Academic literature on the topic 'Somali Region (Ethiopia) – Economic conditions'

Abstract The Somali Region of Ethiopia has been affected by drought for several years. Drought conditions have led to food and water scarcity and a humanitarian crisis in the region. In January 2017, an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea (AWD) was declared in the region. AWD prevention and control activities include strengthening water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Access to safe drinking water is critical in preventing transmission of AWD and chlorine is an effective chemical to disinfect water supplies. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated with the WASH Cluster and the United Nations Children's Fund, Ethiopia, to provide technical assistance to the Somali Regional Water Bureau to improve chlorination of drinking water supplies and quickly assess water quality improvements in Jijiga town, Fafan Zone. Timely sharing of surveillance and case investigation data allowed for the identification of gaps within the water supply system in Jijiga and implementation of centralized and decentralized chlorination interventions and monitoring systems. Pilot use of a rapid assessment to determine residual chlorine levels at various points in the city helped improve chlorination intervention impact. This work illustrates that rapid community-level water quality improvements can be implemented and assessed quickly to improve interventions during outbreaks.

Background. Khat chewing has become prevalent in the world due to the improvement of road and air transportation. In Ethiopia, khat chewing is more prevalent and widely practiced by men. Khat has a negative effect on social, economic, and mental health. There is variation in khat cultivation, use, and factors that associated with khat chewing in the Ethiopian regions. Therefore, this study is aimed at showing spatial distribution and factors associated with khat chewing among male adults 15-59 years in Ethiopia. Methods. A total of 12,594 men were included in this study. ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to show the spatial distribution of chewing khat among adult men in Ethiopia. The Bernoulli model was applied using Kilduff SaTScan version 9.6 software to identify significant purely spatial clusters for chewing khat in Ethiopia. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with khat chewing. A P value < 0.05 was taken to declare statistically significant predictors. Results. The EDHS 2016 survey showed that the high proportion of chewing khat was found in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. In spatial scan statistics analysis, a total of 126 clusters (LLR=946.60, P value < 0.001) were identified. Age group 30-44 years old (AOR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.37, 1.86) and 45-59 years old (AOR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.61), being single (AOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.64, 2.12), Muslim religion followers (AOR=15.03, 95% CI: 11.90, 18.90), media exposed (AOR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.86), had work (AOR=2.48, 95% CI: 2.08, 2.95), alcohol drinker (AOR=3.75, 95% CI: 3.10, 4.53), and region (Afar, Amhara, Benishangul Gumuz, Gambela, Harari, Oromia, Somali, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region (SNNPR), and Tigray) and two cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) were statistically significant factors affecting chewing khat in Ethiopia. Conclusions. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of khat chewing among adult men was nonrandom. A high proportion of khat chewing was observed in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. Older age group, being single marital status, alcohol drinker, media unexposed, had no work, and Muslim religion follower were factors affecting khat chewing. Policymakers should be given spatial attention in reducing the prevalence of chewing khat by teaching the health impact of khat chewing through media in the identified regions.

The case study was made with the overall aim of understanding of pastoralist vulnerability and adaptation to climate changes. As a methodology five kebeles have been purposely selected representing pastoral and agro-pastoral farming systems in Harshin district of Somali Region in Ethiopia. The survey was conducted through semi-structured checklists with individual households and groups accounting a total of 124 people.The major findings of the study indicated that the environmental and socio-economic dynamics are skewed to negative trends where the livelihood of the pastoral community is under a big threat. Moreover, the combinations of factors including access to resources and social institutions, livelihood practices, inappropriate technologies and policies have attributed to trigger the vulnerability to climate change among the pastoralists in general and agro-pastoralists in particular. In adapting to the impact of climate change, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists are using wide range of group and individual local innovations, some farming practices and establishment of multi-functional grassroots institutions. Finally creating enabling policy environment for local experimentation and innovations in the framework of pastoralism and sustainability have been suggested as a point of departure in developing resilience to climate change and other pressures.

Following the amounting accusation of autocracy, the heritage of exclusionary rulership with an underlying ethnic undertone that confined the parameters of political power finally yielded nearly three years of unemployed youth-led street protests initially in Oromia region and later spread all over the country, demanding for political reform and socio-economic improvements. All these paved the way for PM Abiy Ahmed on April 2nd, 2018 in what seemed to be a transition in the form of a “play-within-a-play”. In this article, I offer an account that explains the image of Ethiopia’s democratic transition in 2018, undeniably using my own physical experience and observations as an academic and a humanitarian practitioner owing to my more than 15 years of stay in the country where I have often been close to the decision-making tables in Addis Ababa as well as in the Somali region. Of course, I will also use all other seminally relevant information helpful to draw an explanation tothe interminable socio-political and economic transformation in Ethiopia.

Background Even though anemia was highly targeted in different global strategies, many pregnant and/or lactating women and children were suffering from it and its complications. Besides this, prior trend analysis has not been conducted among pregnant and/or lactating women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the trend and determinants of anemia change among pregnant and/or lactating women in Ethiopia. Methods The study utilized two consecutive Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) datasets. A total of 6,106 and 5,641 pregnant and/or lactating women in 2011 and 2016 survey respectively were included in the analysis. The data were analyzed by using Stata version 14.0. Logit based decomposition analysis was done to identify contributing factors for anemia change and statistical significance was determined by using P-value. Results The trend of anemia was increased from 19% in 2011 to 29% in 2016 EDHS. The analysis revealed that, 8% of the overall change in anemia was because of the change in women’s composition. Changes in the composition of pregnant and/or lactating women according to region, economic status and tobacco and/or cigarette use were the major sources of the change. Greater than 90% of the increase in anemia was due to differences in the coefficient. Mostly, the change in behaviors of the Amhara population, those who had a history of terminated pregnancy and use tobacco and/or cigarette were the sources of the change. Conclusions Anemia among pregnant and/or lactating women was increased against government interventions over the last half-decade in Ethiopia. Programmatic interventions targeting Somali and Dire Dawa regions are still needed to decrease anemia.

Background: Although the economic conditions in Ethiopian households have recently improved, under-five mortality has remained one of the major problems in the country. Identification of the risk factors for under-five mortality is an important problem that needs to be addressed. This study aimed to estimate the effect of socio-economic and demographic factors on under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Methods: Data consisting of a nationally representative sample of 26370 children in the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey was analyzed. The survey logistic regression model was adopted for analysis. The outcome variable was the child’s survival status i.e. the child being either alive or dead. The explanatory variables were the socio-economic and demographic factors for mother and child, respectively. Results: The overall significance of all variables was investigated, and the following variables were found to have significant effect on the under-five mortality in Ethiopia: the sex of child, mother’s age at birth, the region, area of residence and educational of the mother. Conclusion: This study suggests that improving the educational level of mothers and reducing the regional disparity can reduce child mortality in Ethiopia.

Ethiopia is a multicultural and multilingual country. The Oromo and Somali communities are found in the same linguistic community, that is, the Cushitic language. Historically, Somalis and Oromo have a long tradition of co-existence and strong socio-cultural interactions, as well as antagonistic relationships and intermittent conflicts. Traditionally, the major sources of conflict between the two communities were competition over scarce resources, territorial expansion, livestock raids and counter raids, kidnapping for marriage purposes and the revenge tradition. However, this time the conflict took a different nature, form and bigger scale causing devastation never seen in the history of communal conflict in the country. The study has utilised primary and secondary data collection and employed narration and content analysis to realise the objective of the paper. The findings of this study reveal that the causes of the Oromo–Somali conflict are complex and dynamic. This urges the need to carry out a deeper investigation beyond the federal arrangement. Thus, fundamental and triggering factors including the involvement of internal and external forces, the collapse of social norms and prevalence of moral anarchism, socio-economic issues, competing interests among public and military officials, poor leadership and governance system, competing interests over resources, aspects of local cultural institutions in regulating inter-ethnic relationships are identified in fuelling ethnic conflict in the studied area. Since the conflict in the region is much more complex than the dominant narrative of resource scarcity and ethnic politicisation, open democratic dialogue, genuine consultation and negotiation at a different level with various interest groups, stakeholders and community representatives, militant groups operating in the area is of paramount importance to ease the increasing ethnic tension and political crisis in order to build sustainable peace in the region.

<p>With the deterioration of political and security situations in Somalia and Kenya’s involvement in the war against al-shabaab as well as its political miscalculation and the lack of exit plan, add to this, the fading democratic conditions in Eritrea, accompanied by the political uncertainties in Ethiopia, since the demise Meles Zenawi Asres and the extermination of the opponents, as shown in last general election, as well as the one-man-show political scenario in Uganda and the likely disintegration of Tanzania into Zanzibar and Tanganyika, indicated by the ongoing elections; the political future of East African governments is predictably taking erroneous turns. It seems therefore, God forbids, there is a political catastrophe in the making as far as the state as an authoritative institution is concerned in East Africa.<br />One observes that the social fabric of these states, take Kenya, which used to be a solid in its social and political values, as an example, is drastically changing into a pattern-of-Somali-like tribal syndrome. The expiration of the government institutions, civil societies, law and order in Eritrea, the austere political future of Djibouti, the irrepressible and incurable wounds of Burundi and Rwanda are shrilling pointers of such fear.<br />Not to forget, the strained Muslim-Christian relations, which is now deeply rooted in these communities and states, the thick-headedness of most East Africa’s political leaders and the rapid increase of the youth population as well as the proxy war in business between China and the West on the region. These factors are the core indicators of the future of state and strong government in East Africa. The study covers several nations in East Africa including Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda.</p>

A multi-country, multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is employed to evaluate the economy-wide impacts of climate change under the IPCC’s A2 and B1 scenarios and existing irrigation development plans in the Nile basin. The study reveals that climate change adversely affects mainly downstream Egypt and to a lesser extent Sudan, while it results in a limited impact in the upstream countries Ethiopia and the Equatorial Lakes region, where irrigated agriculture is still limited. The economic consequences for Egypt are especially substantial if the river basin countries pursue a unilateral irrigation development strategy. In order to prevent water use conflicts and ease water scarcity conditions, a cooperative water development strategy is needed as well as economic diversification in favor of less water-intensive sectors, combined with investments in water-saving infrastructure and improved irrigation efficiency.

Region 5 is one of the most impoverished and insecure regions of Ethiopia. For decades, the region has suffered from a multitude of armed conflicts involving state and non-state actors. Region 5 is also one of the most underserved states of Ethiopia with some of the lowest levels of human development indicators nationwide. Although the adversities of poverty and conflict are widely acknowledged in their own respect, there has been little or no inquest into why poverty and conflict have prevailed under the same space for decades. Poverty and conflict have often been seen as separate phenomena that are dealt with using different sets of theories and practices in the real world. Nonetheless, a closer look at poverty and conflict in Region 5 reveals that both are strongly connected to each other. The poverty-conflict trap has been an on-going cycle in the region for the last five decades. The main intent of this research paper is analyzing the two-way relationship between poverty and conflict in Region 5. By studying this relationship, this analysis seeks to contribute to a new framework that brings peacebuilding and development closer.

This study examines rural household food security and its determinants in drought-prone Amhara Region of Ethiopia by focusing on Lay Gaint district as a case study site. A range of factors from physical environmental circumstances to policy and institutions-related issues determine households‟ vulnerability to food insecurity and livelihood outcomes. The survey results showed that the majority (74%) of the sampled households experienced food insecurity. The situation was worse among female-headed households such that 86% of them were food insecure. The study revealed that, despite the low level of productivity related to local environmental constraints, rural livelihoods remain undiversified with small scale rain-fed agriculture to provide the primary source of livelihood for the large majority of households (~93% of respondents). Only about 25% of the respondents participated in some form of non-farm or off-farm activities, but with only little contribution to their total annual incomes. Food insecurity is a chronic problem in that, on average, households in the study area consume from own production for only about six months. The study found out that the majority of households (about 80%) perceived annual rainfall to be inadequate to support the growing of crops and grazing of animals. The main adaptive strategies employed by the majority of households included diversifying livestock kept, planting trees and diversifying crops. The study revealed that incidence, depth and severity of food insecurity of the food insecure households showed that Woina-Dega and Kolla agro-ecologies are prone to vulnerability to food insecurity. This suggests that development interventions that are geographically differentiated; and build household assets will improve household food security in the study area, and in other similar environments in the country.<br>Geography<br>D.Phil.

Executive summary: last page (unnumbered)<br>The Sustainable Livelihood framework approach is a comprehensive method for determination of food insecurity and poverty at household level. The objective of this study was to determine the livelihood strategies and the coping mechanisms used by rural households in Abela Lida PA, Shebedino district, Southern Ethiopia. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to estimate the contribution of different resources to total food access and cash income, detailing expenditure patterns, asset holdings and capacity to cope with shocks. Simple random sampling was used for selecting 72 households for the survey. The data was collected during the hunger season using the checklists designed for livelihood and coping strategies. The study showed only 30% households had all the adults as working members, due to poor work skill, low awareness and lack of job opportunities. The main sources of income are sale of cash crops mainly coffee (55.6%) followed by sale of cash crops plus livestock (18%), labour (12.5%), PSNP (8.3%). The average annual income for the households was found to be birr 4,727.92 (~$293.34) and agriculture is the main livelihood strategy. Awareness and access to basic social services has improved and escalated price of staple foods, has negatively affected poor households and safety net beneficiaries who rely on purchase. Seasonality has also affected agricultural activities, prices and employment opportunities. The increase in fuel price was found to be the main shock followed by coffee price fluctuations and failure in purchasing power of money. About (63%) households faced shortage of food or money to buy food, medical expenses, cooking fuel and school fees.<br>Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology<br>M.A. (Human Ecology)

Text in English with appendices in Afaan Oromoo (Oromo language)<br>Despite the imperative of reintegration assistance for returnees of illegal migration, which will enable them to become independent and productive members of the community, the reintegration needs and experiences of returned illegal migrants are neglected in academic studies. The objectives of the study were to explore the socio-contextual factors that gave rise to the illegal migration of the study participants; their illegal migration abuse and exploitation experiences; the reintegration needs they sought after return; and the responses of relevant stakeholders to meet the reintegration needs of the returnees and help them reintegrate into the community. To this end, I conducted a qualitative study in Omo Nada district in 2017. I collected the data by means of indepth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. I used thematic analysis to analyze the findings. The study revealed that the decision to migrate ‘illegally’ was the result of numerous drivers: poverty, unemployment, political discrimination, family pressure, and absence of legal means, the influence of brokers and smugglers, and socio-cultural and religious factors. The returned migrants experienced various types of abuse and exploitation, including physical abuse, economic, labour and sexual exploitation both on the migration journey and at the place of destination. The long periods of isolation some experienced also resulted in the disintegration of their families. Participants identified the need for support in the form of health services, counselling, housing, employment, skills training, finances, loans and social support from relevant stakeholders such as family, the community, the government and non-governmental organizations. Despite the many needs identified, the relevant bodies provided very little reintegration support. Due to this, the returnees were not able to reintegrate into their communities. Returning to the premigration conditions which drove them to migrate ‘illegally' in the first place, with no hope of any reintegration assistance, led some returnees to re-migrate illegally. Reintegration is a key aspect for return migration. Therefore, to be sustainable and for the reintegration process to be successful it must be widely supported. The consequences of illegal migration and reintegration support must be taken seriously and supported by the government in all its aspects. Government agencies such as the Labour and Social Affairs Office must be capacitated to provide the necessary assistance and supports to effect sustainable integration.<br>Sociology<br>Ph. D. (Sociology)

Police expenditure has a direct effect on the efforts of the police to prevent and investigate crime. It also contributes a lot to run various programs used to enhance public awareness of crime to affect the national development of the country. This doctoral study aims at investigating the relationship between police expenditure and crime in the context of Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia. The study is a qualitative study by design. Data pertinent to the study were gathered through interview schedule, which was prepared first in Tigrigna and translated into English later, given to relevant sets of two groups of participants, namely zone and district participants referred hereunder as sample A and Sample B, respectively. Participants of the study have been selected purposively. Data generated from the interview schedule were analysed subject to thematic analysis. Major findings of the study indicate that budget allocation is mainly made on the basis of police functions and activities; many of the workers in police are not aware of the national guideline in planning and preparing budgets, and believe that the national security situation predominantly determines the budget allocation rather than the standards set in the country. A considerable number of the police staff are not aware of the procedures in formulating the budget. They agreed that even though there are clear strategies to prevent and investigate crimes, they are not fully implemented. However, they consensually agreed that priority should be given to crime prevention in allocating budget to police. It further discusses the community participation in raising funds through the community policing program is high, and the aim is to strengthen the police to effectively discharge its responsibilities in maintaining social order and safeguarding the people from crime and crime-related problems. Major recommendations include improving the budget, which is mandatory, and enhancing the community and police partnership is essential. It is also necessary to give much attention to enhance the institutional capacity of police to address community problems adequately through installing various police technologies to which budget improvement is mandatory. The input of the study is finally useful to policymakers to look at the police expenditure and bring their attention into the procedures to avoid budget scarcity apparent in the police institutions not only in the region but also across the country. It helps the police develop various programs inactive due to a shortage in the budget.<br>ፅሟቕ ወፃኢታት ፖሊስ ኣብ ምክልኻልን ምርመራን ገበን ኣብ ዝግበር ፃዕሪ ብቀጥታ ፅልዋ አለዎም፡፡ ከምኡ ውን ኣብ ብሄራዊ ዕብየት ሀገር ናይ ባዕሉ ብፅሒት እንትህልዎ ፖሊስ ኣብቲ ዕብየት እኹል ግንዛበ ክህልዎን ዝወፁ መደባት ብኣግባቡ ክፍፀሙን አቶም ወፃኢታት ዓብይ ረብሓ ኣለዎም፡፡ በዚ ምኽንያት ውን እዚ ናይ ዶክትሬት ድግሪ መፅናዕቲ ኣብ ሞንጎ ወፃኢታት ፖሊስ ብሄራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስቲ ትግራይን ኣብታ ክልል ዝፍፀም ገበንን እንታይ ዓይነት ርክብ ኣለዎም ኣብ ዝብል ርእሲ ዘድህብ እዩ፡፡ ንድፊ ወይም ዲዛይን ናይቲ መፅናዕቲ ንባባዊ /ኳሊታቲቭ/ እንትኾን እቶም ናይ መፅናዕቲ ሓበሬታት ብቃለ መሕትትን ፅሑፍ መሕትትን ተዳልዮም በቶም ናይ ተሳተፍቲ ቋንቋ ዝኾነ ትግርኛ ተቶርጊሙ ናብ ተሳተፍቲ ተበቲኑ እዩ፡፡ ምስተኣከበ ውን እንደገና ናብ እግሊዝኛ ተተርጊሙ እዩ፡፡ እቶም ዝነበሩ ተሳተፍቲ ኣብ ዞባን ወረዳን ኮይኖም ናሙና Aን ናሙና Bን ተባሂሎም ኣብ 2ተ ጉጅለ ተኸፊሎም እዮም፡፡ ኣመራርፃ ናይቶም ተሳተፍቲ ምኽንያታዊ ወይ ከዓ ይፈልጡ እዮም ዝብል እንትኾን አቲ ዝተኣከበ ሓበሬታ (ቃለ መሕትትን ፅሑፍ መሕትትን) ጭብጡ ብምዝርዛር እቲ ዝተኣከበ ሓበሬታ ተተንቲኑ እዩ፡፡ ዋና ናይቲ መፅናዕቲ ርካቦት ከምዝሕብሮ ንፖሊስ ተባሂሉ ዝብጀት በጀት መበገሲኡ ፖሊስ ንዝሰርሖምን ዝነጥፎምን ነገራት ዘማእኸለ እዩ፡፡ ኮይኑ ግና መብዛሕቲኦም ኣባላት ፖሊስ በጀት ከመይ ከምዝብጀትን ከመይ ከምዝዳለውን ኣብ ዝግለፅ መብርሂ እኹል ዝኾነ ፍልጠት የብሎምን፡፡ በቲ ናይ ፖሊስ ስታንዳርድ እንተይኮነስ በጀት ዝብጀት በቲ ቢሮ ፀጥታን ምምሕዳርን ዘውፅኦ መምርሒ መሰረት እዩ ኢሎም ይኣምኑ፡፡ ከምኡውን ብዙሓት ፖሊሳት ንበጀት መበጀቲ ቀመር ከመይ ከምዝዳለው ኣይፈልጥዎን፡፡ ብመዳይ ምክልኻልን ምፅራይን ገበን እውን ግልፂ ዝኾነ መምርሒን መሳርሒን ዋላ ኳ እንተሃለወ ኣብ ኣፈፃፅሙኡ ጉድለት ይረኣይ እዩ፡፡ በዚ ውን ኩሎም ተሳተፍቲ ከምዘስማዕምዑሉ ንምክልኻልገበን ዝለዓለ በጀት ክብጀተሉ ኣለዎ ኢሎም፡፡ ተሳትፎ ማሕበረሰብ ኣብ ፖሊስ ኮሚኒቲ መደባት ዝለዓለ እንትኸውን በዚ ውን ዕላማ ፖሊስ ኮሚኒቲ ሽትኡ ክወቅዕ ገይርዎ እዩ፡፡ እዙይ ብምህላው ውን ፖሊስ ዋርድያ ህዝቢ ኮይኑ ካብ ገበንን ስግኣት ገበንን ህዝቢ ነፃ ክኾኑ ሓላፍነት ወሲዱ በርቲዑ ንክሰርሕ ሓጊዙዎ እዩ፡፡ ብመዳይ ፅንዓት መቅረቢ እንትድህስስ ንፖሊስ ስራሕቲ ዝለዓለ በጀት ከምዘደልዮን እዚ ውን ፖሊስን ማሕበረሰብን ሓቢሮም ክሰርሑ ኣብ ምግባር ዕዙዝ ተራ ኣለዎ፡፡ ዓቅሚ ፖሊስ ንምዕባይ ኣብ ዝግበር ፃዕሪ እኹል ቆላሕታ ክወሃብ ኣለዎ ፣ ምክንያቱ ‘ውን ዘመኑ ዝጠልቦ ቴክኖሎጂ ንምዕባይ በጀት ወሳኒ እዩ፡፡ እዚ መፅናዕቲ ንፖሊሲ መውፃእቲ ውን ዓብይ ረብሓ እንትህልዎ ንናይ ፖሊስ በጀት ቆላሕታ ክህቡን ዋሐዲ በጀት ፖሊስ ኣብ ምዕባይን ከም ግብኣት ይጠቕሞም እዩ፡፡ እዚ ፀገም ውን ኣብ ትግራይ ክልል ንዘሎ ጥራሕ እንተይኾነስ ኣብ መላእ እታ ሃገር ንዘሎ ፀገም ክፈትሕ ይኽእል እዩ ተባሂሉ ተፀኒዑ ኣሎ፡፡ በዚ ውን ብሰንኪ ሕፅረት በጀት ንዝጎድል ስራሕቲ ፖሊስ ብእዋኑ ክማላእን ክብ ክብልን ዓብይ ጥቅሚ ኣለዎ፡፡<br>Police Practice<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)