Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Somalie (sud)'

On étudie les conditions de métamorphisme dans les formations ferrifères de l'antécambrien de la région de Buur. La migmatisation, le plissement, la déformation sont très semblables à ceux du socle de l'Est du Gondwana. La région considérée ferait la liaison entre la chaine mozambicaine et les régions plus orientales de Madagascar, du Dekkan et de Sri-Lanka

Le socle Précambrien du Sud de la Somalie couvre environ 28.000 km 2 . Il forme une pénéplaine située au Nord-Ouest de Mogadisho, la région de Buur. Les affleurements y sont très limités. Ils form ent des inselbergs de gneiss granitiques et le fond de quelques oueds. Environ 98% de la région est ainsi couverte de sédiments détritiques, subactuels de type "red bed". Il faut donc souligner que les données acquises dans le cadre de ce travail sont fondées sur un nombre très limité d'affleurements. Ces affleurements sont constitués 1) d'un complexe de roches méta-ignées et méta-sédimentaires affectées par la migmatisation et 2) d'intrusions granitoides nombreuses. Les métasédiments sont représentés par des quartzites, des marbres, des gneiss calco-silicatés et par une formation ferrifère; cette dernière est un très bon niveau repère à l'échelle régionale. Les données géochimiques indiquent que les roches méta-ignées associées et intercalées dans les métasédiments ont une affinité tholéitique à alcaline quant aux métabasites et calco-alcaline quant aux roches acides et intermédiaires. L'ensemble du complexe est caractérisé par une évolution métamorphique de faciès granulite, suivi par un métamorphisme rétrograde de faciès amphibolite. Ce dernier est accompagné d'une mlgmatisation qui se déroule probablement pendant l'événement Pan-africain. Structuralement, on observe au moins deux phases de plissement. La première * (NW-SE) consiste en des plis isoclinaux serrés qui déforment le litage des couches et probablement synchrones du développement du métamorphisme de faciès granulite. La seconde phase (NE-SW) est représentée par des plis ouverts de grande amplitude. Cette phase de déformation est probablement responsable de la foliation des granitoides. Le complexe granulitique de la région de Buur reprend le matériel d'une zone distensive d'âge probablement Protérozoique inférieur à Archéen. Les phénomènes magmatiques puis métamorphiques observés suggèrent une accrétion crustale. Le chemin P. T. au cours du temps du métamorphisme de faciès granulite montre une évolution en sens inverse des aiguilles d'une montre. De plus, la région étudiée montre une évolution métamorphique et lithostrati graphique qui se rapproche plus de celle du socle de l'Est Gondwana. On notera enfin que le rifting Mésozoique isole la région de Buur du socle africain grâce à des grabens parallèles au système du grand rift de l'Afrique Orientale et au Golfe d'Aden. La région considérée ferait donc la liaison entre la chaîne Mozambicaine et les régions plus orientales de Madagascar, du Dekkan et de Sri - Lanka.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de mettre en évidence la manière dont les médias d'information de l’Arabie saoudite participent au rayonnement du Royaume dans la région du Sud de la mer Rouge et dans le monde. L’efficacité politique, économique et culturelle du pays repose sur une combinaison intelligente, le smart power selon Joseph Nye, qui allie le hard power, la richesse économique due au pétrole et le soft power (la puissance douce), c’est-à-dire la richesse culturelle et l’influence dans les relations internationales. Dans ce sens, notre recherche a essayé d’identifier les dimensions de ce soft power dans le discours des médias publics en Arabie saoudite, en particulier dans celui de la première chaîne nationale saoudienne Al Saudiya (anciennement Aloula), en se concentrant sur l’analyse des informations diffusées pour couvrir les événements et les actions politiques, économiques, culturelles et humanitaires dans la région du sud de la mer Rouge. La complexité de notre recherche a nécessité de multiples approches. L’investigation empirique s’est appuyée sur des approches d’analyse récentes appliquées au domaine de l’information et de la communication, appelée analyse de contenu médiatique, qui a récemment fait l’objet de grands développements et a connu de nombreuses améliorations méthodologiques.Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que la première chaîne publique a intégré la religion dans son message médiatique, non seulement pour renforcer la position et la place de l’Arabie saoudite comme détenteur des lieux saints de l’islam, la Mecque et Médine, mais aussi pour représenter le monde arabo-musulman dans les relations internationales
The purpose of this research is to highlight how the Saudi Arabian news media are contributing to the Kingdom's outreach in the Southern Red Sea region and around the world. The political, economic and cultural efficiency of the country is based on a smart combination, Nye's smart power, which combines hard power, economic wealth due to oil and soft power, that is, to say cultural wealth and influence in international relations. In this sense, our research has tried to identify the dimensions of this soft power in the public media discourse in Saudi Arabia, especially in that of the first Saudi national channel Al Saudiya (formerly Aloula), focusing on the analysis information disseminated to cover political, economic, cultural and humanitarian events and actions in the Southern Red Sea region.The complexity of our research required multiple approaches. The empirical investigation has relied on recent analytical approaches applied to the field of information and communication, called media content analysis, which has recently undergone major developments and has undergone many methodological improvements. The results of this thesis show that the first public channel incorporated religion into its media message, not only to strengthen the position and place of Saudi Arabia as the holder of the holy places of Islam, Mecca and Medina, but also to represent the Arab-Muslim world in international relations

L'idée directrice de ce travail est qu'il est possible d'éviter, minimiser, contourner ou résoudre les problèmes liés à la mise en oeuvre des politiques économiques en situation d'après-guerre par une meilleure adaptation de celles-ci au contexte. En Afrique sub-saharienne, les conflits actuels correspondent essentiellement à des guerres civiles, caractérisées par leur ethnitisation et l'affaiblissement de l'État. La première partie montre que certains de ces échecs sont imputables à une mauvaise adaptation des politiques économiques aux contextes dans lesquels elles ont été appliquées. Elle analyse les causes et les conséquences des conflits ainsi que les pré-requis et les étapes d'une reconstruction durable. Elle montre la nécessité de prendre en compte dans cet exercice la spécificité de chaque contexte dans les domaines historiques, politiques, sociaux, culturels et économiques. . .

There is a growing consensus in the discipline of International Relations that the sovereign nation state, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, is a myth because of the several nations that can be found within one sovereign entity, made so by the Berlin conference of 1885 that partitioned Africa. Regardless of this consensus, international peacebuilding theory and practice is biased towards maintaining these sovereign arrangements that were created during the colonial periods by European colonizers. This bias is caused by several epistemic colonialities nested within a wider colonial matrix of power. Peacebuilding in Somalia presents an example of how these biases affect peace in a multiethnic, multiclan, and diverse society.
Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Political Sciences
MA (Diplomatic Studies)
Unrestricted

Research to determine the impact of PTA_SCS on incidence of mastitis, daughter response to infection, and other measures of daughter performance was conducted using data on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactation Holsteins obtained from the Virginia Tech herd and from VA DHI herds. Overall correlation of PTA_SCS to lactation average SCS ranged from 0.13 to 0.17 across all data sets. Correlations between PTA_SCS and 1st lactation SCS measures were higher than those between PTA_SCS and SCS in later parities, but higher correlations were found between 2nd and 3rd lactation SCS measures than between 1st and later parities. Correlation of lactation average SCS and incidence of clinical mastitis was 0.41. Regression of lactation average SCS and averages of test day SCS measures on PTA_SCS was significant in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd lactations. All significant relationships were linear and equal or close to 1.0. Relationships between PTA_SCS and number of cases of clinical mastitis (.79), number of treatments (2.0), number of days treated (7.0), changes in SCS from beginning to end of a lactation (-.26), and the slope of changes in test day SCS with DIM (5.9x10-4) were significant only in 1st lactation. No significant relationships between PTA_SCS and measures of clinical mastitis or variation in test day SCS measures were found in 2nd or 3rd lactations. Heavy cull rates imposed on 1st lactation cows in the Virginia Tech herd explained lack of significance in the later parities in the herd study, but results in following analyses indicated that measures of SCS in 1st and later parities may be two different, but correlated, traits. The greatest impact of PTA_SCS on measures of daughter performance and profit was the negative relationship between PTA_SCS and herd life. Increased PTA_SCS resulted in the decreased ability to survive involuntary culling, and thus decreased opportunity for lifetime yield and profit. Selection on PTA_SCS should be an effective method of reducing incidence of clinical mastitis, lactation average SCS, and variation in SCS, or response to infection. The response, however, may be different in 1st lactation than in later parities.
Master of Science

A high-resolution multi-proxy reconstruction of the Arabian Sea Summer Monsoon (ASSM) intensity over the past 90,000 years has been determined using two marine sediment cores: one from the Somali margin and one from the Indian margin. This reconstruction indicates that changes in monsoon- induced upwelling, primary productivity and denitrification have varied in synchrony with Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles. Increased monsoon intensity correlates with warm climate events (interstadials) and decreased monsoon intensity, which coincides with stadials and Heinrich Events, is confirmed by elevated dust concentrations in the marine cores. A comparison of the Somali and Indian margin cores with previously reported studies from the Northern and Western Basin allows the identification of discrete sediment signals from the Indus River, the Arabian Peninsula and from local riverine runoff. Sedimentary deposition on the Indian margin during interglacials is dominated by local terrestrial runoff, whereas during glacial periods increased dust input from the Arabian Peninsula is evident. Both signals are related to changes in the intensity of the ASSM. Monsoon intensity has decreased during the Holocene as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) has moved to a more southerly position. The ASSM-ITCZ relationship (increased ASSM intensity and a northern ITCZ, decreased ASSM intensity and a southern ITCZ) has remained consistent over the last glacial cycle suggesting that global millennial scale climatic variability is in part driven by modulations in tropical hydrological cycle. This ASSM reconstruction provides evidence that rearrangements in the tropical convection system affected atmospheric dust concentrations as well as the concentration and location of atmospheric water vapour. In addition to modulating terrestrial and marine emissions of greenhouse gases, variation in the tropical hydrological cycle provides a mechanism of amplifying and perpetuating millennial-scale climatic changes.

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Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science

A reprogramação nuclear de uma célula somática a um estado embrionário tem diversas aplicações, como pesquisas básicas na biologia do desenvolvimento, terapia celular, melhoramento genético em animais de produção e conservação de espécies. As principais técnicas utilizadas para a reprogramação nuclear são a transferência nuclear de células somáticas (TNCS) e a geração de células tronco pluripotente induzidas (iPS). Muitos trabalhos têm mostrado uma baixa eficiência no processo de reprogramação nuclear nas duas técnicas, além disso, modificações epigenéticas tem sido apontada como a principal barreira para uma reprogramação nuclear eficiente. Por esse motivo, medidas como a utilização de células menos diferenciadas e/ou alteração do perfil epigenético das células somáticas podem aumentar a eficiência destas técnicas. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência de marcas epigenéticas em células bovinas utilizadas na reprogramação nuclear mediada por TNCS ou superexpressão de genes relacionados a pluripotêcia (iPS). Para isso, utilizamos 3 abordagens. Primeiro, analisamos marcações epigenéticas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento embrionário e pluripotência (H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K9ac, 5mC e 5hmC) em diferentes tipos celulares, analisamos a expressão gênica de genes responsáveis por essas marcações em células de diferentes tecidos (ex. células tronco mesenquimais (MSC) e fibroblastos) e as utilizamos como doadoras de núcleo na TNCS. Na segunda e a terceira abordagem, utilizamos células com menores níveis de H3K9me2 para a geração de iPS e na TNCS, respectivamente. Além disso, por se mostrar eficiente na TNCS, analisamos o efeito da sincronização do ciclo celular por privação de soro fetal bovino (SFB) na geração de células iPS. Com o intuito de diminuir os níveis de H3K9me2, as células foram tratadas com UNC0638, um inibidor especifico das metiltransferases de histona G9a/GLP. Nossos resultados do primeiro experimento mostraram que as MSC podem ser utilizadas como doadoras de núcleo na TNCS, no entanto, mesmo com algumas diferenças na expressão gênica em relação aos fibroblastos, a produção de blastocistos não foi diferente entre as duas células. No segundo experimento, as células privadas de SFB geraram mais colônias que as células controle, enquanto que as células tratadas não apresentaram diferença. Por último, as células tratadas com o UNC0638 apresentaram um menor nível de metilação no DNA em zigotos em relação às células controle. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho podem contribuir para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos epigenéticos envolvidos na reprogramação nuclear de bovinos
Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells to embryonic state has several aplications, such as basic research on developmental biology, cell therapy, genetic improvement in livestock animals and preservation of endangered species. The principal techniques utilized to achieve nuclear reprogramming are Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotency. Several works has reported low efficiency rates of nuclear reprogramming when these techniques are used to reprogram somatic cells. Moreover, epigenetic modifications acquired during development act as epigenetic barrier to the complete reprogramming process. For this reason, strategies such as use of less differentiated cells and/or modification of epigenetic profile of somatic cells might increase the efficiency these techniques. The objective of this work was investigate the influence of epigenetic marks in bovine cells utilized on nuclear reprogramming experiments mediated by SCNT or induced pluripotency. To investigate it, we used three approaches. First, we analyzed the epigenetic marks related to the embryonic development and pluripotency (e.g H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K9ac, 5mC and 5hmC), gene expression of genes involved in these epigenetic marks in different tissues (i.e. mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and fibroblasts) and their use as nuclear donor cells on SCNT procedure. Regarding the second and the third approach, we utilized cells with reduced levels of H3K9me2 to generate iPS cells and cloned embryos, respectively. Furthermore, since serum starvation has been demonstrated increase SCNT developmental rates, we assessed the effect of cell cycle synchronization mediated by serum starvation on nuclear reprogramming using iPS cells. Aiming decrease the levels of H3K9me2, cells were treated with UNC0638, a chemical probe that works as a specific inhibitor of the histone methyltransferases G9a and its counterpartner GLP. Our results showed that MSC are suitable to be used as nuclear donors on SCNT procedures, however, in spite of differences on gene expression comparing with fibroblasts, the embryonic developmental rates were not improved. On the second experiment, cells privated of fetal calf serum produced more iPS cells colonies than control cells, whereas cells treated with UNC did not show differences when compared with untreated cells. Lastly, UNC treated donor cells treated produced cloned zygotes with lower levels of DNA methylation compared to zygotes derivated from untreated cells. The results presented here will contribute to the better understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved on bovine nuclear reprogramming

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The bovine mastitis is a disease that causes more losses in dairy farming, significantly reducing the production and milk quality. A causative agent of mastitis is the Corynebacterium sp. , especially the specie Corynebacterium bovis, but their role in intramammary infection is not yet defined, since some studies consider this agent, a minor pathogen of the mammary gland, causing no change in production and composition milk, though others, realize the large capacity of Corynebacterium sp. in causing mastitis, placing it as a risk factor for the development of the activity. Meet the microbiological profile of milk samples, the specific action of the agents in the mammary gland and its effect on milk quality, are of great importance in mastitis control programs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. n the milk of cows from dairy herds located in five Brazilian states and to correlate the presence of this agent with the management of the milking herd and the somatic cell count of bulk tank milk and milk of individual cows. We conducted a longitudinal study from January 2010 to July 2011, in dairy herds located in the states of SC, PR, RS, MG and PE, which were performed in four colletions (at six months intervals) of milk samples in each herd. A questionnaire was applied in each farm to obtain data and information on the practices of milking herds, such as teat disinfection and teat drying, which may influence the occurrence of mastitis by Corynebacterium sp. Of the 4949 milk samples analyzed, submitted to microbiological culture, 666 (13,46%) had isolation of Corynebacterium sp. Minas Gerais was the state with the highest pravelence off this agent (21,07%) compared to others states. Risk factors associated with the management of milking, such as teat disinfection before and after milking and dry cow treatment showed no statistically significant influence on the prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. in milk samples analyzed. The isolation of Corynebacterium sp. in milk samples did not affect the SCC of bulk tank milk of the herds, but in the CMT, the presence of this agent caused variations in the number of positive mammary quarters and the degree of score in their test. Therefore Corynebacterium sp. is a causative agent of mastitis of great relevance not only by the frequency of isolation observed in this study, but also by the effect of CMT in individual cows and consequently in the herd SCC
A mastite bovina é a enfermidade que mais causa prejuízos na pecuária leiteira, reduzindo, significativamente, a produção e qualidade do leite. Um dos agentes causadores da mastite é o Corynebacterium sp., principalmente a espécie Corynebacterium bovis, porém seu papel na infecção intramamária ainda não é definido, pois alguns estudos consideram este agente, um patógeno menor da glândula mamária, sem causar alteração da produção e composição do leite, entretanto outros, constatam a grande capacidade do Corynebacterium sp. em causar mastite, colocando-o como um fator restritivo para o desenvolvimento da atividade leiteira. Conhecer o perfil microbiológico de amostras de leite, a ação específica dos agentes na glândula mamária e seu efeito na qualidade do leite, são de grande relevância em programas de controle da mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência de Corynebacterium sp. no leite de vacas de rebanhos leiteiros localizados em cinco estados brasileiros e, correlacionar a presença deste agente com o manejo de ordenha dos rebanhos e com a contagem de células somáticas do leite do tanque e do leite individual das vacas. Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal, de janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2011, em rebanhos leiteiros localizados nos estados de SC, PR, RS, MG e PE, nos quais foram realizadas quatro coletas (semestrais) de amostras de leite em cada rebanho. Foi aplicado um questionário, em cada propriedade, para obter dados e informações sobre o manejo de ordenha dos rebanhos, como a desinfecção pré e pós-ordenha, secagem dos tetos, que possam influenciar na ocorrência de mastite por Corynebacterium sp. Do total de 4949 amostras de leite analisadas, submetidas a cultura microbiológica, 666 (13,46%) apresentaram isolamento de Corynebacterium sp. Minas Gerais foi o estado que apresentou a maior prevalência deste agente (21,07%) comparado aos demais estados. Os fatores de risco associados ao manejo de ordenha das propriedades, como a desinfecção dos tetos pré e pós-ordenha e o tratamento de vaca seca não apresentaram influência estatística significativa na prevalência de Corynebacterium sp. nas amostras de leite analisadas. O isolamento de Corynebacterium sp nas amostras de leite não afetou a CCS do leite do tanque dos rebanhos, porém no CMT, a presença deste agente causou variações no número de quartos positivos e no grau de escore no respectivo teste. Portanto, Corynebacterium sp. é um agente causador de mastite de grande relevância, não só pela freqüência de isolamento observada no presente estudo, mas também pelo efeito no CMT individual das vacas e consequentemente na CCS do rebanho

The past 20 years have witnessed a resurgence of maritime piracy, especially along the East and West coasts of Africa. Much scholarly research has been undertaken on this issue; however a consensus on the primary economic causes of piracy does not exist. This thesis seeks to identify the primary economic causes and consequences of maritime piracy in Somalia and Nigeria specifically, and coastal sub-Saharan Africa more generally. It investigates whether variables such as a lack of employment opportunities, particularly in the fisheries sector, are a causal factor of maritime piracy. These potential causal factors are explored using both case studies and regression analyses. Net exports of fish are found to be a statistically significant predictor of the frequency of piracy, suggesting that a decrease in national fish production and employment in the fisheries sector results in an increase in the occurrence of piracy.