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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Somalia, history'
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Emathe, Francis E. "Somalia Igad's attempt to restore Somalia's transitional federal government." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2503.
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Political solutions have been found for several longstanding conflicts in Africa in 2003 - in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Burundi. The political arrangements in these countries may not necessarily usher in permanent peace and stability, but they at least afford an opportunity to work toward such goals. Unfortunately, this is not the case for Somalia, where anarchy, violence and chaos have prevailed for over 15 years. A national reconciliation conference - the 14th of its kind â sat in Nairobi for two years and finally formed a Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in August, 2004. As usual, the outcome of the conference was not welcomed, either by warlords or later on by Islamic clerics in Somalia. Nonetheless, despite institutional obstacles, the Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD) has continued to press their intention to send peacekeepers to Somalia to reinstall the fragile transitional government against the wishes of the Islamic Courts Council (ICC). This thesis examines the possible strategies that IGAD should consider using in its intended mission of supporting the restoration of the Transitional Inter Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD) has continued to press their intention to send peacekeepers to Somalia to reinstall the fragile transitional government against the wishes of the Islamic Courts Council (ICC). This thesis examines the possible strategies that IGAD should consider using in its intended mission of supporting the restoration of the Transitional Federal Government.
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Jean, Jacques Daniel A. "Somali piracy and the introduction of Somalia to the western world." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4941.
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This thesis investigates the origins of the modern phenomenon of Somali piracy within a deeper historical context. More specifically, this analysis concentrates on the development of piracy in the north of the country. It is here contended that Somali piracy is, in fact, the product of the confluence of three historical currents. The first of these currents is the progressive degeneration of traditional Somali institutions due to exposure to the colonial and global markets. The second is the increasing reliance of northern Somalis on maritime resources due to over exploitation of the land and the fishing initiatives of the Barre regime. The final current is the intrusion of foreign fishing vessels into Somali territorial waters, beginning in the early 1990s, for the purposes of illegal fishing and the dumping of toxic waste.ID: 029809992; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-109).
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Omar, Mohamed Ali. "Somali Irredentism: An analysis of its causes and its impact on political stability in Somalia from 1960 -1991." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37786.
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After Berlin Conference in 1884 to 1885, Somalia was partitioned into five parts by Britain, Italy, and French. In 1960 two parts gained independence and formed the Somali Republic, and since then successive Somali governments sought to incorporate the other three parts of Somali territories under Ethiopia, Kenya and French Somaliland known as Djibouti into Greater Somalia.The aim of this study has been to explore and analyze the causes, and the impact of the Somalia’ irredentism on political stability in Somalia. In more specifically, the main objective has been to critically examine how Somali irridentism policy has been pursued, what challenges faced and how it has affected the political stability of the post-colonial Somali state from 1960 to 1990.The analysis presented in this study has shown that the causes of Somali irredentism are combined factors that helped rise Somali irredentism. The analysis has argued that Somalia’s quest for irredentism policy had a huge impact on Somalia’s political stability, including, but not limited to, creating enemies and alienating allies from neighbouring countries to western and eastern blocs, as well as interstate conflict with Ethiopia which ended with Somalia defeat. Finally, Somalia’s defeat, which resulted from irredentism’s venture, caused disunity among the national army, refugee crisis, financial burden and the rise of armed opposition movements that finally ousted the military regime led by Siad Barre. This was followed by state collapse and protracted civil war.
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Webersik, Christian. "Reinterpreting environmental scarcity and conflict : evidence from Somalia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:24a25a02-75f2-4070-b39f-f9baba51bd12.
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The thesis explores links between resources and conflict in contemporary Somalia. The central research questions were: Why did a society which is believed to be resilient and adaptive to its harsh environment become vulnerable? To what extent did environmental factors contribute to the emergence of conflict? How can natural resource scarcity and abundance be related to the existence of, or potential for, violent conflict, bearing in mind the historical, political, economic and cultural context of conflict? Can other determining factors such as power-relations, access to trade, or clan affiliation be linked to lower economic, institutional, and social performance and associated with higher levels of violent conflict? If a link can be made, this will help to forecast where conflict might take place. Because Somalia is largely an arid country, highly susceptible to natural disasters, and because its people have been victims of severe famine in recent decades, my starting point for this research was to investigate literature on the supposed environmental causes of conflict. Analysis of the literature which links environmental degradation and scarcity to state-collapse or civil war suggested, however, that such linkages are problematic. I argue instead that people engage in violent conflict in Somalia because they struggle to establish control over valuable resources. These resources are likely to be renewables, such as cash crops in the form of plantations in riverine areas, cereals in the Bay region, and charcoal in the coastal region of Brawa. Conflict arose over the struggle to monopolise these resources, and over the distribution of profits. Clan leaders sought to expand a source of 'tax' revenue by controlling trade networks, seaports and airports. This general approach may explain why southern Somalia has experienced continuous insecurity over the past decade.
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McGrath, John Joseph. "A history of sealift and force sustainment operations during the Somalia intervention (1992-1994)." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA311144.
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Carter, David John. "International law and state failure : Somalia and Yugoslavia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/193199/.
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The present study considers the treatment of failed States in international law. State failure represents a relatively recent phenomenon, which presents novel problems for the international community to deal with. For international law, the principles and experience of dealing with the creation, continuity and extinction of States present the nearest analogies, and so will form the basis of its responses to failure. Failure is defined as governmental and societal collapse in a State, so severe as to render it incapable of exercising internal and external sovereignty. It is likely to take the form of either conflictual implosion - such as in Somalia; or fragmentary explosion - as in Yugoslav ia. Accordingly, an examination of the treatment of these two failed States, during the early 1990s, provides the substantive basis of the study. The key aspects of Statehood under which the study proceeds are: loss of government as a criterion of Statehood; self-determination, including the emerging right of democratic governance; and recognition. Consideration of the Somali and Yugoslav experiences of failure, and their treatment under the three areas identified, evidences a strong inertia in the international system against findings of State failure - the Somali experience. The only exception is if such a finding is coupled with a potential solution, such as the possible emergence of new States - the Yugoslav experience. The determinations constitute a meta-legal process, which can be seen as indicative of a new conception of 'political international law'.
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Yordanov, Radoslav. "Soviet involvement in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1947-1991." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0c66a287-9ae8-4dcf-badc-a72bf04f399f.
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Soviet-Third World relations during the Cold War are still not clearly understood. Largely based on previously unused primary material, this study aims to fill this gap in knowledge by emphasising the interplay between domestic, local, regional, and global dimensions in analysing Moscow’s involvement in the Horn of Africa. By offering a detailed examination of Soviet involvement in Somalia and Ethiopia during the Cold War, this thesis aims to shed light on the factors, shaping Moscow’s policies in the area. While it does not lay any claim of representativeness for other Third World regions, this thesis aims to highlight the intricate interplay between ideology and realpolitik in the making of Soviet foreign policy. Additionally, it tries to determine to what extent the ‘local pull,’ exerted by both Addis Ababa and Mogadishu, as well as by Soviet and other Bloc diplomats, informed the Kremlin’s policy in the area. This thesis shows that the two main strands of Moscow’s foreign policy, the pragmatic statist line and the ideological Cominternist approach, were not in conflict with one another. Instead, they were amalgamated into a flexible tactical approach, designed to maximise Soviet influence by whatever means available, along the path of least resistance. Another strand in the argument is interwoven with the pericentric framework for the study of the Cold War. While accepting recent interpretations of superpower-Third World relations, this research develops a more nuanced account of the centre-periphery interaction. The act of local engagement was Moscow’s initiative, in accord with its wider geo-political plans. Once engaged, the local actors proved instrumental in informing the Kremlin’s exercise of maintaining a presence. As with its entry, Moscow’s disengagement was predicated on strategic considerations. The period of perestroika, assigned the Third World lower priority in the Kremlin’s global agenda, engendering a withdrawal from the Horn.
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Abdullahi, Abdurahman. "The Islamic movement in Somalia: a historical evolution with a case study of the Islah Movement (1950- 2000)." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103487.
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This research constructs the historical evolution of the Islamic movement in Somalia from 1950 to 2000, focusing on the Islah (Islaax) Movement as a case study. The thesis is divided according to four chronological phases: the Islamic revival, the growth of Islamic consciousness, the Islamic awakening, and the Islamic movements. The first chapter provides background and deals with the revival of the Sufi Brotherhood in the nineteenth century and its encounter with colonialism. The second chapter examines the rise of Islamic consciousness during Somalia's struggle for independence after the return of Italy to Somalia to administer the UN trusteeship in 1950. The third chapter, the Islamic awakening, deals with the early formation of Islamic organizations such as Nahdah, Ahal, and Waxdah and their confrontation with the military regime. This chapter also provides a case study of the secular family law adopted by the military regime in 1975 which fragmented and radicalized the Islamic awakening into Islaax, Takfiir, and Itixaad by the 1980s. The fourth chapter looks at the emergence of the Islamic movements starting in 1978 with the foundation of Islaax. In view of the significance of this organization as a symbol of moderation in turbulent war-torn Somalia, this research focuses on it as a case study in two of its historical periods. In examining the first formative period (1978-1990), the nature of Islaax and its challenges, limitations, achievements, and activities are explored in the context of the military regime, armed oppositions and competing Islamic organizations. The second period (1990-2000) examines the interaction of Islaax with the collapsed state and the impact of the civil war on this movement, culminating in its organizational restructuring in 1992. It further explores the political and social strategies that Islaax implemented in the 1990s, most noticeable in the education sector and the National Reconciliation Conference held in Djibouti in 2000.Cette recherche construit l'évolution historique du Mouvement islamique en Somalie de 1950 à 2000, en se concentrant sur l'Islah (Islaax) comme étude de cas. Outre le chapitre d'introduction, il est divisé en quatre phases: le renouveau islamique, la conscience islamique, l'éveil islamique, et les mouvements islamiques. La première phase, le renouveau islamique, fournit des renseignements généraux et traite de la renaissance de la Confrérie Sufi dans le XIXe siècle et sa rencontre avec le colonialisme. La deuxième phase porte sur la montée de la conscience islamique pendant la lutte de la Somalie pour l'indépendance après le retour de l'Italie à la Somalie pour administrer la tutelle de l'Onu en 1950. La troisième phase, l'éveil islamique, porte sur la formation des premières organisations islamiques telles que le Nahdah, l'Ahal et le Waxdah et sur leur confrontation avec le régime militaire. L'étude de cas du Droit laïc de la Famille de 1975 est produit comme un moment historique défini avec son impact sur la fragmentation et la radicalisation de l'éveil islamique. À la suite de la proclamation de cette loi, l'Islaax, le Takfiir et le Itixaad apparurent sur la scène de la fin des années 1970 et début des années 1980, en plus d'autres petits groupes, avec différents cadres idéologiques et agendas. La quatrième phase, les mouvements islamiques, a commencé en 1978 lorsque le fondement de l'Islaax a été proclamé. En raison de l'importance de cette organisation comme un symbole de modération dans une Somalie turbulente et déchirée par la guerre, cette recherche se concentre sur l'Islaax comme étude de cas dans deux périodes historiques. En examinant la première période de formation (1978-1990), la nature de l'Islaax ainsi que ses enjeux, ses limites, ses réalisations et ses activités sont explorés dans le cadre du régime militaire et de la concurrence des organisations islamiques. La deuxième période (1990-2000) examine l'interaction de l'Islaax avec l'état effondré et l'impact de la guerre civile sur l'Islaax, qui a abouti par la restructuration de cette organisation en 1992. Depuis lors, l'Islaax a adopté de nouvelles stratégies politiques etsociales mises en oeuvre dans les années 1990, dont les fruits sont visibles dans le secteur en plein essor de l'éducation et de la Conférence de réconciliation nationale à Djibouti en 2000.
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Cousineau, R. Laurent. "Wars Without Risk: U.S. Humanitarian Interventions in the 1990s." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1276889541.
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Cheramie, Vincent Pierre. "Transnational Terrorism and the African Union: From Ideal Aspirations to Harsh Realities in Somalia and Mali." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/97.
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This paper will question why the African Union has been unsuccessful in confronting the rising issue of transnational terrorism. It looks at the history of both the Organization of African Unity and the African Union and examines the measures the two organizations have taken in preventing and combating terrorism. The particular history of African States and their relation to the term “terrorism” is discussed in this section. In this light, I analyze the African Union’s peacekeeping missions in both Somalia and Mali to determine why they have failed to stop the spread of transnational terrorism. In conclusion, I will discuss the reasons why I the African Union has struggled in dealing with transnational terrorism.
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Stanski, Keith Raymond Russell. "'Warlord' : a discursive history of the concept in British and American imperialism, 1815-1914 and 1989-2006." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:303a15ac-8f59-4861-9cc0-e514193e1e17.
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The renewed interest in empire, particularly in its British and American variants, has brought into sharper relief the difficulties both metropoles faced in projecting order in the global south. Far from cohesive entities, the British and American empires tried to manage territories that defied many of the political, economic, and legal systems, as well as normative and moral understandings, that enabled their imperial ascendancy. Despite a considerable literature about how metropoles comprehended these frustrated imperial plans, limited insights can be found into the way Britain and the United States coped with the influence of war in the uneven expansion of order. This challenge is brought into focus by examining one of the most direct formulations of the relationship between war and order in US and British imperialism, namely the concept of warlord. The concept’s history, it is argued, provides a glimpse into the far-reaching influence cultural constructions of war had in how US and British policymakers, journalists, and advocates conceived of and projected order in the non-European world. Such influential understandings also inspired overstated conclusions about the degree to which both imperial powers could realise their visions of order in the global south. Drawing on discursive and historical methods, the dissertation develops a conceptual framework that distils the core features of ‘warlords’ in the US and British imperial imaginaries. This conceptual approach is used to revisit some of the most formative encounters with colonial and contemporary ‘warlords’, as captured in British and American policy debates, political commentary, and popular culture, during two highpoints in British and American imperial history, 1815-1914 and 1989-2006 respectively. These arguments bring to the forefront how instead of an ancillary part of conclusions about the inferiority of non-European cultures, as suggested in much of the post-colonial literature, notions of war conditioned many of Britain and the United States’ enduring conception of and strategies for managing the uneven development of order in the global south.
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Hoeylandt, Pierre van. "Is there a duty of humanitarian intervention? : an empirical study with moral implications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3289e232-2d4e-4878-8e2f-ba7e667f5b77.
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Large-scale humanitarian crises in foreign countries raise the question of whether or not other countries have a duty to alleviate that suffering. In extreme cases, humanitarian intervention, that is: military intervention for the purpose of alleviating human suffering, is sometimes advocated as the morally required course of action. This thesis suggests that while the international community has a general moral responsibility to prevent and ameliorate humanitarian crises there is no simple duty of military humanitarian intervention. Hitherto, the question has typically been treated as a matter of either moral or legal principle. This thesis argues that empirical factors, which affect the international community's ability to carry out interventions effectively, have not been given their due weight in the debate. On the basis of evaluations of international responses to crises in Somalia and Rwanda, 1992 - 1994, it is suggested that a range of factors undermine the efficacy of humanitarian interventions. These factors include the impact of state interests, the effects of domestic politics in intervening states and, contrary to expectations, the role of humanitarian considerations in decision making on intervention. By showing the limitations of a simplistic view of a duty of humanitarian intervention the thesis seeks to contribute to reconciling idealism with realism in international crisis-responses. Based on sound moral and political judgment military interventions in humanitarian crises would hopefully be less ambitious and ultimately more effective.
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Diriye, Abdullahi Mohamed. "Le Somali, dialectes et histoire." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65367.pdf.
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Mohamed, Hamdi. "Multiple challenges, multiple struggles: A history of Somali women's activism in Canada." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29062.
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Somali refugees arriving in Canada in the early 1990s experienced various levels of exclusion as blacks, as Muslims, and as refugees, including immigration and settlement policies that continued to structure race and gender inequality in Canada. In addition to the disadvantage of new legislation that limited their settlement as recognised Convention refugees (and legitimate residents) and placed them in a marginal position in the Canadian society, Somali women were racially targeted as members of a culture perceived as "incompatible with the Canadian".
However, Somali women did not passively accept their "fate" in Canada. At the individual level, women have engaged in creative adaptive strategies to deal with the social and economic exclusion they faced daily. Collectively, they employed various methods of activism to help the Somali refugees make sense of their fragmented lives in a new cultural, linguistic, and structural environment and to deal with the physical, social and economic displacements the community suffered from its collective refugee experiences. These women have engaged in multiple struggles to work for the " danta guud" (common good).
Drawing mainly upon oral interviews with Somali women, this dissertation traces women's agency and subjectivity since early 20th century Somalia and argues that women's personal and professional history have shaped their engagement in activities beyond their personal and daily survival. Unlike those with no formal education, educated women came with transferable skills that have helped them cope with some of the difficult experiences of dislocation and uprootedness. Hence, the formal educational and professional skills combined with the spirit of agency, resourcefulness and survival inculcated by the Somali culture enabled the participants to take leadership roles in community affairs. Unfortunately, however, because women activists have themselves been dealing with being socially and economically excluded, their efforts were often limited to "making the margins liveable".
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Osman, Idil A. "Re-creating conflict : an examination of Somali diasporic media involvement in the Somali conflict." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/86912/.
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Somalia has for more than two decades been in a perpetual state of conflict and more than a million Somalis have fled the initial civil war. Approximately 400,000 of them reside here in the UK. They have formed a large diasporic community and have set up their own websites and TV stations to remain engaged with the happenings of their homeland. Diasporic media is often hailed as a medium that allows immigrants to maintain their identity in their host country as well as providing a platform to sustain ties with their homeland. However, if these ties are being maintained with a homeland that is in a state of conflict, the potential to transport the dynamics of the conflict and re-create it amongst the diaspora audiences is very much a possibility. This thesis illustrates how diasporic media can re-create conflict through a theoretically developed and empirically informed argument that provides three analytically distinct approaches referred to as the three politics of non-recognition, solidarity and mobilisation. This thesis in essence, argues that diasporic media is more complex than what current scholars have demonstrated and that there is a need to broaden the scope of current academic debates concerning the interplay between diasporic media, transnationalism and conflict.
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Abdullahi, Abdirashid. "Colonial policies and the failure of Somali secessionism in the Northern frontier district of Kenya colony, c.1890-1968." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002384.
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This thesis examines the events that took plac,e. in the Northern Frontier District I North Eastern Province of Kenya hetween the late nineteenth century and 1968. After 1900 the imposition of colonial policies impacted on the socio-economic and political structures of the Somali people. This thesis also examines the nature of Somali resistance l\P- to the late 1920s when Somali society was finally pacified. It further examines colonial policies such as the creation of the Somali-Galla line in 1919, the separation of the J uhaland region from the Kenya Colony in 1926 and the Special District Ordinance of 1934. Between 1946 and 1948 the British Government through its Foreign Minister, Ernest Bevin, attempted to unify Somali territories in the Horn of Africa and this raised Somali hopes of uni fication. The Bevin Plan collapsed because of the opposition of the United States, the Soviet Union, the French and Ethiopian leaders. Similar hopes of NFD Somali unification were raised hetween 1958 and 1963 because of the unification of the former British Somali land and Italian Somaliland. Due to the imminent end of British colonial rule in Kenya, the NFD Somali leaders demanded secession from Kenya to join up with the nascent Somali republic. But the NFDSomali hopes of unification with the Somali Repuhlic were dashed by 1964 because of the same opposition provided by the United States, the French and the Ethiopians. The British Government were all along half-hearted towards Somali unification attempts even though the field administrators adopted a pro-Somali attitude to the issue. In the early 1960s, however, the NFD Somali leaders were faced with the additional opposition of the new KANU government in Kenya. In 1964 the failure of the NFD Somalis to secede from Kenya led to the guerrilla war, what the Kenyan government called the 'shifta movement', that engulfed the North Eastern Region until 1968 when the Arusha Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Kenyan and the Somali Governments. The signing of the Arusha Memorandum of Understanding by the Kenyan and Somali Governments did not satisfy· the NFD Somalis hopes of joining the Somali Republic. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the N FD Somalis, except for few collahorators, did at no time, whether in the colonial or post-colonial eras, accept heing in Kenya. By the late 1960s the prospects of NFD Somalis unifying with the Somali Republic were, in view of the forces arrayed against the Somali secessionist movement, slim; and they have remained slim since then.
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Osman, M. Shariff. "Reading for Development: The Somali Rural Literacy Campaign of 1975." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1330305397.
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Ahmed, Omar Salat. "Settling in? : a case study of Somalian refugees living in Stockholm, Sweden." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3397/.
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This is a Case Study of Somalian refugees living in Stockholm, Sweden. The study is based on interviews conducted with twenty-eight Somalis, ten Swedish officials and a focus group interview involving eight other Somalis. The thesis examines respondents’ views about their experiences and perceptions relating to the ‘integration’ of Somalis into Swedish society. The study explores how Somali refugees in Sweden orientate themselves to the prevailing Swedish system of integration. It also aims to identify some of the key factors that impinge upon their (Somalis) socioeconomic and cultural integration into Swedish society. The study reveals that there are a number of ‘integrative dilemmas’ confronting Somali refugees in Sweden. These include widespread unemployment; ‘unsuitable’ education; residential segregation; and, institutional discrimination – notably, in the labour market and housing sectors. The study links the inability of Somalis to ‘settle in’ within Swedish society to their ‘divergence’ from the prevailing ‘norms’, particularly in relation to ‘culture’ and ‘religion’. These ‘differences’ reflect the intensity that Somalis attach to family bonds, patriarchal gender role/patterns and their adherence to Islam (the religion most Somalis adhere to). Although there have been a number of investigations concerning immigrant integration in Sweden, this is one of the few detailed in-depth qualitative studies on Somali refugees in Sweden. This research concludes with a number of recommendations and suggestions which may assist with the smooth transition of Somalis refugees into Swedish society.
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Mohamed-Abdi, Mohamed. "La Somalie aux hautes périodes : (de l'antiquité à l'avènement de l'islam)." Besançon, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BESA1006.
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Murata, Kazutaka. "Histone modifications and transcriptional reprogramming in mouse somatic cell nuclei transplanted to Xenopus laevis oocytes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611676.
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Tokash, Alayna F. "Somatic Growth in Head-started Diamond-backed Terrapins, Malaclemys terrapin, and their Wild Counterparts." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1533557751552017.
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Bahou, Mohamed El Amine. "Les franchises africaines d'Al Qaida." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020073.
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Al-Shabaab et Al Qaida au Maghreb Islamique illustrent le fonctionnement du djihad contemporain. Nés dans des contextes de guerre civile, issus de la dislocation de mouvements djihadistes d'envergure nationale, ces deux groupes sont aujourd'hui les seuls en Afrique dont l'allégeance a été acceptée par à Al Qaida. Forgés dans le terreau de luttes nationales, les deux groupes ont exploité les clivages et les revendications sociales, économiques et politiques des populations dans leur quête de puissance. Confrontés à des difficultés d'ordre sécuritaire et politique, ils se sont tournés vers Al Qaida, dans l'espoir d'acquérir une stature internationale, et d'attirer ainsi les recrues et financements qui leur faisaient défaut. De son côté, affaiblie par la guerre contre le terrorisme, l'Organisation d'Oussama Ben Laden a accepté les allégeances africaines par opportunisme, accordant à ces groupes le statut de franchises. De l'autre côté de l'échiquier, les stratégies déployées par les États et des organisations internationales peinent à porter leurs fruits. En cause, des divergences idéologiques, et les interférences des intérêts particuliers des acteurs qui minent les efforts de lutte contre les extrémistes mais font finalement le jeu de la propagande terroristeAl Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Shabaab perfectly illustrate the functioning of contemporary jihad. Born into a context of civil war, from the fall out of national jihadist movements, these two groups are, today, the only ones in Africa whose allegiance have been acknowledged by Al Qaida. Seizing on domestic political and economic struggles, the two groups rose to prominence through social fault lines and equality claims. Facing security and political stalemates, they made allegiance to Al Qaida hoping that international recognition would provide them with the wherewithal and recruits they lacked. The allegiances were opportunistically acknowledged by Al Qaida when Bin Laden's organization was severely weakened by years of war on terror.On the other side of the game, due to a set of divergent ideologies and particular interests, States and international organizations are deploying cacophonous strategies, that not only have poor effect on the ground, but also fit well with the jihadist propaganda. The tale of a foretold fiasco
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Gale, Brittany Herrod. "Effects of Predation Environment and Food Availability on Somatic Growth in the Livebearing Fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora (Pisces: Poeciliidae)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3430.
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Variation in somatic growth rates has interested biologists for decades because of the relationship between growth and other fitness-determining traits (i.e. fecundity, survival, and body size), and the corresponding effect of somatic growth on production of organisms humans use for food. The interaction between genetic variation in growth rates and environmentally induced variation in growth rates shows the pattern of growth across multiple environments (i.e. the reaction norm) that clarifies the history and potential future of evolutionary change in growth rates among populations. Theoretical predictions suggest variation in predator-induced mortality rates can influence mean growth rates and the shape of the reaction norm for growth. The adaptive growth hypothesis predicts that mean growth rates would evolve in response to environmental pressures, such as mortality rates, at different body sizes. Few studies, however, have focused on variation in reaction norms for growth in response to resource availability between high-predation and low-predation environments. We used juvenile Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora from high-predation and low-predation environments to test for variation in mean growth rates and for variation in reaction norms for growth at two levels of food availability in a common-environment experiment, and we compared field somatic growth rates in juveniles from the same two environments (high-predation and low-predation). In the common-environment experiment, mean growth rates did not differ between predation environments, but the interaction between predation environment and food level took the form of a crossing reaction norm for both growth in length and growth in mass. Fish from low-predation environments exhibited no significant variation in growth rate between high and low food amount treatments. In contrast, fish from high-predation environments exhibited wide variation in growth rates between low and high food treatments, with higher food availability resulting in higher growth rates. In the field, individuals in the high-predation environment grow at a faster rate than those in a low-predation environment at the smallest sizes (comparable to sizes in the common-environment experiment). These data provide no evidence for evolved differences in mean growth rates between predation environments. However, fish from high-predation environments exhibited greater plasticity in growth rates in response to resource availability suggesting that increased risk of predation could drive variation in food availability for prey and consequent selection for plasticity.
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Mahamoud, Hadji Ali Fatouma. "Confrontations des valeurs culturelles dans le théâtre d'expression somali de Djibouti de 1979 à 1993." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF036.
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La pratique du théâtre dans les pays de la Corne d’Afrique qui remonte à la seconde guerre mondiale connaît deux phases. Avant les indépendances de deux pays, Djibouti et la Somalie, le théâtre est focalisé sur la lutte politique, depuis la fin de la colonisation, il est consacré aux questions sociétales. Après les indépendances, l’urbanisation massive conduit les populations pastorales en ville, et les met en contact avec d’autres populations de culture différente telles les Afars, les Arabes, les Indiens, les juifs. L’installation en ville est surtout synonyme de rencontre avec l’Occident symbolisé par l’école et la discothèque. Les nouveaux citadins se repartissent en deux groupes, les Traditionalistes et les Modernes qui rejettent la tradition. L’objectif des auteurs qui militent pour le maintien de la tradition consiste à confronter les valeurs des uns et des autres et montre combien l’abandon des vertus traditionnelles condamne la société à la perte de son identité. Après avoir analysé ces valeurs contrastées et évalué les motivations qui les sous-tendent, le but poursuivi par notre étude est d’interroger l’objectif des auteurs. Sont-ils à considérer comme des « réactionnaires » ou bien ont-ils amorcé un débat qui est appelé à se poursuivre ?Theatre practice in the Horn of Africa countries, which dates as far back as the Second World War, knows two phases. Before the independence of Djibouti and Somalia, theater focused mainly on political struggle, and, since the end of colonisation, it has been devoted to societal questions. After independence, massive urbanization brought pastoral populations into the city thus in contact with other populations of different cultures such as the Afars, the Arabs, the Indians and the Jews. The settlement in towns is mainly synonymous with the encounter with the West symbolised by school and nightclubs.The new city dwellers fall into two groups, Traditionalists and Moderns who reject tradition. The aim of the authors who advocate for the safeguard of tradition consists in confronting the values of the two groups and show how abandoning traditional merits condemns the society to identity loss. Subsequent to the analysis of these contrasting values and evaluating the underlying motivations, the aim of our study is to question the authors' objective. Could they be considered “reactionary” or have they opened a new door to a debate that is called to continue?
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Volff, Benjamin. "La perception du pouvoir en Éthiopie à travers les biographies amhariques du ras Mäkwännǝn (1852-1906)." Phd thesis, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales- INALCO PARIS - LANGUES O', 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00992651.
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Mäkwännǝn Wäldä-Mikaʾel (1852-1906) est un officier du règne de l'empereur d'Éthiopie Menilek II. Gouverneur de Harär en 1887, il est en contact avec les Occidentaux et est en charge de la sécurité du territoire éthiopien, sa province étant limitrophe des colonies européennes de la Corne de l'Afrique. Conseiller diplomatique, il est désigné pour accomplir deux missions officielles à l'étranger en même temps qu'il combat efficacement à Adwa. Son habileté politique et militaire, ses capacités d'administrateur, son sens de la diplomatie, son style personnel, construisent une personnalité publique, sur qui la plupart des textes, tant européens qu'éthiopiens, sont élogieux. Dans cette perception de Mäkwännǝn apparaît le premier écueil d'une approche historique du personnage : Mäkwännǝn est le père de Täfäri / Haylä-Sǝllase, dont le règne impérial organise une mise en spectacle du pouvoir, à laquelle le culte de la mémoire de Mäkwännǝn participe. Cette commémoration prend notamment la forme biographique. Deux biographies amhariques connues à ce jour sont le matériau à partir duquel nous nous efforçons d'analyser la perception du pouvoir en Éthiopie. La première œuvre publiée en 1946, intitulée Yälǝʾul ras Mäkwännǝn tarik, est le travail d'un spécialiste des textes sacrés du christianisme. L'autre biographie, écrite par un auteur proche de la cour est publiée en 1960-61. Nos documents qui relèvent de l'historiographie éthiopienne qui traite du pouvoir à travers l'individu, en dehors des éléments propres à la culture éthiopienne et des incursions vers le genre hagiographique, fournissent des informations de premier ordre sur la façon dont la société perçoit le monde extérieur ainsi que des valeurs qu'elle attribue au pouvoir en place. Les biographies amhariques produisent un modèle de gouvernement idéal qui trouve cependant des correspondances en Afrique de l'Est et en Europe-même.
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Breton, Amandine. "Caractérisation de marques épigénétiques liées au chromosome X inactif par des approches de FISH et d'immunocytochimie chez le bovin : Etude comparative du profil des histones H3 tri-méthylées sur la lysine 27 dans les embryons femelles obtenus par fécondation in vitro et transfert de noyau somatique." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009VERS0059.
Full textAbstract:
Après fécondation, transfert d’une cellule somatique dans un ovocyte énucléé, l’organisation du génome et de la chromatine est remodelée et va changer au cours du développement. La faible réussite du clonage montre que la « reprogrammation » d’une cellule somatique est possible mais souvent incomplète ou anormale. Afin de suivre les changements d’organisation du noyau donneur femelle nous avons étudié le devenir du chromosome X inactivé, présent dans le noyau donneur femelle. Nous possédons des cellules femelles porteuses d’un transgène (HSP70Luciférase) inséré sur un des chromosomes X bovins. Même si son expression, inductible par choc thermique, reste inchangée que le transgène soit porté par le X inactif ou actif, le transgène permet de différencier les deux X de la cellule. Les histones H3 triméthylées sur la lysine 27 (H3K27me3), fortement concentrées sur le Xi dans le noyau interphasique de la cellule donneuse et dans les cellules embryonnaires au stade blastocyste ont servi de marqueur des changements d’organisation de la chromatine suite au clonage. La comparaison entre embryons normaux et clonés a démontré que dans les deux cas, H3K27me3 est transitoirement localisée dans les régions péricentromériques, lors de la remise en route du génome. Ces résultats diffèrent de ceux décrits chez la souris, où le clonage somatique à partir de fibroblastes est très inefficace, la dynamique de localisation de H3K27me3 semble être un bon marqueur du remodelage précoce du noyau somatique. La confirmation de ces résultats devrait bénéficier des progrès réalisés pour obtenir par ARN/ADN FISH les informations sur d’autres processus épigénétiques et sur l’expression de gènes du XAfter fertilization or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the whole genome and chromatin of the celll undergo a remodeling process. During development, the organization will change again while the nucleus become diff erenciated. SCNT efficiency is low but « reprogramming » of a somatic cell happens, even in an incomplete or abnormal way. We focused on inactive X chromosome fate from female somatic cells and used it as a tool to investigate changes in chromatin organization during embryonic development. We possessed a female transgenic cell line carrying an HSP70 Luciferase transgene on one X-chromosome. The transgene expression induced by heat shock is not different from the inactive and the active X-chromosome but allowed us to decipher the two X-chromosome from the transgenic cell line. In an attempt to highlight some chromatin organization changes possibly linked to SCNT efficiency, we chose to follow the organization of the triméthylated lysine 27 of the histone H3 (H3K27me3), that is highly concentrated on the Xi in the interphasic nuclei of the female donor cells and in blastomeres at the blastocyst stage. Data from fertilized and SCNT embryos shows that in both kind of embryos, H3K27me3 is transiently localised in pericentromeric regions at the zygotic genome activation. These data provide new insights compared to mouse where the SCNT is not as efficient as in bovine. It seems that in bovine, H3K27me3 organization reflect the early process of remodeling endured by the somatic nucleus. These results would beneficiate of the improvement of the DNA and RNA FISH to input new informations from epigenetic processes and the X-linked genes expression
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Imbert-Vier, Simon. "Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884-1977)." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736163.
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A partir de l'identification de plusieurs frontières de l'espace djiboutien (auparavant Côte française des Somalis, puis Territoire français des Afars et des Issas), nous revisitons l'histoire coloniale de Djibouti sous l'angle de la fabrication des territoires. Nous étudions particulièrement cinq frontières que l'on peut tracer sur une carte : les limites ethniques, les limites internes, les frontières internationales terrestres, le corridor ferrovaire et les frontières maritimes. Nous étudions comment ces différentes frontières ont été découvertes ou inventées à Djibouti, dans le cadre général de la formation des espaces dans la Corne de l'Afrique au XIXe siècle, puis comment elles ont été réalisées. Nous analysons les évolutions - dont l'éventuelle consolidation - de ces frontières jusqu'à l'indépendance. Enfin nous en étudions les conséquences et répercussions, en particulier la coercition qu'elles exercent, directement ou indirectement, sur les habitants.
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Fathally, Jabeur. "Les principes du droit international musulman et la protection des populations civiles en cas de conflits armés : de la binarité guerrière au Droit de Genève. Histoire d’une convergence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20696.
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La protection des populations civiles en cas de conflits armés, internationaux ou internes est au centre des préoccupations du droit international humanitaire contemporain. C’est un sujet digne d’intérêt et d’études plus approfondies. Dès lors, la recherche ici entreprise concernant l’apport du droit musulman à l’universalité des règles humanitaires protégeant les personnes civiles ainsi que des spécificités de ces règles, surtout en termes de leurs compatibilités avec celles développées par le droit international humanitaire contemporain ne pourraient que répondre à cet objectif. En effet, cette thèse, née du constat selon lequel les pays musulmans ont rapidement adhéré aux différents instruments du droit international humanitaire, tentera de démontrer pourquoi et comment se manifeste une telle convergence, voire homologie, entre les règles du droit musulman protégeant les personnes civiles en cas de conflits armés et celles développées par le droit international humanitaire contemporain. La confrontation-association entre ces deux systèmes - qui tiendra compte du contexte historique et de l’environnement dans lequel s’est développé le droit musulman- nous autorise, en effet, à défendre l’idée selon laquelle le droit musulman et le droit international humanitaire contemporain partagent les mêmes valeurs fondamentales en ce qui concerne la protection des populations civiles dans les conflits armés. Cette démarche nous permet également d’affirmer que la convergence entre les deux systèmes est en grande partie tributaire, tout d’abord, de l’originalité de la conception humanitaire du droit musulman. Cette convergence est ensuite, tributaire de la volonté qui a animé les concepteurs du droit international humanitaire de rechercher les dénominateurs communs entre les civilisations et d’élaborer des règles acceptables pour tous. Elle est, enfin et essentiellement, tributaire de l’effort de relecture et d’interprétation de l’institution du jihad, qu’ont entamé les jurisconsultes et les penseurs musulmans surtout depuis le XIXe siècle dans le but de limiter le jihad à sa vocation d’origine, soit la vocation défensive.
Notre thèse n’abordera pas le sujet sous ses seuls aspects théoriques. Elle tentera, aussi, de comprendre et de jauger l’application de ce droit en se référant aux guerres menées par le prophète et ses compagnons durant les premiers siècles de l’Islam et de voir les implications de ce droit, ainsi que celles du droit international humanitaire contemporain, dans les conflits armés qui ont secoué le monde musulman, notamment ceux qui se déroulent actuellement en Irak, en Afghanistan, au Darfour soudanais et en Somalie.
Cette thèse comporte trois parties. La partie introductive traitera du cadre général du droit international musulman. La deuxième partie sera consacrée à la détermination et à l’étude des facteurs qui ont permis la convergence entre les règles humanitaires du droit musulman et celles construites par le droit international humanitaire contemporain. La dernière partie de notre thèse consistera dans l’analyse des différents types de garanties et de protection que le droit musulman et le droit international humanitaire offrent aux populations civiles. En d’autres termes, cette partie sera le témoin de cette convergence et de cette parenté.
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Dyer, Emma. "Where do beginner readers read in the English, mainstream primary school and where could they read?" Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278214.
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Where do beginner readers read in the English, mainstream primary school and where could they read? Emma Jane Dyer This thesis explores design for the beginner reader in Year One by evaluating existing spaces in the English primary school and imagining new ones. Three significant gaps identified in the literature of reading, the teaching of reading and school design are addressed: the impact of reading pedagogies, practices and routines on spatial arrangements for beginner readers inside and beyond the classroom; a theoretical understanding of the physical, bodily and sensory experience of the beginner reader; and the design of reading spaces by teaching staff. The study uses a design-oriented research methodology and framework proposed by Fällman. A designed artefact is a required outcome of the research: in this case, a child-sized, semi-enclosed book corner known as a nook. The research was organized in three phases. First, an initial design for the nook was created, based on multi-disciplinary, theoretical research about reading, school design and architecture. Secondly, empirical research using observation, pupil-led tours and interviews was undertaken in seven primary schools to determine the types of spaces where readers read: spaces that were often unsuitable for their needs. Thirdly, as a response to the findings of phases one and two, the nook was reconceived to offer a practical solution to poorly-designed furniture for reading in schools and to provoke further research about the ideal qualities of spaces for the beginner reader. The study demonstrates how the experience of the individual reader is affected by choices made about the national curriculum; by the size of schools and the spaces within them where readers can learn; by the design of classrooms by teachers; and by regulatory standards for teaching and non-teaching spaces. In developing a methodology that can stimulate and facilitate communication between architects, educators, policy-makers and readers, this thesis offers a valuable contribution to the ongoing challenge of improving school design for practitioners and pupils.
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"The Spectre of Colony: Colonialism, Islamism, and State in Somalia." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18684.
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abstract: Islamist groups in Somalia define themselves by their opposition. From the pre-Islamist movement of Mohammed Hassan in the nineteenth century to al-Itihaad al-Islaami in the twentieth to al-Shabaab in the twenty-first, Islamism exists as a form of resistance against the dominant power of the era. Furthermore these Islamist groups have all been influenced by the type of state in which they exist, be it colonial, independent, or failed. This work seeks to examine the relationship between the uniquely Somali form of Islamism and the state. Through use of historical records, modern media, and existing scholarship this dissertation will chart the development of Islamism in Somalia from the colonial period to the present and explore the relationship Somali Islamism has with various forms of state.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Religious Studies 2013
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Maroya, Alex. "The legacy of the British imperial frontier." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151589.
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Fotheringham, Christopher. "History's flagstones: Nuruddin Farah and Italian postcolonial literature." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20715.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Translation Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
2015This study presents an argument for considering the works of Nuruddin Farah translated into Italian as core texts in the body of postcolonial Italian literature. The study focusses on Farah’s first two trilogies: Variations on the Theme of an African Dictatorship and Blood in the Sun. It is shown in this study that the translated versions of the novels making up these two trilogies, the former in particular, provide rare and unique narrative content capable of directly challenging the myths and misconceptions that have come to characterise the memory of the Italian colonial period. These works are read contrapuntally against historical narrative tropes that were used to represent Africa and Africans in Italian colonial literature. Farah’s work is also compared with the writing of contemporary writers of African descent whose work is at the forefront of interest in postcolonial studies in Italy. This study shows how Farah’s work complements and enhances this emerging literary tradition. It is then shown that, despite this obvious potential, the status of Farah’s work in the Italian literary system has been limited by an unwelcoming publishing climate for African literature in Italy. The study then provides an analysis of the translations themselves focussing on three texts: Maps, Gifts and Sweet and Sour Milk. This analysis takes the form of a descriptive comparative analysis aimed at establishing the extent to which the three different Italian translators of these texts handled the translation of stylistic features of the texts which signal their postcoloniality and their heritage of Somali oral poetry. It is concluded that, in the main, the translations are somewhat domesticated which has certain negative consequences in terms of their ability as texts to speak on behalf of the colonized people they represent. It is however noted that one text exhibits a greater tendency towards foreignization. By no means coincidentally, this text was produced by a translator with theoretical and practical experience in the field of postcolonial literature. The study concludes by conceiving of the trajectory of Nuruddin Farah’s work through the Italian literary system as a narrative of violence, resistance and retribution on either side of the colonial divide.
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BONELLI, COSTANZA. "Clima, razza, colonizzazione: nascita e sviluppo della medicina tropicale in Italia (fine XIX sec. - metà XX sec.)." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1408620.
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In connessione con i recenti orientamenti della storiografia internazionale, sempre più attenti al nesso scienza-imperialismo, questo lavoro prende in esame i meccanismi di formazione, nell’Italia liberale e durante il regime fascista, della conoscenza medica sulle malattie tropicali: un settore del sapere medico sviluppatosi a fine ottocento sulla base delle proposte teoriche di Patrick Manson, sollecitato dalle scoperte della batteriologia di Louis Pasteur e Robert Koch e dagli avanzamenti della parassitologia. L’intento del lavoro è indagare le connessioni che intercorrono tra le esigenze di governo dei territori d’oltremare e lo strutturarsi di questo nuovo settore del sapere medico, non solo delineando i poli di sviluppo della disciplina, le reti (locali e globali) che hanno contribuito alla loro formazione, ma mettendo in evidenza l’effetto di riconfigurazione dello spazio (“scientifico”, geografico) che la nozione di “tropicale”, fatta propria dalla medicina di fine XIX sec., porta con sé. Attraverso l’esame dei caratteri della sanità bellica delle campagne di conquista coloniali - in particolare del conflitto italo-turco e della guerra d’Etiopia - lo studio si interroga sulla relazione fra dimensione strutturale e forme congiunturali di sviluppo dei saperi medici, collocando le trasformazioni conosciute dalla sanità di guerra in colonia nel più ampio quadro dei processi di modernizzazione e specializzazione dell’istituzione militare, senza dimenticare gli effetti di discontinuità introdotti nella pratica medica dalla Grande Guerra. Guardando alla scienza come luogo di sedimentazione, oltreché di produzione, di idee e stereotipi razziali, e prestando attenzione alle dinamiche di circolazione dei saperi, il lavoro prende infine in esame le rappresentazioni che la letteratura medica offre sulla fisiologia e sui meccanismi funzionali dell’organismo ai “tropici” (quello del colono e quello del colonizzato), facendo emergere come la relazione tra organismo e ambiente - cioè tra europeo e il nuovo spazio di conquista e tra "indigeno" e il proprio ambiente di vita - costituisca un nodo simbolico attorno a cui si addensano le concezioni con cui la medicina si troverà ad affrontare il problema della diversità del vivente. A preoccupare i medici sia in età liberale, come in epoca fascista, è infatti la questione dell' "acclimatazione", dell’adattamento cioè del bianco al nuovo ambiente tropicale: un tema che offre ai clinici un vero e proprio strumento di lettura degli stati patologici dell’organismo al tempo dell’espansione coloniale otto-novecentesca; non l’organismo “statico” - anatomico, dell’anatomia comparata - ma l’organismo fisiologico, “in trasformazione” nello spazio ridisegnato dall’imperialismo europeo.
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"The origins and essence of Somali nationalism." Tulane University, 1997.
Find full textAbstract:
The primary aim of this dissertation is to examine the origins and nature of Somali nationalism. Studies on the subject are limited in terms of volume and scope of reach. Virtually all the current studies on Somali nationalism have approached the subject from an ethnicist/organic perspective, and, as such, treat Somali nationalism as an ethno-cultural movement. This dissertation seeks (a) to test the validity of the ethnicist/organic hypothesis; and (b) to expand the purview of the study on the subject In the first case, the aim is to see whether or not Somali nationalism was inspired by the ethno-cultural characteristics of the nation. Contrary to the findings of the previous studies, this research found out that such objective characteristics as race, religion, language, history, etc. had little or no effect on the development of Somali nationalism. True these issues were sometimes raised by Somali leaders during the nationalist struggle, but they were expressed as political grievances against the colonial administrations rather than as sources of nationalist inspirations In the second, this dissertation seeks to expand the scope of the study on Somali nationalism and also to contribute to the literature on the subject. To this end, it offers a rival hypothesis to the ethnicist/organic explanations of the past, namely anti-colonial nationalism. Accordingly, it focuses on the character of the colonial administrations as the primary causes of Somali nationalism rather than on the natural qualities of the Somali nation. By doing so, this dissertation places the study of Somali nationalism in its proper regional, historical, and socio-political contextacase@tulane.edu
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Raj, Sherosha Joan Sharmila. "Clone History Shapes the Populus Drought Transcriptome." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18834.
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The genus Populus is ideally suited to investigate questions related to the interplay between an individual’s environmental history and its capacity to respond to external stimuli. In order to dissect the influence of individual history on subsequent plant responses, transcriptome level changes due to water deficit were assessed in clonal populations of Populus hybrids. Results indicate variation in the drought transcriptomes of genetically identical clones originating from different locations can be shaped by the individual history of the clone. Additionally, yearly variations in drought transcriptome patterns showed specific trends associated with a clonal population that were not related to an unknown influence at a location, nor with the biological source of cuttings. Despite these sources of transcriptome variation, a common shared response was identified across all populations. The findings hint at the influence of the environment and epigenetic factors in the dynamic regulation of transcriptome level responses in clonal
individuals.
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Finn, Ron. "Characterization of the histone chaperones: somatic Nuclear Autoantigenic Sperm Protein (sNASP) and Nucleoplasmin 2 (NPM2)." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4387.
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Recent studies have focused their attention on the structure and function of histone chaperones involved in different aspects of somatic chromatin assembly and disassembly. However, one of the most dramatic chromatin remodeling processes takes place immediately after fertilization and is mediated by proteins in metazoan eggs that function as histone chaperones and histone storage proteins. These include members of the nucleoplasmin (NPM) family and the nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (NASP) families. While it had been know for some time that these proteins function as “histone sinks”, new studies are shedding light on their role as histone chaperones.
NASP was first identified in Xenopus laevis eggs where it accumulated in the nucleoplasm and was found to bind histones H3 and H4 at which time it believed to act simply as a histone storage protein. Interestingly, in addition to binding and providing storage to H3-H4 in the egg and in somatic cells, our studies have shown NASP to be the first characterized chaperone for histone H1. The members of the histone H1 family (linker histones) are essential to maintaining the structure of chromatin with respect to the folding of the chromatin fiber, nucleosome spacing, chromatin remodeling, gene transcription and progression through the cell cycle. Until recently there has been no histone H1 chaperone characterized and no evidence of a storage protein to which linker histones are bound, when not associated with DNA of NCPs. By using recombinant NASP, to incorporate linker histones onto the nucleosome arrays in a chromatin fiber, we studied the dynamics and conformation of chromatin in a more biologically relevant and precise method than presented in any previous chromatin research.
Like NASP, nucleoplasmin was identified as a factor in X. laevis eggs that binds histones and loads them onto DNA. Subsequently, the nucleoplasmin protein family has been to be universally represented throughout metazoans where it plays a similar role in chromatin metabolism. Members of this family include nucleophosmin (NPM1), nucleoplasmin (NPM2, NPM or Np), the newly characterized NPM3 and nucleoplasmin-like proteins (NPM-like or NLP). We have been able to demonstrate that NPM2 that is highly phosphorylated in X. laevis eggs can unfold sperm and somatic chromatin by facilitating the removal of linker histones and other chromosomal proteins from linker DNA regions between nucleosomes in the absence of any stable interaction with the nucleosome core particle (NCP) itself. In addition, our studies reveal that NPM2 is a pentameric chaperone, as opposed to a decameric chaperone, that regulates the condensation state of sperm and somatic chromatin by removing linker histones and specific nuclear basic proteins and depositing histone H2A-H2B dimers on the distal face of the NPM2.Graduate
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Wei, Ming-Yi, and 魏銘儀. "Cloning of a Histone Methyltransferase in Solanum tuberosum and S. commersonii and Its Expression in Their Somatic Hybrid." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18442336990694218107.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系所
97
Histone methylation catalyzed by histone methyltransferase (HMT) is one of the main mechanisms of epigenetics. Histone methyltransferases possess the activity of covalently modifying the lysines in the amino tails of histone, and potentially indirectly affecting the occurrence of DNA methylation, changing chromatin structure, and furthermore regulating gene expression. The full length SUVH which belongs to the HMT gene family from potato wild species Solanum commersonii (cmm, 2n=2x=24), S. tuberosum haploid (tbr, 2n=2x=24) and their tetraploid somatic hybrid HA26-5 (2n=4x=48) respectively has been cloned in order to study the expression of SUVH among diploid parents and the tetraploid somatic hybrid. Comparison of the cloned ORFs of SUVH derived from cmm and tbr revealed 20 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism). All of the SUVH ORFs cloned are 2,157 bp in length which encode 718 amino acids and the peptide sequence has 74％ identity with tobacco NtSET1. Potato SUVH belongs to SET domain containing Class V orthology 1 gene family which also contain a DNA methylation related YDG (Try-Asp-Gly) domain, pre-SET domain (Cysteine-rich putative Zn+-binding domain), and post-SET domain. This potato SUVH lacks introns which is the same as most similar genes of maize and Arabidopsis. The ~700 bp 5’ up-stream promoter sequence of SUVH was also cloned. It contains putative cis-acting regulatory elements related to the anaerobic induction, heat stress and MeJA-responsiveness. There was no observable difference in the expression of SUVH in the different tissues that were tested. The expression of three genes, SUVH, FIE and CBF1 was investigated in the diploid fusion parents and the tetraploid somatic hybrid. Both parental alleles of the targeted genes were expressed in the somatic hybrid.