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1

Arthur, Jo. "Language at the margins." Language Problems and Language Planning 28, no. 3 (2004): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.28.3.01art.

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Drawing on a recent ethnographic research project conducted in an urban neighbourhood of Liverpool, England, this paper focuses on Somali speakers, relating the experience of members of this minority language community to the local linguistic and cultural ecology of the city. The community forms part of a Somali diaspora created largely as a consequence of civil war in Somalia towards the end of the twentieth century. The paper opens with an account of the context of the languages and cultures of Liverpool, going on to explore the communicative roles of languages and literacies — Somali, English and Arabic — in the lives of members of the Somali community. Also reported are insights, gained in interviews, into the symbolic values which these languages and literacies hold for them. These data indicate unresolved tensions felt by the interviewees in relation to issues both of cultural identity and of social and educational aspirations — tensions which are closely linked to widespread concern in the community over what is perceived as inter-generational language shift, from Somali to English. This concern has led to the setting up of Somali literacy teaching for young people in the community, and the study included observation of these classes. The paper considers the contribution of such affirmative action to the maintenance and valorisation of Somali, as the language of community heritage, before concluding with discussion of the implications of the Somali community experience in Liverpool — of both marginalisation and resistance — for the management of multilingualism in this modern city. Sommaire Les langues dans la marge: Le cas du somalien à Liverpool Cet article se concentre sur les locuteurs somaliens. Les informations obtenues se rapportent à l’expérience des membres de cette communauté linguistique minoritaire et s’inspirent des conclusions d’une étude ethnographique menée dans un quartier urbain de Liverpool, en Angleterre. La communauté fait partie de la diaspora somalienne, créée principalement à la suite de la guerre civile en Somalie vers la fin du 20ème siècle. L’article présente le contexte des langues et cultures de Liverpool ainsi que les rôles de communication des langues et des taux d’alphabétisation pour les langues — somalien, anglais, arabe — dans la vie des membres de la communauté somalienne. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens effectués, cet article donne aussi un aperçu des valeurs symboliques que représentent pour eux ces langues et leur taux d’alphabétisation. Ces données révèlent les tensions irrésolues ressenties par les personnes interviewées en ce qui concerne les questions à la fois de culture identitaire et d’aspirations sociales et en matière d’éducation. Ces tensions sont intimement liées à une inquiétude répandue parmi la communauté en ce qui concerne les changements qui semblent intervenir au niveau du somalien et de l’anglais entre les générations. Cette inquiétude a mené à la création d’un enseignement du somalien pour les jeunes de la communauté et cette étude inclus les observations de ces classes. L’article prend en considération la contribution d’une action si affirmative pour le maintien et la valorisation du somalien, en qualité de langue du patrimoine de la communauté, et termine en conclusion par une discussion des implications — à la fois de la marginalisation et de la résistance de la communauté somalienne à Liverpool — en ce qui concerne la gestion du multilinguisme de cette ville moderne. [Cette étude se base sur des recherches effectuées en 2001–2002 avec le soutien du Leverhulme Trust. L’auteur remercie l’aide de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah et Samsam Saleh.] Resumo Lingvo marĝena: La kazo de la somalia en Liverpool Surbaze de lastatempa etnografia esplorprojekto farita en urba kvartalo de Liverpool, Anglio, tiu ĉi artikolo fokusiĝas je somaliparolantoj, ligante la sperton de anoj de tiu ĉi lingvominoritata komunumo al la kultura ekologio de la urbo. La komunumo formas parton de somalia diasporo kreita plejparte rezulte de la civila milito en Somalio fine de la dudeka jarcento. La artikolo komenciĝas per prezento de la lingva kaj kultura kunteksto de Liverpool, kaj poste esploras la komunikajn rolojn de lingvoj kaj leg- kaj skribkapabloj — somaliaj, anglaj kaj arabaj — en la vivoj de anoj de la somalia komunumo. Oni ankaŭ raportas pri perceptoj, gajnitaj el intervjuoj, pri ilia sento de la simbolaj valoroj entenataj en tiuj lingvoj kaj kapabloj. Tiuj datenoj indikas, ke la intervjuatoj sentis nesolvitajn streĉitecojn rilate demandojn kaj de kultura identeco kaj de sociaj kaj edukaj aspiroj — streĉitecojn proksime ligitajn al disvastiĝinta maltrankvilo en la komunumo pri tio, kion oni perceptas kiel intergeneracian lingvoŝoviĝon de la somalia al la angla. Tiu maltrankvilo kondukis al starigo de somalia alfabetiga instruado por komunumaj gejunuloj, kaj la studo enhavis ankaŭ observadon de tiuj klasoj. La artikolo konsideras la kontribuon de tia pozitiva agado al konservado kaj valorigo de la somalia, kiel la lingvo de la komuna heredaĵo. La artikolo finiĝas per diskuto de la implicoj de la spertoj de la somalia komunumo en Liverpool — spertoj kaj de marĝenigo kaj de rezistado — por la mastrumado de multlingvismo en tiu moderna urbo. [La studo baziĝas sur esploroj subtenataj en 2001–2 de Leverhulme Trust. La aŭtoro danke rekonas la helpon de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah kaj Samsam Saleh.]
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2

Mabire, Jean-Christophe. "Somalie, l'interminable crise." Hérodote 111, no. 4 (2003): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/her.111.0057.

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3

Young, Marta. "Acculturation, identité et bien-être : l’ajustement de réfugiées somaliennes." Santé mentale au Québec 21, no. 1 (2007): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032391ar.

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RÉSUMÉ L'étude cerne les liens entre Vacculturation et l'ajustement psychologique de 94 femmes réfugiées de Somalie. Le mode d'acculturation préféré au niveau du groupe est l'intégration. Les Somaliennes qui ont vécu le plus longtemps au Canada s'identifient plus comme Canadiennes et perçoivent plus de discrimination contre elles et contre les Somaliens en général. De plus, l'endossement du mode d'acculturation par intégration implique un refus des autres modes comme l'assimilation, le rejet et la marginalisation. D'importants liens sont aussi établis entre l'âge, le désir de faire partite de la société canadienne et la santé mentale. En particulier, les jeunes femmes se distinguent du groupe car elles ont tendance à avoir un plus haut degré de dépression. Aussi, les réfugiées qui ont émigré pour des raisons politiques désirent retourner en Somalie et sont moins satisfaites de leur vie au Canada.
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4

Khaja, Khadija, Carenlee Barkdull, Marva Augustine, and Dianne Cunningham. "Female genital cutting." International Social Work 52, no. 6 (2009): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872809342642.

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English The purpose of this qualitative study with 17 Somali-born North American immigrant women was to better understand the women’s experiences with and views of female genital cutting (FGC), as well as their recommendations for developing more effective, inclusive and respectful prevention and intervention strategies for the practice. French La finalité de cette étude qualitative menée auprès de 17 femmes immigrantes nord américaines nées en Somalie était de mieux comprendre les expériences des femmes, leurs opinions à propos de l’excision, ainsi que leurs recommandations pour développer des stratégies de prévention et d’intervention plus efficaces, inclusives, et respectueuses pour la pratique. Spanish El propósito de este estudio cualitativo de 17 mujeres nacidas en Somalia que emigraron a los EEUU es comprender mejor las experiencias y visiones de estas mujeres en relación a la mutilación de genitales femeninos (FGC, por sus siglas en inglés), así como también sus recomendaciones para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención e intervención más efectivas, inclusivas y respetuosas a la hora de realizar dicha práctica.
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5

POPESCU, Alba Iulia Catrinel. "SOMALIA – STUDIU DE CAZ PRIVIND FRAGMENTAREA UNUI STAT OMOGEN ETNIC ŞI CONFESIONAL." Buletinul Universității Naționale de Apărare „Carol I” 10, no. 3 (2021): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2065-8281-21-36.

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Orice curs de geopolitică internă a statului începe prin a afirma că stabilitatea internă şi integritatea teritorială sunt rezultatul interacţiunii dintre forţele secesioniste, centrifuge, şi forţele unificatoare, centripete. Acelaşi curs de geopolitică mai spune că omogenitatea etnică şi confesională se înscrie în categoria celor mai puternice forţe centripete, alături de o formă cât mai rotundă a teritoriului statal, de centralitatea capitalei, de o distribuţie uniformă a infrastructurii de transport şi comunicaţii, de o distribuţie cât mai echitabilă a bogăţiei, de o puternică idee şi voinţă naţională. Somalia este un stat omogen etnic şi confesional. Mai mult, toţi aceşti etnici nu îşi arogă o altă identitate în afara celei somaleze şi cu toţii vorbesc limba somali, limba oficială a statului, alături de arabă – limba Coranului. În Somalia nu se înregistrează uriaşa diversitate lingvistică specifică altor state africane postcoloniale, nu există diferenţe cultural-civilizaționale, nu există discrepanţe majore în privinţa dezvoltării regionale şi a distribuţiei infrastructurii de comunicaţii şi transport în teritoriu. Şi, cu toate acestea, statul somalez reprezintă expresia noţiunii de stat eşuat, răvăşit de război civil, de secesionism, de piraterie maritimă, de terorism, de criminalitate organizată şi de insecuritate. În ultimii ani, Somalia a fost plasată constant în rândul celor mai periculoase destinaţii de pe glob. În prima jumătate a anului 2021, ea se situa pe locul al şaselea în clasamentul celor mai riscante destinaţii turistice, după Afganistan, Siria, Irak, Sudanul de Sud şi Yemen[i]. Care sunt cauzele secesionismului somalez şi ale prăbuşirii statului? Şi, dacă ar fi să ierarhizăm, în funcţie de intensitatea efectului, factorii secesionişti care acţionează pe teritoriul Somaliei, care ar fi ordinea acestora?
 
 [i] *** ”Most Dangerous Countries in the World”, World Population Review, https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries, accesat la 11.07.2021.
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6

Véron, Jean-Bernard. "La Somalie, Sisyphe moderne ?" Politique étrangère Automn, no. 3 (2015): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pe.153.0147.

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7

Bruzzone, Anna. "Somalie, la renaissance manquée." Politique africaine 132, no. 4 (2013): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/polaf.132.0161.

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8

Véron, Jean-Bernard. "La Somalie : un cas désespéré ?" Afrique contemporaine 232, no. 4 (2009): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afco.232.0097.

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9

de Gayffier-Bonneville, Anne-Claire. "Les organisations combattantes irrégulières de Somalie." Stratégique N° 103, no. 2 (2013): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/strat.103.0139.

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10

Sorel, Jean-Marc. "La Somalie et les Nations Unies." Annuaire français de droit international 38, no. 1 (1992): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/afdi.1992.3064.

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11

Roche, Jean. "RECHERCHES ORNITHOLOGIQUES EN RÉPUBLIQUE DE SOMALIE." Monitore Zoologico Italiano. Supplemento 20, no. 1 (1985): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03749444.1985.10736700.

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12

Momodu, Sulaiman. "« La Somalie renaît de ses cendres »." Afrique Renouveau 30, no. 1 (2016): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/42255bcb-fr.

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13

Musse, Osman Sayid Hassan, and Abdelghani Echchabi. "Dollarization in East Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Future Forecasts." Binus Business Review 8, no. 1 (2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v8i1.1759.

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The dollarization phenomenon has been widespread among the East African countries for many decades. This trend results in several consequences that might be either beneficial or harmful to these countries and their likes.The objective of this research was to empirically examine the causes, consequences and the future scenarios of dollarization in one of the leading regional countries such as Somalia. The research used a survey of over 100respondents and applied descriptive statistics and t-tests to achieve the above objectives. The findings show that the main causes of Dollarization in Somalia are the implementation of the Hawallah (money transfer) system,the remarkable absence of the central bank and other monitoring financial authorities, the increasing exports and imports of the Somalian economy, the loss of confidence in the local Somalian Shilling, and the relative ease atwhich the Somalian Shilling can be printed and manipulated by selected market players. These causes are found to be mainly triggered by the revenue from exports, the policies and regulations implemented by the Somali government, the Somali Diaspora, and the international aid organizations. This has resulted in the foreign traders buying Somali goods at a relatively lower price and taking advantage of the depreciated Somali Shilling against most international currencies.
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14

Abdi, Mohameddeq Ali. "Reforming the Heart of Somalia's Security Sector." Security science journal 3, no. 2 (2022): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.3.2.3.

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Somali security has gone through different stages and it has become a place where certain people use it to oppress their opponents. In this article, we are investigating the possibility to make reforming the heart of the Somalis Security sector. This article presents an example that if used it is possible that something can be changed for the Somali security sector . The article argues Somali Security should get fully trust the society of Somalia, if the people of Somalia feel that the security belongs to them and the people believing that they are working in the interest of the nation but not the interest-specific person, once people realize that the Security are working to defend and to protect their country as well their interest, it will be easier to make reform and implement the whole country.
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15

Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia." African Studies Review 61, no. 2 (2018): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.144.

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Abstract:This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on the current state formation processes occurring in the purview of the Somali State. Somali clans are determined to come to terms with the state collapse by averting the return to political power of the detested military regime, which was led by one clan-based leadership that tended to terrorize other rival clans and denied any equal power- and resource-sharing framework. Conceptualizing the contemporary Somali state as similar to pre-colonial clan-sultanates, this article argues that contemporary Somalis are reverting to a pre-colonial realm where each clan had its clan sultan seeking for a clan-state of its own right. Where else do clan-states compete against each other in entering into “treaties” with external entities intent on exploiting war-torn Somalia astabula rasa? It is towards the objective of answering this question and of providing a better understanding of the Somali conflict that this article is offered to add a comparative empirical understanding of the different trajectories of state formations in Somalia.
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Bureau, Jacques. "L'espace politique éthiopien." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 40, no. 6 (1985): 1379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1985.283242.

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Restée indépendante des puissances coloniales au xixe siècle, l'Ethiopie n'a cependant pas échappé à l'impératif et à l'arbitraire des limitations frontalières imposées par l'Europe. L'actualité nous le rappelle constamment. Des provinces entières d'Ethiopie revendiquent aujourd'hui une autre identité — érythréenne, oromo ou Somalie — alors que le gouvernement d'Addis- Abeba, fort d'une tradition très ancienne, leur oppose l'indivisibilité du territoire légué par ses prédécesseurs. Mieux encore, beaucoup d'Éthiopiens estiment que leur pays n'est pas à la mesure de l'Empire que les souverains ambitionnaient légitimement d'unir dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle, parce qu'il est amputé d'une partie de son domaine, maintenant placé sous la souveraineté des Etats voisins, comme les Républiques de Djibouti et de Somalie.
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17

Marchal, Roland. "La Somalie, nouvelle cible de « justice illimitée » ?" Politique africaine 84, no. 4 (2001): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/polaf.084.0147.

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18

Praska, Joe. "Organizing in the Somali Community: The Implementation of a Tenant's Rights Program for Minnesota's Somali Renters." Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research 1 (November 22, 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v1i0.85.

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Minnesota is home to the one of largest refugee populations in the United States (Batalova 2006) and, according to Singer and Wilson (2007), Minnesota is home to the largest metropolitan area for Somali resettlement. Since civil war broke out in the late 1980s in Somalia, over one million Somalis have been displaced as refugees throughout the world, a majority coming to the U.S. (CIA 2010). As of 2005, up to 35,000 Minnesotans identified as being of Somali descent (Gillaspy 2004). However, key members of the Somali Community, as well as Donald Yamamoto, principal deputy for the State Department’s Africa Bureau, dispute these figures and claim the national and local population figures are significantly higher and steadilyincreasing (Stratis Health 2012).
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19

Gele, Abdi A., Bente P. Bø, and Johanne Sundby. "Attitudes toward Female Circumcision among Men and Women in Two Districts in Somalia: Is It Time to Rethink Our Eradication Strategy in Somalia?" Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/312734.

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Somalia has the highest global prevalence (98%) of female circumcision (FC), and, despite a long history of abandonment efforts, it is not clear as to whether or not these programmes have changed people’s positive attitudes toward the practice. Against this background, this paper explores the attitudes of Somalis living in Hargeisa and Galkayo districts to the practice of FC.Methods. A purposive sampling of 24 Somalis, including activists and practitioners, men and women, was conducted in Somalia. Unstructured interviews were employed to explore the participants' knowledge of FC, their attitudes toward the continuation/discontinuation of the practice, and the type they want to continue or not to continue.Result. The findings of this qualitative study indicate that there is a strong resistance towards the abandonment of the practice in Somalia. The support for the continuation of Sunna circumcision is widespread, while there is a quite large rejection of Pharaonic circumcision.Conclusion. Therefore, since the “zero tolerance policy” has failed to change people’s support for the continuation of the practice in Somalia, programmes that promote the pinch of the clitoral skin and verbal alteration of status, with the goal of leading to total abandonment of FC, should be considered for the Somali context.
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20

Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji. "Arabic Sources on Somalia." History in Africa 14 (1987): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171836.

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In recent years scholars of different nationalities (including Somalis) have devoted much time and effort to acquiring information about the Somali past using different means and through the available sources on the region. However, the Arabic written sources of information on Somalia have long been neglected and remain so. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the need for a more comprehensive reading of Arabic sources, and to show that Arabic sources have much to contribute to knowledge about Somalia. I will try to trace these sources and list them in a chronological manner, starting with the early Arab sources, especially from the period which followed the emergence of Islam on the Arabian peninsula when Islam made its way into the Horn of Africa.Secondly, I will look at sources from medieval Islam in Somalia, when Islam spread from the coastal centers on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean into the hinterlands of the Horn, the period which marked the struggle between Islam and Christianity. Thirdly, I will look at the period after the collapse of Muslim power in the late sixteenth century, almost two centuries when the Muslims of the Horn (the Somalis) were surrounded by Ethio-Portuguese alliances both to the north and in the Indian Ocean to the south. This period marked a time when the condition of the Somali Muslims became similar to that formerly endured by the Ethiopians, who had been surrounded by Muslims on all sides.
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Odin, Roger. "Le Documentaire intérieur. Travail du JE et mise en phase dans Lettres d’amour en Somalie." Cinémas 4, no. 2 (2011): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1001024ar.

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À partir de l’analyse de Lettres d’amour en Somalie de Frédéric Mitterrand (1981), cet article étudie le travail du JE dans ses différentes manifestations : JE autobiographique, JE historique et JE lyrique (ces deux notions sont empruntées à Käte Hamburger), JE privé, JE public, JE spectatoriel. Il s’attache notamment à mettre en évidence les effets de la construction en termes de JE dans la production d’une forme spécifique de documentaire que l’on peut appeler le documentaire intérieur (= un documentaire sur des réalités intérieures : les états d’âme de F. Mitterrand, les rêves de la Somalie), ainsi que dans la production de la « mise en phase » visant à faire partager aux spectateurs ces mêmes états d’âme. Au passage, deux problèmes théoriques sont revisités : celui du contrat autobiographique dans ses relations avec la documentarisation et la fictionnalisation et celui des niveaux de documentarisation.
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Véron, Jean-Bernard. "La Somalie : cas d'école des États dits « faillis »." Politique étrangère Printemps, no. 1 (2011): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pe.111.0045.

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23

Mushtaq, Najum. "Corne de l'Afrique : Somalie, vers une guerre régionale ?" Alternatives Internationales 33, no. 12 (2006): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ai.033.0010.

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Marchal, Roland. "Somalie: la fuite en avant des Nations unies." Alternatives Internationales 7, HS (2009): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ai.hs07.0080.

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Marchal, Roland. "Une lecture de la radicalisation djihadiste en Somalie." Politique africaine 149, no. 1 (2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/polaf.149.0089.

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Mohamed-Abdi, Mohamed. "Retour vers les dugsi, écoles coraniques en Somalie." Cahiers d'études africaines 43, no. 169-170 (2003): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.204.

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27

Warbrick, Colin, and Zeray W. Yihdego. "II. Ethiopia's Military Action Against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 3 (2007): 666–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei188.

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Somalia has been without government since 1991. A transitional government was established in 2004 under the presidency of Abdullahi Yusuf, with the backing of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), the Arab League and the Inter-governmental Agency for Development (IGAD). The Government sat in Baidoa in southern Somalia from June 2005 until December 2006. In June 2006 the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC) took control of much of southern and central Somalia, including the capital, Mogadishu, but not Puntland and Somaliland. They declared and tried to establish an Islamic State. Somalis were told to comply with stringent Islamic rules or face harsh punishment. In the meantime, efforts to achieve national reconciliation were ongoing under the auspices of IGAD, though without much success. It was reported that on 20 July 2006 Ethiopian troops crossed into Somalia. Ethiopia only admitted to having military trainers to help the Somali Government (estimated to be 400 military personnel). On 21 July, the UIC declared a ‘holy war’ against Ethiopia. In September 2006 the Somali interim President survived an assassination attempt in Baidoa. On 25 October 2006 Ethiopia said that it was ‘technically at war’ with the Islamic Courts. After few days the UIC claimed to have ambushed and killed Ethiopian troops near the Ethiopian border.1
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Herring, Eric. "Decolonising Development : Academics, Practitioners and Collaboration." Journal of Somali Studies 7, no. 2 (2020): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2056-5682/2020/7n2a4.

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This article explores how academics and practitioners can collaborate to decolonise development in relation to Somalia/Somaliland. It does so through theoretical synthesis followed by an inductive thematic empirical analysis and collaborative autoethnography of the Somali First initiative to promote Somaliled development. The initiative has been run by Somali social enterprise Transparency Solutions and the University of Bristol since 2014. The article argues that underpinning the initiative with commitments to sustainable development as a global issue and to locally led, simple, complicated and complex change has been vital to ensuring that it contributes to decolonising development in Somalia/Somaliland. It argues further that the decolonisation of development in this case has been advanced through long term partnership grounded in a shared purpose and complementary capacities; maximisation of funding for and control of funding by Somali entities; decentring English and centring Somali linguistic diversity; promoting a locally led approach; and employing co-production. It concludes that scaling up or transfer of the approach set out in the article would involve reinterpretation by local actors to suit the context to be an effective contribution to decolonising development.
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Carrier, Neil. "Mobile people, phones and photography: Somali visual practices in Nairobi's Eastleigh estate." Africa 89, no. 2 (2019): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000044.

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AbstractThe coming of the mobile phone camera has transformed photography. This article explores this transformation through a case study of photography in Eastleigh, a Nairobi estate that is home to many thousand Somalis, both Kenyan Somalis and refugees from Somalia. It is a trade hub for East Africa, a social and economic hub for the global Somali diaspora, and a place regarded as suspect in a country where Somalis have long been marginalized. This article examines Eastleigh as photographic subject and setting, comparing the ubiquity of mobile phone photography there with seldom-practised more traditional forms of photography that are often treated with suspicion in an estate subject to securitized government policy and negative press. It shows how mobile phone photography helps people in the estate communicate visually with the wider Somali diaspora through social media, and how it helps people sell their goods, using as a case study a particular archive of images sent through WhatsApp to the author by Mohaa, a friend of his and a trader in the estate. The article also adds a political dimension to recent anthropological theorizing on mobile photography, showing how, in Eastleigh, Somalis have used photography and social media to take control of the way in which the estate is represented visually, and to demand from the state better services and better treatment.
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Winslow, Donna. "Le r�giment a�roport� du Canada en Somalie." Les Champs de Mars N�11, no. 1 (2002): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lcdm1.011.0099.

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Gascon, Alain. "L'intervention éthiopienne en Somalie : la croix contre le croissant ?" Outre-Terre 20, no. 3 (2007): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/oute.020.0447.

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Mashimango, Abou-Bakr Abélard. "Du pansomalisme au séparatisme : extrémisme et violence en Somalie." Revue des sciences sociales 46, no. 1 (2011): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/revss.2011.1410.

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33

Scuzzarello, Sarah, and Benny Carlson. "Young Somalis’ social identity in Sweden and Britain: The interplay of group dynamics, socio-political environments, and transnational ties in social identification processes." Migration Studies 7, no. 4 (2018): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny013.

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AbstractIn this article, we aim to contribute to the literature on social identification among migrants and minorities by offering a theoretical framework that accounts for the interplay of socio-psychological factors, local and transnational group dynamics, and the socio-political environment in which migrants live. This approach enables us to analyse not only the political significance of identity, but also the psychology of identity formation. Drawing upon qualitative data, we analyse how young Somalis (N = 43) living in the municipalities of Malmö (Sweden) and Ealing (United Kingdom) construct and negotiate their ethnic social identities in relation to: Somali elders living in the same city; Somalis in Somalia and in the diaspora; and the British/Swedish majority society. We show that, to secure a positive self-identity vis-à-vis these referent groups, young Somalis engage in psychological strategies of separation; social competition; and social creativity. The socio-political environment in which they are embedded influences which strategy they adopt.
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34

Van Hauwermeiren, Remco. "The Ogaden War: Somali women’s roles." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (2012): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02502003.

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In 1977 Somalia invaded Ethiopia hoping to seize the Ogaden, an Ethiopian region predominantly inhabited by ethnic Somali. Histories of this event are rare and focus exclusively on the political and military aspects of the conflict. This is not surprising given the Cold War backdrop of the conflict. This article, however, shifts the focus away from the political towards the personal. Focus here is on the different roles Ogadeni women took up in the Somali-Ethiopian war, also known as the Ogaden war. Through interviews with former actors in the conflict it became clear that women occupied a range of roles in the war, varying from victims or care-givers to active participants in militias and front-line combat. In conflicts today, Somali women still retain many of these roles. Originally some Somalis did oppose this state of affairs, today most seem to have accepted the phenomenon of female actors in the Ogaden war, even though that approval can be linked with a political agenda. Both Ogadeeni and Somali women were active in the war, transcending Somali clan lines along the way. Accounts of the women interviewed illustrate the effects of their choice to participate in the Ogaden war.
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35

Tiilikainen, Marja. "‘Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk’: Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth." Migration Letters 14, no. 1 (2017): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i1.316.

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This article focuses on the transnational experiences of second-generation Canadian Somalis, in particular their social ties to Somalia. It sheds light on the transnational family relations and practices of the second generation as well as the meanings, emotions and identifications that they attach to such relations and practices. The concepts of transnational ways of being and belonging are employed as analytical tools. In their everyday life, the youth engaged in family practices (communication, remittances, visits) related to Somalia, which was mostly nurtured by their parents’ transnationalism. The youth did not often identify with transnational kin beyond such practices. However, they did combine transnational ways of being and belonging in a dynamic and complex manner. The article is based on 19 interviews with second-generation youth, which were conducted as part of a larger study on transnational Somali families.
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Pérouse de Montclos, Marc-Antoine. "Soudan et Somalie : de la fabrication ethnique par la guerre." Autrepart 26, no. 2 (2003): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autr.026.0053.

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37

Ali, Abdullahi, and Neelam Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENT ROLE OF AMISOM IN THE PEACEBUILDING PROCESS IN SOMALIA: A STUDY." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (2020): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83110.

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Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to examine the role of AMISOM in Somalia's peacebuilding process in terms of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and reconciliation among Somali clans.
 Methodology: This study uses a descriptive design with document analysis to attain the research objectives. Secondary data is used. The data are collected from books, articles, journals, and literature on peacebuilding.
 Main findings: The results show that AMISOM has no significant role in disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating clan militias into communities. The AMISOM reconciliation process has not succeeded to bring Somalis together to determine how key issues are negotiated.
 Application of this study: This research is useful for peacebuilding practitioners and government/policymakers in identifying the drivers, causes of armed conflicts in Somalia.
 Novelty and originality: While other studies focused on the impact of power-sharing in rebuilding the Somalia government, the present study examines the impact of DDR, tailored with reconciliation in clan co-existence and silencing clan conflicts.
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Ali, Abdullahi, and Neelam Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENT ROLE OF AMISOM IN THE PEACEBUILDING PROCESS IN SOMALIA: A STUDY." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (2020): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.831110.

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Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to examine the role of AMISOM in Somalia's peacebuilding process in terms of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and reconciliation among Somali clans.
 Methodology: This study uses a descriptive design with document analysis to attain the research objectives. Secondary data is used. The data are collected from books, articles, journals, and literature on peacebuilding.
 Main findings: The results show that AMISOM has no significant role in disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating clan militias into communities. The AMISOM reconciliation process has not succeeded to bring Somalis together to determine how key issues are negotiated.
 Application of this study: This research is useful for peacebuilding practitioners and government/policymakers in identifying the drivers, causes of armed conflicts in Somalia.
 Novelty and originality: While other studies focused on the impact of power-sharing in rebuilding the Somalia government, the present study examines the impact of DDR, tailored with reconciliation in clan co-existence and silencing clan conflicts.
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39

Sambira, Jocelyne. "Amorce historique de la Somalie vers la paix et la stabilité." Afrique Renouveau 26, no. 3 (2013): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/502c7f98-fr.

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40

Mohamed-Abdi, Mohamed. "De gaashaanqaad à mooryaan : quelle place pour les jeunes en Somalie ?" Autrepart 18, no. 2 (2001): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/autr.018.0069.

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41

Terregino, C., E. Catelli, G. Poglayen, A. Tonelli, and O. I. Gadale. "Etude préliminaire des helminthes du tube digestif du poulet en Somalie." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 52, no. 2 (1999): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9682.

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Une étude épidémiologique sur les helminthes du tube digestif du poulet (Gallus gallus domesticus) a été effectuée en Somalie. Cent quarante poulets de race locale et originaires de deux systèmes d’élevage différents ont été utilisés. Parmi eux, 125 provenaient d’élevages traditionnels et avaient été amenés à l’abattoir de Mogadishu et les 15 autres étaient issus d’un élevage intensif. Sur les 140 poulets examinés, 110 étaient infestés (79 p. 100) : 104 provenaient des élevages traditionnels et 6 de l’élevage intensif. Ainsi, 83 p. 100 des poulets du premier groupe et 40 p. 100 du second étaient infestés. Les résultats ont également mis en évidence une différence significative (p < 0,01) entre les deux types d’élevages concernant la prévalence des endoparasites. Les espèces parasitaires identifiées étaient les suivantes : Ascaridia galli, Subulura suctoria, Raillietina (Raillietina) tetragona, Raillietina (Raillietina) echinobothrida, Raillietina (Skrjabinia) cesticillus, Raillietina (Paroniella) sp., Raillietina (Raillietina) sp., Raillietina sp., Cotugnia sp. et Mediorhynchus gallinarum. Aucun trématode n’a été trouvé. Les parasites ont présenté des formes d’associations diverses.
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42

Enten, François. "Émotions, systèmes experts et réseaux sociaux chez les humanitaires." Études internationales 51, no. 3 (2022): 429–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1085597ar.

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Cet article est consacré à l’évolution de la communication des acteurs humanitaires et médiatiques sur les crises alimentaires ayant frappé la Somalie (2017) et le Yémen (2018). Les sources de cette analyse sont tirées de matériaux bibliographiques, de lectures de publications des médias et ong sur le Net, ainsi que d’entretiens auprès de professionnels de l’humanitaire. Il montre comment les constructions narratives émotionnelles se renouvellent par la mobilisation du savoir expert et par l’usage des réseaux sociaux, et comment ils façonnent les récits de nouvelles famines imaginaires.
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43

Barnes, Cedric. "The Somali Youth League, Ethiopian Somalis and the Greater Somalia Idea,c.1946–48." Journal of Eastern African Studies 1, no. 2 (2007): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531050701452564.

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44

Garachon, Alain. "Treize ans d'expérience dans l'appareillage des amputés de guerre." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 73, no. 791 (1991): 520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100104629.

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Dès son origine, le CICR s'est préoccupé des handicapés de guerre et a entrepris des actions en leur faveur. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ses activités se sont déroulées dans divers pays: Finlande, Viet Nam, Jordanie, Hongrie, Algérie, Maroc, Israël, Egypte, Nigéria, Somalie, Yémen, etc.Ces actions ont été exécutées par des entreprises spécialisées qui ont utilisé les techniques des pays industrialisés. C'est au Yemen, dans les années 1970, que le CICR et l'OMS ont développé un programme orthopédique basé sur la fabrication locale de composants orthopédiques afin d'éviter les importations.
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45

Lewis, Ioan. "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox." Africa 74, no. 4 (2004): 489–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489.

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AbstractIn exploring the difficulties experienced by the traditionally politically uncentralised Somalis in establishing a stable and effective state, based on their ethnicity, this article compares ethnicity, nationalism and lineage identity. In this case, ethnicity and nationalism are local products, influenced but not created by the colonial experience. They have had to contend with the intractable force of segmentary lineage identity, which has proved extremely difficult to adapt and accommodate to the requirements of modern statehood. In its cultural context, agnation is all the more pervasive and powerful in constituting an ‘invisible’ bond, conceived by Somalis as a biologically based distinction like ‘race’. Unlike race, it is almost infinitely elastic and divisible. Ethnic identity, which rests on external distinctions such as language, culture and religion, cannot be broken down into a series of formally equivalent segments, but is less binding as a social force. Today, after the collapse of the state of Somalia in 1991, following protracted grass‐roots peace‐making between clans, two parts of the nation—the former British Somaliland, and the north‐eastern region of Somalia (‘Puntland’, based on the Majerteyn clan, and other closely related clans)—have developed separate local states. Although Somaliland claims complete independence, which Puntland does not, both polities incorporate parliamentary institutions that accommodate traditional, and modern political leaders and processes. The ex‐Italian residue, Southern Somalia, still without any form of government, is in what appears to be the final throes of its long‐running, fourteenth grandiose international ‘peace’ conference in Kenya. Thousands of delegates, in various configurations, have already spent over eighteen months in these talks. Although its embryonic constitution now recognises ‘clans’ as constituent political units, this attempt to re‐establish Somalia is based on the usual ‘top‐down’ approach, rather than on spontaneous local negotiations amongst ‘stakeholders’ on the ground, such as those on which Somaliland and Puntland are founded. With contingents of foreign ‘experts’, the whole process seeks to reinstate a familiar Eurocentric state model, unadapted to Somali conditions.
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46

Griffiths, Paul, Michael Gossop, Simon Wickenden, John Dunworth, Ken Harris, and Charles Lloyd. "A transcultural pattern of drug use: Qat (khat) in the UK." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 3 (1997): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.3.281.

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BackgroundThis study investigates patterns of qat use among 207 Somalis living in London.MethodSubjects were recruited using privileged access interviewing. Somalian interviewers were recruited who shared the same culture as the subjects. Data were collected by means of a structured interview.ResultsOne hundred and sixty-two subjects (78%) had used qat. The majority (76%) used more qat than in Somalia. Some users reported moderate dependence; a minority reported severe problems. Adverse psychological effects included sleep problems, anxiety and depression. Medical problems associated with qat use were rare.ConclusionsQat users who continue to use this drug when it is transplanted from a traditional context may experience difficulties. Qat use can also be seen as playing a positive role in supporting the cultural identity of the Somalian community. Severe problems were rarely reported. Qat consumption should be considered when addressing health-related topics with patients from those communities in which qat use is common.
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47

Zeleke, Wondim Tiruneh. "Leading Factors for the Somalian Invasion of Ogaden: Foreign Intervention, and the Ethiopian Response (1977-1978)." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 6 (2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i6.3301.

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The main objective of this paper is to assess the historical out line on the Dynamics of Conflict and Intervention in North -East Africa: The Case Study on the Second Ethio- Somalian (Ogaden) War of 1977-1978. Hence, the Ogaden war, a brief but costly war fought between Ethiopia and Somalia that ended by the defeat of Somalia and her withdrawal in January, 1978 was seen differently by different sides. Opposing foreign intervention in civil wars has also been a central phenomenon of international politics. The war was aggravated by outsiders for many years and in 1970s, above all by the superpowers, namely, the USA and USSR, and also by their contingents. At the heart of the issues underlying the War in the Horn of Africa lie three legacies of the past: namely; European colonial rule; Somali irredentism; and superpowers intervention/ Afyare Abdi Elmi and Abdullahi Barise; 2006:45/. This conflict can be viewed as a meaningless tragedy for the people of the Horn of Africa in general and Somalia in particular. I argue that competition for resources and power, repression by the military regime and the colonial legacy are the background causes of the conflict. Politicized clan identity, the availability of weapons and the presence of a large number of unemployed youth have exacerbated the problem. With regard to the obstacles to peace, we contend that Ethiopia’s hostile policy, the absence of major power interest, lack of resources and the warlords’ lack of interest in peace are the major factors that continue to haunt the Somali peace process. Finally, the study propose ambitious peace-building mechanisms that attempt to address the key areas of security, political governance, economic development and justice in order to build a durable peace in Somalia.
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48

Desanges, Jehan. "Le fonds Révoil du Musée de l'Homme. (Heïs, Somalie, 1881). Aperçus préliminaires." Revue des Études Anciennes 94, no. 1 (1992): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.1992.4485.

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49

Durette-Desset, Marie-Claude, and David I. Gibson. "Neoheligmonella acomysi n. sp. (Trichostrongyloidea, Nippostrongylinae), parasite d'Acomys dimidiatus Muridae de Somalie." Systematic Parasitology 17, no. 2 (1990): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00009798.

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50

Aryanto, Dedy Eko. "PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA ANAK SOMALIA UMUR 4 TAHUN TERHADAP BAHASA KEDUA DALAM LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT CIPUTAT TANGERANG SELATAN." Fon : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 16, no. 2 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/fjpbsi.v16i2.2970.

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ABSTAK: Faktor lingkungan sangat penting dalam pertumbuhan anak, terutama dalam perolehan bahasa anak-anak, semua manusia berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan orang lain menggunakan bahasa yang sama dan ada juga yang menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda, dalam penelitian ini peneliti akan melakukan penelitian pada anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun 8 bulan dan akan memperdalam bahasa kedua anak Somalia ini, yang bertepatan sekarang berdomisili di Indonesia, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode ini digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi mendalam baik secara teori maupun informasi tentang anak somalia yang tinggal di Indonesia. Faktor lingkungan menjadi sangat penting dalam penelitian tentang penguasaan bahasa anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun dan 8 bulan.KATA KUNCI: faktor lingkungan; pemerolehan bahasa; bahasa kedua;anak Somalia.�LANGUANGE AQUISTION OF SOMALI CHILDREN 4 YEARS OLD AGAINST LANGUANGE IN CIPUTAT SOUTH TANGERANG COMUNITY ENVIRONMENT�ABSTRACT: Environmental factors are very important in the growth of a child, especially in the acquisition of children's language, all humans communicate and interact with others using the same language and there are also using different languages, in this study researchers will conduct research on Somali children aged 4 8 months and will deepen the second language of this Somali child, which coincides now domiciled in Indonesia, in this study using a qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to obtain in-depth information both in theory and information on somalia children who live in Indonesia. Environmental factors become very important in research on language acquisition of Somali children aged 4 years and 8 months.KEYWORDS: Environment; Language Acquisition; Second Language; Somali Children.
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