Relevant bibliographies by topics / Solvents – Toxicology

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Academic literature on the topic 'Solvents – Toxicology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Solvents – Toxicology"

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MacFARLAND, H. N. "Toxicology of Solvents." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 47, no. 11 (November 1986): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668691390511.

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Yarborough, Charles M. "Toxicology of Solvents." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 44, no. 8 (August 2002): 784–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200208000-00016.

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Glowa, John R. "Behavioral toxicology of solvents." Drug Development Research 20, no. 4 (1990): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.430200402.

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Sharma, Sheela, Jin Lee, Pu Gao, and Vernon E. Steele. "Toxicity Profile of Solvents by Aspiration Approach for Topical Agent Delivery to Respiratory Tract Epithelium." International Journal of Toxicology 30, no. 3 (May 2011): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810396729.

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Agent solubility is a problem for aspiration of agents into lungs for chemopreventive efficacy evaluation, since many agents have to be dissolved in solvents. These solvents may be toxic to the lung epithelium. A study was conducted in female A/J mice to determine toxicity of different solvent concentrations by using saline, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), and labrasol for 1, 5, and 28 days via aspiration route. Toxicity was determined by measuring changes in body weight and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). No significant difference was observed in body weight, differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein in all solvent groups compared to saline by 28 days except 50% ethanol. However, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) showed significant increase in 2% and 10% DMSO, 10% ethanol, 0.1% and 2% PEG-400, and 1% labrasol by longer dosing. All solvents except for 10% ethanol and 2% PEG-400 are suitable for agent aspiration.
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Parker, S. E. "Use and Abuse of Volatile Substances in Industry." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800404.

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1 Although there are trends towards the use of 'safer' or non-solvent materials, the overall consumption of solvents will probably not change very much over the next few years. Substitution of solvents by 'safer' materials is a complex and difficult process and the rate of change is correspondingly slow. 2 HSE exposure data show that generally industry controls most solvent use quite well. High personal exposures are not widespread and tend to occur in a fairly small number of premises involving 'end user' processes (mixing, spraying, etc). 3 Exposure in industry is generally to mixtures of solvents rather than single substances. The degree to which abuse is a contributory factor in exposure is uncertain, but there is probably greater opportunity for abuse to occur in 'end user' processes. 4 The experience of the author and colleagues in the HSE supports the evidence for the occurrence of volatile substance abuse (particularly of organic solvents) in industry but the extent of the practice is not known. 5 The proposed Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) will bring greater emphasis on the assessment of risks to health in industry, which must include the potential for abuse, together with appropriate training and supervision.
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Iwase, M., N. Kurata, R. Ehana, Y. Nishimura, T. Masamoto, and H. Yasuhara. "Evaluation of the effects of hydrophilic organic solvents on CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction in vitro." Human & Experimental Toxicology 25, no. 12 (December 2006): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327106071979.

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This study evaluated the effects of the commonly used hydrophilic organic solvents, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol, on CYP3A in pooled human liver microsomes, using testosterone and midazolam as substrates. Furthermore, we examined the modulation effect of organic solvents on CYP3A inhibition by ketoconazole. Testosterone 6b-hydroxylation activity was potently inhibited in the presence of DMSO and 1-propanol in a concentration-dependent manner. Midazolam 1'-hydroxylation activity, however, was weakly inhibited only by 1% of DMSO, the highest concentration used in this study. Moreover, the potency of ketoconazole to inhibit CYP3A activities was variable, depending on the organic solvent used as a dissolving solvent for ketoconazole. Our data indicate that each organic solvent had an effect on CYP3A4 activity, evaluated by both substrates with different magnitudes. Furthermore, it was shown that the effects of organic solvents on CYP3A activity are substrate-dependent. The present study also shows that methanol had little effect on either substrate.
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Byrd, Daniel M. "Ethel Browning's Toxicology and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7, no. 2 (March 1988): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818809014522.

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McDermott, Catherine, and James J. A. Heffron. "Toxicity of Industrially Relevant Chlorinated Organic Solvents In Vitro." International Journal of Toxicology 32, no. 2 (March 2013): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581813482006.

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The cytotoxic effects of 4 industrially important chlorinated organic solvents, dichloromethane (DCM), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PERC) in vitro, were investigated. Jurkat T cells were exposed to the solvents individually for 72 hours and changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cell proliferation, intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]), and caspase-3 activity were measured. There was a concentration-dependent increase in the ROS formation and intracellular free [Ca2+] following exposure to each of the solvents. This was accompanied by a decrease in the cell proliferation. Solvent potency decreased in the following order: PERC > TCE > DCM > DCE. Caspase-3 activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner by TCE and PERC but was not significantly altered by DCM or DCE. n-Acetyl-l-cysteine pretreatment showed that changes in the intracellular free [Ca2+] and caspase-3 activity were independent of ROS formation. However, increased ROS formation did play a causal role in the decreased cell proliferation observed.
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Lolin, Y. "Chronic Neurological Toxicity Associated with Exposure to Volatile Substances." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800407.

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1 The main neurological disorders associated with chronic VSA are peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar disease, chronic encephalopathy and dementia. Apart from peripheral neuropathy, the clinical features are non-specific, evidence for solvent-related toxicity is in most cases circumstantial and there is no clear dose/response relationship. 2 Peripheral neuropathy is mainly associated with n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone. 3 Cerebellar disease is usually associated with toluene exposure; in the more severe cases there is often radiological evidence of irreversible cerebellar atrophy. 4 Chronic encephalopathy and dementia are the most serious consequence of solvent exposure, particularly to toluene in abusers and to mixed solvents in industrial workers. Post-mortem studies in some abusers have shown generalized axonal degeneration, demyelination and brain atrophy. 5 Further studies on low level solvent exposure are needed as little is known about the neurological consequences of mild VSA, especially as regards individual susceptibility and possible interactions between solvents and other toxins such as ethanol.
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Brooks, T. M., A. L. Meyer, and D. H. Hutson. "The genetic toxicology of some hydrocarban and oxygenated solvents." Mutagenesis 3, no. 3 (1988): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/3.3.227.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Solvents – Toxicology"

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Battah, Abdel-Kader Hamdi. "The analysis of drugs and solvents in forensic toxicology by combined GC- and LC-MS." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4115/.

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The work described in this thesis was in the field of Forensic Toxicology, which is the study and practice of toxicology for legal purposes. Three different application areas were considered: (a) the analysis of drugs in blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following isolation from the biological matrix by solid phase extraction procedures, (b) the analysis of paint solvents in blood by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS following dynamic headspace elution from blood, and (c) an evaluation of Thermospray/Plasmaspray (TSP/PSP LC-MS) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as the basis of drug screening techniques in forensic toxicology. (a) In the first of these areas, a sensitive, specific and reliable method was developed for the analysis of basic drugs in blood, using morphine and buprenorphine as model compounds which are also drugs commonly abused in the Glasgow area. A novel extraction procedure was used, based on a commercially available chemically-modified silica containing surface-bound benzenesulphonylpropyl groups, which served as a cation exchange resin. Several methods for the initial treatment of the biological matrix wre examined and the one selected involved absorption of the blood sample on diatomaceous earth and solvent elution of the crude extract containing any drugs present in the sample. This extract was then purified using the cation exchange resin: conditions suitable for the efficient retention of basic drugs and subsequent elution were also examined and developed. The extraction efficiencies for morphine were 925% and 954% at concentrations of 35 and 560ng/ml blood, respectively, for buprenorphine 836% and 875% , at concentration of 0.5 and 8ng/ml respectively, and for other drugs were better than 85% . The end-step analytical technique chosen for this method was GC-MS, because of analytical and legal requirements with respect to sensitivity and specificity. The polar nature of the model compounds, and of many other drugs likely to be encountered in this field, required chemical modification of the substances prior to gas chromatography. A comparison was made of three silyl ether derivatives - the trimethylsily (TMS), ethyldimethylsilyl (EMS) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (MTBS) ethers. The conditions required for derivative formation were examined, including the choice of silyl donor reagent, solvents, temperature of reaction and time to completion. The EDMS donor, diethyltetramethyldisilazane, was selected on the basis of the midl reaction conditions required for the test compounds and also because this reagent caused less interference during GC-MS analysis. EDMS ethers gave satisfactory gas chromatographic behaviour and the presence of prominent ions at high mass was shown to be advantageous for specific and sensitive detection by SIR-MS with little background interference. The developed method was considered to be useful for both clinical and post-mortem blood samples containing morphine and buprenorphine down to the low picogram/millilitre level, and therefore adequate for the intended purpose. The method was subsequently applied to 13 samples submitted for analysis to the Department of Forensic Medicine and Science and found to be satisfactory. (b) In the second area of application, dynamic head space (DHS) elution was used for the analysis of paint solvents in blood. Volatilised solvents were trapped on a Tenax-GC cartridge and were subsequently analysed by GC-MS. The extraction efficiency of this method for C18-C12 n-alkane hydrocarbons, which were present in the paint materials, was better than 90% and sensitivity down to pg/ml levels was obtained. Solvent extraction procedures for these hydrocarbons were evaluated using high purity solvent. The extraction efficiency was better than 85% . Analysis of extracts by GC or GC-MS suffered from interference from the solvent front which reduced the sensitivity. The DHS method was applied to a pilot study for occupational monitoring of a group of painters to assess the presence of paint solvents in their blood. Two venous blood samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of a working week from each subject. They showed the presence of several solvents similar to those present in paint material and the levels in the second series of samples were higher than those of the first series. The differences between the levels in the two series were statistically significant for n-nonane, n-undecane and alkylbenzenes. The levels in the first sample indicated incomplete clearance of these solvents from the body during the weekend, and the second samples indicated solvent uptake during the working week. Solvent contamination in the extraction system was tackled by several approaches but still hindered the accurate estimation of solvent levels in blood. (c) In the third area of application, the operating parameters which control the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer using the TSP/PSP LC-MS interface were evaluated. These included the effects of the probe temperature and discharge voltage on sensitivity and mass spectral fragmentation pattern and the effects of the mobile phase constituents on sensitivity and mass spectral peak stability. Solvent systems containing ammonium acetate buffer and an organic modifier such as acetonitrile produced the best results in plasmaspray LC-MS. Three model HPLC-MS analyses were developed for mixtures of basic drugs, barbiturates and opiates using both the plasmaspray positive and negative ion modes. During the development of the mobile phases, the optimization of chromatography by organic modifiers was assessed. The quality of chromatography obtained was not always as good as expected in conventional HPLC, but the combination of chromatographic and mass spectral data could be used for identification and quantification purposes. A compilation of PSP mass spectra of drugs commonly encountered in forensic toxicology was produced. These mass spectra provided mostly molecular weight information with little structural information.
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Gibson, Jason. "Neurotoxicity of the Industrial Solvent 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol: Involvement of the GABA Receptor." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799542/.

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A recent chemical spill of 4-Methylcyclohexanemethanol (4-MCHM) in West Virginia left 300,000 people without water. Officials claimed that this compound is not lethally toxic, but potentially harmful if swallowed or inhaled, and can cause eye and skin irritation. Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemical Carcinogens reports high exposures from skin contact or inhalation may cause damage to the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, and may result in death. However, no quantitative data seem to exist and no references can be found on neurotoxicity. We have investigated the neurotoxicity of 4-MCHM using mammalian nerve cell networks grown on microelectrode arrays. Network spontaneous activity from multiple units (range 48 – 120 per network) were used as the primary readout. Individual units were followed based on spike waveforms digitized at 40 kHz (Plexon MNAP system). Dose response curves show the effective inhibitory concentration at 50 percent decrease (EC50) to average 27.4 microM SD±6.17. However, in the presence of 40 microM bicuculline, a competitive GABAA antagonist, the EC50 shifts to 70.63uM SD ±4.3; implying that early, low concentration exposures to 4-MCHM involve GABA activation. Initial activity loss occurs without active unit loss (defined as 10 or more template threshold crossing per min), indicating functional interference with spike production. Full recovery has not been seen at concentrations above 130 microM, unless the culture was given bicuculline. Direct exposure to 400uM results in immediate, irreversible loss of spike production, followed by necrosis of glia and neurons.
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Cherry, Nicola. "Organic brain damage and occupational solvent exposure." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60012.

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309 cases of organic dementia, cerebral atrophy or psycho-organic syndrome, admitted for 5 days or more to one of 18 Quebec hospitals, were individually matched to a psychiatric referent, admitted with some other diagnosis, and a general hospital referent. Lifetime occupational history was obtained by telephone. Occupational solvent exposure was assessed by (i) individual ratings blind to case status and (ii) a job-exposure matrix. Subjects working with moderate or high solvent concentrations for at least 10 years were considered exposed. With the psychiatric referent series an odds ratio of 1.44 (90% CI 1.03-2.01) was calculated for individual exposure ratings and 1.41 (90% CI 0.89-2.23) for the job matrix. The increased risk was found largely in those with diagnoses of both organic dementia or cerebral atrophy and an alcohol related condition. A similar pattern of risk was found with the general hospital referents. Adjustment for possible confounders did not appreciably alter the risk estimates.
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Gomes, Anabele Stefânia. "Atividade fitotóxica de extratos foliares de Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2013. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/14735.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2013.
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Muitos metabólitos secundários podem ser sintetizados desde os primeiros estágios da planta, no entanto outros podem ter sua produção desencadeada ou aumentada em resposta a algum estímulo ambiental, o que pode afetar seu potencial fitotóxico. O método de extração e o tipo de solvente utilizado para tal podem interferir na estrutura de produtos e na quantidade a ser extraída. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fitotóxico de extratos aquosos de folhas de P. torta coletadas na estação chuvosa e na estação seca no Cerrado, e obtidos por extração a quente e a frio, nas espécies alvo Sesamum indicum (gergelim) e Urochloa decumbens (braquiária). Ainda, comparar a atividade dos extratos aquosos com extratos obtidos por acetato de etila. Os extratos foram testados em cinco concentrações, 200, 400, 800, 1600 e 3200 ppm. Foram realizados experimentos de germinação e crescimento inicial em placa de petri que foram mantidas em câmara de germinação por sete dias, a 30ºC, com fotoperíodo de 12h. Não houve diferença na atividade em relação à época de coleta ou ao método de extração. Em relação ao extrato obtido por acetato de etila, a extração aquosa mostrou-se mais indicada para obtenção de fitoquímicos na espécie estudada, por ter maior efeito inibitório sob as espécies-alvo, além de ter baixo custo. A germinabilidade e o tempo médio de germinação não foram alterados em nenhuma das espécies, no entanto, o crescimento inicial foi inibido. O crescimento radicular foi mais sensível aos efeitos dos fitoquímicos que o crescimento aéreo. O gergelim mostrou-se mais sensível aos tratamentos do que a braquiária. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Many secondary metabolites can be synthesized since the earliest stages of plants life, however, others may have their production initiated or increased in response to an environmental stress, which can affect their phytotoxic potential. The method of extraction and the solvent used may interfere with the structure of products and quantity to be extracted. The aim of this study is to evaluate phytotoxic potential of aqueous extracts from leaves of P. Torta, collected during the rainy and the dry season in Cerrado, obtained by hot and cold extractions, using as the target species Sesamum indicum and Urochloa decumbens. Also, to compare the activity of aqueous extracts with the extracts obtained by ethyl acetate. The extracts were tested at five different concentrations: 200, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 ppm. Germination and early growth experiments were tested in Petri dish, which were kept in growth chamber for seven days, at 30°C, with a 12h photoperiod .There was no difference in the activity concerning to time of collection or method of extraction. Regarding the extract obtained by ethyl acetate, the aqueous extraction was more suitable for obtaining phytochemicals from the studied specie, because of greater inhibitory effect on target species and low cost. Germinability and the mean time to germination were not altered in any target species, however, early growth was inhibited. Root growth was more sensitive to effects of phytochemical than to aerial growth. The sesame was more sensitive to the treatments than brachiaria.
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Betit, Caroline. "COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE DRUG AND METABOLITE LEVELS RECOVERED FROM SKELETONIZED REMAINS FOLLOWING STANDARD PASSIVE EXTRACTION, MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION AND ULTRASONIC SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND GC-MS OR UPLC-DAD." Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2014. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2136.

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Nascimento, Amanda do. "Uso de solventes por crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua no Distrito Federal." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2009. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3868.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2009.
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A precariedade de acesso aos bens materiais e imateriais nas periferias faz com que centenas de famílias cheguem à Brasília todos os anos. Nesse cenário, crianças e adolescentes são expostos a uma série de riscos à sua saúde e bem-estar, inclusive o uso de drogas. O uso de solventes é o mais preocupante nessa população, tanto devido ao seu amplo consumo, quanto devido aos danos à saúde e sociais relacionados ao seu uso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fatores associados ao uso de solventes pelas crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua no Distrito Federal. Foram realizados estudo quantitativo e qualitativo, através da aplicação de questionários estruturados e entrevistas abertas, respectivamente, aos jovens em situação de rua. Cento e trinta e dois jovens participaram do estudo quantitativo e destes, sete participaram das entrevistas abertas. O período de coleta de dados perdurou quinze meses, de agosto de 2006 a novembro de 2007. Foi utilizada a análise do discurso crítica como ferramenta, por conter em seu arcabouço de análise noções de ideologia e poder na pósmodernidade; portanto contextualizando a percepção dos jovens ao risco que estão expostos inseridos no espaço de vulnerabilidade, exclusão e volatilidade marcantes na pósmodernidade. Os solventes foram as drogas de maior prevalência entre os indivíduos do estudo. O uso dessa substância está relacionado aos jovens desacompanhados dos pais, principalmente a mãe, do sexo masculino e ausentes da escola; das crianças que não freqüentavam a escola 84 % eram usuários de solventes. Foi observado que a prevalência de usuários de solventes do sexo masculino foi quase 20% maior do que a prevalência de meninas usuárias de solventes e que os meninos têm duas vezes mais chances de serem usuários de solventes do que as meninas. Os jovens acompanhados das mães iniciam sua jornada nas ruas mais cedo, porém o seu nível de envolvimento com as ruas é menor. Em comparação com os diferentes tipos de acompanhantes nas ruas, a presença da mãe foi a única relevante para o não uso de solventes. Porém, em avaliação qualitativa a família tem papel antagônico, ora protetor, ora facilitador, na vida dos jovens com relação ao uso de drogas, em especial solventes. A percepção dos riscos pessoais parece ter maior influência na proteção dos meninos ao uso de solventes, principalmente as experiências relacionadas com a família. Embora os jovens percebam os riscos relacionados a situação de rua, estes não estão associados ao uso de solventes. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The poor access to material and immaterial goods in the suburbs make hundreds of families come to Brasília every year. Under this scenario, children and adolescents are exposed to a series of health and well-being risks, including those from drug abuse. The use of solvent is the most critical in this population, due to its large consumption and the related health and social problems associated with its abuse. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the factors associated with drug use by children and adolescents in street situation at the Federal District. A section epidemiological study was carried out with open and structured interviews with studied population. One hundred and thirty two individuals were interviewed and among these, seven participated in the open interviews. The data collection period lasted fifteen months, from August of 2006 to November of 2007. The critical discourse analysis was used as a tool, for containing in its structure of analysis notions of after-modernity ideology and power, therefore creating a scope of the young's perception to the risk that they are exposed to under the street situation. The solvents were the drugs of most prevalence among the individuals of the study. Most of the individuals were male, were not accompanied by their parents, mainly by the mother, and absent from school; 84% of the children that didn’t go to school were solvent users. The prevalence of male solvent users were almost 20% higher than the prevalence of female solvent users; boys has twice more chance of becoming solvent users than girls. The individuals accompany of their mothers start their street journey earlier, but their engagement level with solvents is minor. The mother presence was the only one relevant aspect for not start using solvents. In the qualitative evaluation, however, the family had an antagonic role in the life of the individuals with relation to the use of drugs, especially solvents. The personal risk perception seems to have greater influence on the protection of males over solvent's abuse, mainly the experiences related with the family. Even though the individuals perceive the risks related to the street situation, they do not associated it to use of solvents.
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Penatti, Fábio Eduardo. "Determinação dos potenciais toxicológicos em organismos aquáticos de resíduos de misturas de solventes orgânicos utilizados em laboratórios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-11122015-150822/.

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Resíduos líquidos são comumente gerados como subprodutos das análises físico-químicas em laboratórios. Grande parte destes resíduos são compostos por solventes orgânicos, e em muitos dos processos analíticos, não possuem sistemas de gerenciamento para destinação correta destes resíduos, sendo assim escoados diretamente nos sistemas de esgoto, podendo, desta forma, causar impactos ambientais significativos nos ecossistemas aquáticos próximos aos estabelecimentos. Diante destes problemas, o presente trabalho mostrou, por meio de análises da toxicidade dos solventes orgânicos, que os solventes acetonitrila, metanol, diclorometano e clorofórmio, testados nos organismos aquáticos: Daphnia magna, Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dúbia e Danio rerio, possuem toxicidades diferentes ao se comparar os testes com os tratamentos individuais com os testados por meio de suas misturas. Os resultados de toxicidade aguda dos tratamentos dos solventes não halogenados individuais, ficaram na faixa de 5.000 mg.L-1 a 21.764 mg.L-1 , e os tratamentos com a mistura de solventes ficaram na faixa de 707 mg.L- 1 a 3.404 mg.L-1, demonstrando que as misturas dos solventes halogenados com não halogenados potencializam a toxicidade em torno de 6 a 7 vezes, se comparados com a toxicidade dos ensaios com os tratamentos individuais. Da mesma forma, para os ensaios crônicos, as maiores concentrações com os solventes testados individualmente ficaram na faixa de 625 mg.L-1 a 1.562 mg.L-1 , sendo que as misturas de todos os solventes, ficaram na faixa de 125 mg.L-1 a 312 mg.L-1, mostrando assim uma potenciação da toxicidade em torno de 5 vezes.
Liquid wastes are commonly generated as by-products of physicochemical analyses in laboratories. Most of these residues are comprised of organic solvents, and in many analytical processes, there are no management systems for proper disposal of the wastes. Thus, they are drained directly into the sewer systems and might thus cause significant environmental impacts to the nearby aquatic ecosystems. Faced with these problems, this study has shown, through the toxicity of organic solvents analyses, the acetonitrile solvent, methanol, dichloromethane and chloroform, tested on aquatic organisms: Daphnia magna, Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Danio rerio have different toxicities when compared to the tests with the individual treatments tested through their mixtures. The results of acute toxicity of individual treatments of non-halogenated solvents were in the range of 5.000 mg.L-1 to 21.764 mg.L-1. The treatments with mixtures of solvents were in the range of 707 mg.L-1 to 3.404 mg.L-1. These results show that mixtures of the halogenated solvents with non-halogenated potentiate the toxicity, approximately 6 to 7 times, compared to the toxicity tests with the individual treatments. Likewise, for the chronic studies the higher concentrations with solvents individually tested were in the range of mg.L-1 to 1.562 mg.L-1, and the mixtures of all solvents, were in the range of 125 mg.L-1 to 312 mg.L-1, showing a potentiation of toxicity around 5 times.
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8

Wathier, Ludivine. "Modifications de l’amplitude du réflexe de l’oreille moyenne après inhalation de solvant. Conséquences physiologiques pour les expositions au bruit." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0211/document.

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Le réflexe de l’oreille moyenne (ROM) diminue l’énergie acoustique portée par les bruits riches en basses fréquences et de fortes intensités qui pénètrent dans la cochlée. Son déclenchement bilatéral permet ainsi de protéger la cochlée. La perturbation de ce réflexe par des solvants peut accroître les effets cochléo-traumatisants du bruit, notamment chez les salariés du secteur industriel, où bruit et solvant sont souvent associés. L’objectif principal de ces travaux était d’élaborer un test de criblage capable d’identifier les substances volatiles susceptibles de modifier le réflexe. De plus, le choix des solvants nous a permis d’étudier le mode d’action des solvants sur les neurones impliqués dans l’arc réflexe. Pour cela, des rats Brown Norway anesthésiés ont été exposés par inhalation aux solvants aromatiques choisis selon leur lipophilie (log Kow) et/ou selon leur structure. L’amplitude du ROM a été déterminée grâce à la mesure de l’intensité du produit de distorsion acoustique. Les résultats montrent que les effets des solvants sur le ROM sont conditionnés par les paramètres stéréospécifiques des molécules et non par leur lipophilie. Par ailleurs, l’analyse RMN des microsomes de cerveaux de rats confirme que le toluène n’influence pas la fluidité membranaire. En conclusion, le ROM est un bon outil pour détecter des substances dangereuses pour l’audition en cas de co-exposition avec du bruit. De plus, nous pouvons dire que les solvants aromatiques ont une action neuropharmacologique et/ou cochléotoxique qui peuvent retentir de façon distincte sur l’audition des sujets co-exposés au bruit et à des solvants
The middle-ear reflex (MER) reduces acoustic energy carried by the high intensity noises rich in low frequencies at entering the cochlea. His bilateral trigger thus protects the cochlea. Disruption of this reflex by solvents can increase cochleo-traumatic effects of noise, especially among industrial workers, where noise and solvent are often associated. The main objective of this work was to develop a screening test capable of identifying the volatile substances that could modify the reflex. Moreover, the choice of solvents allowed us to study the mode of action of solvents on the neurons involved in the reflex circuit. For this purpose, Brown Norway rats were anesthetized and then exposed to aromatic solvents selected according to their lipophilicity (log Kow) and/or their structure. The amplitude of the MER is determined by measuring cubic distortion product oto-acoustic emissions. For that, aromatic solvents appear to act directly on the neuronal targets involved in the acoustic reflex circuit, rather than on membrane fluidity. The affinity of this interaction is determined by stereospecific parameters rather than lipophilocity. Additionally, NMR spectra for brain microsomes confirmed that brain lipid fluidity was unaffected by toluene exposure. In conclusion, the MER can be used to detect hazardous volatiles substances for the hearing when co-exposed to noise. Moreover, this study revealed that aromatic solvents have a neuropharmacological and/or cochleotoxic action that can act separately on the hearing of workers exposed to noise and solvents simultaneously
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9

Kim, Min Sun. "Molecular and cellular mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbon axonopathy." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/32685.

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Hydrocarbon solvents are widely used in the production of paints, adhesives, dyes, polymers, plastics, textiles, printing inks, agricultural products and pharmaceuticals. While the neuropathic potential of aliphatic solvents was shown in the 1970s, little is known about the neuropathic potential of aromatic solvents. The present study examines such solvents, 1,2-diethylbenzene (DEB) and its metabolite 1,2-diacetylbenzene (DAB), to determine (a) the neuropathological evidence for peripheral neuropathy in rodents treated with 1,2-DAB, (b) the neurochemical basis for the neurotoxic properties of this compound, and (c) the structural requirements for nerve fiber damage. The properties of 1,2-DAB and 2,5- hexanedione (HD) are also compared. A key finding of this thesis is that 1,2-DAB induces a 2,5-HD-like pattern of nerve damage of motor and sensory axons with focal swellings containing neurofilaments. Whereas nerve damage begins distally in 2,5-HD intoxication, with 1,2-DAB treatment axonal swellings begin intraspinally and in the proximal ventral roots of motor nerve fibers. A second key finding is the reactivity of 1,2-DAB with amino acids, notably lysine, a property that is shared with 2,5-HD. 1,2-DAB and 2,5-HD react with amino acids and proteins to form blue and yellow chromophores, respectively. Relative to 2,5-HD, 1,2-DAB is three orders of magnitude more reactive in forming high-molecular-weight species. 1,2-DAB treatment of spinal cord slices in vitro and intact sciatic nerve in vivo showed that neurofilament proteins react more readily than beta-tubulin. The heavy and medium subunits of neurofilament protein were more reactive than the light subunit. The reactivity of these four axonal proteins was in proportion to their lysine content. These data are consistent with selective accumulation of neurofilaments in giant axonal swellings. In summary, these studies have shown a relationship between the chromogenic and neuropathic properties of two gamma-diketones, one aliphatic (2,5-HD) the other aromatic (1,2-DAB). These studies are relevant to occupational and public health for at least two reasons. First, urinary chromogens generated by neuropathic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons could serve as biological markers of exposure to solvents with neuropathic potential, and second, other chromogenic solvents (such as tetralin) should be considered for neuropathic potential.
Graduation date: 2002
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10

Laslo-Baker, Dionne. "Child Neurodevelopment following In Utero Exposure to Organic Solvents." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/34778.

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BACKGROUND: Many women of reproductive age are employed in industries involving exposure to organic solvents. Animal toxicological studies and human case reports demonstrate that exposure to organic solvents can cause neuropsychological deficits in exposed offspring; however, there is limited data from prospective controlled human studies. OBJECTIVE: To compare neuropsychological functioning between children whose mothers were occupationally exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy with a non-exposed matched comparison group. METHODS: Participants were 48 women who had previously contacted the Motherisk Program in Toronto, Canada during pregnancy regarding occupational exposure to organic solvents and a matched comparison group of women with no known exposure to teratogens during pregnancy. Children (18 months to 8 years 11 months at time of study) were compared in areas of cognitive, language, motor, and behavioral functioning. RESULTS: Children whose mothers were exposed to organic solvents during pregnancy displayed a lower level of functioning when compared with their matched peers in areas of cognitive, language, motor, and behavioral domains. Although the scores on measures of behavioral functioning were not in the clinical range, the mothers of exposed children reported more challenging behavioral problems. In order to determine whether exposure predicted neuropsychological outcomes above and beyond maternal intellectual functioning, hierarchical regressions were run with maternal IQ and maternal education at Step 1and exposure status added at Step 2. In utero exposure to organic solvents predicted lower sores on global measures of Verbal IQ, receptive and expressive language scales above and beyond maternal intellectual functioning. Factors associated with higher levels of exposure (detecting odor, longer duration and total number of toxicity symptoms) was associated with poorer outcome on behavioral and motor functioning tests. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that the exposed mothers experienced minimal symptoms of toxicity, detrimental effects were still evident in their offspring. Current safety standards for exposure were designed for adults and need to be reevaluated. Further studies addressing exposure to specific organic solvents, dose, and gestational timing of exposure are warranted.
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Books on the topic "Solvents – Toxicology"

1

Bates, Nicola, and Maeve McParland. Toxicology of solvents. Shawbury, U.K: Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002.

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You ji rong ji zhi ye bing wei hai fang hu shi yong zhi nan. Beijing Shi: Hua xue gong ye chu ban she, 2008.

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Arlien-Søborg, Peter. Solvent neurotoxicity. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1992.

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Cocchiarella, Linda. Stoddard solvent toxicity. Edited by Hryhorczuk Daniel O, Garrettson Lorne K, United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and DeLima Associates. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993.

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Cocchiarella, Linda. Stoddard solvent toxicity. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993.

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Sinclair, Sherrie Lee. Solvents-- new, used, and hazardous in health and industry: Index of new information and research bible of current reviews. Washington, D.C: Abbe Publishers Association, 1996.

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Abdo, K. NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of n,n-dimethylaniline (CAS no. 121-69-7) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1989.

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Middleton, Dannie C. Request for assistance in preventing adverse health effects from exposure to dimethylformamide (DMF). Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1990.

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Vesa, Riihimäki, and Ulfvarson Ulf 1931-, eds. Safety and Health aspects of organic solvents: Proceedins of the International Course on Safety and Health Aspects of Organic Solvents, held in Espoo, Finland, April 22-26, 1985. New York: A.R. Liss, 1986.

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Irwin, Richard. NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of furfural (CAS no. 98-01-1) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health ; [Springfield, VA, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Solvents – Toxicology"

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Bruckner, James V. "Organic Solvents." In Mammalian Toxicology, 187–218. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118683484.ch9.

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Gupta, P. K. "Solvents, Gasses, and Vapors." In Problem Solving Questions in Toxicology:, 181–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50409-0_13.

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Ganzevles, Paul G. J., and Bianca W. J. de Geus. "Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients Chronically Exposed to Organic Solvents." In Archives of Toxicology, 54–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77260-3_7.

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Korpela, M., and H. Tähti. "Effects of Organic Solvents on Erythrocyte Membrane Acetylcholine Esterase Activity." In Archives of Toxicology, 148–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69928-3_21.

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Tähti, Hanna, Maria Engelke, and Leila Vaalavirta. "Mechanisms and Models of Neurotoxicity of n-Hexane and Related Solvents." In Archives of Toxicology, 337–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_32.

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Korpela, M., and H. Tähti. "Effect of Organic Solvents on Human Erythrocyte Membrane Acetylcholinesterase Activity In Vitro." In Archives of Toxicology, 320–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71248-7_55.

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Korpela, M. "Organic Solvents Affect Rat Synaptosome Membrane Acetylcholinesterase and Adenosine Triphosphatase In Vitro." In Archives of Toxicology, 384–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73113-6_71.

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Gupta, PK. "Toxicologic Hazards of Solvents, Gases, Vapors, and Other Chemicals." In Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology, 121–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22250-5_6.

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Tähti, H., and A. Valaja. "The Mechanism of the Anaesthetic Action of Organic Solvents Studied with Different Membrane Models in Vitro." In Archives of Toxicology, 269–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74936-0_57.

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Parkinson, C., and C. Agius. "The Effect of Solvents on the Toxicity of DDT to Fish Cells." In Mechanisms and Models in Toxicology, 240–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72558-6_41.

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Reports on the topic "Solvents – Toxicology"

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Griest, W. H., C. Y. Ma, I. B. Rubin, and B. A. Tomkins. Physical and chemical characterization of SRC (solvent refined coal) Toxicology Program samples. [SRC solids; SRC and TSL middle distillates]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6975727.

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