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020364.

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In our studies on the catalytic activity of Group IVB transition metal Lewis acids, Hf(OTf)4 was identified as a highly potent catalyst for ”one-pot, three-component” Biginelli reaction. More importantly, it was found that solvent-free conditions, in contrast to solvent-based conditions, could dramatically promote the Hf(OTf)4-catalyzed formation of 3,4-dihydro-pyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones. To provide a mechanistic explanation, we closely examined the catalytic effects of Hf(OTf)4 on all three potential reaction pathways in both “sequential bimolecular condensations” and “one-pot, three-component” ma

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Viswanadham, Balaga, and Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda. "Synthesis, characterization, and novel reactivity of nano CeO2 catalyst for solvent-free Knoevenagel condensation." Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 101, no. 11 (2024): 101442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2024.101442.

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