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Journal articles on the topic 'Solvent less reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Saikia, Monmi, and Jadab C. Sarma. "Baylis–Hillman reaction under solvent-free conditions — Remarkable rate acceleration and yield enhancement." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 12 (2010): 1271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-133.

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A simple and efficient method has been developed for remarkable rate acceleration and yield enhancement of the Baylis–Hillman reaction under solvent-free “neat conditions” and solvent-less isolation of products. Reaction of equimolar quantities of aldehyde and olefin in the presence of 20 mol% of DABCO under neat conditions affords the highest yield in most cases within the shortest reaction time, giving support to the mechanisms of proton transfer in protic and aprotic solvents. Solvent-free conditions are found to be especially fast, selective, and high yielding for aromatic aldehydes.

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2

Brindaban, C. Ranu. "My journey through a green path." Journal of India Chemical Society Vol. 95, Dec 2018 (2018): 1465–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5644541.

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School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India E-mail: ocbcr@iacs.res.in <em>Manuscript received online 12 October 2018, accepted 18 November 2018</em> The practice of green chemistry in chemical synthesis has received wide attention because of the general awareness of ill effects of chemical pollution in the environment. A chemical reaction is primarily guided by its design, use of solvent, catalyst and energy. The organic solvents are more or less toxic and thus use of alternate green solvents such as water, ionic liquids and

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3

Dyker, Gerald, та Richard P. Kreher. "Struktur und Reaktivität von isoanellierten heterocyclischen Systemen mit 4nπ- und (4n+2)π-Elektronen, XVII [1] Diels-Aider- und Michael-Additionsreaktionen von 3-Alkoxy-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indolen mit Ethindicarbonsäuredialkylestern / Structure and Reactivity of Isoannelated Heterocyclic Systems with 4nπ- and (4n+2)π-Electrons, XVII [1] Diels-Alder and Michael Addition Reactions of 3-Alkoxy-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles with Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 43, № 12 (1988): 1656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1988-1221.

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Abstract The reactions of 2-rm-butyl-3-methoxy-4-methyl-2,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]indole (3) with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates are decisively influenced by the solvent. In the presence of alcohols as protic and polar solvents Michael addition is prefered, while in aprotic and less polar solvents like ether the Diels-Alder reaction is favoured. Based on stereospecific hydrolysis and isotopic labeling dipolar intermediates are discussed. The results are of current interest for mechanistic and theoretical reasons

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4

Gharehassanlou, Sanaz, and Hamzeh Kiyani. "Synthesis of Isoxazol-5-One Derivatives Catalyzed by Amine-Functionalized Cellulose." Organics 5, no. 4 (2024): 378–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/org5040020.

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In this contribution, propylamine-functionalized cellulose (Cell-Pr-NH2) was employed as the catalyst in the three-component reaction between hydroxylamine hydrochloride and various types of aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate/ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, or ethyl 3-oxohexanoate. The result of these experiments was the formation of 3,4-disubstituted isoxazol-5(4H)-one heterocycles. The desired five-membered heterocyclic compounds were obtained in good to high yields at room temperature. The investigation of different solvents led us to the conclusion that water is the best solvent to

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5

Gadhave, Anil G., Sanket B. Shirsath, Amol R. Parhad, Bhagwat K. Uphade, and Dilip S. Aute. "Green and efficient synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones using PPA-polyborate under solvent-free conditions." INDIAN JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 35, no. 02 (2025): 501. https://doi.org/10.59467/ijhc.2025.35.501.

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Polyphosphoric acid (PPA)-polyborate as a solid acid new catalyst was prepared by the reaction between PPA and polyborate. 2H-Indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-triones were synthesized under solvent-free conditions through one-pot tri-component reaction involving substituted aryl aldehydes, phthalhydrazide, and dimedone in the presence of PPA-polyborate catalyst. The main advantages of this study are good to excellent yields, use of less hazardous chemical, shorter reaction times, gentler reaction conditions, reduced chemical waste, increased energy efficiency, environmentally friendly pa

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6

Lee, Donald G., Keith C. Brown, and Hasan Karaman. "Oxidation of hydrocarbons. 17. Solvent and substituent effects on the oxidation of styrene derivatives by quaternary ammonium permanganates." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 6 (1986): 1054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-177.

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When alkenes are oxidized by quaternary ammonium or phosphonium permanganates in polar organic solvents, such as acetone, the structures of the cations have little or no effect on the rates of reaction. In less polar solvents, such as methylene chloride or toluene, the rates of reaction are, however, dependent on the identity of the quaternary ammonium or phosphonium ions. It thus appears as if the reacting species may exist as solvent-separated ion pairs in polar solvents and as intimate ion pairs in nonpolar solvents. The rates of reaction are also very sensitive to substituent effects, a no

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7

Guo, Zhiliang, Ling Ma, Helin Wang, et al. "Less solvent solid state reaction of sodium sulfite and sulfur." Inorganic Chemistry Communications 151 (May 2023): 110619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110619.

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8

Nagani, Afzal, Moksh Shah, Salman Patel, and M. R. Yadav. "Sustainable synthesis of piperazine analogs using varied energy sources in the petasis reaction: A green chemistry perspective." INDIAN JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 34, no. 03 (2024): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.59467/ijhc.2024.34.399.

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The Petasis reaction between substituted boronic acids (1a-c), N-Boc-piperazine, and glyoxylic acid in the conventional method of synthesis needs continuous refluxing for 16 h in a solvent like acetonitrile (ACN) to obtain the products. Using the same reactants, the source of energy was changed to microwave irradiation, ultrasonication, or mechanical energy (Trituration) to obtain good yields of the products consuming much less energy and time. Apart from the use of different sources of energy, the solvents as the media of the reactants were also changed. In microwave synthesis, more than 95%

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9

Suljkanović, Mersiha, Jasmin Suljagić, Edita Bjelić, Ante Prkić, and Perica Bošković. "Chemical Characterization of Terpene-Based Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvents and Their Application for Pb(II) Complexation during Solvent Extraction Procedure." Molecules 29, no. 9 (2024): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092122.

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Solvents prepared from natural terpenes (menthol and thymol), as H-bond acceptors, and a series of organic acids (chain lengths of 8, 10, and 14 C atoms), as H-bond donors, were characterized and tested as reaction media for liquid–liquid extraction purposes. Due to their high hydrophobicity, they seem to be promising alternatives to conventional (nonpolar and toxic) solvents, since they possess relatively less toxic, less volatile, and consequently, more environmentally friendly characteristics. Assuming that the equilibrium is established between solvent and analyte during a ligandless proce

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10

Grobe, Joseph, Helmut Schröder, and Norbert Auner. "Silaethene, XIV [1] Bildung und Reaktivität von 1,1-Di-tert-butoxy-2-neopentylsilaethen (tBuO)2Si = CHNp / Silaethenes, XIV [1] Formation and Reactivity of 1,1-Di-tert-butoxy-2-neopentyl Silaethene (tBuO)2Si=CHNp." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 45, no. 6 (1990): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1990-0610.

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The reaction of (tBuO)2Si(Cl)Vi (3) with LitBu has been investigated in pentane or toluene (non-polar) and mixtures of pentane or toluene with THF (polar), respectively, in order to gain information about the influence of substituents and the polarity of the solvent on the reaction mechanism. In accord with earlier results, using Me2Si(Cl)Vi (1) [8] ortBu2Si(Cl)Vi (2) [5] as precursors, the course of reaction in non-polar solvents is dominated by 1,2-elimination of LiCl from the α-lithio intermediate R2Si(Cl)CH(Li)CH2HtBu yielding 1,1,3,3-tetra(tertbutoxy)-1,3-disilacyclobutane (4) via the cor

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11

Valdez-Rojas, José Ernesto, Hulme Ríos-Guerra, Alma Leticia Ramírez-Sánchez та ін. "A study of the Willgerodt–Kindler reaction to obtain thioamides and α-ketothioamides under solvent-less conditions". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 90, № 7 (2012): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v2012-030.

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In this paper, the results obtained in the synthesis of thioamides and α-ketothioamides by a modification of the Willgerodt–Kindler reaction, under solvent-free and noncatalyst conditions using IR energy as a source of activation, are presented. The use of IR energy in these reactions has been shown to lead to a mixture of thioamide and α-ketothioamide as the main products in most cases, with the latter predominating. The yields of α-ketothioamides from most of these reactions are better than those reported previously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that IR energy has bee

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12

Yang, Dongqiang, and Jiaxi Xu. "Thermal Effect in the Microwave-assisted Aminolysis of Benzoates and Amines." Current Microwave Chemistry 7, no. 1 (2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335607666200115164318.

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Background: Microwave selective heating thermal effect is obvious in unimolecular organic reactions. However, it is unclear whether it exists in bimolecular organic reactions under strictly controlled reaction temperature conditions. Objective: To determine whether microwave selective heating effect exists in the microwave-assisted bimolecular reactions. Methods: Hammett linear relationships in “one-pot” aminolyses of mixed 4-nitrophenyl substituted benzoates with benzylamine and 4-nitrophenyl benzoate with mixed substituted anilines were selected as molecular level probes to explore the therm

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13

Safaei-Ghomi, Javad, and Ali Ghasemzadeh. "Synthesis of some 3,5-diarylisoxazoline derivatives in ionic liquids media." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 6 (2012): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc110831001s.

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Biologically active isoxazoline derivatives were efficiently synthesized in excellent yields and in less reaction time using mild, effective and environmentally friendly butylmethylimidazolium bromide as solvent and catalyst. By use of this catalyst isoxazoline derivatives are produced via cyclization reaction of chalcone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ionic liquids media. The separation of the product was facile and the catalyst could be separated and recycled. Our method is very quick, safe and avoids the use of hazardous and expensive reagents and solvents.

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14

Singh, A. K. "A Kinetics Study of Solvent Effect on Thermodynamics Activation Parameter on alkali catalyzed Solvolysis of Methyl Salicylate in water-DMF Media." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 3, no. 3 (2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.331502.

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A kinetic study on Thermodynamic parameter of solvolysis reaction of methyl salicylate in water-DMF solvent system using different concentration of DMF (v/v) was made at four different temperature i.e. 20o C, 25o C, 30o C, 40o C. It was observed that with increasing concentration (mole %) of the organic co-solvent in the reaction media, the values of the reaction goes on descending while value goes on enhancing. Hence, it was inferred that the reaction was entropy control. The evaluated values of Iso-kinetic temperature are come to 202.62, which is less than 300, indicate weak interaction betw

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15

Chanderiya, Aayushi, Atish Roy, and Ratnesh Das. "Synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives using porous copper oxide as nanocatalyst and their electrochemical study." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 2 (2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc02211141647das.

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<p>This research describes a multi-component condensation reaction of 3,4-dihydropyrano[c]chromene from aldehydes, Dicyanomethane, and 4-Hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one in a solvent system having water and ethanol at ambient temperature. The ratio of water and ethanol was 1:1. Mild reaction temperatures, quick reaction durations, facile product isolation, use of less hazardous solvents, and excellent yields are all essential and valuable characteristics of this approach. In addition, nanoparticles showed perfect catalytic activity since they have more surface area. The electrochemical study of

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16

Wunderlich, Anja, Hermann J. Heipieper, Martin Elsner, and Florian Einsiedl. "Influence of changes in microbial cell membrane composition on isotopic fractionation of nitrate during denitrification." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801051.

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Pure cultures of Thauera aromatica were stressed by the addition of the toxic solvents 1-octanol and 4-chlorophenol causing adaptive modifications in their cell-membrane fatty acid composition. At the same time, we investigated the isotopic fractionation in δ15N-NO3- during denitrification. We observed a change in the degree of saturation (DoS) of the bacteria as a reaction to solvent stress and a higher degree of saturation was directly correlated to the concentration of solvents in the cell membrane. The enrichment factor ε15N-NO3- during denitrification showed a linear dependency to the DoS

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17

IVANOVA, I. K., A. A. DIAKONOV, M. E. SEMENOV, and V. V. KORYAKINA. "MORPHOLOGY AND KINETICS OF PETROLEUM WAX DISSOLUTION IN HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 30 (2018): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.574_periodico30_pgs_570_577.pdf.

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This paper studies the effect of solvent chemical nature on the kinetic parameters of dissolution and the morphology of the petroleum waxes. The kinetics of the petroleum wax dissolution in gas condensate and the hexane-cyclohexane-benzene mixture was examined on the torsion balance within the temperature range from 10 to 40°C. The process was described using the Erofeev-Kolmogorov equation. The following kinetic parameters were calculated: reaction rate, the order of reactions and effective energy for activation the wax dissolution in the studied solvents. It was found that the wax dissolutio

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18

Singh, AK. "Solvent Effect on the Enthalpy and Entropy of Activation for the Hydrolysis of Ethyl Cinnamate in Mixed Solvent System." Journal of Physical Chemistry & Biophysics 7, no. 1 (2017): 01–03. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14848700.

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The rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl cinnamate was measured over the temperature range of 20°C to 40°C in water-acetone mixture at different composition 30 to 70% (v/v). The influence of solvent variation on reaction rate was examined in term of changes in the Activation parameter. Depletion of ∆H* and ∆S* value with simultaneous increase in ∆G* of the reaction in reaction media, reveals that the reaction is Enthalpy domination and Entropy controlled. The Iso- dielectric activation energy (ED) of reaction was found to decrease from 52.43 to 47.28. The Values of Iso-kinetic Temperat

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19

Asplund, M. C., H. Yang, K. T. Kotz, S. E. Bromberg, M. J. Wilkens, and C. B. Harris. "Femtosecond Infrared Studies of Chemical Bond Activation." Laser Chemistry 19, no. 1-4 (1999): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/79161.

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The identification of the intermediates observed in bond activation reactions involving organometallic complexes on time scales from femtoseconds to milliseconds has been accomplished through the use of ultrafast infrared spectroscopy. C—H bond activation by the molecule Tp*Rh(CO)2 showed a final activation time of 200 ns in cyclic solvents, indicating a reaction barrier of 8.3 kcal/mol. An important intermediate is the partially dechelated η2-Tp*Rh(CO)(S) solvent complex, which was formed 200 ps after the initial photoexcitation. Si—H bond activation by CpM(CO)3 (M=Mn, Re) showed some product

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20

Buncel, Erwin, Anurag Kumar, Hai-Qi Xie, Robert Y. Moir та J. Garfield Purdon. "Solvent and crown ether/cryptand effects on the oximate-promoted 1,2-elimination from β-phenylmercaptoethyl p-nitrophenolate. Formation and reactivity of a crown ether-complexed potassium oximate ion pair". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, № 2 (1994): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-065.

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The reactions of β-phenylmercaptoethyl p-nitrophenolate (1) with three potassium oximates, viz. potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate (BDOK), acetophenone oximate (APOK), and acetone oximate (AOK) have been investigated in two nonhydroxylic dipolar aprotic solvents, tetraglyme and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The reaction products, as determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy, were p-nitrophenoxide ion and phenyl vinyl sulfide, in accord with an elimination process. A kinetic spectrophotometric study showed that in tetraglyme, the addition of oxime and water in small amounts drastically decreased the rat

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21

MAKWANI, DIKSHA, and R. VIJAYA. "SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE DISPERSION OF LINEAR POLARIZABILITY AND FIRST HYPERPOLARIZABILITY OF PARA-NITROANILINE USING POLARIZABLE CONTINUUM MODEL." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 18, no. 01 (2009): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863509004452.

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The results of ab-initio calculation of frequency dependent linear polarizability α and first hyperpolarizability β of para-nitroaniline (p-NA) in the presence of different solvents are presented using polarizable continuum model (PCM). Geometry of p-NA in different solvents was optimized using HF/6-31 + G(d,p). Both static and frequency dependent α and β initially increase with an increase in the dielectric constant of the solvent used with p-NA, but subsequently attain an almost constant value. With solvents of higher dielectric constant, the value of static β is more compared to the β value

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22

Li, Meiyu, Yize Liu, Fanjie Hu, Hongwei Ren, and Erhong Duan. "Amino Acid-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Aqueous Environments." Processes 9, no. 10 (2021): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101716.

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The environmental pollution of phenol-containing wastewater is an urgent problem with industrial development. Natural deep eutectic solvents provide an environmentally friendly alternation for the solvent extraction of phenol. This study synthesized a series of natural deep eutectic solvents with L-proline and decanoic acid as precursors, characterized by in situ infrared spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and differential thermogravimetric analysis. Natural deep eutectic solvents have good thermal stability. The high-effici

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23

Chandora, Divya, Pramila Bishnoi, Ganpatram, Om Prakash, and Vinita Sharma. "Influence of Solvents on the Oxidation Kinetics of Aldehydic Group Compounds by Diethylammonium Chloro-chromate." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 6 (2021): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370609.

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The redox studies of some compounds containing aldehydic functional groups by diethyl ammonium chloro-chromate (DEACC) in dimethyl sulfoxide leading a product forming to acid of correspondimg order. Reactions are found to be in unit order with oxidant while a fractional order (less than unity) was found w.r.t. reductants. The redox reactions are influenced with acid, the acid dependence is governed by this equation: kobs = a + b[H+].. When isomeric form of aldehyde, that is Me-CDO is oxidised with the same oxidant it was observed a considerable K.I.E. (Deuterium effect; kH/kD = 05.69 at 298 K)

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24

Nekipelova, T. D. "Phototransformations of non-toxic antioxidants, the derivatives of 1,2-dihydroquinolines, in homogeneous and micellar solutions." International Journal of Photoenergy 1, no. 1 (1999): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x99000069.

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Reactions of transient species photogenerated from 6-R-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinolines (TMDQ) are very sensitive to medium variation. In anhydrous organic solvents, aminyl radicals were generated. They decay in the reaction of dimerization with the second-order rate constant decreasing in a row heptane>benzene>2-propanol. When passing from organic solvents to water, methanol, and water-alcohol solutions, the kinetics and the direction of the reaction crucially change. As a result of the photolysis, the product of the addition of a solvent to the double bond of heterocycle, 4-hydrox

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25

Baruah, Shyamal, Alexander Fisyuk, Ivan V. Kulakov, and Amrit Puzari. "An Atom Economic Acid Catalyzed Synthetic Method for Aromatic Imines." Asian Journal of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 1 (2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/ajcps/2017/10991.

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A new one-pot acid catalyzed synthetic methodology has been described for synthesis of aromatic imines. The reaction is carried out under microwave irradiation using minimum amount of methanol as solvent. Aqueous solution of the acid catalyst act as solvent for amine dissolution. The reaction yields substantial yield of product imine. The simplicity and environmentally benign nature of the process are the most notable features. The process can also be extended to include wide number of substrates. Product of the reaction can be isolated by simple procedure. The reaction can be carried out unde

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26

Acharjee, Nivedita. "Solvent effects on cycloaddition reactions of potent spin-trapping probe N-tert-butylmethanimine N-oxide: A DFT study." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 17, no. 04 (2018): 1850027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021963361850027x.

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[Formula: see text]-tert-butylmethanimine [Formula: see text]-oxide is a potent spin-trapping probe for biologically important radicals, and this nitrone undergoes complete regioselective cycloadditions to less electron-deficient monosubstituted olefins. In the present study, solvent effects on the cycloaddition of this nitrone to styrene have been theoretically studied in terms of the global properties of the reactants, electrophilic and nucleophilic Parr function analysis and the activation and reaction energies of located transition states and products. Formation energies of optimized radic

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27

Singadiya, Ambika, Rakesh Jangir, Pramila Bishnoi, and Om Prakash. "OXIDATION KINETICS AND INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON SOME -HYDROXY ACIDS BY 2-PICOLINIUM CHLOROCHROMATE." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 04 (2022): 2512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1547088.

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A few substituted mandelic acids are oxidized by one of the halochromates 2-picolinium chlorochromate (PiCC) under the influence of dimethyl-sulphoxide (DMSO) as a solvent medium, leading to the form of some oxo-acids. It was observed that this reaction is found to be of unit order with oxidant and less than unity with the reactant. It was also observed that the reaction is not proceeding through the free radical mechanism. A considerable kinetic isotope effect was observed in the oxidation of the deuteriated form of mandalic acid (DMA). The solvent isotope effect was also absent in this react

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Egawa, Yasunobu, and Masafumi Unno. "Solvent-Free Synthesis of Functional Siloxanes Bearing 4-Trifluoromethylphenyl Group." Key Engineering Materials 497 (December 2011): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.497.51.

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Recently we have been investigating solvent-free synthesis of siloxanes. Using no solvent gives less load to environment, and decreases cost in chemical industry. On the other hand, acidic or basic condition may not be applied to siloxanes bearing functional substituents. Therefore, the development of synthetic methods in neutral condition is desired. In this paper, we report the solvent-free thermal condensation of siloxane from silanol bearing vinyl group and strong electron-withdrawing 4-trifluoromethylphenyl group. Furthermore, we examined thermal properties of obtained vinyl-substituted s

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29

Adrom, Belgheis, Nourallah Hazeri, Malek Taher Maghsoodlou, Mojtaba Lashkari, and Maryam Fatahpour. "Green synthesis of 2-aryl-4-phenyl-quınazolıne derıvatives promoted by lactıc acıd." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 36, no. 2 (2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2017.1137.

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An environmentally benign three-component synthetic method is described for the construction of 2-aryl-4-phenylquinazoline derivatives from the reaction between aldehydes, ammonium acetate, and 2-aminobenzophenone in the presence of lactic acid in a solvent-less media. The benefits of the reaction were good yields, a simple procedure, simple starting materials short reaction time, easy work-up, and cleaner reaction profiles.

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Kepski, Konrad, and Wesley James Moran. "An Unexpected Reaction between Diaryliodonium Salts and DMSO." Organics 3, no. 3 (2022): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/org3030020.

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Diaryliodonium salts are useful arylating reagents that have been exploited widely. In this Communication, we demonstrate that heating diphenyliodonium triflate in the solvent DMSO leads to an unexpected arylation reaction. It is postulated that arylation of DMSO at oxygen, followed by a thia-Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement, leads to the formation of 2-thiomethylphenols. More substituted diaryliodonium salts and cyclic diaryliodonium salts are shown to be more stable and less likely to react with DMSO. In conclusion, when using iodonium salts dissolved in DMSO, beware of side-reactions.

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Kafafy, Hany, Hongwei Wu, Ming Peng, et al. "Steric and Solvent Effect in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Utilizing Phenothiazine-Based Dyes." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/548914.

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Three phenothiazine-based dyes have been prepared and utilized as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of dye-adsorption solvent on the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells based on phenothiazine dyes were investigated in this study. The highest conversion efficiency of 3.78% was obtained using ethanol (EtOH) and 2.53% for tetrahydrofuran (THF), respectively, as dye-adsorption solvents. Cell performance using EtOH as a dye-adsorption solvent showed relatively higher performance than that using THF. Electrochemical and photochemical tests of phenothiazine dyes in solution and a

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Oke, Kogila, and Amos Mugweru. "LC-MS/TOF Characterization and Stability Study of Artesunate in Different Solvent Systems." Separations 9, no. 8 (2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9080218.

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Artemisinin (ART) is a sesquiterpene lactone and a popular malaria drug used in many parts of the world. Artesunate (ARTS) is a semi-synthetic derivative of ART with improved pharmacokinetic properties. However, the half-life of ARTS is less than an hour in vivo. The analysis of this drug in vitro in different solvent systems using LC-MS/TOF showed a solvent-driven breakdown. ARTS breakdown formed several derivatives, including dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artemether (ARTM) and DHA-dimer among others, at different rates in different solvent composition systems. The change in temperature from room

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33

Swaddle, T. W. "Inorganic solution chemistry at elevated pressures." Canadian Journal of Physics 73, no. 5-6 (1995): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p95-037.

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Recent interest in pressure effects on inorganic systems in solution has been centred upon the use of volumes of activation ΔV‡ as criteria of reaction mechanism. Work in our laboratory has sought to determine whether ΔV‡ is indeed a useful parameter in this respect, i.e., whether it is substantially independent of pressure and reaction conditions and whether it can be quantitatively predicted for suitably "simple" reactions. For solvent exchange on metal ions (the simplest conceivable substitution process), a semi-empirical model predicts ΔV‡ for limiting dissociative (bond breaking) and asso

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34

Taher, Abu, Debkumar Nandi, Rafique Ul Islam, Meenakshi Choudhary, and Kaushik Mallick. "Microwave assisted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction using polymer supported Cu(i) as a catalytic species: a solventless approach." RSC Advances 5, no. 59 (2015): 47275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04490a.

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35

Lakk-Bogáth, Dóra, Patrik Török, Dénes Pintarics, and József Kaizer. "A Mechanistic Study on Iron-Based Styrene Aziridination: Understanding Epoxidation via Nitrene Hydrolysis." Molecules 29, no. 15 (2024): 3470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29153470.

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Transition-metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer reactions are typically performed in organic solvents under inert and anhydrous conditions due to the involved air and water-sensitive nature of reactive intermediates. Overall, this study provides insights into the iron-based ([FeII(PBI)3](CF3SO3)2 (1), where PBI = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole), catalytic and stoichiometric aziridination of styrenes using PhINTs ([(N-tosylimino)iodo]benzene), highlighting the importance of reaction conditions including the effects of the solvent, co-ligands (para-substituted pyridines), and substrate substituents on t

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36

Laxmikeshav, Kritika, Akash P. Sakla, Stephy Elza John, and Nagula Shankaraiah. "One-pot, microwave-assisted copper(i)-catalysed dithiocarbamation: facile introduction of dithiocarbamate on imidazopyridines." Green Chemistry 24, no. 3 (2022): 1259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc03952k.

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Microwave-assisted dithiocarbamation of various imidazoheterocycles with in situ generated dithiocarbamates via a water-soluble Cu(i) catalyst using benign solvent, enabling catalyst recyclability, scalability, less reaction time and high yields.

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37

Lenskiy, Maxim A., Dmitriy V. Korabel'nikov, Andrei V. Ozhogin, Alexei N. Novitskiy, and Elvira E. Shul'ts. "SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE-p-TRIPHENYLBORON ESTER." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 7 (2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt20196207.5882.

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Triphenyl ester of boric acid was obtained by esterification of boric acid and phenol in o-xylene with water azeotropic distillation, then it was purified by distillation in vacuo. This substance was used as a model compound for the development of a synthesis method for heat-resistant polymers based on polymethylene esters of phenols and boric acid. Reaction of triphenyl ester of boric acid with 1,3,5-trioxane (paraformaldehyde) gave a new boron-containing oligomer – polymethylene-p-triphenyl ester of boric acid. This oligomer was prepared both in the presence of a solvent and without a solven

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Jazie, Ali A., Mustafa Jawad Nuhma, Hassan Abdulkadhim Abbas, and Hajar Alias. "Micro-Reactor Device For Dbsa-catalyzed Biodiesel Synthesis from Microalgae Chlorella Sp." E3S Web of Conferences 173 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017301005.

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The micro-reactor device was fabricated from Teflon and tested as a tool for biodiesel synthesis process from micro algae using Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid catalyst. The variables influenceing on the biodiesel yield were optimized. The maximum yield of biodiesel of 99% was obtained at the reaction conditions of (temperature: 373.15 K, residence time: 20 min, methanol/oil ratio: 20, co-solvent amount: 30 wt% and catalyst amount: 11wt%). The influence of water content also investigated and recommended to be less than 0.5 wt %. The acid value also reduced to a value of less than 0.5 % at the opti

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Protti, Stefano, Daniele Dondi, Maurizio Fagnoni, and Angelo Albini. "Photochemistry in synthesis: Where, when, and why." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 11 (2007): 1929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779111929.

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A series of photochemical reactions are assessed under the environmental aspect by using Eissen and Metzger's EATOS (environmental assessment tool for organic syntheses) method and are compared with strictly analogous thermal processes. These include C-C bond-forming reactions (arylation and alkylation) and selective oxidation and reduction reactions. In most cases, the photochemical method is experimentally simpler and less expensive than the thermal alternative. A disadvantage is that photochemical reactions are carried out in rather dilute solution, and this factor gives by far the main con

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Ward, Dale E., and Chung K. Rhee. "Chemoselective reductions with sodium borohydride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 7 (1989): 1206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-182.

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Under the appropriate reaction conditions, sodium borohydride is a highly chemoselective reducing agent. The order of reactivity among carbonyl groups is conjugated enones < ketones < conjugated aldehydes < aldehydes. In general, a carbonyl group of one type can be selectively reduced in the presence of a carbonyl group of a less reactive type. Reactions are conducted with excess sodium borohydride at −78 °C in solvent mixtures of methanol or ethanol in dichloromethane. Keywords: sodium borohydride, chemoselective reductions.

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Derouicha, Matmour, Achachi Nawel, Zitouni Hanane, et al. "Synthesis and Quality Control of Benzyl Alcohol Used in Pharmacy as Solvent for Injectable Preparations." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 6, no. 6 (2019): 74–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13947559.

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Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol, it’s used as a<strong> </strong>solvent for injectable preparations and classified as notorius effect excipient. It is contraindicated in infants and children less than three years of age because it causes a fatal toxic reaction. We synthesized this solvent in Therapeutic Chemistry laboratory<strong> </strong>of pharmacy department of Sidi Bel-Abbes according the protocol using the Cannizzaro reaction and the yield obtained is 29.29%. The quality control of the synthesized benzyl alcohol is carried out according to the requirements of the European P

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Kruatian, Thidarat, and Kritsana Jitmanee. "Greener Analytical Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Edible Oils." Journal of Food Research 9, no. 6 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v9n6p36.

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A greener analytical method for determination of iodine number (IN) of oils is presented. As per the AOAC standard method, a large amount of solvent and reagent was used, and long incubation time was required. This research is aimed at using less amount of solvent and reagent, less sample weight, and shorten the analysis time by using the modified titrimetric AOAC standard method. The study showed that by reducing the sample size, the amount of reagent could be decreased to 1.00 mL and the reaction time of 1 min is enough for completion of the reaction. The amount of reagent used was at least

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Czieszowic, Łukasz, Beata Orlińska, Dawid Lisicki, and Ewa Pankalla. "Efficient Synthesis of 2-Ethylhexanoic Acid via N-Hydroxyphthalimide Catalyzed Oxidation of 2-Ethylhexanal with Oxygen." Materials 16, no. 17 (2023): 5778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175778.

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An efficient method for the synthesis of 2-ethylhexanoic acid has been reported. The method involves the 2-ethylhexanal oxidation using oxygen or air in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide in isobutanol as a solvent under mild conditions. A high selectivity of >99% for 2-ethylhexanoic acid was achieved. The influence of catalyst amount, solvent type and quantity, temperature, and reaction time on the product composition was studied. The developed method is in line with the global trends aimed at developing green oxidation processes as well as having potential for implementation in industry

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Kaushik, Chanda, Ch. Dutta Milan, Karim E., and N. Vishwakarma J. "An efficient, microwave assisted solvent-free synthesis of polarized enamines." Journal of India Chemical Society Vol 81, Sep 2004 (2004): 791–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5833270.

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Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, St. Anthony's College, Shillong-793 00 I, India <em>E-mai</em>l: jnvishwakarma@rediffmail.com <em>Manuscript received 14 August 2003, revised 9 March 2004, accepted 6 April 2004</em> Reactions of acetophenones (1a-e), phenylacetonitrilcs (If-h) and nitromethane (li) with dimethylformamide-dimcthylacetal were carried out in domestic microwave oven to give 3-dimethylamino-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones (2a-c), 3-dimethylamino-1- arylacrylonitriles (2f-h) and 2-dimethylamino-1-nitroethene (2i), respectively, in very good to excellent yields. This

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45

Firdaus, Maulidan, Triana Kusumaningsih, Ichsan Arifagama, and Zuhdi Alqowamul Amin. "Solvent-less Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols Using CrO3/Al2O3 under Ultrasonic Irradiation." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 25, no. 8 (2022): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.25.8.280-285.

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Alcohol oxidation plays an essential contribution to the chemical industry. Innovative green techniques, such as ultrasound irradiation, could be economically remarkable by enhancing reaction yield. In this research, the design and improvement of a new green ultrasound-assisted oxidation of alcohols procedure using CrO3 supported by Al2O3 with the addition of a small amount of t- butanol were reported. The oxidation of alcohols was also done without ultrasound irradiation to study the sonochemical effect. Based on FTIR and GC/MS analyses, the alcohols were effectively oxidized into their corre

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Thin, Ei Ei, Pitikarn Kanjanapruk, Kanawan Pochanakom, and Sathit Niratisai. "One-Pot Two-Step Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 4-(Hydroxy-(1<i>H</i>-1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl))Methyl Phenol Derivatives." Key Engineering Materials 914 (March 21, 2022): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-76k3c2.

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A one-pot two-step microwave-assisted reaction was developed as key steps for the synthesis of 4-(hydroxy-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl))methyl phenol derivatives, 7a-g. The reaction steps involved in situ generations of azides, 5a-g which were further coupled with alkyne to undergo a cycloaddition reaction, under microwave heating at 70 °C, 15 min to generate 1,4 disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole compounds, 6a-g. These two reactions occurred in the same vial and so we call “one-pot two-step” synthesis. In such a method, the alkyl and arylalkyl azides were generated in a safe manner under microwave irradi

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Bains, William, Janusz Jurand Petkowski, Zhuchang Zhan, and Sara Seager. "Evaluating Alternatives to Water as Solvents for Life: The Example of Sulfuric Acid." Life 11, no. 5 (2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11050400.

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The chemistry of life requires a solvent, which for life on Earth is water. Several alternative solvents have been suggested, but there is little quantitative analysis of their suitability as solvents for life. To support a novel (non-terrestrial) biochemistry, a solvent must be able to form a stable solution of a diverse set of small molecules and polymers, but must not dissolve all molecules. Here, we analyze the potential of concentrated sulfuric acid (CSA) as a solvent for biochemistry. As CSA is a highly effective solvent but a reactive substance, we focused our analysis on the stability

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Wu, Jian, Yanlei Tao, Alei Geng, et al. "Acetylation of bacterial cellulose using N-methyl-imidazole as a catalyst under solvent-free and N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride solvent systems." BioResources 15, no. 2 (2020): 3688–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3688-3706.

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Bacterial cellulose acetate (BCA) at a low degree of substitution (DS) was prepared using acetic anhydride in the presence of N-methylimidazole (NMIM) as a catalyst. The acetylated reaction was studied in both solvent-free (heterogeneous) and N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl; homogeneous) systems, where the DS ranges of BCA obtained from heterogeneous (BCA-HE) and homogeneous (BCA-HO) systems were recorded as 0.31 to 0.95 and 0.4 to 1.5, respectively. The DS values could be effectively controlled by adjusting the reaction conditions. Compared to the heterogeneous reaction, the

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Kureshy, Rukhsana I., Irshad Ahmad, Kavita Pathak, et al. "Solvent-Free Microwave Synthesis of Aryloxypropanolamines by Ring Opening of Aryloxy Epoxides." Research Letters in Organic Chemistry 2009 (March 4, 2009): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/109717.

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The ring opening reaction of aryloxyepoxides with isopropylamine under solvent-free microwave irradiation produced therapeutically useful -blockers-aryloxypropanolamines in excellent yield (up to 98%) in 10 minutes which is considerably less than the time taken in classical heating ( hours).

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Matuszek, K., S. Coffie, A. Chrobok, and M. Swadźba-Kwaśny. "Borenium ionic liquids as catalysts for Diels–Alder reaction: tuneable Lewis superacids for catalytic applications." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 5 (2017): 1045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00106a.

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Ionic liquids with Lewis superacidic borenium cations were used as catalysts in solvent-less Diels–Alder cycloaddition. The extremely high catalytic activity correlated with the Lewis acidity, expressed as the Gutmann acceptor number.

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