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Journal articles on the topic 'Somali'
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1
Meharg, Isobel Rose. "The Sub-Saharan Refugee Crisis: Three Decades of Somali Refugees in Kenya, How did Kenya become the home of half a million Somali refugees?" Frequency of International Relations (FETRIAN) 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/fetrian.5.1.1-22.2023.
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The case study seeks to unpack the origins of Somali displacement and the subsequent Kenyan policy responses to the unfolding crisis.
 The Somali refugee crisis is unique. Somalia has been the site of one of the longest humanitarian crises in the world. There is not simply one reason for so many globally and internally displaced Somalis, but an accumulation of factors. 
 The research paper shall follow a threefold structure. Firstly, an outline of the context under which these people became refugees to aid understanding of the displacement from Somalia over three decades. Secondly, this paper shall address why Kenya is the predominant destination of those leaving Somalia. This section shall also focus on Kenyan policy in response to the evolving refugee situation. Finally, this paper will focus on the changing policy of Kenya, the attempts to resettle Somali refugees and to close the Dadaab complex. One will pose the question why this policy is not working.
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Abdi, Mohameddeq Ali. "Reforming the Heart of Somalia's Security Sector." Security science journal 3, no. 2 (2022): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.3.2.3.
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Somali security has gone through different stages and it has become a place where certain people use it to oppress their opponents. In this article, we are investigating the possibility to make reforming the heart of the Somalis Security sector. This article presents an example that if used it is possible that something can be changed for the Somali security sector . The article argues Somali Security should get fully trust the society of Somalia, if the people of Somalia feel that the security belongs to them and the people believing that they are working in the interest of the nation but not the interest-specific person, once people realize that the Security are working to defend and to protect their country as well their interest, it will be easier to make reform and implement the whole country.
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Meriem, Helmi Ben. "People, Power and Peace: The Public Obsessions of Jamal Gabobe and Mohamud Siad Togane." Maghreb Review 49, no. 1 (2024): 56–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tmr.2024.a915897.
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ABSTRACT: This paper explores the image of Siad Barre in Jamal Gabobe's and Mohamud S. Togane's poems and historicizes a decisive era in modern Somali history: the period between 1969 and 1990 during which Siad Barre ruled over Somalia. These poems explore the dictatorial nature of Barre's rule and the mechanisms by which he managed to stay in power. The personal trauma, which is expressed in some poems, is used as a foundation for Somalis' collective renaissance. By the act of writing and voicing their pain, the tormented empower themselves and shed light on a dark stage of Somali history, giving an inclusive image of the status of Somalis in Barre's and post-Barre's Somalia. Essential questions will be posed and addressed, such as: how did the poems written before the collapse of Barre's regime help Somalis fight dictatorship? What is the role of such poems in the construction of a new identity in the post-Barre era? Can they be seen as acts of discursive resistance?
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Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia." African Studies Review 61, no. 2 (2018): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.144.
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Abstract:This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on the current state formation processes occurring in the purview of the Somali State. Somali clans are determined to come to terms with the state collapse by averting the return to political power of the detested military regime, which was led by one clan-based leadership that tended to terrorize other rival clans and denied any equal power- and resource-sharing framework. Conceptualizing the contemporary Somali state as similar to pre-colonial clan-sultanates, this article argues that contemporary Somalis are reverting to a pre-colonial realm where each clan had its clan sultan seeking for a clan-state of its own right. Where else do clan-states compete against each other in entering into “treaties” with external entities intent on exploiting war-torn Somalia astabula rasa? It is towards the objective of answering this question and of providing a better understanding of the Somali conflict that this article is offered to add a comparative empirical understanding of the different trajectories of state formations in Somalia.
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Praska, Joe. "Organizing in the Somali Community: The Implementation of a Tenant's Rights Program for Minnesota's Somali Renters." Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research 1 (November 22, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v1i0.85.
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Minnesota is home to the one of largest refugee populations in the United States (Batalova 2006) and, according to Singer and Wilson (2007), Minnesota is home to the largest metropolitan area for Somali resettlement. Since civil war broke out in the late 1980s in Somalia, over one million Somalis have been displaced as refugees throughout the world, a majority coming to the U.S. (CIA 2010). As of 2005, up to 35,000 Minnesotans identified as being of Somali descent (Gillaspy 2004). However, key members of the Somali Community, as well as Donald Yamamoto, principal deputy for the State Department’s Africa Bureau, dispute these figures and claim the national and local population figures are significantly higher and steadilyincreasing (Stratis Health 2012).
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Van Hauwermeiren, Remco. "The Ogaden War: Somali women’s roles." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (2012): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02502003.
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In 1977 Somalia invaded Ethiopia hoping to seize the Ogaden, an Ethiopian region predominantly inhabited by ethnic Somali. Histories of this event are rare and focus exclusively on the political and military aspects of the conflict. This is not surprising given the Cold War backdrop of the conflict. This article, however, shifts the focus away from the political towards the personal. Focus here is on the different roles Ogadeni women took up in the Somali-Ethiopian war, also known as the Ogaden war. Through interviews with former actors in the conflict it became clear that women occupied a range of roles in the war, varying from victims or care-givers to active participants in militias and front-line combat. In conflicts today, Somali women still retain many of these roles. Originally some Somalis did oppose this state of affairs, today most seem to have accepted the phenomenon of female actors in the Ogaden war, even though that approval can be linked with a political agenda. Both Ogadeeni and Somali women were active in the war, transcending Somali clan lines along the way. Accounts of the women interviewed illustrate the effects of their choice to participate in the Ogaden war.
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Arthur, Jo. "Language at the margins." Language Problems and Language Planning 28, no. 3 (2004): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.28.3.01art.
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Drawing on a recent ethnographic research project conducted in an urban neighbourhood of Liverpool, England, this paper focuses on Somali speakers, relating the experience of members of this minority language community to the local linguistic and cultural ecology of the city. The community forms part of a Somali diaspora created largely as a consequence of civil war in Somalia towards the end of the twentieth century. The paper opens with an account of the context of the languages and cultures of Liverpool, going on to explore the communicative roles of languages and literacies — Somali, English and Arabic — in the lives of members of the Somali community. Also reported are insights, gained in interviews, into the symbolic values which these languages and literacies hold for them. These data indicate unresolved tensions felt by the interviewees in relation to issues both of cultural identity and of social and educational aspirations — tensions which are closely linked to widespread concern in the community over what is perceived as inter-generational language shift, from Somali to English. This concern has led to the setting up of Somali literacy teaching for young people in the community, and the study included observation of these classes. The paper considers the contribution of such affirmative action to the maintenance and valorisation of Somali, as the language of community heritage, before concluding with discussion of the implications of the Somali community experience in Liverpool — of both marginalisation and resistance — for the management of multilingualism in this modern city. Sommaire Les langues dans la marge: Le cas du somalien à Liverpool Cet article se concentre sur les locuteurs somaliens. Les informations obtenues se rapportent à l’expérience des membres de cette communauté linguistique minoritaire et s’inspirent des conclusions d’une étude ethnographique menée dans un quartier urbain de Liverpool, en Angleterre. La communauté fait partie de la diaspora somalienne, créée principalement à la suite de la guerre civile en Somalie vers la fin du 20ème siècle. L’article présente le contexte des langues et cultures de Liverpool ainsi que les rôles de communication des langues et des taux d’alphabétisation pour les langues — somalien, anglais, arabe — dans la vie des membres de la communauté somalienne. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens effectués, cet article donne aussi un aperçu des valeurs symboliques que représentent pour eux ces langues et leur taux d’alphabétisation. Ces données révèlent les tensions irrésolues ressenties par les personnes interviewées en ce qui concerne les questions à la fois de culture identitaire et d’aspirations sociales et en matière d’éducation. Ces tensions sont intimement liées à une inquiétude répandue parmi la communauté en ce qui concerne les changements qui semblent intervenir au niveau du somalien et de l’anglais entre les générations. Cette inquiétude a mené à la création d’un enseignement du somalien pour les jeunes de la communauté et cette étude inclus les observations de ces classes. L’article prend en considération la contribution d’une action si affirmative pour le maintien et la valorisation du somalien, en qualité de langue du patrimoine de la communauté, et termine en conclusion par une discussion des implications — à la fois de la marginalisation et de la résistance de la communauté somalienne à Liverpool — en ce qui concerne la gestion du multilinguisme de cette ville moderne. [Cette étude se base sur des recherches effectuées en 2001–2002 avec le soutien du Leverhulme Trust. L’auteur remercie l’aide de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah et Samsam Saleh.] Resumo Lingvo marĝena: La kazo de la somalia en Liverpool Surbaze de lastatempa etnografia esplorprojekto farita en urba kvartalo de Liverpool, Anglio, tiu ĉi artikolo fokusiĝas je somaliparolantoj, ligante la sperton de anoj de tiu ĉi lingvominoritata komunumo al la kultura ekologio de la urbo. La komunumo formas parton de somalia diasporo kreita plejparte rezulte de la civila milito en Somalio fine de la dudeka jarcento. La artikolo komenciĝas per prezento de la lingva kaj kultura kunteksto de Liverpool, kaj poste esploras la komunikajn rolojn de lingvoj kaj leg- kaj skribkapabloj — somaliaj, anglaj kaj arabaj — en la vivoj de anoj de la somalia komunumo. Oni ankaŭ raportas pri perceptoj, gajnitaj el intervjuoj, pri ilia sento de la simbolaj valoroj entenataj en tiuj lingvoj kaj kapabloj. Tiuj datenoj indikas, ke la intervjuatoj sentis nesolvitajn streĉitecojn rilate demandojn kaj de kultura identeco kaj de sociaj kaj edukaj aspiroj — streĉitecojn proksime ligitajn al disvastiĝinta maltrankvilo en la komunumo pri tio, kion oni perceptas kiel intergeneracian lingvoŝoviĝon de la somalia al la angla. Tiu maltrankvilo kondukis al starigo de somalia alfabetiga instruado por komunumaj gejunuloj, kaj la studo enhavis ankaŭ observadon de tiuj klasoj. La artikolo konsideras la kontribuon de tia pozitiva agado al konservado kaj valorigo de la somalia, kiel la lingvo de la komuna heredaĵo. La artikolo finiĝas per diskuto de la implicoj de la spertoj de la somalia komunumo en Liverpool — spertoj kaj de marĝenigo kaj de rezistado — por la mastrumado de multlingvismo en tiu moderna urbo. [La studo baziĝas sur esploroj subtenataj en 2001–2 de Leverhulme Trust. La aŭtoro danke rekonas la helpon de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah kaj Samsam Saleh.]
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KAPTEIJNS, LIDWIEN. "DISCOURSE ON MORAL WOMANHOOD IN SOMALI POPULAR SONGS, 1960–1990." Journal of African History 50, no. 1 (2009): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853708003927.
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ABSTRACTThis article is a study of Somali popular songs of the period 1960–90, which opened with the establishment of the Somali national state and ended with its collapse. It focuses on these songs as a discursive site in which a particular dilemma of the new Somali state clearly comes into focus, namely the desire to be ‘modern’, while at the same time turning to ‘tradition’ (i.e. a particular construction of Somali cultural authenticity and traditional religious morality) to mark and anchor a new Somali collective self-understanding and communal identity. The discursive push-and-pull of ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’ evident in the songs expresses itself specifically in debates about moral womanhood – that is to say, about what ‘good’ women should be like. Since the collapse of the state in 1991, Somali discourses about common public identity and gender norms have undergone dramatic change, with the sites of popular culture multiplying, especially outside of Somalia, and accessible through the internet. Although an interpretation of Islam that distances itself from Somali ‘tradition’ has been gaining importance as a source of legitimization, as is evident both in the struggle over the state in Somalia and in everyday life in Somalia and the diaspora, this is not a major concern in the Somali popular songs from the period after 1991. It was born auspiciously this flag raised above usWe will not differentiate among any SomalisSince none of us are closer to it than the others,Let us be equal in front of our flag(Waa samo ku dhalayoo calanka noo saaranSoomaali oo dhan, kala sooci maynoUma kala sokeynno, ha loo sinnaado)Somali popular song, articulating the hope of Somali unity and equality, sung by Faduumo Abdillaahi ‘Maandeeq’ in the early 1960s
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Cho, Sung Taek, and Woong Seog Yim. "Clans Division and Al-Shabaab’s Dominance in Somalia." Korean Association for Terrorism Studies 17, no. 2 (2024): 123–42. https://doi.org/10.46350/kats.2024.17.2.123.
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Al-Shabaab started as a youth branch of an organization called the Islamic Legal Union, is based in Somalia and is engaged in terrorist activities in East Africa, pledging allegiance to the global terrorist organization Al Qaeda in 2010 and forming an alliance with Al Qaeda in 2012. Al-Shabaab actively intervened in the 2006-2009 Somali conflict and is the dominant force in the southern and central parts of Somalia, fighting the Somali federal government and the African Union. In the civil war since the collapse of the socialist Barre regime, al-Shabaab has threatened the authority of the Somali government through guerrilla warfare and rule over occupied areas while advocating the ideology of Salafism. Somali Armed Forces, militias, and international peacekeepers have been trying to militarily wipe out al-Shabaab and other terrorist organizations, but the results have been unsuccessful. In order to resolve the chaos in Somalia, discussions on restoring peace among the elite and a new democratic system are urgently needed, and consistent cooperation from neighboring countries and continuous humanitarian support efforts for the Somali people are needed.
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Warbrick, Colin, and Zeray W. Yihdego. "II. Ethiopia's Military Action Against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 3 (2007): 666–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei188.
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Somalia has been without government since 1991. A transitional government was established in 2004 under the presidency of Abdullahi Yusuf, with the backing of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), the Arab League and the Inter-governmental Agency for Development (IGAD). The Government sat in Baidoa in southern Somalia from June 2005 until December 2006. In June 2006 the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC) took control of much of southern and central Somalia, including the capital, Mogadishu, but not Puntland and Somaliland. They declared and tried to establish an Islamic State. Somalis were told to comply with stringent Islamic rules or face harsh punishment. In the meantime, efforts to achieve national reconciliation were ongoing under the auspices of IGAD, though without much success. It was reported that on 20 July 2006 Ethiopian troops crossed into Somalia. Ethiopia only admitted to having military trainers to help the Somali Government (estimated to be 400 military personnel). On 21 July, the UIC declared a ‘holy war’ against Ethiopia. In September 2006 the Somali interim President survived an assassination attempt in Baidoa. On 25 October 2006 Ethiopia said that it was ‘technically at war’ with the Islamic Courts. After few days the UIC claimed to have ambushed and killed Ethiopian troops near the Ethiopian border.1
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Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji. "Arabic Sources on Somalia." History in Africa 14 (1987): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171836.
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In recent years scholars of different nationalities (including Somalis) have devoted much time and effort to acquiring information about the Somali past using different means and through the available sources on the region. However, the Arabic written sources of information on Somalia have long been neglected and remain so. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the need for a more comprehensive reading of Arabic sources, and to show that Arabic sources have much to contribute to knowledge about Somalia. I will try to trace these sources and list them in a chronological manner, starting with the early Arab sources, especially from the period which followed the emergence of Islam on the Arabian peninsula when Islam made its way into the Horn of Africa.Secondly, I will look at sources from medieval Islam in Somalia, when Islam spread from the coastal centers on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean into the hinterlands of the Horn, the period which marked the struggle between Islam and Christianity. Thirdly, I will look at the period after the collapse of Muslim power in the late sixteenth century, almost two centuries when the Muslims of the Horn (the Somalis) were surrounded by Ethio-Portuguese alliances both to the north and in the Indian Ocean to the south. This period marked a time when the condition of the Somali Muslims became similar to that formerly endured by the Ethiopians, who had been surrounded by Muslims on all sides.
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Aryanto, Dedy Eko. "PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA ANAK SOMALIA UMUR 4 TAHUN TERHADAP BAHASA KEDUA DALAM LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT CIPUTAT TANGERANG SELATAN." Fon : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 16, no. 2 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/fjpbsi.v16i2.2970.
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ABSTAK: Faktor lingkungan sangat penting dalam pertumbuhan anak, terutama dalam perolehan bahasa anak-anak, semua manusia berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan orang lain menggunakan bahasa yang sama dan ada juga yang menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda, dalam penelitian ini peneliti akan melakukan penelitian pada anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun 8 bulan dan akan memperdalam bahasa kedua anak Somalia ini, yang bertepatan sekarang berdomisili di Indonesia, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode ini digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi mendalam baik secara teori maupun informasi tentang anak somalia yang tinggal di Indonesia. Faktor lingkungan menjadi sangat penting dalam penelitian tentang penguasaan bahasa anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun dan 8 bulan.KATA KUNCI: faktor lingkungan; pemerolehan bahasa; bahasa kedua;anak Somalia.�LANGUANGE AQUISTION OF SOMALI CHILDREN 4 YEARS OLD AGAINST LANGUANGE IN CIPUTAT SOUTH TANGERANG COMUNITY ENVIRONMENT�ABSTRACT: Environmental factors are very important in the growth of a child, especially in the acquisition of children's language, all humans communicate and interact with others using the same language and there are also using different languages, in this study researchers will conduct research on Somali children aged 4 8 months and will deepen the second language of this Somali child, which coincides now domiciled in Indonesia, in this study using a qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to obtain in-depth information both in theory and information on somalia children who live in Indonesia. Environmental factors become very important in research on language acquisition of Somali children aged 4 years and 8 months.KEYWORDS: Environment; Language Acquisition; Second Language; Somali Children.
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Liempt, Ilse Van, and Gery Nijenhuis. "Socio-Economic Participation of Somali Refugees in the Netherlands, Transnational Networks and Boundary Spanning." Social Inclusion 8, no. 1 (2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i1.2434.
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<p>In this article we analyse the socio-economic participation of Somali refugees in the Netherlands. Unemployment is higher among Somalis than any other refugee or immigrant group in the Netherlands and they face many obstacles when it comes to social and economic participation. At the same time, they are known for having a strong transnational orientation. We were interested to learn whether and, if so, how Somalis use their transnational networks to overcome obstacles on the Dutch labour market and how boundaries around formal labour markets are negotiated in order to access employment and to participate. We did so by focusing on two strategies employed to participate, namely through Somali organizations in the Netherlands and elsewhere, and by Somalis moving to the UK. In doing so, we looked at Somalis’ ability to span boundaries to create opportunities. The concept of transnational networks is helpful in understanding Somalis’ daily realities, but conceptually it does not seem to fit entirely as these networks usually only refer to connections with the ‘homeland.’ We argue that Somalis’ boundary-spanning activities move beyond national levels and involve various scales, sites, and settings. The data we refer to are derived from focus group discussions with 66 Somali people in Amsterdam and 20 interviews with experts who work with the Somali community in the Netherlands. These discussions and interviews were held in 2013–14. We also draw on 20 interviews with Somali organizations in the Netherlands about their transnational orientation, which were conducted between 2010 and 2013 in the context of another research project.</p>
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Sumra, Dr Kalsoom Bibi, and Abdalgani Aid Almi. "Role of Federal Government in Managing Conflicts: Somalia." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (2020): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug239.
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This study is undertaken to critically underline the role of government in managing the conflicts, most notably the federal government of Somalia. The undergone research also discusses the prolonged Somali conflict and options for the conflict resolutions with the available roles for the federal government of Somalia during any conflict. The study finds that the previous conflict resolutions of Somalia were unsuccessful as most of the conflicts exist till today. The role of federal government is limited to the Somali peace processes and conferences with the ethnic motivated perceptions. As a result, the study concludes that the federal government of Somalia is perceived by the public as involved in the conflicts. Thus, in order to eliminate the prolonged Somali conflict, it is suggested to formulate strong federal agencies to prevent any possible conflict in future, besides employing community based conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Zamzam, Hassan Mohamed. "The Effectiveness of Monetary Policy on the Financial Stability of the Commercial Banks in Somalia." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 1 (2022): 107–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5879048.
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The purpose of this study is to look into the impact of Somalia's monetary policy on the financial stability of the country's commercial bank and to determine the impact of Open Market Operations on the financial stability of Somalia's commercial banks. This study's goal is to investigate the impact of Somalia's central bank interest rate on commercial bank stability, as well as to analyze the impact of reserve ratio requirements on Somali commercial banks' financial stability, and also the impact of internal and macroeconomic factors on Somali commercial banks' financial stability. The study concentrated on 18 wellknown Somali banks. Data for the study is gathered from published financial statements of Somali commercial banks, monetary policy statements, relevant publications from the Central Bank of Somalia, and other sources. Commercial bank book values are obtained for the years between 2014 and 2020, interest revenue and expense for each year, the weighted average of the central bank's rate, the weighted average of its cash reserve ratio, and the weighted average of its 364 Treasury Bill rates are collected. SPSS and other descriptive statistical techniques aided the researcher in characterizing the data and determining how much of it is used. The T-Bill Rate is found to have a positive effect on the financial soundness of Somali commercial banks. As a result, the researchers concluded that T-Bill rates had a beneficial but limited impact on the financial health of Somalia's commercial banks.
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Gemechu, Degefe Kebede. "Inter-Clan Conflicts and the Long Journey to State-Building in Somalia – Internal and International Effects." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 16 (January 22, 2024): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2023.1.12.
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The main purpose of the article is to investigate and analyze the inter-clan conflict and its consequences as well as the role of subregional and international organizations such as African Unions in conflict resolution and peace-building efforts in Somalia. Compared to various regions in Africa, the Horn of Africa was the region that was the most affected by internal and external conflicts. In this region, Somalia faced not only Clan problems but also suffered from rule dictatorial rules. The research hypothesis states that, traditional social structures, comprising of the clan and sub-clan identity are the main factors of disagreement and the international community peace initiatives couldn’t bring lasting peace in Somalia. Investigation questions include: What are the root causes of Somali conflict? What are the effects of the role of regional and international organizations in Somali conflict resolution? Despite being the most homogeneous nations in Africa, why did Somalis have one of the longest civil wars in the Horn of Africa? The tension in Somalia which began after the downfall of the central government in Somalia in 1991 convoluted the well-being of the citizens in the region. Among the states of the Horn of Africa, Somalia turned out to be one the most affected regarding instability and humanitarian and political turmoil. This article tries to explore the main problems Somalia faced after the end of the Cold War, the consequences of the conflict and other issues related to social and political problems taken place in Somalia. The research mainly depends on the qualitative method of data collection analysis.
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Carrier, Neil. "Mobile people, phones and photography: Somali visual practices in Nairobi's Eastleigh estate." Africa 89, no. 2 (2019): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000044.
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AbstractThe coming of the mobile phone camera has transformed photography. This article explores this transformation through a case study of photography in Eastleigh, a Nairobi estate that is home to many thousand Somalis, both Kenyan Somalis and refugees from Somalia. It is a trade hub for East Africa, a social and economic hub for the global Somali diaspora, and a place regarded as suspect in a country where Somalis have long been marginalized. This article examines Eastleigh as photographic subject and setting, comparing the ubiquity of mobile phone photography there with seldom-practised more traditional forms of photography that are often treated with suspicion in an estate subject to securitized government policy and negative press. It shows how mobile phone photography helps people in the estate communicate visually with the wider Somali diaspora through social media, and how it helps people sell their goods, using as a case study a particular archive of images sent through WhatsApp to the author by Mohaa, a friend of his and a trader in the estate. The article also adds a political dimension to recent anthropological theorizing on mobile photography, showing how, in Eastleigh, Somalis have used photography and social media to take control of the way in which the estate is represented visually, and to demand from the state better services and better treatment.
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Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "The Making of the 1990 Manifesto: Somalia’s Last Chance for State Survival." Northeast African Studies 12, no. 2 (2012): 63–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41931314.
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Abstract The Somali elites’ attempt in 1990 to save their society from dissolution has been all but forgotten since Somalia’s government collapsed in 1991; their failure remains a neglected theme in Somali studies. This study examines an attempt made months before the fall of the Somali military regime in January 1991. The study treats such a community-led endeavor as a mused chance that Somalia could have been prevented from plunging into a complete collapse, the phenomenon of all against all that is yet prevalent in Somalia. It departs the quesúon of what can the history of the final months before the ’civil’ war tell us about the alternatives that local actors envisioned? The study argues that to seek a solution to what is currently occurring in Somalia, a glance of history is necessary.
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Sharif, Shafie. "Effect of COVID-19 for SendingRemittance in Somalia." Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science 1, no. 3 (2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.70806/0pcfjm12.
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Somali diaspora maintains a connection to their home country by sending remittances or traveling back home regularly. However, after the COVID-19 outbreak, the Somali diaspora had reduced or stopped sending remittances in which had affected the household income and the economy of Somalia. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of COVID-19 on sending remittances in Somalia. The survey was conducted from April 5 to 20 May 2021 by using semi-structured interviews. The analyzed data were received from the top five remittances operate in Somalia. Target respondents were executives and operation managers. Interviews were conducted on remittances’ place of works in Mogadishu. Some remittance interviews were conducted by phone. Findings show that Somalia is experiencing two consecutive years of remittances decline amid the Coronavirus lockdown. The decline has an extensive impact onbusiness, the cash flow, the livelihood of household’s income, and the Somali Economy. The future recovery depends on how Coronavirus manages the world
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Ali Omar, Abdullahi. "Combating Maritime Piracy in Somali Waters: An Analysis of National Legislative Counter-Piracy Measures." Uganda Pentecostal University Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.69612/upujsd-2025-11-004.
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This study focused on the framework for combating piracy off the Somali maritime zone. Seas piracy is the crime of robbery of ships or boats on the sea. The threat of piracy attacks against international shipping has increased in various parts of the world, including the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal, West Africa, and off the Brazilian coast. Thus, the research objectives were to analyze the adherence of Somali Government to international legal frameworks for combating piracy and examine the role of national legal framework in combating piracy along the Somali Maritime Zone. The findings on the implementation of anti-piracy measures off the Somali coast can be helpful to the government of Somalia as well as to both local and foreign investors. The study found that due to civil war, absence of central government, and lack of natural resources, Somalia is presently one of the most underdeveloped and chaotic countries in the world and would require robust legal regime to combat this menace.
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Heritage, Steven, Houssein Rayaleh, Djama G. Awaleh, and Galen B. Rathbun. "New records of a lost species and a geographic range expansion for sengis in the Horn of Africa." PeerJ 8 (August 18, 2020): e9652. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9652.
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The Somali Sengi or Somali Elephant-shrew (‘Elephantulus’ revoilii, Macroscelidea, Mammalia) has been considered a “lost species” and is primarily known from about 39 museum specimens, with no new vouchered occurrence records since the early 1970s. The scientific literature contains no data concerning living Somali Sengi individuals and the species’ current Data Deficient conservation status is attributable to an absence of modern information. Almost everything that has been published about the species is derived from anatomical examinations of historic specimens, gleaned from museum collection notes, or inferred from the known habits and ecology of other sengi taxa. Here we report new evidence that the Somali Sengi is currently extant. These data include voucher specimens, georeferenced occurrence localities, body measurements, habitat parameters, and DNA sequences. While the species is historically documented as endemic to Somalia, these new records are from the neighboring Republic of Djibouti and thus expand the Somali Sengi’s known range in the Horn of Africa. Furthermore, Djiboutian locality data near international borders suggests that the Somali Sengi is also a current inhabitant of both Somalia and Ethiopia. Criteria that inform conservation status assessments (e.g., suitable habitat contiguity and occurrence in wildlife protected areas) can be positively characterized in Djibouti and therefore bode well for the survival of the Somali Sengi species. New data also inform previously undocumented substrate and sheltering affiliations. DNA analyses indicate that the Somali Sengi is a descendant of the Macroscelidini lineage and therefore reveal that the species’ referral to the genus Elephantulus is incompatible with sengi phylogeny. This taxonomic issue is resolved by recognizing a new genus replacement and recombinant binomial that redesignates the Somali Sengi as Galegeeska revoilii (gen. nov., nov. comb). An analysis of ancestral biogeography suggests that the Somali Sengi has inhabited the Horn of Africa for more than 5.4 million years—and the recognition of the species’ phylogenetic ancestry appends the already remarkable biogeographic story of the Macroscelidini tribe.
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Fitraharani, Greaty, and Arfin Sudirman. "Warisan Kolonisasi Inggris di Kenya: Kekerasan Struktural terhadap Etnis Kenya-Somali di Kenya." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 10, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v10i1.3300.
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Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh warisan kolonisasi Inggris di perbatasan antara Kenya dan Somalia yang mengakibatkan keberadaan kelompok etnis Somali di North Eastern Province. Aktor yang terlibat adalah Pemerintah Kolonial, Pemerintah Kenya dan Etnis Kenya-Somali. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan kekerasan struktural terhadap kelompok Etnis Kenya-Somali pasca kolonisasi di Kenya. Peneliti menggunakan structural violence dari Johan Galtung dan pendekatan Post-Colonialism dari Frantz Fanon untuk dapat menerapkan teori tersebut ke dalam fenomena kekerasan struktural yang terjadi pada etnis Kenya-Somali. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menerapkan pendekatan structural violence sebagai pisauanalisis pengidentifikasian permasalahan kesenjangan sistem yang kerap terjadi di negara dunia ketiga akibat warisan sistem kolonisasi.
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Wolfger, Thomas Maximilian. "development of the national language of Somalia." Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 1, no. 1-2 (2024): 90–111. https://doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2021.1.1-2.5.
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The present work deals with the development of the Somali language in the 20th century, and tries to explain the different stages of development and development processes. Linguistically speaking, Somalia is an outstanding example as it is one of the few African countries with a homogeneous language group. This means that around 95% (cf. Warsame 2001, p. 342) of the Somali population speaks the Somali language, and communicates predominantly in this language. The focus of this work is mainly on the process of decision-making about a fixed writing style, and why Somalia came to a decision about a uniform writing form relatively late. In addition, the possibilities are explained that were up for discussion and thus seriously discussed, as well as how the decision made was justified. The literacy campaign, which was carried out between 1973 and 1975, represents a central aspect of this development and thus of this work. In addition, from a linguistic and strategic point of view, the processes by which the Somali language was modernized and which bodies played a role are described.
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Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M., and Abdullahi Salah Osman. "Keynan Somali Equation Theory: An Empirical Attempt to Explain What Led to the Collapse of the Somali State." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 11, no. 4 (2024): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.114.16879.
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With the introduction of the contemporary state structure in Somalia, there have been and still are ways to explain what led to the collapse of the state. There have been many attempts from scholars who viewed the Somali case from different perspectives to explain what led to the state crumbling. The Somali state collapse has rejected conventional wisdom and evaded almost all attempts to impose a particular structure, explanation, or conclusion upon it. Much has been written and said about the country, particularly since 1991. One serious attempt which may help explain the Somali case is the Keynan Theory of Somali Equation (KSET). KSET is a philosophical attempt to explain the Somali state's collapse by theorising the country's political and social context, the factors that contributed to its demise, and the steps necessary for the Somali people to reconstruct their state. This paper will attempt to analyse and examine the theoretical framework of the phenomenon of social order fragmentation, which is the foundation of KSET. Applying the theory will further attempt to shed light on the factors that led to the establishment and continuation of Somali society. It will also examine "the complex of ideas, values, beliefs and institutions that define and underpin the Somali society" by looking at the methodology applied in KSET.
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Lewis, Ioan. "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox." Africa 74, no. 4 (2004): 489–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489.
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AbstractIn exploring the difficulties experienced by the traditionally politically uncentralised Somalis in establishing a stable and effective state, based on their ethnicity, this article compares ethnicity, nationalism and lineage identity. In this case, ethnicity and nationalism are local products, influenced but not created by the colonial experience. They have had to contend with the intractable force of segmentary lineage identity, which has proved extremely difficult to adapt and accommodate to the requirements of modern statehood. In its cultural context, agnation is all the more pervasive and powerful in constituting an ‘invisible’ bond, conceived by Somalis as a biologically based distinction like ‘race’. Unlike race, it is almost infinitely elastic and divisible. Ethnic identity, which rests on external distinctions such as language, culture and religion, cannot be broken down into a series of formally equivalent segments, but is less binding as a social force. Today, after the collapse of the state of Somalia in 1991, following protracted grass‐roots peace‐making between clans, two parts of the nation—the former British Somaliland, and the north‐eastern region of Somalia (‘Puntland’, based on the Majerteyn clan, and other closely related clans)—have developed separate local states. Although Somaliland claims complete independence, which Puntland does not, both polities incorporate parliamentary institutions that accommodate traditional, and modern political leaders and processes. The ex‐Italian residue, Southern Somalia, still without any form of government, is in what appears to be the final throes of its long‐running, fourteenth grandiose international ‘peace’ conference in Kenya. Thousands of delegates, in various configurations, have already spent over eighteen months in these talks. Although its embryonic constitution now recognises ‘clans’ as constituent political units, this attempt to re‐establish Somalia is based on the usual ‘top‐down’ approach, rather than on spontaneous local negotiations amongst ‘stakeholders’ on the ground, such as those on which Somaliland and Puntland are founded. With contingents of foreign ‘experts’, the whole process seeks to reinstate a familiar Eurocentric state model, unadapted to Somali conditions.
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Winthrop, Rob. "The Real World the Limits of Relativism: Debating Female Circumcision." Practicing Anthropology 23, no. 4 (2001): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.4.g20215513g81g412.
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In 1996 doctors at Seattle's Harborview Medical Center, which serves a primarily immigrant community, faced an ethical challenge. A number of Somali women insisted on circumcision not only for their sons, but also—reasonably enough, in Somali terms—for their daughters. The Somali mothers apparently recognized the cultural sensitivity of their request, for they were willing to have the hospital perform a purely symbolic procedure, merely nicking the skin sufficiently to draw blood, in contrast to a traditional sunna procedure which would remove at least part of the clitoris. The families made clear that if their request were refused, they would take other steps: resorting to one of several Somali midwives living in the Seattle area, or even flying their daughters back to Somalia for the procedure.
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Ivanova, Lubov. "The Somali Regional State of Ethiopia: History and Prospects for Development." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 6 (2023): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640024001-9.
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The Somali Regional State of Ethiopia, by its very existence, demonstrates an attempt to resolve territorial disputes in the Horn of Africa over the past two decades. Ethiopia and Somalia lay claim to the territory despite the fact that it is peripheral to both nations. Nevertheless, it is located at the centre of the Somali Peninsula, at the crossroads of trade routes from the hinterland of North East Africa to seaports, at the crossroads of Christian and Islamic civilisations. The formation of the Somali Regional State was made possible after Ethiopia became a federal state in 1994, when the rights of ethnic Somalis living in the eastern part of the country were redefined. The article provides an overview of the historical background of the Ogaden and analyses the problems inherent in its being part of federal Ethiopia. The uneasy relationship between the region and the modern Ethiopian state demonstrates that ethnic federalism, in the absence of developed democratic mechanisms, generates a number of contradictions between different peoples who, under a federal system, are entitled to, or at least hope for, legitimate representation in the central government. The interest of Soviet and Russian scholars in the “Ogaden problem” was mostly limited to the Cold War period, when two states tried to resolve territorial disputes by waging war with both sides receiving military support from the Soviet Union. Nowadays the question of effectiveness of ethnic federalism within Ethiopia is more in the focus of research. In the article the author analyses the main stages of the creation of the Somali Regional State of Ethiopia and offers some ideas for future studies of the Region.
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Hersi, Abdullahi Mohamed. "Ila Hadal Walaal: A Traditional Reconciliation Model for Healing Somalia's Wounds." Indonesian Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 2 (2023): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijssr.04.02.05.
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Reconciliation involves rebuilding relationships among people and groups in society and between the state and its citizens. The protracted conflict in Somalia had devastating effects on Somali citizens. Formulating a genuine social reconciliation model that can contribute to trauma healing, trust building, and an enabled environment for forgiveness and sharing narratives continues to pose daunting challenges to peace and state-building in Somalia. This paper provides analytical thinking by coalescing traditional Somali reconciliation approaches and modern peace-building principles. It attempts to establish a new model based on Somali cultural norms and values. The paper pinpoints the legal, institutional, and political issues that are prerequisite for any viable and successful social reconciliation. It recommends capacity development of public institutions mandated to facilitate and oversee national, regional, and local reconciliation exercises while underscoring the pivotal role of women and other members of civil society.
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Gele, Abdi A., Bente P. Bø, and Johanne Sundby. "Attitudes toward Female Circumcision among Men and Women in Two Districts in Somalia: Is It Time to Rethink Our Eradication Strategy in Somalia?" Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/312734.
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Somalia has the highest global prevalence (98%) of female circumcision (FC), and, despite a long history of abandonment efforts, it is not clear as to whether or not these programmes have changed people’s positive attitudes toward the practice. Against this background, this paper explores the attitudes of Somalis living in Hargeisa and Galkayo districts to the practice of FC.Methods. A purposive sampling of 24 Somalis, including activists and practitioners, men and women, was conducted in Somalia. Unstructured interviews were employed to explore the participants' knowledge of FC, their attitudes toward the continuation/discontinuation of the practice, and the type they want to continue or not to continue.Result. The findings of this qualitative study indicate that there is a strong resistance towards the abandonment of the practice in Somalia. The support for the continuation of Sunna circumcision is widespread, while there is a quite large rejection of Pharaonic circumcision.Conclusion. Therefore, since the “zero tolerance policy” has failed to change people’s support for the continuation of the practice in Somalia, programmes that promote the pinch of the clitoral skin and verbal alteration of status, with the goal of leading to total abandonment of FC, should be considered for the Somali context.
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Herring, Eric. "Decolonising Development : Academics, Practitioners and Collaboration." Journal of Somali Studies 7, no. 2 (2020): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2056-5682/2020/7n2a4.
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This article explores how academics and practitioners can collaborate to decolonise development in relation to Somalia/Somaliland. It does so through theoretical synthesis followed by an inductive thematic empirical analysis and collaborative autoethnography of the Somali First initiative to promote Somaliled development. The initiative has been run by Somali social enterprise Transparency Solutions and the University of Bristol since 2014. The article argues that underpinning the initiative with commitments to sustainable development as a global issue and to locally led, simple, complicated and complex change has been vital to ensuring that it contributes to decolonising development in Somalia/Somaliland. It argues further that the decolonisation of development in this case has been advanced through long term partnership grounded in a shared purpose and complementary capacities; maximisation of funding for and control of funding by Somali entities; decentring English and centring Somali linguistic diversity; promoting a locally led approach; and employing co-production. It concludes that scaling up or transfer of the approach set out in the article would involve reinterpretation by local actors to suit the context to be an effective contribution to decolonising development.
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Ondigi, Anyona. "The Languages of Food and Imagined Communities at a Somali Restaurant in Bellville, South Africa." Matatu 54, no. 1 (2023): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-05401006.
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Abstract This study is an ethnographic account of an ethnic restaurant of the Somali immigrant community in South Africa. It seeks to examine the role that a Somali restaurant plays with regard to the food cooked, served, and consumed as well as the linguistic and non-linguistic ways in which the guests, Somalis and non-Somalis, negotiate their ethnic and national identities and communities in relation to the food and the wider physical and social context of the restaurant, located in the Bellville region of South Africa. A secular environment, South Africa can also be described as fairly xenophobic and Afrophobic. For the collection of data, the study focused on the restaurateur, employees, and guests. The findings indicated that through food memories, habits, and practices, and an aura of conviviality and homeliness, the Somali and non-Somali immigrants developed and sustained a sense of community and solidarity. This is as opposed to the mainly commercial and uniform feel of western (or American) (or) fast food restaurants. As a corollary of this, it is the case that immigrants carry with them norms and values which ought to be drawn from by the host society.
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Alawa, Jude, Lucas Walz, Samir Al-Ali, et al. "Knowledge of and preparedness for COVID-19 among Somali healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0259981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259981.
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Background Somalia is considered severely underprepared to contain an outbreak of COVID-19, with critical shortages in healthcare personnel and treatment resources. In limited-resource settings such as Somalia, providing healthcare workers with adequate information on COVID-19 is crucial to improve patient outcomes and mitigate the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study assessed the knowledge of, preparedness for, and perceptions toward COVID-19 prevention and treatment among Somali healthcare workers. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was completed by 364 Somali healthcare workers in summer of 2020 utilizing a convenience sampling method. Results Participants’ most accessed sources of COVID-19 information were from social media (64.8%), official government and international health organization websites (51.1%,), and traditional media sources such as radio, TV, and newspapers (48.1%). A majority of participants demonstrated strong knowledge of treatment of COVID-19, the severity of COVID-19, and the possible outcomes of COVID-19, but only 5 out of 10 symptoms listed were correctly identified by more than 75% of participants. Although participants indicated seeing a median number of 10 patients per week with COVID-19 related symptoms, access to essential medical resources, such as N95 masks (30.2%), facial protective shields (24.5%), and disposable gowns (21.4%), were limited. Moreover, 31.3% agreed that Somalia was in a good position to contain an emerging outbreak of COVID-19. In addition, 40.4% of participants agreed that the Somali government’s response to the pandemic was sufficient to protect Somali healthcare professionals. Conclusion This study provides evidence for the need to equip Somali healthcare providers with more information, personal protective equipment, and treatment resources such that they can safely and adequately care for COVID-19 patients and contain the spread of the virus. Social media and traditional news outlets may be effective outlets to communicate information regarding COVID-19 and the Somali government’s response to frontline healthcare workers.
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McLaughlin, Rob. "The Continuing Conundrum of the Somali Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 30, no. 2 (2015): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341355.
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Among the many challenges facing Somalia as it seeks to enable its maritime future is the continuing conundrum presented by its historical claim to a 200-nautical-mile territorial sea. However, as a degree of stability has returned, a series of important—but largely forgotten—national and international legislative and policy steps taken by the Somali Democratic Republic just prior to the onset of the civil war have been rediscovered. This has cast the issue in a new light, and raises several questions as to the consequences and evolution of the Somali legal relationship to the maritime domain. This article describes the current status of the Somali claim, with a view to illuminating the legal history behind the Somali legislative ‘start point’ for the recently filed application with the International Court of Justice in relation to its Exclusive Economic Zone delimitation with Kenya.
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Sunni, Muna, Carol Brunzell, Jennifer Kyllo, Loren Purcell, Phillip Plager, and Antoinette Moran. "A picture-based carbohydrate-counting resource for Somalis." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 1 (2017): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517718732.
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Objective Carbohydrate counting is essential for effective management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Somali diet-specific carbohydrate-counting references are lacking, creating an additional barrier to effective diabetes control. We developed a picture-based carbohydrate-counting resource for Somalis with T1D. Methods Traditional Somali foods were selected using a variety of methods. Serving sizes and carbohydrate calculations were tabulated using the United States Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Carbohydrate contents of home-prepared foods were calculated by measuring the total yield and total carbohydrates of ingredients in the recipe divided by the number of servings to be consumed. When available, recipes were used for food preparation and analysis for more accurate carbohydrate estimation. Results Photographs of prepared Somali foods were compiled into a PDF file. While introductions are written in text, the resource is primarily picture-based to bypass limited literacy. The resource is shared free of charge via the following link: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0300060517718732 . The link will be updated annually with new information. Conclusion There is a necessity to tailor educational materials to address the needs of Somalis with diabetes. We have created a picture-based nutrition resource for carbohydrate counting of traditional Somali foods and have made this freely available to individuals worldwide.
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Musse, Osman Sayid Hassan, and Abdelghani Echchabi. "Dollarization in East Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Future Forecasts." Binus Business Review 8, no. 1 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v8i1.1759.
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The dollarization phenomenon has been widespread among the East African countries for many decades. This trend results in several consequences that might be either beneficial or harmful to these countries and their likes.The objective of this research was to empirically examine the causes, consequences and the future scenarios of dollarization in one of the leading regional countries such as Somalia. The research used a survey of over 100respondents and applied descriptive statistics and t-tests to achieve the above objectives. The findings show that the main causes of Dollarization in Somalia are the implementation of the Hawallah (money transfer) system,the remarkable absence of the central bank and other monitoring financial authorities, the increasing exports and imports of the Somalian economy, the loss of confidence in the local Somalian Shilling, and the relative ease atwhich the Somalian Shilling can be printed and manipulated by selected market players. These causes are found to be mainly triggered by the revenue from exports, the policies and regulations implemented by the Somali government, the Somali Diaspora, and the international aid organizations. This has resulted in the foreign traders buying Somali goods at a relatively lower price and taking advantage of the depreciated Somali Shilling against most international currencies.
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Collins, Victoria E. "Dangerous seas: Moral panic and the Somali pirate." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 45, no. 1 (2012): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865811432812.
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Piracy in the coastal waters of Somalia has received significant attention from the news media and international political community, both of which have been major actors in defining the issue of piracy in and around the waters of Somalia. Drawing on the thematic frames of Cohen (1972) and Goode and Ben-Yehuda (1994) , this work provides an analysis of the media and political depictions and international responses to Somali piracy, to evaluate if the phenomenon is reflective of normal societal concern or constitutes a case of ‘moral panic’. The results indicate that the media presentation and the international political community’s discourse on piracy in the Somali coastal waters have led to increased levels of fear and panic and over-reaction, resulting in an excess of militarized response to piracy. This then has negated attention being paid to the underlying causes of Somali piracy; the extant structural conditions in Somalia that have continued to facilitate increased instances of piracy. The findings suggest that a moral panic failed to materialize with the general public, rather, the reaction of the international political community, the international shipping industry, and the media’s actions correspond with the theoretical perspective of agenda-setting.
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Bade, Zakarie Abdi. "Bridging Educational Voids: The Emergence and Significance of Sociology in Somali Higher Education." European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning 2, no. 1 (2024): 66–77. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejceel.2024.2(1).06.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the absence of sociology as an academic subject within Somali higher education, delve into the history of higher education in Somalis, examine the primary themes of sociological debates in the country, and explore potential prospects for offering sociology as a field of study in Somali universities. By employing a Qualitative Descriptive Review methodology, the study thoroughly reviews and thematically analyzes a range of literature, such as academic papers, historical documents, and policy papers, instead of gathering primary data. This method is selected to provide a comprehensive account of the obstacles and opportunities in incorporating sociology into the curricula of Somali universities. Somali higher education, which commenced with the establishment of Somali National University following independence, has experienced a turbulent history. Initially, the only operational university during the military regime until 1991, the fall of the military government resulted in several decades of conflict and instability. Despite these challenges, several universities have been active over the past two decades, but they have largely overlooked sociology, resulting in a notable deficiency in the social sciences. The study demonstrates that the lack of sociology in Somali universities represents a significant oversight, given the subject's potential to contribute to understanding and addressing social issues in a post-conflict society. In conclusion, the paper advocates for the urgent need to integrate sociology into the curricula of Somali universities, arguing that doing so would not only bridge an existing academic gap but also equip future generations with essential tools to analyze and positively contribute to the rebuilding and development of Somali society.
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Whitaker, Beth Elise. "Refugees, Foreign Nationals, and Wageni: Comparing African Responses to Somali Migration." African Studies Review 63, no. 1 (2020): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2019.52.
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Abstract:Host governments have responded to the migration of Somali refugees throughout Africa in recent decades in different ways. Kenyan policymakers have treated Somalis primarily as a security threat, imposing restrictions on them that especially target this group. In South Africa, where economic and political competition fuel xenophobia, Somalis are part of a larger foreign national population that is seen as having disproportionate economic influence. However, Somali Bantus have been welcomed in Tanzania, which granted them citizenship even as it limited the mobility and activities of other refugees. A comparative analysis suggests that the relative balance among security, economic, political, and normative considerations shapes the extent and scope of host government policies.
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Meyers, Celine, and Pragna Rugunanan. "Mobile-mediated mothering from a distance: A case study of Somali mothers in Port Elizabeth, South Africa." International Journal of Cultural Studies 23, no. 5 (2020): 656–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877920926645.
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This article explores the mobile-mediated mothering experiences among migrant Somali mothers living in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with Somali mothers to examine how Imo, Viber, Skype and WhatsApp enable them to fulfil important maternal responsibilities toward their left-behind children in Somalia. The findings reveal that three types of maternal tensions occur due to their migration: guilt and concern, family strains, and judgement in Somali communities. Efforts to overcome these tensions include the adoption of mobile technologies to continue to mother from a distance. Migrant Somali mothers in this study mediate mothering using mobile platforms by: (a) transferring remittances to their children’s caretakers, (b) sustaining emotional bonds, (c) teaching religious beliefs, and (d) encouraging educational pursuits. By focusing on mothers as a distinct category of women, this study contributes to the theoretical call for more scholarship on matricentric feminism.
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Scuzzarello, Sarah, and Benny Carlson. "Young Somalis’ social identity in Sweden and Britain: The interplay of group dynamics, socio-political environments, and transnational ties in social identification processes." Migration Studies 7, no. 4 (2018): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny013.
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AbstractIn this article, we aim to contribute to the literature on social identification among migrants and minorities by offering a theoretical framework that accounts for the interplay of socio-psychological factors, local and transnational group dynamics, and the socio-political environment in which migrants live. This approach enables us to analyse not only the political significance of identity, but also the psychology of identity formation. Drawing upon qualitative data, we analyse how young Somalis (N = 43) living in the municipalities of Malmö (Sweden) and Ealing (United Kingdom) construct and negotiate their ethnic social identities in relation to: Somali elders living in the same city; Somalis in Somalia and in the diaspora; and the British/Swedish majority society. We show that, to secure a positive self-identity vis-à-vis these referent groups, young Somalis engage in psychological strategies of separation; social competition; and social creativity. The socio-political environment in which they are embedded influences which strategy they adopt.
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Tiilikainen, Marja. "‘Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk’: Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth." Migration Letters 14, no. 1 (2017): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i1.316.
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This article focuses on the transnational experiences of second-generation Canadian Somalis, in particular their social ties to Somalia. It sheds light on the transnational family relations and practices of the second generation as well as the meanings, emotions and identifications that they attach to such relations and practices. The concepts of transnational ways of being and belonging are employed as analytical tools. In their everyday life, the youth engaged in family practices (communication, remittances, visits) related to Somalia, which was mostly nurtured by their parents’ transnationalism. The youth did not often identify with transnational kin beyond such practices. However, they did combine transnational ways of being and belonging in a dynamic and complex manner. The article is based on 19 interviews with second-generation youth, which were conducted as part of a larger study on transnational Somali families.
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Mezei, Regina. "Somali Language and Literacy." Language Problems and Language Planning 13, no. 3 (1989): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.13.3.01mez.
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RESUMO La Somalia lingvo kaj alfabetigo La 21-an de oktobro 1972, la dekdujara registaro de Somalio finis jam longan debaton kaj decidiĝis pri latina alfabeto por reprezenti la sonojn de la Somalia lingvo. Antaŭe, la somalian oni pludonis de generacio al generacio per buŝa tradicio sen skriba formo, dum la urbanigita, klera elito skribis angle, itale aŭ arabe. Plejparte la lando restis analfabeta je nivelo de 90% ĝis 95%. Post starigo de la oficiala ortografio, signifaj sanĝoj okazis en la lernejoj, kaj oni lancis nacian alfabetigan kampanjon, kiu atingis ankaŭ la somaliajn nomadojn. Mezlernejanoj fariĝis instruistoj en la servo de la stato, la amasmedioj prezentis specialajn programojn kaj lecionojn, anoj de la registaro kaj la armeo estis devigataj lerni la lingvon, kaj plenkreskula edukado trovis lokon en la eduka sistemo. Takso de la Somalia kleriga kampanjo prezentas varian bildon. Kvankam la registaro en Mogadiŝu pretendis 60-procentan alfabetecon post la kampanjo de la mezaj 70-aj jaroj, tiu cifero estas pridubinda, kaj pli aktualaj studoj sugestas, ke la nuna alfabeteco povus esti ne pli ol 30 % . Tamen, tiu cifero altas en Afriko, kaj konsistigas signifan atingon en nomada socio plagumita laŭvice de sekeco, malrico kaj militaj konfliktoj. Nedisputata estas la sukcesa konverto de la lernejoj, de la elementa nivelo gis la Nacia Universitato, al la Somalia lingvo kiel instrumedio, cio ci kun signifa kresko de la nombro de lernejanoj. En la skribo de la lingvo, somaliaj ortografoj liveris la rimedojn, per kiuj lingvo bazita je paŝta vortaro povus esti vastigita por plenumi la lingvajn bezonojn de moderniĝanta socio. Tion ili faris ĉefe per ekspluato de la apartaj strukturo kaj dinamismo de la somalia. Krome, la Somalia "literaturo," precipe la poezio, estis nun transdonebla en skriba formo, tiel garantiante pliajn generaciojn de pluvivo. Certe, la Somalia sperto estas unika. Tamen, ĝi proponas valorajn enrigardojn en ling-voinstruadon kaj alfabetigon en ĉiuj kulturoj, emfazante la gravecon de forta registara engaĝiĝo, uzo de la amasmedio, starigo de alfabetiga korpuso, utiligo de arta esprimiĝo, kaj rekono de ortografio kiel ŝlosila elemento en lernado. SOMMARIO Lingua ed alfabetismo somalesi Il 21 Ottobre del 1972, il giovane governo somalese, al potere da solo 12 anni, ha risolto un dibatito interminabile; cioè, il governo decise di adoperare grafemi latini per rap-presentare fonemi somalesi. Generazioni anterior tramandavano la loro lingua oralmente, mentre l'elite della nazione si serviva dell'inglese, dell'italiano o dell'arabo per le loro co-municazioni scritte. Per il resto del paese il tasso dell'analfabetismo toccava dal 90 al 95 per cento della popolazione. Stabilità l'ortografia ufficiale, cambiamenti di maggior peso si sono introdotti nelle scuole ed una lotta contro l'analfabetismo si e lanciata, arrolgendo tutti i ceti sociali, anche quello nomade. Studenti di liceo diventarono insegnanti, i mass media presentarono pro-grammi e lezioni particolari, impiegati statali e dipendenti militari furono costretti ad im-parare la lingua e scuole per adulti si formarono in tutto il paese. Una valutazione di questi sforzi svolti dalle autorità somalesi nella loro lotta contro l'analfabetismo ci rende risultati ambigui. Benchè il governo centrale abbia rivendicato che l'alfabetismo sia salito a circa 60 per cento dopo la suddetta campagna alla meta degli anni settanta, le cifre sono state contestate da critici competenti e ricerche recenti suggeriscono che l'attuale tasso di alfabetismo sfiori il 30 per cento. Nonostante ciò, il tasso e segnalatamente elevato quando lo si paragona con altri paesi africani. In somma, l'ultima cifra mostra chiaramente un notevole successo, particolarmente se si rende conto che quella società nomade era nel contempo afflitta da povertà perenne, lotte intestine continue, e da una seccita durante decenni. In oltre, nessuno, nemmeno i più accaniti critici, può mettere in dubbio ne'lla riuscita inserzione della lingua nazionale a tutti i livelli dell'insegnamento, dalle scuole elementari fino all'università, né l'aumento cospicuo delle matricolazioni. Nello scrivere della loro lingua, gli ortografi somalesi hanno saputo sfruttare gli elementi strutturali e dinamici della lingua nazionale, fornendo mezzi con cui trasformare una lingua fondamentalmente nomade e pastorale. Per runderla più risponsiva ai bisogni di una società in via di trasformazione. Altro fatto notevole è che la letteratura di questo popolo, particolarmente la sua poesia, fin allera tramandata oralmente, oggi e documen-tata, così assicurandosi la sopravvivenza fra generazioni futuri. L'esperienza somalese ci può sembrare un caso unico, ma, infatti, ci presenta con alcuni informazioni pregeroli sull'insegnamento e la diffusione di una lingua. Mette in rilievo l'importanza dell'impegnamento decisivo di un governo, lo sfruttamento utile e sagace dei mass media e quello d'un corpo d'insegnanti, l'uso didattico dell'espressività artistica, e in fine, Fimpostazione di uno standard ortografico—tutti funzioni essenziali per Finsegnamento e Fapprendimento in qualunque centesto culturale.
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POPESCU, Alba Iulia Catrinel. "SOMALIA - CASE STUDY ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF AN ETHNICALLY AND CIVILIZATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 10, no. 3 (2021): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-21-37.
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Any lecture in geopolitics begins by stating that internal stability and territorial integrity of the state are the result of the interaction between secessionist, centrifugal forces, and unifying, centripetal forces. The same lecture in geopolitics also says that ethnic and confessional homogeneity falls into the category of the strongest centripetal forces, along with a round shape of the state territory, the centrality of the capital, a uniform distribution of transport and communications infrastructure, an equitable (as possible) distribution of wealth, of a strong national idea and will.
 Ethnically and religiously, Somalia is a homogeneous state. Moreover, all these ethnics do not boast of an identity other than Somali, and they all speak Somali - the official language of the state, along with Arabic - the language of the Koran. Somalia does not have the huge linguistic diversity specific to other post-colonial African states, there are no cultural-civilizational differences, there are no major discrepancies in terms of regional development and distribution of communications and transport infrastructure in the territory. And yet, the Somali state is the expression of the notion of a failed state, ravaged by civil war, secessionism, maritime piracy, terrorism, organized crime and insecurity. In recent years, Somalia has been consistently ranked among the most dangerous destinations in the world. In the first half of 2021, it ranked sixth in the top of the riskiest tourist destinations, after Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, South Sudan and Yemen[i].
 What are the causes of Somali secessionism and the collapse of the state? And, if we were to rank, according to the intensity of the effect, the secessionist factors acting on the territory of Somalia, what would be their ord
 
 1 Most Dangerous Countries in the World, World Population Review, https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries, accessed on 11.07. 2021.
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Korotayev, Andrey V. "Traditional Clan-Tribal Structures and Modern Political System of Somalia." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2024): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080029221-0.
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In this study, we try to identify the impact that the traditional clan-tribal system has on the organization of political power in modern Somalia. For this purpose, an analysis of the clan and tribal affiliation of the top officials of the Somali state is carried out. A description is given of the traditional clan-tribal organization of the Somalis, as well as the modern clan situation in the country. An attempt is being made to find out how the clan-tribal organization influences the distribution of senior government positions. The priority right to occupy the posts of president and prime minister at the federal level is reserved for representatives of the “noble” camel-breeding clan families Hawiye and Darod. On the other hand, the position of speaker of parliament is reserved for representatives of the Rahanwein clan family, who must also perform the functions of the head of state (president) at critical moments when the former president, for one reason or another, is unable to fulfill his duties, until the next presidential election. Note also the spatial distribution of power between the main Somali clan families on the federal basis. In general, our research shows that the informal Arta agreements reached in 2000, which ensured a more or less acceptable distribution of power among the main Somali clan families, were observed in subsequent years with amazing accuracy, and this, despite all the colossal shocks that this country experienced in the 21st century, which appears to have contributed to a certain stabilization in this country.
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Annoni, Alessandra. "INTERNATIONAL ACTION AGAINST PIRACY AND ARMED ROBBERY AT SEA OFF THE COAST OF SOMALIA." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 23, no. 1 (2014): 173–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90230043.
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In recent years the international community has engaged in an unprecedented joint naval effort to combat piracy and armed robbery off the coast of Somalia. This paper examines the legal basis of the multinational police missions deployed in Somali territorial and internal waters and the law applicable to their operations. Subsequently it discusses the scope of domestic criminal jurisdiction to try Somali pirates and armed robbers and the mechanisms for transferring suspects to the authorities of the prosecuting State. The responsibility of States and international organizations for wrongful acts allegedly perpetrated in the course of these counterpiracy operations is also assessed. Stressing the peculiarity of the Somali case and highlighting both the achievements and shortcomings of the missions authorised by the UN Security Council, it is argued that the “Somali strategy” is unlikely to be replicated elsewhere and is particularly unsuitable for the new hotbeds of piracy and armed robbery: the Gulf of Guinea and Indonesia.
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Pasqualone, Antonella, Francesca Vurro, Erin Wolgamuth, et al. "Physical-Chemical and Nutritional Characterization of Somali Laxoox Flatbread and Comparison with Yemeni Lahoh Flatbread." Foods 12, no. 16 (2023): 3050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12163050.
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The physical–chemical and nutritional characteristics of Somali laxoox and Yemeni lahoh flatbreads have not been studied to date, nor have their possible similarities been investigated. Fieldwork was carried out in Somaliland (northwest Somalia), at nine different households, to collect Somali and Yemeni flatbreads. The nutritional characteristics (12.47–15.94 g/100 g proteins, 2.47–4.11 g/100 g lipids) and the total phenolic compounds (5.02–7.11 mg gallic acid equivalents/g on dry matter) were influenced by the natural variability of manual food preparation, as well as variability in the recipes used. All the breads had a porous structure. Cell density varied from 22.4 to 57.4 cells/cm2 in the Somali flatbreads, reaching 145 cells/cm2 in the Yemeni flatbreads. Higher amounts of refined flour increased the pale color of the breads. The principal component analysis highlighted differences between Yemeni and Somali flatbreads, pointing out a certain variability within the latter, with two samples forming a separate subgroup.
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PAJĄK, Krzysztof. "Współpraca państw UE w realizacji polityki akwenowej na przykładzie pierwszej, morskiej, militarnej operacji EUNAVFOR ATALANTA." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.4.4.
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The uncontrollable outbreak of piracy attacks off the Somali coast has lately made the East African coast the area where the majority of all global maritime crimes occur. Located in East Africa, Somalia borders one of the most important maritime communication routes on Earth: the Suez Canal – the Red Sea – the Gulf of Aden. EU states could be acutely affected by the disruption of sea trade in this area, therefore they have become actively involved in fighting piracy off the Somali coast. As a result of political, organizational and legal activity, the Council of the EU established the first maritime military operation under the auspices of the European Union – EUNAVFOR Somalia – Operation Atalanta. The efficient operation of EU naval forces, hundreds of miles from European shores would not have been possible had it not been for an extensive and comprehensive maritime policy. Not only has its implementation enabled the EU to chase pirates in the Somali basin, or helped bring any criminals detained before the courts, but is has also influenced countries outside the European Union.
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Bade, Zakarie Abdi. "Bridging Educational Voids: The Emergence and Significance of Sociology in Somali Higher Education." European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning 2, no. 1 (2024): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejceel.2024.2(1).06.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the absence of sociology as an academic subject within Somali higher education, delve into the history of higher education in Somalis, examine the primary themes of sociological debates in the country, and explore potential prospects for offering sociology as a field of study in Somali universities. By employing a Qualitative Descriptive Review methodology, the study thoroughly reviews and thematically analyzes a range of literature, such as academic papers, historical documents, and policy papers, instead of gathering primary data. This method is selected to provide a comprehensive account of the obstacles and opportunities in incorporating sociology into the curricula of Somali universities. Somali higher education, which commenced with the establishment of Somali National University following independence, has experienced a turbulent history. Initially, the only operational university during the military regime until 1991, the fall of the military government resulted in several decades of conflict and instability. Despite these challenges, several universities have been active over the past two decades, but they have largely overlooked sociology, resulting in a notable deficiency in the social sciences. The study demonstrates that the lack of sociology in Somali universities represents a significant oversight, given the subject's potential to contribute to understanding and addressing social issues in a post-conflict society. In conclusion, the paper advocates for the urgent need to integrate sociology into the curricula of Somali universities, arguing that doing so would not only bridge an existing academic gap but also equip future generations with essential tools to analyze and positively contribute to the rebuilding and development of Somali society.
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Schraeder, Peter J., and Brian Endless. "The Media and Africa: The Portrayal of Africa in the New York Times (1955–1995)." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502911.
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Eighteen U.S. soldiers were killed and dozens were wounded in a fierce battle in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3–4, 1993. Their deaths were a direct outgrowth of the Clinton administration’s handling of a series of United Nations (UN)-sanctioned military interventions in Somalia, which are popularly referred to as Operation Restore Hope. With the Cable News Network (CNN) providing almost instantaneous transmission to audiences in the United States and abroad, the victorious Somali forces not only paraded a captured U.S. helicopter pilot, Corporal William Durant, through the streets of Mogadishu, but also dragged the naked corpse of a U.S. soldier past mobs of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, stoning, and kicking the body.
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Wilhelm, April K., Michele L. Allen, and Rebekah J. Pratt. "Belonging to Three Worlds: Somali Adolescent–Parent Relationships in the United States and Implications for Tobacco Prevention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (2022): 3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063653.
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Immigrant family relationships help to buffer the adolescent adoption of health risk behaviors but can be strained by post-immigration structural and cultural barriers. This study qualitatively examines how Somali adolescent–parent relationship factors influence Somali adolescent tobacco use and identifies areas for further family support to prevent Somali adolescent tobacco use. We conducted fifteen key informant interviews with professionals serving the Somali community in clinical, educational, religious, or other community organization roles in one Minnesota metropolitan region. Data were collected and analyzed using approaches rooted in Grounded Theory. Key informants contrasted parenting experiences in Somalia with those in the United States and described how four key factors—structural and cultural barriers, multicultural identity formation, evolving parental expectations and responsibilities, and shifting family resources and support—have influenced Somali parent–child relationship quality and function following immigration. Informants shared the implications of these factors on parental ability to address adolescent tobacco use and discussed potential strategies to support parents that fell into two categories: assisting parents in adapting their parenting approaches to a new context and supporting knowledge and skill development in addressing tobacco use prevention specifically. Incorporating strategies that support Somali parents in their evolving parental roles and attend to structural and cultural barriers to tobacco prevention are essential to consider when developing family-centered tobacco prevention interventions in this population.