Journal articles: 'Solvents – Toxicology'

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MacFARLAND, H. N. "Toxicology of Solvents." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 47, no. 11 (November 1986): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298668691390511.

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Yarborough, Charles M. "Toxicology of Solvents." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 44, no. 8 (August 2002): 784–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200208000-00016.

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Glowa, John R. "Behavioral toxicology of solvents." Drug Development Research 20, no. 4 (1990): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.430200402.

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Sharma, Sheela, Jin Lee, Pu Gao, and Vernon E. Steele. "Toxicity Profile of Solvents by Aspiration Approach for Topical Agent Delivery to Respiratory Tract Epithelium." International Journal of Toxicology 30, no. 3 (May 2011): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810396729.

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Agent solubility is a problem for aspiration of agents into lungs for chemopreventive efficacy evaluation, since many agents have to be dissolved in solvents. These solvents may be toxic to the lung epithelium. A study was conducted in female A/J mice to determine toxicity of different solvent concentrations by using saline, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), and labrasol for 1, 5, and 28 days via aspiration route. Toxicity was determined by measuring changes in body weight and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). No significant difference was observed in body weight, differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein in all solvent groups compared to saline by 28 days except 50% ethanol. However, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) showed significant increase in 2% and 10% DMSO, 10% ethanol, 0.1% and 2% PEG-400, and 1% labrasol by longer dosing. All solvents except for 10% ethanol and 2% PEG-400 are suitable for agent aspiration.

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Parker, S. E. "Use and Abuse of Volatile Substances in Industry." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800404.

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1 Although there are trends towards the use of 'safer' or non-solvent materials, the overall consumption of solvents will probably not change very much over the next few years. Substitution of solvents by 'safer' materials is a complex and difficult process and the rate of change is correspondingly slow. 2 HSE exposure data show that generally industry controls most solvent use quite well. High personal exposures are not widespread and tend to occur in a fairly small number of premises involving 'end user' processes (mixing, spraying, etc). 3 Exposure in industry is generally to mixtures of solvents rather than single substances. The degree to which abuse is a contributory factor in exposure is uncertain, but there is probably greater opportunity for abuse to occur in 'end user' processes. 4 The experience of the author and colleagues in the HSE supports the evidence for the occurrence of volatile substance abuse (particularly of organic solvents) in industry but the extent of the practice is not known. 5 The proposed Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) will bring greater emphasis on the assessment of risks to health in industry, which must include the potential for abuse, together with appropriate training and supervision.

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Iwase, M., N. Kurata, R. Ehana, Y. Nishimura, T. Masamoto, and H. Yasuhara. "Evaluation of the effects of hydrophilic organic solvents on CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction in vitro." Human & Experimental Toxicology 25, no. 12 (December 2006): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327106071979.

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This study evaluated the effects of the commonly used hydrophilic organic solvents, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol, on CYP3A in pooled human liver microsomes, using testosterone and midazolam as substrates. Furthermore, we examined the modulation effect of organic solvents on CYP3A inhibition by ketoconazole. Testosterone 6b-hydroxylation activity was potently inhibited in the presence of DMSO and 1-propanol in a concentration-dependent manner. Midazolam 1'-hydroxylation activity, however, was weakly inhibited only by 1% of DMSO, the highest concentration used in this study. Moreover, the potency of ketoconazole to inhibit CYP3A activities was variable, depending on the organic solvent used as a dissolving solvent for ketoconazole. Our data indicate that each organic solvent had an effect on CYP3A4 activity, evaluated by both substrates with different magnitudes. Furthermore, it was shown that the effects of organic solvents on CYP3A activity are substrate-dependent. The present study also shows that methanol had little effect on either substrate.

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Byrd, Daniel M. "Ethel Browning's Toxicology and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7, no. 2 (March 1988): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818809014522.

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McDermott, Catherine, and James J. A. Heffron. "Toxicity of Industrially Relevant Chlorinated Organic Solvents In Vitro." International Journal of Toxicology 32, no. 2 (March 2013): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581813482006.

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The cytotoxic effects of 4 industrially important chlorinated organic solvents, dichloromethane (DCM), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and tetrachloroethylene (PERC) in vitro, were investigated. Jurkat T cells were exposed to the solvents individually for 72 hours and changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cell proliferation, intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]), and caspase-3 activity were measured. There was a concentration-dependent increase in the ROS formation and intracellular free [Ca2+] following exposure to each of the solvents. This was accompanied by a decrease in the cell proliferation. Solvent potency decreased in the following order: PERC > TCE > DCM > DCE. Caspase-3 activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner by TCE and PERC but was not significantly altered by DCM or DCE. n-Acetyl-l-cysteine pretreatment showed that changes in the intracellular free [Ca2+] and caspase-3 activity were independent of ROS formation. However, increased ROS formation did play a causal role in the decreased cell proliferation observed.

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Lolin, Y. "Chronic Neurological Toxicity Associated with Exposure to Volatile Substances." Human Toxicology 8, no. 4 (July 1989): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718900800407.

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1 The main neurological disorders associated with chronic VSA are peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar disease, chronic encephalopathy and dementia. Apart from peripheral neuropathy, the clinical features are non-specific, evidence for solvent-related toxicity is in most cases circumstantial and there is no clear dose/response relationship. 2 Peripheral neuropathy is mainly associated with n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone. 3 Cerebellar disease is usually associated with toluene exposure; in the more severe cases there is often radiological evidence of irreversible cerebellar atrophy. 4 Chronic encephalopathy and dementia are the most serious consequence of solvent exposure, particularly to toluene in abusers and to mixed solvents in industrial workers. Post-mortem studies in some abusers have shown generalized axonal degeneration, demyelination and brain atrophy. 5 Further studies on low level solvent exposure are needed as little is known about the neurological consequences of mild VSA, especially as regards individual susceptibility and possible interactions between solvents and other toxins such as ethanol.

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Brooks, T. M., A. L. Meyer, and D. H. Hutson. "The genetic toxicology of some hydrocarban and oxygenated solvents." Mutagenesis 3, no. 3 (1988): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/3.3.227.

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Triebig, Gerhard. "Occupational neurotoxicology of organic solvents and solvent mixtures." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 11, no. 6 (November 1989): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(89)90040-8.

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Allam, Heba Khodary, Shaimaa Soliman, Tamer Wasfy, Ahmed Ghoneim, Yasser Serag, and Grace Sembajwe. "The neuro-ophthalmological effects related to long-term occupational exposure to organic solvents in painters." Toxicology and Industrial Health 34, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233717736598.

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Purpose: Organic solvents are widely used in many industries, and usually, exposure occurs with mixtures of solvents. Organic solvent mixtures are known for their ability to affect tissues of high lipid content including the myelin sheath in the nervous system. The purpose of this work was to study the evidence that long-term (more than 10 years) exposure to organic solvent mixtures among painters can induce neuro-ophthalmological effects on the function of retinal ganglion cells and the optic tract. Methods: Twenty workers with long-term occupational exposure to mixed organic solvents were compared to 40 control subjects. The controls were matched for age, gender, and demographic characteristics but were not occupationally exposed to any known organic solvents, using the following comparators: visual evoked potential (VEP), electroretinogram (ERG), color vision (CV), and contrast sensitivity (CS) testing. Environmental monitoring was done in the work environment with consideration to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Values (ACGIH-TLVs). Results: The exposed group had significantly longer latency and higher amplitude of VEP waves especially P100, higher Color Confusion Index (CCI), especially affecting the blue–yellow spectrum, and lower Log CS. There was no significant difference between exposed and nonexposed groups in full-field flash ERG response; however, in the pattern ERG, the exposed group had significantly longer latency of P50, which reflects changes in the retinal ganglion cell. Conclusion: Long-term occupational exposure to mixed organic solvents appeared to affect the optic tract functions in the form of increasing latency of VEP response, affecting the quality of CV and decreasing CS. It also affects the retinal ganglion cell layer with increased latency of P50 of the pattern ERG response.

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Tähti, Hanna. "The Neurotoxicity of Organic Solvents, Studied with in Vitro Models." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 20, no. 2 (April 1992): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299202000221.

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The present paper deals with the general anaesthetic effect of organic solvents. The emphasis is on cell membranes as models for predicting the adverse reactions of the human nervous system to organic solvents, and for studying the mechanisms of their anaesthetic action. Human and rat erythrocyte and platelet membranes, rat synaptosomal membranes and cultured neural cell membranes were exposed in vitro to various concentrations (3–30mM) of benzene, toluene, o-xylene and styrene in the incubation mixtures. After exposure to a solvent for 30 minutes, the membrane integral protein integrity was determined by measuring ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities. All measurements were performed in triplicate from 3 or 4 independent experiments with each exposure of solvent and each membrane isolation. The enzyme inhibition was dose-dependent, and differed after solvent treatment in all membrane preparations tested in increasing order, as follows: benzene, toluene, styrene, o-xylene. The results support the protein theories on the mechanism of the anaesthetic action of various industrial organic solvents. The integral membrane proteins contain hydrophobic pockets which may bind anaesthetics, e.g. solvents which change the properties of integral enzymes. The effects of solvents in peripheral models are quite similar to those in neural membranes in vitro. Therefore, these membrane models can serve as test models when the narcotic potencies of the solvents are being evaluated, or at least for screening purposes and for studies of the mechanisms of solvent neurotoxicity.

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Rodolfo, C., F. Ornella, P. Cristina, and P. Romana. "Genotoxicity of industrial solvents." Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 271, no. 2 (1992): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1161(92)91238-m.

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Ali, F., AQ Khan, R. Khan, and S. Sultana. "Trichloroethylene-mediated cytotoxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes is mediated by the rapid accumulation of intracellular calcium." Human & Experimental Toxicology 35, no. 2 (April 8, 2015): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115578865.

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Industrial solvents pose a significant threat to the humankind. The mechanisms of their toxicity still remain in debate. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread industrial solvent responsible for severe liver dysfunction, cutaneous toxicity in occupationally exposed humans. We utilized an in vitro system of human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells in this study to avoid complex cell and extracellular interactions. We report the cytotoxicity of organic solvent TCE in HaCaT and its reversal by a natural flavanone, naringenin (Nar). The cytotoxicity was attributed to the rapid intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) release, which might lead to the elevation of protein kinase C along with robust free radical generation, instability due to energy depletion, and sensitization of intracellular stress signal transducer nuclear factor κB. These effects were actually seen to induce significant amount of genomic DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, all these effects of TCE were effectively reversed by the treatment of Nar, a natural flavanone. Our studies identify intracellular Ca as a unique target used by organic solvents in the cytotoxicity and highlight the Ca2+ ion stabilizer properties of Nar.

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Balakrishnan I, Jawahar N, Senthil Venkatachalam, and Debosmita Datta. "A brief review on eutectic mixture and its role in pharmaceutical field." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 3017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2398.

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Eutectic mixture (EM) is as a mixture of more than one substance that does not interact individually to create a new entity but in a particular ratio that exhibits a lower range of melting point than it had in individual. EM should be formulated in such a way that it should have major advantages in pharmaceutical industries. EM can be a mixture of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), or different ratios of APIs and excipients, or various excipients. Deep eutectic solvents containing APIs (API-DES) considered as an innovative approach to form different APIs in the liquid state. This new approach of liquid form is versatile and plays an important role in drug delivery. The selection of ideal hydrogen bond-donor (HBD) and hydrogen bond-acceptor (HBA) is an essential parameter. Ionic liquids (IL), derivatives of deep eutectic solvents (DES) have got much attention since it can replace harmful organic solvent by their extraordinary properties. Therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDESs) are considered to be an exceptional option in the advancement of biomedicine. This can be utilized for improvising drug solubility, bioavailability as well as drug permeation through the skin. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) can be considered as an alternate option, replacing harsh solvents. It has special characteristics of better biodegradability and biocompatibility. These NADES mainly used to separate and purification of natural compounds. This review focuses on the eutectic mixture and its application in the area of drug delivery systems, and pharmaceutical and pharmacological fields.

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Wen, Xiaopeng, Seiichiro Takahashi, Kenji Hatakeyama, and Ken-ichiro Kamei. "Evaluation of the Effects of Solvents Used in the Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices on Cell Cultures." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050550.

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Microfluidic microphysiological systems (MPSs) or “organs-on-a-chip” are a promising alternative to animal models for drug screening and toxicology tests. However, most microfluidic devices employ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the structural material; and this has several drawbacks. Cyclo-olefin polymers (COPs) are more advantageous than PDMS and other thermoplastic materials because of their low drug absorption and autofluorescence. However, most COP-based microfluidic devices are fabricated by solvent bonding of the constituent parts. Notably, the remnant solvent can affect the cultured cells. This study employed a photobonding process with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light to fabricate microfluidic devices without using any solvent and compared their performance with that of solvent-bonded systems (using cyclohexane, dichloromethane, or toluene as the solvent) to investigate the effects of residual solvent on cell cultures. Quantitative immunofluorescence assays indicated that the coating efficiencies of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., Matrigel and collagen I) were lower in solvent-bonded COP devices than those in VUV-bonded devices. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the systems was evaluated using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and increased apoptosis was observed in the solvent-processed devices. These results provide insights into the effects of solvents used during the fabrication of microfluidic devices and can help prevent undesirable reactions and establish good manufacturing practices.

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Fabris, André Luis, and Mauricio Yonamine. "Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology." Bioanalysis 13, no. 18 (September 2021): 1441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio-2021-0135.

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Dried matrix spots (DMS) has gained the attention of different professionals in different fields, including toxicology. Investigations have been carried out in order to assess the potential of using DMS for the analysis of illicit substances, the main interest of forensic toxicologists. This technique uses minimal volumes of samples and solvents, resulting in simple and rapid extraction procedures. Furthermore, it has proved to increase analyte stability, improving storage and transportation. However, DMS presents some limitations: the hematocrit influencing accuracy and inconsistencies regarding the means of spotting samples and adding internal standard on paper. Thus, we provide an overview of analytical methodologies with forensic applications focusing on drugs of abuse and discussing the main particularities, limitations and achievements.

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Naskali, Leila, Maria Engelke, and Hanna Tähti. "The Neurotoxicity of Organic Solvents Studied Using Synaptosomes and Neural Cell Cultures." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 22, no. 3 (May 1994): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299402200307.

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The most common acute neurotoxic effect of organic solvents is their central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect. The molecular mechanism underlying this effect is not known. The purpose of our studies has been to evaluate the adverse effects of organic solvents on the CNS in vitro. Synaptosomal membranes, whole brain reaggregate and astrocyte cultures were studied. Our results suggest that cell membrane integral proteins are targets for solvent impact, but that there are differences among various cell types. In addition to lipophilicity, the structure of solvent molecules seems to be important when considering CNS toxicity. Organic solvents increase the fluidity of the membranes, which may disturb the lipid-protein interaction and the optimal functioning of the enzyme. However, direct effects of solvents on proteins cannot be excluded. In vitro cell models can be used in methods designed to predict acute neurotoxic effects of foreign compounds, and in studies of neurotoxic mechanisms.

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Scialli, Anthony R., Armand Lione, and Kenneth L. Jones. "Solvents and color vision." Teratology 65, no. 4 (March 12, 2002): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.10030.

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Till, Christine, Carol Westall, Joanne Rovet, and Gideon Koren. "Solvents and color vision." Teratology 65, no. 4 (March 12, 2002): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.10031.

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Saritha, Damineni, Penjuri Subhash Chandra Bose, Poreddy Srikanth Reddy, Grandhi Madhuri, and Ravouru Nagaraju. "Improved dissolution and micromeritic properties of naproxen from spherical agglomerates: preparation, in vitro and in vivo characterization." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no. 4 (December 2012): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502012000400010.

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Naproxen, an anti-inflammatory drug, exhibits poor aqueous solubility, which limits the pharmacological effects. The present work was carried out to study the effect of agglomeration on micromeritic properties and dissolution. Naproxen agglomerates were prepared by using a three solvents system composed of acetone (good solvent), water (non-solvent) and dichloromethane (bridging liquid). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) results showed no change in the drug after crystallization process. X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) studies showed the sharp peaks are present in the diffractograms of spherical agglomerates with minor reduction in height of the peaks. The residual solvents are largely below the tolerated limits in the agglomerates. Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) studies showed that agglomerates were spherical in structure and formed by cluster of small crystals. The agglomerates exhibited improved solubility, dissolution rate and micromeritic properties compared to pure drug. Anti-inflammatory studies were conducted in Wistar strain male albino rats and naproxen agglomerates showed more significant activity than the pure drug.

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Okoro, Israel O. "Effects of Extraction Solvents on the Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activities of Manihot Esculenta Leaves." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.14.1.51.

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Background: Plants contain diverse phytochemicals with different solubility levels, depending on their molecular charges and polarity. This study was conducted to examine the effects of three extraction solvents in their pure and aqueous forms: absolute petroleum ether, acetone and ethanol on the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activities of Manihot esculenta leaves extracts. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical investigations were performed, using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant properties were estimated by: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Ferric Thiocyanate (FTC). Results: The phytochemical analyses revealed the occurrence of an array of compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannin phenols, saponins and anthraquinones, the concentration of which varied with the solvent type. A considerable presence of all phytochemicals was found in the aqueous ethanol. The extracts from pure solvents were much less effective against DPPH synthetic radical than those 50% diluted. The petroleum ether extract provided the least antiradical activity, while the aqueous ethanol was the richest. The scavenging effect of the extracts on H2O2 varied in this order: 50% ethanol > absolute ethanol > ascorbic acid > 50% acetone > absolute acetone > 50% petroleum ether > absolute petroleum ether. Similarly, the results of the FRAP and FTC methods agreed largely with those of the DPPH and H2O2. Thus, the results of antioxidant activity positively correlated with the phytochemical results, with the aqueous ethanol showing the maximum activity overall. Conclusion: The results indicated that the extraction solvents considerably affected the phytochemical contents and the antioxidant activities of the tested extracts. These extracts can potentially serve as the alternative sources of natural antioxidant preparations.

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Browning, Randall G., and Steven C. Curry. "Clinical Toxicology of Ethylene Glycol Monoal Ethers." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 5 (May 1994): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300508.

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The glycol ethers constitute a family of organic solvents commonly found in industrial and household products. Because of their widespread availability and potential for serious toxicity, physicians should be aware of the clinical toxicology of these compounds. Until recently, knowledge of the toxic effects of glycol ethers has been derived from animal studies and a limited number of case reports and small case series. A growing body of data from epidemiological studies, controlled human studies, and studies using human tissue now allows for advancement in the understanding of the acute and chronic toxicity of these compounds. This review summarizes and evaluates human and pertinent animal literature on the clinical toxicology of glycol ethers, with a focus on the commonly encountered monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol. Management options for acute poisoning, as well as measures for the control of workplace exposures, are discussed.

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Kjellstrand, P., L. Månsson, B. Holmquist, and I. Jonsson. "Tolerance During Inhalation of Organic Solvents." Pharmacology & Toxicology 66, no. 5 (May 1990): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1990.tb00770.x.

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Sit, Guillaume, Noémie Letellier, Yuriko Iwatsubo, Marcel Goldberg, Bénédicte Leynaert, Rachel Nadif, Céline Ribet, et al. "Occupational Exposures to Organic Solvents and Asthma Symptoms in the CONSTANCES Cohort." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 9258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179258.

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Solvents are used in many workplaces and may be airway irritants but few studies have examined their association with asthma. We studied this question in CONSTANCES (cohort of ‘CONSulTANts des Centres d’Examens de Santé’), a large French cohort. Current asthma and asthma symptom scores were defined by participant-reported respiratory symptoms, asthma medication or attacks, and the sum of 5 symptoms, in the past 12 months, respectively. Lifetime exposures to 5 organic solvents, paints and inks were assessed by questionnaire and a population-based Job-Exposure Matrix (JEM). Cross-sectional associations between exposures and outcomes were evaluated by gender using logistic and negative binomial regressions adjusted for age, smoking habits and body mass index. Analyses included 115,757 adults (54% women, mean age 47 years, 9% current asthma). Self-reported exposure to ≥1 solvent was significantly associated with current asthma in men and women, whereas using the JEM, a significant association was observed only in women. Significant associations between exposures to ≥1 solvent and asthma symptom score were observed for both self-report (mean score ratio, 95%CI, women: 1.36, 1.31–1.42; men: 1.34, 1.30–1.40) and JEM (women: 1.10, 1.07–1.15; men: 1.14, 1.09–1.18). Exposure to specific solvents was significantly associated with higher asthma symptom score. Occupational exposure to solvents should be systematically sought when caring for asthma.

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Pandey, Saurabh, Preeti Pandey, Raj Kumar, and Narendra Pal Singh. "Residual solvent determination by head space gas chromatography with flame ionization detector in omeprazole API." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 47, no. 2 (June 2011): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502011000200019.

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Residual solvents in pharmaceutical samples are monitored using gas chromatography with head space. Based on good manufacturing practices, measuring residual solvents is mandatory for the release testing of all active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The analysis of residual organic solvents (methanol, acetone, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, toluene) in Omeprazole, an active pharmaceutical ingredient was investigated. Omeprazole is a potent reversible inhibitor of the gastric proton pump H+/K+-ATPase. The Head space gas chromatography (HSGC) method described in this investigation utilized a SPB TM-624, Supelco, 30 m long x 0.25 mm internal diameter, 1.4µm-thick column. Since Omeprazole is a thermally labile compound, the selection of the proper injector temperature is critical to the success of the analysis. The injector temperature was set at 170ºC to prevent degradation. The initial oven temperature was set at 40ºC for 12 min and programmed at a rate of 10ºC min-1 to a final temperature of 220ºC for 5 min. Nitrogen was used as a carrier gas. The sample solvent selected was N,N-dimethylacetamide. The method was validated to be specific, linear, precise, sensitive, rugged and showed excellent recovery.

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Gagnaire, François, and Cristina Langlais. "Relative ototoxicity of 21 aromatic solvents." Archives of Toxicology 79, no. 6 (January 20, 2005): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-004-0636-2.

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Rayburn, J. R., D. J. Deyoung, J. A. Bantle, D. J. Fort, and R. McNew. "Altered developmental toxicity caused by three carrier solvents." Journal of Applied Toxicology 11, no. 4 (August 1991): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550110405.

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Edwards, Mary Anne, William Giguiere, David Lewis, and Randall C. Baselt. "Intoxilyzer Interference by Solvents." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 10, no. 3 (May 1, 1986): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/10.3.125.

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Ikuta, Y., and Y. Yamasaki. "Investigation of solvents in the Ames test." Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 359, no. 3 (April 1996): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1161(96)90304-0.

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Ikeda, M. "Public health problems of organic solvents." Toxicology Letters 64-65 (December 1992): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(92)90189-q.

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Blanco-Llamero, Cristina, and F. Javier Señoráns. "Biobased Solvents for Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Nannochloropsis gaditana Omega-3 Lipids." Marine Drugs 19, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19020107.

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To develop greener extraction alternatives for microalgae biomass, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with different biobased solvents were investigated, demonstrating that both techniques are useful alternatives for algal lipid extraction. Specifically, Nannochloropsis gaditana lipids were extracted by UAE and PLE at different temperatures and extraction times with sustainable solvents like 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and its mixtures with ethanol and other alcohols. The best oil yields for both PLE and UAE of N. gaditana were achieved with the mixture of 2-MeTHF:ethanol (1:3), reaching yields of up to 16.3%, for UAE at 50 °C and up to 46.1% for PLE at 120 °C. Lipid composition of the extracts was analyzed by HPLC-ELSD and by GC-MS to determine lipid species and fatty acid profile, respectively. Different fractionation of lipid species was achieved with PLE and solvent mixtures of different polarity. Thus, for the extraction of glycolipids, ethanolic extracts contained higher amounts of glycolipids and EPA, probably due to the higher polarity of the solvent. The optimized method was applied to microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis chuii showing the potential of mixtures of biobased solvents like 2-methyl-THF and ethanol in different proportions to efficiently extract and fractionate lipids from microalgal biomass.

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UENO, Susumu. "Toxicology of chemical substances (metals and organic solvents): Management as an occupational physician." Journal of UOEH 35, Special_Issue (October 1, 2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7888/juoeh.35.91.

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Syed, Muzeeb, Christian Skonberg, and Steen Honoré Hansen. "Effect of some organic solvents on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria: Choice of organic solvents." Toxicology in Vitro 27, no. 8 (December 2013): 2135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.010.

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IKARASHI, YOSHIAKI, MASAAKI KANIWA, SHIGEO KOJIMA, and AKITADA NAKAMURA. "Determination of benzene in household products containing organic solvents." Eisei kagaku 36, no. 6 (1990): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.36.516.

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Löf, Agneta, and Gunnar Johanson. "Toxicokinetics of Organic Solvents: A Review of Modifying Factors." Critical Reviews in Toxicology 28, no. 6 (January 1998): 571–650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408449891344272.

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Kjellstrand, P., B. Holmquist, I. Jonsson, S. Romare, and L. Månsson. "Effects of organic solvents on motor activity in mice." Toxicology 35, no. 1 (April 1985): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(85)90130-1.

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Septien, I., M. T. Cutuli, M. E. Garcia, G. Suarez, and J. L. Blanco. "Solubility and stability of sterigmatocystin in different organic solvents." Toxicon 31, no. 10 (October 1993): 1337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(93)90408-b.

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Syaikhul Aziz, Elfahmi, Andreanus Andaja Soemardji, and Sukrasno. "Anti-hypercholesterolemic agent from Indonesian rice bran." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 2733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1538.

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This research was conducted to determine the total oryzanol content of various extracts and bioassay-guided isolation of active anti-hypercholesterolemic agent from Indonesian rice bran. Hot solvent extraction was done by reflux method using single and binary solvents, namely hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, isopropanol, acetone, hexane-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v), hexane-isopropanol (1:1, v/v), and chloroform-ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v). TLC densitometric was used to quantitatively analyze the total oryzanol content in various extracts. The hexane extract was selected for fractionation and evaluated for their anti-hypercholesterolemic activity. The structure of an isolated compound was determined on the basis of NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The total oryzanol content was obtained using various solvents ranging from 27.92 to 43.59 mg/100g rice bran, in which hexane extract showed the highest amount (43.59 ± 3.36 mg/100g rice bran). β-sitosterol has been isolated from rice bran hexane extract, which shows a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol level. In summary, hexane is the best solvent to extract oryzanol compound using reflux method, and β-sitosterol was suspected to be responsible for anti-hypercholesterolemic activity in addition to existing compound such as oryzanol that contained in the rice bran.

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Ashfaq, Faiza, Masood S. Butt, Ahmad Bilal, and Hafiz A. R. Suleria. "Exploring the Free Radical Trapping Ability of Green Tea Extracts by Optimizing Extraction Conditions." Current Bioactive Compounds 15, no. 5 (January 3, 2019): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666180507120228.

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Background: The importance of polyphenols to curb lifestyle related disorders has also raised the worth of green tea polycatechins. Besides, optimization of extraction conditions is gaining wide acceptance to attain maximum polyphenols out of plant matrix. Methods: Considering the fact, in the present study, nine green tea solvent extracts were prepared by optimizing solvents; aqueous ethanol, aqueous acetone and aqueous ethyl acetate in 1:1 ratio and extraction time; 35, 50 & 65 min at constant temperature 50ºC to achieve an optimal quantity of green tea polycatechins. Results: The results indicated significant impact of extraction solvents and time on phytochemistry and free radical scavenging potential with maximum potential attained by acetone extracts of green tea at 50 min i.e. total polyphenols 1325.81±64.85 mg GAE/100g, flavonoids 139.78±5.42 mg/100g, DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) inhibition 86.69±4.01%, β-carotene & linoleic acid assay 78.47±3.57%, FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) value 19.36±0.94 mM/L Fe+2, ABTS [2, 2'-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] value 11.10±0.49 μM Trolox Eq/g and metal chelating activity 16.93±0.81 mg EDTA/g. Conclusion: Conclusively, acetone as solvent and 50 min extraction time have proven optimized extraction conditions for green tea polycatechins.

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Steiman, R., F. Seigle-Murandi, P. Guiraud, and J. L. Benoit-Guyod. "Testing of chlorinated solvents on microfungi." Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality 10, no. 4 (November 1995): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.2530100408.

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Ilieva, Yana, Lyudmila Dimitrova, Maya Margaritova Zaharieva, Mila Kaleva, Petko Alov, Ivanka Tsakovska, Tania Pencheva, Ivanka Pencheva-El Tibi, Hristo Najdenski, and Ilza Pajeva. "Cytotoxicity and Microbicidal Activity of Commonly Used Organic Solvents: A Comparative Study and Application to a Standardized Extract from Vaccinium macrocarpon." Toxics 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9050092.

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The cytotoxicity and microbicidal capacity of seven organic solvents commonly applied for studying plant extracts and bioactive compounds were systematically investigated based on international standards. Four cell lines of normal (CCL-1, HaCaT) or tumor (A-375, A-431) tissue origin, seven bacterial and one fungal strain were used. The impact of the least toxic solvents in the determination of in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated using a standardized extract from Vaccinium macrocarpon containing 54.2% v/v proanthocyanidins (CystiCran®). The solvents ethanol, methoxyethanol and polyethylene glycol were the least cytotoxic to all cell lines, with a maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) between 1 and 2% v/v. Ethanol, methanol and polyethylene glycol were mostly suitable for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ≥ 25% v/v. The MTC values of the solvents dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethoxyethane and dimethylformamide varied from 0.03% to 1.09% v/v. The MICs of dimethyl sulfoxide, methoxyethanol and dimethoxyethane were in the range of 3.125–25% v/v. The cytotoxic effects of CystiCran® on eukaryotic cell lines were directly proportional to the superimposed effect of the solvents used. The results of this study can be useful for selecting the appropriate solvents for in vitro estimation of the cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects of bioactive molecules in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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Keski-Säntti, P., T. Kovala, A. Holm, HK Hyvärinen, and M. Sainio. "Quantitative EEG in occupational chronic solvent encephalopathy." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 4 (April 2008): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107082231.

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The aim of this study was to characterize the quantitative analyzed EEG (electroencephalogram) findings (qEEG) in chronic solvent encephalopathy (CSE) patients and study whether the qEEG findings associate with the duration and intensity of the solvent exposure. Also, the diagnostic value of qEEG in CSE is discussed. The EEG of 47 male CSE patients was analyzed. The laboratory’s own reference EEG values of 24 healthy male subjects formed the laboratory control group. We also used an age-matched control group of 100 male blue-collar workers without occupational solvent exposure. The main finding of our study was that the power of the frontal theta band is increased in the CSE patient group compared with the laboratory control group. This suggests that the frontal cortex may be susceptible to the noxious effects of solvents. However, this difference was not seen in comparison with the matched control group, and thus, the connection with solvent effects remains uncertain. The variables indicating the level of solvent exposure did not associate with the power of the theta activity in the frontal area. Because of the small amount and unspecificity of the observed abnormalities, qEEG cannot be recommended to be used in the clinical diagnostics of solvent encephalopathy.

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Ahmadi, Ahmad, Pia Jönsson, Ulf Flodin, and Peter Söderkvist. "Interaction between smoking and glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy." Toxicology and Industrial Health 18, no. 6 (July 2002): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233702th152oa.

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Exposure to organic solvents is still common in industrial and other work environments, and increases the risk of chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE). Genetic variation in metabolic enzymes for solvents and other xenobiotics may modify the risk of developing toxic effects. Therefore, we investigated the presence of null genotypes for glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 (GSTM1, GSTT1) and two genetic polymorphisms of microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPHX) in relation to the risk for chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE) when exposed to solvents and smoking. We genotyped 115 patients who were classified into three categories: CTE (n3/4-56), incipient CTE (n3/4-27) and non-CTE (n3/4-32) patients. DNA was isolated from leucocytes and the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were determined by multiplex-polymerase chain reaction. The two polymorphisms of mEPHX were analysed by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) based assays. All analyses were performed blindly with regard to both exposure and disease status. An increased binomial regression risk ratio3/4-2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-4.2, of the GSTM1 null genotype for CTE was found in smokers and for the GSTT1 null genotype (binomial regression risk ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.0). In nonsmokers, the GSTM1 null genotype did not confer any risk for CTE. None of the studied mEPHX polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk for CTE. We suggest that the GSTM1 null genotype in smokers is a possible risk for solvent-induced CTE.

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Jay, A. El. "Effects of Organic Solvents and SolventAtrazine Interactions on Two Algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900082.

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El Jay, A. "Effects of organic solvents and solvent-atrazine interactions on two algae, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31, no. 1 (July 1996): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00203911.

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Senewe, Rein Estefanus. "Preferensi Serangga Herbivora Henosepilachna sp (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) terhadap Beberapa Jenis Tanaman Budidaya." JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2019.15.1.61.

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Herbivorous insects and plants have a very complex interaction relationship, where plants play an important role in shaping the behavior and development of herbivorous insects. Nutrients contained in plants in the form of secondary compounds also determine whether or not plants were selected by insects. The objective of the research was to study the preferences of Henosepilachna sparsa herbivorous insects on several cultivated plants. The study was conducted in October 2013 at the Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The steps of the experiments were: a) Extracting plant materials such as takokak, eggplant, tomatoes, and broccoli using hexane and methanol solvents; and b) imago H. sparsa preference of plant was takokak plant extract with methanol solvent, takokak plant material with Hexane solvent, tomato plant with Methanol solvent, tomato plant material with Hexane solvent, eggplant plant material with Methanol solvent, eggplant material with Hexane solvent, broccoli with Methanol solvent), broccoli plant material with Hexane solvent was carried out using a three-branched olfactometer (Y form). Imago H. sparsa of plant extract was taken from around the taro plant in Bogor. The results of the study show that the imago H. sparsa insect preference test for extraction of test plants using hexane solvents was better than methanol solvents. Extraction of eggplant plants with hexane solvents has the highest retention value (Rf) of 0.751 cm with the assumption that the higher the Rf value, the more metabolites are detected. Keywords: allelochemics, attractants, broccoli, eggplant, repellent, tomatoes, takokak ABSTRAK Serangga herbivora dan tanaman memiliki hubungan interaksi yang sangat kompleks, dimana tanaman mempunyai peran yang penting dalam membentuk perilaku dan perkembangan serangga herbivora. Nutrisi yang dikandung tanaman berupa senyawa sekunder juga menentukan dipilih atau tidak dipilih suatu tanaman oleh serangga. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari preferensi serangga herbivora Henosepilachna sparsa pada beberapa tanaman budidaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2013 di Laboratorium Toksikologi, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Tahapan penelitian meliputi: a) Ekstraksi bahan-bahan tanaman seperti takokak, terung, tomat, dan brokoli dengan menggunakan pelarut heksana dan metanol; dan b) Preferensi imago H. Sparsa terhadap ekstrak bahan tanaman takokak dengan pelarut Metanol, bahan tanaman takokak dengan pelarut Heksana, bahan tanaman tomat dengan pelarut Metanol, bahan tanaman tomat dengan pelarut Heksana, bahan tanaman terung dengan pelarut Metanol, bahan tanaman terung dengan pelarut Heksana, bahan tanaman brokoli dengan pelarut Metanol, bahan tanaman brokoli dengan pelarut Heksana dilakukan menggunakan olfaktometer yang bercabang tiga (bentuk Y). Imago H. sparsa diambil dari sekitar pertanaman talas di Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa uji preferensi serangga imago H. sparsa terhadap ekstraks tanaman uji menggunakan pelarut heksana lebih baik dari pelarut metanol. Ekstraksi tanaman terung dengan pelarut heksana memiliki nilai retensi tertinggi (Rf) 0,751 cm dengan dugaan bahwa semakin tinggi nilai Rf maka semakin banyak senyawa metabolit yang terdeteksi. Kata Kunci: allelokemik, atraktan, brokoli, repelen, takokak, terung, tomat

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Savolainen, Kai, Vesa Riihimäki, and Arto Laine. "Biphasic Effects of Inhaled Solvents on Human Equilibrium." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 51, no. 3 (March 13, 2009): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1982.tb01020.x.

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Rastogi, Suresh Chandra. "Levels of organic solvents in printer's inks." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20, no. 4 (May 1991): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01065847.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Solvents – Toxicology'

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