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1
Arthur, Jo. "Language at the margins." Language Problems and Language Planning 28, no. 3 (November 5, 2004): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.28.3.01art.
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Drawing on a recent ethnographic research project conducted in an urban neighbourhood of Liverpool, England, this paper focuses on Somali speakers, relating the experience of members of this minority language community to the local linguistic and cultural ecology of the city. The community forms part of a Somali diaspora created largely as a consequence of civil war in Somalia towards the end of the twentieth century. The paper opens with an account of the context of the languages and cultures of Liverpool, going on to explore the communicative roles of languages and literacies — Somali, English and Arabic — in the lives of members of the Somali community. Also reported are insights, gained in interviews, into the symbolic values which these languages and literacies hold for them. These data indicate unresolved tensions felt by the interviewees in relation to issues both of cultural identity and of social and educational aspirations — tensions which are closely linked to widespread concern in the community over what is perceived as inter-generational language shift, from Somali to English. This concern has led to the setting up of Somali literacy teaching for young people in the community, and the study included observation of these classes. The paper considers the contribution of such affirmative action to the maintenance and valorisation of Somali, as the language of community heritage, before concluding with discussion of the implications of the Somali community experience in Liverpool — of both marginalisation and resistance — for the management of multilingualism in this modern city. Sommaire Les langues dans la marge: Le cas du somalien à Liverpool Cet article se concentre sur les locuteurs somaliens. Les informations obtenues se rapportent à l’expérience des membres de cette communauté linguistique minoritaire et s’inspirent des conclusions d’une étude ethnographique menée dans un quartier urbain de Liverpool, en Angleterre. La communauté fait partie de la diaspora somalienne, créée principalement à la suite de la guerre civile en Somalie vers la fin du 20ème siècle. L’article présente le contexte des langues et cultures de Liverpool ainsi que les rôles de communication des langues et des taux d’alphabétisation pour les langues — somalien, anglais, arabe — dans la vie des membres de la communauté somalienne. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens effectués, cet article donne aussi un aperçu des valeurs symboliques que représentent pour eux ces langues et leur taux d’alphabétisation. Ces données révèlent les tensions irrésolues ressenties par les personnes interviewées en ce qui concerne les questions à la fois de culture identitaire et d’aspirations sociales et en matière d’éducation. Ces tensions sont intimement liées à une inquiétude répandue parmi la communauté en ce qui concerne les changements qui semblent intervenir au niveau du somalien et de l’anglais entre les générations. Cette inquiétude a mené à la création d’un enseignement du somalien pour les jeunes de la communauté et cette étude inclus les observations de ces classes. L’article prend en considération la contribution d’une action si affirmative pour le maintien et la valorisation du somalien, en qualité de langue du patrimoine de la communauté, et termine en conclusion par une discussion des implications — à la fois de la marginalisation et de la résistance de la communauté somalienne à Liverpool — en ce qui concerne la gestion du multilinguisme de cette ville moderne. [Cette étude se base sur des recherches effectuées en 2001–2002 avec le soutien du Leverhulme Trust. L’auteur remercie l’aide de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah et Samsam Saleh.] Resumo Lingvo marĝena: La kazo de la somalia en Liverpool Surbaze de lastatempa etnografia esplorprojekto farita en urba kvartalo de Liverpool, Anglio, tiu ĉi artikolo fokusiĝas je somaliparolantoj, ligante la sperton de anoj de tiu ĉi lingvominoritata komunumo al la kultura ekologio de la urbo. La komunumo formas parton de somalia diasporo kreita plejparte rezulte de la civila milito en Somalio fine de la dudeka jarcento. La artikolo komenciĝas per prezento de la lingva kaj kultura kunteksto de Liverpool, kaj poste esploras la komunikajn rolojn de lingvoj kaj leg- kaj skribkapabloj — somaliaj, anglaj kaj arabaj — en la vivoj de anoj de la somalia komunumo. Oni ankaŭ raportas pri perceptoj, gajnitaj el intervjuoj, pri ilia sento de la simbolaj valoroj entenataj en tiuj lingvoj kaj kapabloj. Tiuj datenoj indikas, ke la intervjuatoj sentis nesolvitajn streĉitecojn rilate demandojn kaj de kultura identeco kaj de sociaj kaj edukaj aspiroj — streĉitecojn proksime ligitajn al disvastiĝinta maltrankvilo en la komunumo pri tio, kion oni perceptas kiel intergeneracian lingvoŝoviĝon de la somalia al la angla. Tiu maltrankvilo kondukis al starigo de somalia alfabetiga instruado por komunumaj gejunuloj, kaj la studo enhavis ankaŭ observadon de tiuj klasoj. La artikolo konsideras la kontribuon de tia pozitiva agado al konservado kaj valorigo de la somalia, kiel la lingvo de la komuna heredaĵo. La artikolo finiĝas per diskuto de la implicoj de la spertoj de la somalia komunumo en Liverpool — spertoj kaj de marĝenigo kaj de rezistado — por la mastrumado de multlingvismo en tiu moderna urbo. [La studo baziĝas sur esploroj subtenataj en 2001–2 de Leverhulme Trust. La aŭtoro danke rekonas la helpon de Cabdillaahi Cawed Cige, Mariam Salah kaj Samsam Saleh.]
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Lotz, Wolfram. "Verteidigungsrede des Somalischen Piraten – Défense du pirate somalien." Skenegraphie, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/skenegraphie.3018.
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Musse, Osman Sayid Hassan, and Abdelghani Echchabi. "Dollarization in East Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Future Forecasts." Binus Business Review 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v8i1.1759.
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The dollarization phenomenon has been widespread among the East African countries for many decades. This trend results in several consequences that might be either beneficial or harmful to these countries and their likes.The objective of this research was to empirically examine the causes, consequences and the future scenarios of dollarization in one of the leading regional countries such as Somalia. The research used a survey of over 100respondents and applied descriptive statistics and t-tests to achieve the above objectives. The findings show that the main causes of Dollarization in Somalia are the implementation of the Hawallah (money transfer) system,the remarkable absence of the central bank and other monitoring financial authorities, the increasing exports and imports of the Somalian economy, the loss of confidence in the local Somalian Shilling, and the relative ease atwhich the Somalian Shilling can be printed and manipulated by selected market players. These causes are found to be mainly triggered by the revenue from exports, the policies and regulations implemented by the Somali government, the Somali Diaspora, and the international aid organizations. This has resulted in the foreign traders buying Somali goods at a relatively lower price and taking advantage of the depreciated Somali Shilling against most international currencies.
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Carnin, Claire. "Verteidigungsrede des Somalischen Piraten – Défense du pirate somalien de Wolfram Lotz." Skenegraphie, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/skenegraphie.2994.
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Janzen, Jörg. "L'élevage Pastoral – Une Stratégie de Survie Pour Les Pays du Sahel? L'exemple Somalien." Nomadic Peoples 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/082279401782310907.
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Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji. "From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia." African Studies Review 61, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.144.
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Abstract:This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on the current state formation processes occurring in the purview of the Somali State. Somali clans are determined to come to terms with the state collapse by averting the return to political power of the detested military regime, which was led by one clan-based leadership that tended to terrorize other rival clans and denied any equal power- and resource-sharing framework. Conceptualizing the contemporary Somali state as similar to pre-colonial clan-sultanates, this article argues that contemporary Somalis are reverting to a pre-colonial realm where each clan had its clan sultan seeking for a clan-state of its own right. Where else do clan-states compete against each other in entering into “treaties” with external entities intent on exploiting war-torn Somalia astabula rasa? It is towards the objective of answering this question and of providing a better understanding of the Somali conflict that this article is offered to add a comparative empirical understanding of the different trajectories of state formations in Somalia.
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Le Gouriellec, Sonia. "Sécuritisation et construction d’un complexe de sécurité régional dans la Corne de l’Afrique." Études internationales 49, no. 1 (July 18, 2018): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050545ar.
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Comment se forment et se cristallisent les complexes de sécurité régionaux (csr) ? En 2003, B. Buzan et O. Waever avaient présenté la Corne de l’Afrique comme un proto-csr(après avoir été un pré-complexe pendant la guerre froide), mais ils n’avaient pas développé les outils analytiques permettant d’expliquer le passage à uncsrà part entière. Nous montrons que l’émergence d’une puissance régionale, l’Éthiopie, joue un rôle essentiel dans la formation d’uncsr. Cette puissance régionale devient un agent performatif des processus de sécuritisation. Cet article a une ambition empirique et théorique. D’une part, nous démontrons comment un double processus de sécuritisation – de la menace terroriste djihadiste dans la Corne entre 1998 et 2005 et de « l’État failli » somalien – a mené à l’intervention éthiopienne en 2006. Nous analysons ensuite l’aboutissement ducsr.
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Herring, Eric. "Decolonising Development : Academics, Practitioners and Collaboration." Journal of Somali Studies 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2056-5682/2020/7n2a4.
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This article explores how academics and practitioners can collaborate to decolonise development in relation to Somalia/Somaliland. It does so through theoretical synthesis followed by an inductive thematic empirical analysis and collaborative autoethnography of the Somali First initiative to promote Somaliled development. The initiative has been run by Somali social enterprise Transparency Solutions and the University of Bristol since 2014. The article argues that underpinning the initiative with commitments to sustainable development as a global issue and to locally led, simple, complicated and complex change has been vital to ensuring that it contributes to decolonising development in Somalia/Somaliland. It argues further that the decolonisation of development in this case has been advanced through long term partnership grounded in a shared purpose and complementary capacities; maximisation of funding for and control of funding by Somali entities; decentring English and centring Somali linguistic diversity; promoting a locally led approach; and employing co-production. It concludes that scaling up or transfer of the approach set out in the article would involve reinterpretation by local actors to suit the context to be an effective contribution to decolonising development.
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Gele, Abdi A., Bente P. Bø, and Johanne Sundby. "Attitudes toward Female Circumcision among Men and Women in Two Districts in Somalia: Is It Time to Rethink Our Eradication Strategy in Somalia?" Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/312734.
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Somalia has the highest global prevalence (98%) of female circumcision (FC), and, despite a long history of abandonment efforts, it is not clear as to whether or not these programmes have changed people’s positive attitudes toward the practice. Against this background, this paper explores the attitudes of Somalis living in Hargeisa and Galkayo districts to the practice of FC.Methods. A purposive sampling of 24 Somalis, including activists and practitioners, men and women, was conducted in Somalia. Unstructured interviews were employed to explore the participants' knowledge of FC, their attitudes toward the continuation/discontinuation of the practice, and the type they want to continue or not to continue.Result. The findings of this qualitative study indicate that there is a strong resistance towards the abandonment of the practice in Somalia. The support for the continuation of Sunna circumcision is widespread, while there is a quite large rejection of Pharaonic circumcision.Conclusion. Therefore, since the “zero tolerance policy” has failed to change people’s support for the continuation of the practice in Somalia, programmes that promote the pinch of the clitoral skin and verbal alteration of status, with the goal of leading to total abandonment of FC, should be considered for the Somali context.
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Griffiths, Paul, Michael Gossop, Simon Wickenden, John Dunworth, Ken Harris, and Charles Lloyd. "A transcultural pattern of drug use: Qat (khat) in the UK." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 3 (March 1997): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.3.281.
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BackgroundThis study investigates patterns of qat use among 207 Somalis living in London.MethodSubjects were recruited using privileged access interviewing. Somalian interviewers were recruited who shared the same culture as the subjects. Data were collected by means of a structured interview.ResultsOne hundred and sixty-two subjects (78%) had used qat. The majority (76%) used more qat than in Somalia. Some users reported moderate dependence; a minority reported severe problems. Adverse psychological effects included sleep problems, anxiety and depression. Medical problems associated with qat use were rare.ConclusionsQat users who continue to use this drug when it is transplanted from a traditional context may experience difficulties. Qat use can also be seen as playing a positive role in supporting the cultural identity of the Somalian community. Severe problems were rarely reported. Qat consumption should be considered when addressing health-related topics with patients from those communities in which qat use is common.
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Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji. "Arabic Sources on Somalia." History in Africa 14 (1987): 141–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171836.
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In recent years scholars of different nationalities (including Somalis) have devoted much time and effort to acquiring information about the Somali past using different means and through the available sources on the region. However, the Arabic written sources of information on Somalia have long been neglected and remain so. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the need for a more comprehensive reading of Arabic sources, and to show that Arabic sources have much to contribute to knowledge about Somalia. I will try to trace these sources and list them in a chronological manner, starting with the early Arab sources, especially from the period which followed the emergence of Islam on the Arabian peninsula when Islam made its way into the Horn of Africa.Secondly, I will look at sources from medieval Islam in Somalia, when Islam spread from the coastal centers on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean into the hinterlands of the Horn, the period which marked the struggle between Islam and Christianity. Thirdly, I will look at the period after the collapse of Muslim power in the late sixteenth century, almost two centuries when the Muslims of the Horn (the Somalis) were surrounded by Ethio-Portuguese alliances both to the north and in the Indian Ocean to the south. This period marked a time when the condition of the Somali Muslims became similar to that formerly endured by the Ethiopians, who had been surrounded by Muslims on all sides.
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Jay-Rayon, Laurence. "Les motifs sonores dans la littérature africaine europhone : exemple et jalons théoriques dans une perspective traductive1." TTR 23, no. 1 (November 10, 2010): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044930ar.
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Si personne ne conteste le fait que les littératures africaines sont hybrides, ni qu’elles reflètent une situation de diglossie, on ne s’intéresse encore que partiellement à l’esthétique de l’oralité dans ces littératures. Il est clair, cependant, que cette esthétique est ancrée dans des pratiques socioculturelles et linguistiques et qu’elle peut constituer un geste politique. Dans cet article, il sera question des enjeux esthétiques d’un texte hybride dans une perspective traductive, à partir du cas particulier deSardines, quatrième roman de Nuruddin Farah, auteur somalien d’expression anglaise. Plus précisément, l’objectif consistera à montrer de quelle manière la langue orale et ses composantes formelles traditionnelles informent l’écriture de l’auteur. Une réflexion s’articulera ensuite autour de la réactivation de cette oralité dans son acception de « dimension sonore », que je propose d’envisager comme vecteur de signifiance, au sens bermanien du terme. À cette fin, le concept de traduction cratyléenne proposé par Ryan Fraser sera examiné.
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Warbrick, Colin, and Zeray W. Yihdego. "II. Ethiopia's Military Action Against the Union of Islamic Courts and Others in Somalia: Some Legal Implications." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 3 (July 2007): 666–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei188.
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Somalia has been without government since 1991. A transitional government was established in 2004 under the presidency of Abdullahi Yusuf, with the backing of the United Nations, the African Union (AU), the Arab League and the Inter-governmental Agency for Development (IGAD). The Government sat in Baidoa in southern Somalia from June 2005 until December 2006. In June 2006 the Union of Islamic Courts (UIC) took control of much of southern and central Somalia, including the capital, Mogadishu, but not Puntland and Somaliland. They declared and tried to establish an Islamic State. Somalis were told to comply with stringent Islamic rules or face harsh punishment. In the meantime, efforts to achieve national reconciliation were ongoing under the auspices of IGAD, though without much success. It was reported that on 20 July 2006 Ethiopian troops crossed into Somalia. Ethiopia only admitted to having military trainers to help the Somali Government (estimated to be 400 military personnel). On 21 July, the UIC declared a ‘holy war’ against Ethiopia. In September 2006 the Somali interim President survived an assassination attempt in Baidoa. On 25 October 2006 Ethiopia said that it was ‘technically at war’ with the Islamic Courts. After few days the UIC claimed to have ambushed and killed Ethiopian troops near the Ethiopian border.1
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Le Gouriellec, Sonia, and Jean-Jacques Patry. "Vers un nouveau modèle d'insurrection de déni de pouvoir central dans les sociétés segmentaires : le cas somalien." Sécurité globale 13, no. 3 (2010): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/secug.013.0125.
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Carrier, Neil. "Mobile people, phones and photography: Somali visual practices in Nairobi's Eastleigh estate." Africa 89, no. 2 (May 2019): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000044.
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AbstractThe coming of the mobile phone camera has transformed photography. This article explores this transformation through a case study of photography in Eastleigh, a Nairobi estate that is home to many thousand Somalis, both Kenyan Somalis and refugees from Somalia. It is a trade hub for East Africa, a social and economic hub for the global Somali diaspora, and a place regarded as suspect in a country where Somalis have long been marginalized. This article examines Eastleigh as photographic subject and setting, comparing the ubiquity of mobile phone photography there with seldom-practised more traditional forms of photography that are often treated with suspicion in an estate subject to securitized government policy and negative press. It shows how mobile phone photography helps people in the estate communicate visually with the wider Somali diaspora through social media, and how it helps people sell their goods, using as a case study a particular archive of images sent through WhatsApp to the author by Mohaa, a friend of his and a trader in the estate. The article also adds a political dimension to recent anthropological theorizing on mobile photography, showing how, in Eastleigh, Somalis have used photography and social media to take control of the way in which the estate is represented visually, and to demand from the state better services and better treatment.
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Scuzzarello, Sarah, and Benny Carlson. "Young Somalis’ social identity in Sweden and Britain: The interplay of group dynamics, socio-political environments, and transnational ties in social identification processes." Migration Studies 7, no. 4 (June 20, 2018): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny013.
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AbstractIn this article, we aim to contribute to the literature on social identification among migrants and minorities by offering a theoretical framework that accounts for the interplay of socio-psychological factors, local and transnational group dynamics, and the socio-political environment in which migrants live. This approach enables us to analyse not only the political significance of identity, but also the psychology of identity formation. Drawing upon qualitative data, we analyse how young Somalis (N = 43) living in the municipalities of Malmö (Sweden) and Ealing (United Kingdom) construct and negotiate their ethnic social identities in relation to: Somali elders living in the same city; Somalis in Somalia and in the diaspora; and the British/Swedish majority society. We show that, to secure a positive self-identity vis-à-vis these referent groups, young Somalis engage in psychological strategies of separation; social competition; and social creativity. The socio-political environment in which they are embedded influences which strategy they adopt.
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Zeleke, Wondim Tiruneh. "Leading Factors for the Somalian Invasion of Ogaden: Foreign Intervention, and the Ethiopian Response (1977-1978)." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 6 (May 25, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i6.3301.
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The main objective of this paper is to assess the historical out line on the Dynamics of Conflict and Intervention in North -East Africa: The Case Study on the Second Ethio- Somalian (Ogaden) War of 1977-1978. Hence, the Ogaden war, a brief but costly war fought between Ethiopia and Somalia that ended by the defeat of Somalia and her withdrawal in January, 1978 was seen differently by different sides. Opposing foreign intervention in civil wars has also been a central phenomenon of international politics. The war was aggravated by outsiders for many years and in 1970s, above all by the superpowers, namely, the USA and USSR, and also by their contingents. At the heart of the issues underlying the War in the Horn of Africa lie three legacies of the past: namely; European colonial rule; Somali irredentism; and superpowers intervention/ Afyare Abdi Elmi and Abdullahi Barise; 2006:45/. This conflict can be viewed as a meaningless tragedy for the people of the Horn of Africa in general and Somalia in particular. I argue that competition for resources and power, repression by the military regime and the colonial legacy are the background causes of the conflict. Politicized clan identity, the availability of weapons and the presence of a large number of unemployed youth have exacerbated the problem. With regard to the obstacles to peace, we contend that Ethiopia’s hostile policy, the absence of major power interest, lack of resources and the warlords’ lack of interest in peace are the major factors that continue to haunt the Somali peace process. Finally, the study propose ambitious peace-building mechanisms that attempt to address the key areas of security, political governance, economic development and justice in order to build a durable peace in Somalia.
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Van Hauwermeiren, Remco. "The Ogaden War: Somali women’s roles." Afrika Focus 25, no. 2 (February 25, 2012): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02502003.
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In 1977 Somalia invaded Ethiopia hoping to seize the Ogaden, an Ethiopian region predominantly inhabited by ethnic Somali. Histories of this event are rare and focus exclusively on the political and military aspects of the conflict. This is not surprising given the Cold War backdrop of the conflict. This article, however, shifts the focus away from the political towards the personal. Focus here is on the different roles Ogadeni women took up in the Somali-Ethiopian war, also known as the Ogaden war. Through interviews with former actors in the conflict it became clear that women occupied a range of roles in the war, varying from victims or care-givers to active participants in militias and front-line combat. In conflicts today, Somali women still retain many of these roles. Originally some Somalis did oppose this state of affairs, today most seem to have accepted the phenomenon of female actors in the Ogaden war, even though that approval can be linked with a political agenda. Both Ogadeeni and Somali women were active in the war, transcending Somali clan lines along the way. Accounts of the women interviewed illustrate the effects of their choice to participate in the Ogaden war.
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Tiilikainen, Marja. "‘Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk’: Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth." Migration Letters 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i1.316.
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This article focuses on the transnational experiences of second-generation Canadian Somalis, in particular their social ties to Somalia. It sheds light on the transnational family relations and practices of the second generation as well as the meanings, emotions and identifications that they attach to such relations and practices. The concepts of transnational ways of being and belonging are employed as analytical tools. In their everyday life, the youth engaged in family practices (communication, remittances, visits) related to Somalia, which was mostly nurtured by their parents’ transnationalism. The youth did not often identify with transnational kin beyond such practices. However, they did combine transnational ways of being and belonging in a dynamic and complex manner. The article is based on 19 interviews with second-generation youth, which were conducted as part of a larger study on transnational Somali families.
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Ali, Abdullahi, and Neelam Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENT ROLE OF AMISOM IN THE PEACEBUILDING PROCESS IN SOMALIA: A STUDY." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (June 20, 2020): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.831110.
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Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to examine the role of AMISOM in Somalia's peacebuilding process in terms of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and reconciliation among Somali clans.
Methodology: This study uses a descriptive design with document analysis to attain the research objectives. Secondary data is used. The data are collected from books, articles, journals, and literature on peacebuilding.
Main findings: The results show that AMISOM has no significant role in disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating clan militias into communities. The AMISOM reconciliation process has not succeeded to bring Somalis together to determine how key issues are negotiated.
Application of this study: This research is useful for peacebuilding practitioners and government/policymakers in identifying the drivers, causes of armed conflicts in Somalia.
Novelty and originality: While other studies focused on the impact of power-sharing in rebuilding the Somalia government, the present study examines the impact of DDR, tailored with reconciliation in clan co-existence and silencing clan conflicts.
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Ali, Abdullahi, and Neelam Pandey. "AN ASSESSMENT ROLE OF AMISOM IN THE PEACEBUILDING PROCESS IN SOMALIA: A STUDY." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (June 20, 2020): 1073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83110.
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Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to examine the role of AMISOM in Somalia's peacebuilding process in terms of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and reconciliation among Somali clans.
Methodology: This study uses a descriptive design with document analysis to attain the research objectives. Secondary data is used. The data are collected from books, articles, journals, and literature on peacebuilding.
Main findings: The results show that AMISOM has no significant role in disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating clan militias into communities. The AMISOM reconciliation process has not succeeded to bring Somalis together to determine how key issues are negotiated.
Application of this study: This research is useful for peacebuilding practitioners and government/policymakers in identifying the drivers, causes of armed conflicts in Somalia.
Novelty and originality: While other studies focused on the impact of power-sharing in rebuilding the Somalia government, the present study examines the impact of DDR, tailored with reconciliation in clan co-existence and silencing clan conflicts.
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Barnes, Cedric. "The Somali Youth League, Ethiopian Somalis and the Greater Somalia Idea,c.1946–48." Journal of Eastern African Studies 1, no. 2 (July 2007): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531050701452564.
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Lewis, Ioan. "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox." Africa 74, no. 4 (November 2004): 489–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489.
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AbstractIn exploring the difficulties experienced by the traditionally politically uncentralised Somalis in establishing a stable and effective state, based on their ethnicity, this article compares ethnicity, nationalism and lineage identity. In this case, ethnicity and nationalism are local products, influenced but not created by the colonial experience. They have had to contend with the intractable force of segmentary lineage identity, which has proved extremely difficult to adapt and accommodate to the requirements of modern statehood. In its cultural context, agnation is all the more pervasive and powerful in constituting an ‘invisible’ bond, conceived by Somalis as a biologically based distinction like ‘race’. Unlike race, it is almost infinitely elastic and divisible. Ethnic identity, which rests on external distinctions such as language, culture and religion, cannot be broken down into a series of formally equivalent segments, but is less binding as a social force. Today, after the collapse of the state of Somalia in 1991, following protracted grass‐roots peace‐making between clans, two parts of the nation—the former British Somaliland, and the north‐eastern region of Somalia (‘Puntland’, based on the Majerteyn clan, and other closely related clans)—have developed separate local states. Although Somaliland claims complete independence, which Puntland does not, both polities incorporate parliamentary institutions that accommodate traditional, and modern political leaders and processes. The ex‐Italian residue, Southern Somalia, still without any form of government, is in what appears to be the final throes of its long‐running, fourteenth grandiose international ‘peace’ conference in Kenya. Thousands of delegates, in various configurations, have already spent over eighteen months in these talks. Although its embryonic constitution now recognises ‘clans’ as constituent political units, this attempt to re‐establish Somalia is based on the usual ‘top‐down’ approach, rather than on spontaneous local negotiations amongst ‘stakeholders’ on the ground, such as those on which Somaliland and Puntland are founded. With contingents of foreign ‘experts’, the whole process seeks to reinstate a familiar Eurocentric state model, unadapted to Somali conditions.
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Mezei, Regina. "Somali Language and Literacy." Language Problems and Language Planning 13, no. 3 (January 1, 1989): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.13.3.01mez.
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RESUMO La Somalia lingvo kaj alfabetigo La 21-an de oktobro 1972, la dekdujara registaro de Somalio finis jam longan debaton kaj decidiĝis pri latina alfabeto por reprezenti la sonojn de la Somalia lingvo. Antaŭe, la somalian oni pludonis de generacio al generacio per buŝa tradicio sen skriba formo, dum la urbanigita, klera elito skribis angle, itale aŭ arabe. Plejparte la lando restis analfabeta je nivelo de 90% ĝis 95%. Post starigo de la oficiala ortografio, signifaj sanĝoj okazis en la lernejoj, kaj oni lancis nacian alfabetigan kampanjon, kiu atingis ankaŭ la somaliajn nomadojn. Mezlernejanoj fariĝis instruistoj en la servo de la stato, la amasmedioj prezentis specialajn programojn kaj lecionojn, anoj de la registaro kaj la armeo estis devigataj lerni la lingvon, kaj plenkreskula edukado trovis lokon en la eduka sistemo. Takso de la Somalia kleriga kampanjo prezentas varian bildon. Kvankam la registaro en Mogadiŝu pretendis 60-procentan alfabetecon post la kampanjo de la mezaj 70-aj jaroj, tiu cifero estas pridubinda, kaj pli aktualaj studoj sugestas, ke la nuna alfabeteco povus esti ne pli ol 30 % . Tamen, tiu cifero altas en Afriko, kaj konsistigas signifan atingon en nomada socio plagumita laŭvice de sekeco, malrico kaj militaj konfliktoj. Nedisputata estas la sukcesa konverto de la lernejoj, de la elementa nivelo gis la Nacia Universitato, al la Somalia lingvo kiel instrumedio, cio ci kun signifa kresko de la nombro de lernejanoj. En la skribo de la lingvo, somaliaj ortografoj liveris la rimedojn, per kiuj lingvo bazita je paŝta vortaro povus esti vastigita por plenumi la lingvajn bezonojn de moderniĝanta socio. Tion ili faris ĉefe per ekspluato de la apartaj strukturo kaj dinamismo de la somalia. Krome, la Somalia "literaturo," precipe la poezio, estis nun transdonebla en skriba formo, tiel garantiante pliajn generaciojn de pluvivo. Certe, la Somalia sperto estas unika. Tamen, ĝi proponas valorajn enrigardojn en ling-voinstruadon kaj alfabetigon en ĉiuj kulturoj, emfazante la gravecon de forta registara engaĝiĝo, uzo de la amasmedio, starigo de alfabetiga korpuso, utiligo de arta esprimiĝo, kaj rekono de ortografio kiel ŝlosila elemento en lernado. SOMMARIO Lingua ed alfabetismo somalesi Il 21 Ottobre del 1972, il giovane governo somalese, al potere da solo 12 anni, ha risolto un dibatito interminabile; cioè, il governo decise di adoperare grafemi latini per rap-presentare fonemi somalesi. Generazioni anterior tramandavano la loro lingua oralmente, mentre l'elite della nazione si serviva dell'inglese, dell'italiano o dell'arabo per le loro co-municazioni scritte. Per il resto del paese il tasso dell'analfabetismo toccava dal 90 al 95 per cento della popolazione. Stabilità l'ortografia ufficiale, cambiamenti di maggior peso si sono introdotti nelle scuole ed una lotta contro l'analfabetismo si e lanciata, arrolgendo tutti i ceti sociali, anche quello nomade. Studenti di liceo diventarono insegnanti, i mass media presentarono pro-grammi e lezioni particolari, impiegati statali e dipendenti militari furono costretti ad im-parare la lingua e scuole per adulti si formarono in tutto il paese. Una valutazione di questi sforzi svolti dalle autorità somalesi nella loro lotta contro l'analfabetismo ci rende risultati ambigui. Benchè il governo centrale abbia rivendicato che l'alfabetismo sia salito a circa 60 per cento dopo la suddetta campagna alla meta degli anni settanta, le cifre sono state contestate da critici competenti e ricerche recenti suggeriscono che l'attuale tasso di alfabetismo sfiori il 30 per cento. Nonostante ciò, il tasso e segnalatamente elevato quando lo si paragona con altri paesi africani. In somma, l'ultima cifra mostra chiaramente un notevole successo, particolarmente se si rende conto che quella società nomade era nel contempo afflitta da povertà perenne, lotte intestine continue, e da una seccita durante decenni. In oltre, nessuno, nemmeno i più accaniti critici, può mettere in dubbio ne'lla riuscita inserzione della lingua nazionale a tutti i livelli dell'insegnamento, dalle scuole elementari fino all'università, né l'aumento cospicuo delle matricolazioni. Nello scrivere della loro lingua, gli ortografi somalesi hanno saputo sfruttare gli elementi strutturali e dinamici della lingua nazionale, fornendo mezzi con cui trasformare una lingua fondamentalmente nomade e pastorale. Per runderla più risponsiva ai bisogni di una società in via di trasformazione. Altro fatto notevole è che la letteratura di questo popolo, particolarmente la sua poesia, fin allera tramandata oralmente, oggi e documen-tata, così assicurandosi la sopravvivenza fra generazioni futuri. L'esperienza somalese ci può sembrare un caso unico, ma, infatti, ci presenta con alcuni informazioni pregeroli sull'insegnamento e la diffusione di una lingua. Mette in rilievo l'importanza dell'impegnamento decisivo di un governo, lo sfruttamento utile e sagace dei mass media e quello d'un corpo d'insegnanti, l'uso didattico dell'espressività artistica, e in fine, Fimpostazione di uno standard ortografico—tutti funzioni essenziali per Finsegnamento e Fapprendimento in qualunque centesto culturale.
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Liempt, Ilse Van, and Gery Nijenhuis. "Socio-Economic Participation of Somali Refugees in the Netherlands, Transnational Networks and Boundary Spanning." Social Inclusion 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i1.2434.
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<p>In this article we analyse the socio-economic participation of Somali refugees in the Netherlands. Unemployment is higher among Somalis than any other refugee or immigrant group in the Netherlands and they face many obstacles when it comes to social and economic participation. At the same time, they are known for having a strong transnational orientation. We were interested to learn whether and, if so, how Somalis use their transnational networks to overcome obstacles on the Dutch labour market and how boundaries around formal labour markets are negotiated in order to access employment and to participate. We did so by focusing on two strategies employed to participate, namely through Somali organizations in the Netherlands and elsewhere, and by Somalis moving to the UK. In doing so, we looked at Somalis’ ability to span boundaries to create opportunities. The concept of transnational networks is helpful in understanding Somalis’ daily realities, but conceptually it does not seem to fit entirely as these networks usually only refer to connections with the ‘homeland.’ We argue that Somalis’ boundary-spanning activities move beyond national levels and involve various scales, sites, and settings. The data we refer to are derived from focus group discussions with 66 Somali people in Amsterdam and 20 interviews with experts who work with the Somali community in the Netherlands. These discussions and interviews were held in 2013–14. We also draw on 20 interviews with Somali organizations in the Netherlands about their transnational orientation, which were conducted between 2010 and 2013 in the context of another research project.</p>
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Aryanto, Dedy Eko. "PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA ANAK SOMALIA UMUR 4 TAHUN TERHADAP BAHASA KEDUA DALAM LINGKUNGAN MASYARAKAT CIPUTAT TANGERANG SELATAN." Fon : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 16, no. 2 (October 24, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/fjpbsi.v16i2.2970.
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ABSTAK: Faktor lingkungan sangat penting dalam pertumbuhan anak, terutama dalam perolehan bahasa anak-anak, semua manusia berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi dengan orang lain menggunakan bahasa yang sama dan ada juga yang menggunakan bahasa yang berbeda, dalam penelitian ini peneliti akan melakukan penelitian pada anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun 8 bulan dan akan memperdalam bahasa kedua anak Somalia ini, yang bertepatan sekarang berdomisili di Indonesia, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode ini digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi mendalam baik secara teori maupun informasi tentang anak somalia yang tinggal di Indonesia. Faktor lingkungan menjadi sangat penting dalam penelitian tentang penguasaan bahasa anak-anak Somalia yang berusia 4 tahun dan 8 bulan.KATA KUNCI: faktor lingkungan; pemerolehan bahasa; bahasa kedua;anak Somalia.�LANGUANGE AQUISTION OF SOMALI CHILDREN 4 YEARS OLD AGAINST LANGUANGE IN CIPUTAT SOUTH TANGERANG COMUNITY ENVIRONMENT�ABSTRACT: Environmental factors are very important in the growth of a child, especially in the acquisition of children's language, all humans communicate and interact with others using the same language and there are also using different languages, in this study researchers will conduct research on Somali children aged 4 8 months and will deepen the second language of this Somali child, which coincides now domiciled in Indonesia, in this study using a qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to obtain in-depth information both in theory and information on somalia children who live in Indonesia. Environmental factors become very important in research on language acquisition of Somali children aged 4 years and 8 months.KEYWORDS: Environment; Language Acquisition; Second Language; Somali Children.
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Sumra, Dr Kalsoom Bibi, and Abdalgani Aid Almi. "Role of Federal Government in Managing Conflicts: Somalia." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (August 22, 2020): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug239.
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This study is undertaken to critically underline the role of government in managing the conflicts, most notably the federal government of Somalia. The undergone research also discusses the prolonged Somali conflict and options for the conflict resolutions with the available roles for the federal government of Somalia during any conflict. The study finds that the previous conflict resolutions of Somalia were unsuccessful as most of the conflicts exist till today. The role of federal government is limited to the Somali peace processes and conferences with the ethnic motivated perceptions. As a result, the study concludes that the federal government of Somalia is perceived by the public as involved in the conflicts. Thus, in order to eliminate the prolonged Somali conflict, it is suggested to formulate strong federal agencies to prevent any possible conflict in future, besides employing community based conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Akuetevi, C. Q. C., B. Barnier, J. Verron, J. M. Molines, and A. Lecointre. "Interactions between the Somali Current eddies during the summer monsoon: insights from a numerical study." Ocean Science 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-12-185-2016.
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Abstract. Three hindcast simulations of the global ocean circulation differing by resolution (1/4 or 1/12°) or parametrization or atmospheric forcing are used to describe the interactions between the large anticyclonic eddies generated by the Somali Current system during the Southwest Monsoon. The present investigation of the Somalian coherent eddy structures allows us to identify the origin and the subsequent development of the cyclones flanked upon the Great Whirl (GW) previously identified by Beal and Donohue (2013) in satellite observations and to establish that similar cyclones are also flanked upon the Southern Gyre (SG). These cyclones are identified as potential actors in mixing water masses within the large eddies and offshore the coast of Somalia. All three simulations bring to light that during the period when the Southwest Monsoon is well established, the SG moves northward along the Somali coast and encounters the GW. The interaction between the SG and the GW is a collision without merging, in a way that has not been described in observations up to now. During the collision the GW is pushed to the east of Socotra Island, sheds several smaller patches of anticyclonic vorticity, and often reforms into the Socotra Eddy, thus proposing a formation mechanism for that eddy. During this process the GW gives up its place to the SG. This process is robust throughout the three simulations.
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Khaja, Khadija, Carenlee Barkdull, Marva Augustine, and Dianne Cunningham. "Female genital cutting." International Social Work 52, no. 6 (October 23, 2009): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872809342642.
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English The purpose of this qualitative study with 17 Somali-born North American immigrant women was to better understand the women’s experiences with and views of female genital cutting (FGC), as well as their recommendations for developing more effective, inclusive and respectful prevention and intervention strategies for the practice. French La finalité de cette étude qualitative menée auprès de 17 femmes immigrantes nord américaines nées en Somalie était de mieux comprendre les expériences des femmes, leurs opinions à propos de l’excision, ainsi que leurs recommandations pour développer des stratégies de prévention et d’intervention plus efficaces, inclusives, et respectueuses pour la pratique. Spanish El propósito de este estudio cualitativo de 17 mujeres nacidas en Somalia que emigraron a los EEUU es comprender mejor las experiencias y visiones de estas mujeres en relación a la mutilación de genitales femeninos (FGC, por sus siglas en inglés), así como también sus recomendaciones para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención e intervención más efectivas, inclusivas y respetuosas a la hora de realizar dicha práctica.
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KAPTEIJNS, LIDWIEN. "DISCOURSE ON MORAL WOMANHOOD IN SOMALI POPULAR SONGS, 1960–1990." Journal of African History 50, no. 1 (March 2009): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853708003927.
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ABSTRACTThis article is a study of Somali popular songs of the period 1960–90, which opened with the establishment of the Somali national state and ended with its collapse. It focuses on these songs as a discursive site in which a particular dilemma of the new Somali state clearly comes into focus, namely the desire to be ‘modern’, while at the same time turning to ‘tradition’ (i.e. a particular construction of Somali cultural authenticity and traditional religious morality) to mark and anchor a new Somali collective self-understanding and communal identity. The discursive push-and-pull of ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’ evident in the songs expresses itself specifically in debates about moral womanhood – that is to say, about what ‘good’ women should be like. Since the collapse of the state in 1991, Somali discourses about common public identity and gender norms have undergone dramatic change, with the sites of popular culture multiplying, especially outside of Somalia, and accessible through the internet. Although an interpretation of Islam that distances itself from Somali ‘tradition’ has been gaining importance as a source of legitimization, as is evident both in the struggle over the state in Somalia and in everyday life in Somalia and the diaspora, this is not a major concern in the Somali popular songs from the period after 1991. It was born auspiciously this flag raised above usWe will not differentiate among any SomalisSince none of us are closer to it than the others,Let us be equal in front of our flag(Waa samo ku dhalayoo calanka noo saaranSoomaali oo dhan, kala sooci maynoUma kala sokeynno, ha loo sinnaado)Somali popular song, articulating the hope of Somali unity and equality, sung by Faduumo Abdillaahi ‘Maandeeq’ in the early 1960s
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Young, Marta. "Acculturation, identité et bien-être : l’ajustement de réfugiées somaliennes." Santé mentale au Québec 21, no. 1 (September 11, 2007): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032391ar.
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RÉSUMÉ L'étude cerne les liens entre Vacculturation et l'ajustement psychologique de 94 femmes réfugiées de Somalie. Le mode d'acculturation préféré au niveau du groupe est l'intégration. Les Somaliennes qui ont vécu le plus longtemps au Canada s'identifient plus comme Canadiennes et perçoivent plus de discrimination contre elles et contre les Somaliens en général. De plus, l'endossement du mode d'acculturation par intégration implique un refus des autres modes comme l'assimilation, le rejet et la marginalisation. D'importants liens sont aussi établis entre l'âge, le désir de faire partite de la société canadienne et la santé mentale. En particulier, les jeunes femmes se distinguent du groupe car elles ont tendance à avoir un plus haut degré de dépression. Aussi, les réfugiées qui ont émigré pour des raisons politiques désirent retourner en Somalie et sont moins satisfaites de leur vie au Canada.
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Abdulle, Abdisalam Salad. "A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM: THE CASE OF SME IN SOMALIA." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v4i2.735.
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This study attempts to understand the usage of computerized accounting information system (CAIS) and its impact on the performance of SMEs in Somalia. Survey questionnaire is designed and distributed to selected SMEs in the capital city of Mogadishu, Somalia. The results of CAIS’s impact are discussed from four components of balanced scorecard and internal control perspectives. The results of this study may provide knowledge about the impact of usage CAIS for SMEs performance in Somalia and also provide some suggestions to the Somalian government on assistance needed for accounting reporting to improve further SMEs in Somalia. Based on finding, internal business process recorded the highest score i.e mean of 4.13 out of 5.00. It is implied that SMEs responded with challenging ICT business environment with adopting CAIS to improve its bottom line which is business processes.
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Abshir, Mustafa Omar. "Somali diaspora contribution to somali's development." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 9, no. 2 (2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2019.00029.6.
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Dilshad, Saadia, and Samina malik. "Cultural Adjustment of Somalian and Chinese Students at IIUI Pakistan: A Comparative Study." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 30, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).06.
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Studying at a higher education institution can be stressful, particularly for international students, who leave their homes to study in another country. Some students adjust more rapidly than others. This study explored the difference between the cultural adaptation of Chinese and Somalian students at IIUI Pakistan. The key objective of the study was to explore the pace of cultural adaptation of two foreign students from two different regions at IIUI. It was a purposeful qualitative study The population was all the Chinese and Somalian students studying in IIUI BS program in faculty of social sciences. A universal sampling technique was used to select 55 Chinese and 55 Somalian students for the study. The self-developed questionnaire used to collect the data. The analysis showed that there is significant difference between the pace of cultural adaptation of Chinese and Somali students at International Islamic University.
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Collins, Victoria E. "Dangerous seas: Moral panic and the Somali pirate." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 45, no. 1 (March 16, 2012): 106–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865811432812.
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Piracy in the coastal waters of Somalia has received significant attention from the news media and international political community, both of which have been major actors in defining the issue of piracy in and around the waters of Somalia. Drawing on the thematic frames of Cohen (1972) and Goode and Ben-Yehuda (1994) , this work provides an analysis of the media and political depictions and international responses to Somali piracy, to evaluate if the phenomenon is reflective of normal societal concern or constitutes a case of ‘moral panic’. The results indicate that the media presentation and the international political community’s discourse on piracy in the Somali coastal waters have led to increased levels of fear and panic and over-reaction, resulting in an excess of militarized response to piracy. This then has negated attention being paid to the underlying causes of Somali piracy; the extant structural conditions in Somalia that have continued to facilitate increased instances of piracy. The findings suggest that a moral panic failed to materialize with the general public, rather, the reaction of the international political community, the international shipping industry, and the media’s actions correspond with the theoretical perspective of agenda-setting.
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Whitaker, Beth Elise. "Refugees, Foreign Nationals, and Wageni: Comparing African Responses to Somali Migration." African Studies Review 63, no. 1 (March 2020): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2019.52.
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Abstract:Host governments have responded to the migration of Somali refugees throughout Africa in recent decades in different ways. Kenyan policymakers have treated Somalis primarily as a security threat, imposing restrictions on them that especially target this group. In South Africa, where economic and political competition fuel xenophobia, Somalis are part of a larger foreign national population that is seen as having disproportionate economic influence. However, Somali Bantus have been welcomed in Tanzania, which granted them citizenship even as it limited the mobility and activities of other refugees. A comparative analysis suggests that the relative balance among security, economic, political, and normative considerations shapes the extent and scope of host government policies.
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Ali Abdinur, Mohamed, Abshir Khalif Farah, Anas Abdulkadir Kassim, and Mohamed Abdiwahid Hashi. "THE INFLUENCE OF TAX ADMINSTRATION ON REVENUE GENERATION IN SOMALIA." Al-Rashad Journal of Islamic Finance, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46722/ajif.v1.i1.20a.
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This study attempts to look the influence of Tax administration on revenue generation in Somalia. The study made use of 170 survey questionnaires containing relevant questions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyses 170 usable responses. The aim of this research study is to evaluate the effect of tax administration on revenue generation to the Somali government. The research design adopted in this study was survey research method. Primary sources of data were used in collecting information which was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis, and to make decisions. Findings show that the tax administration in Somalia is totally inefficient. Hence, tax administration affects the revenue generated by the government; also, there is a significant relationship between tax administration and revenue generation. The study therefore recommends that Somali Government could enforce taxpayer’s registration, tax audit and revenue protection system to enhance revenue generation in Somalia.
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Schraeder, Peter J., and Brian Endless. "The Media and Africa: The Portrayal of Africa in the New York Times (1955–1995)." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502911.
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Eighteen U.S. soldiers were killed and dozens were wounded in a fierce battle in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3–4, 1993. Their deaths were a direct outgrowth of the Clinton administration’s handling of a series of United Nations (UN)-sanctioned military interventions in Somalia, which are popularly referred to as Operation Restore Hope. With the Cable News Network (CNN) providing almost instantaneous transmission to audiences in the United States and abroad, the victorious Somali forces not only paraded a captured U.S. helicopter pilot, Corporal William Durant, through the streets of Mogadishu, but also dragged the naked corpse of a U.S. soldier past mobs of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, stoning, and kicking the body.
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Arconada Ledesma, Pablo. "Procesos electorales en la República de Somalia. Entre la política exterior y la legitimidad popular (1960-1969)." Investigaciones Históricas. Época Moderna y Contemporánea, no. 39 (November 18, 2019): 703–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/ihemc.39.2019.703-732.
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Los diferentes gobiernos que dirigieron Somalia desde su independencia en 1960 tuvieron una política exterior común basada en la construcción de una Gran Somalia. Este proyecto irredentista buscaba aglutinar a todas las poblaciones somalíes del Cuerno de África. La aplicación de políticas irredentistas tuvo un impacto claro en la opinión pública del país, lo que repercutió a su vez en los resultados electorales hasta 1969. A través del análisis de los resultados electorales, se estudian los efectos de la política exterior en la legitimidad popular y viceversa.
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Warsame, Mohammed Hersi, Yousif Abdelbagi Abdalla, and Alhashmi Aboubaker Lasyoud. "Can Islamic banking revive Somalia’s ailing economy?" Accounting 7, no. 7 (2021): 1709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.4.027.
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The study aims to evaluate the Islamic banking prospects in Somalia and the role it can play in reviving the country’s ailing economy. Somalis were recruited through purposive sampling techniques. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has been adopted to analyze the data collected using SmartPLS. The findings have shown a negative and insignificant impact of absence of a functioning financial system, lack of funding and expertise, and effect of bank absence on businesses. Financial and political infrastructure significantly affected the Islamic banking system of Somalia. Law and order measures show a significant impact on suitability of banking and financial systems of Somalia. Sharia compliant finance shows a positive but insignificant impact on Islamic banking in Somalia. Standalone new banks in Somalia have fewer chances of success due to the absence of personnel with the necessary skills and qualifications.
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GERSONY, ROBERT. "WHY SOMALIS FLEE A SYNTHESIS OF CONFLICT EXPERIENCE IN NORTHERN SOMALIA BY SOMALI REFUGEES, DISPLA CED PERSONS AND OTHERS." International Journal of Refugee Law 2, no. 1 (1990): 4–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/2.1.4-a.
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Fitraharani, Greaty, and Arfin Sudirman. "Warisan Kolonisasi Inggris di Kenya: Kekerasan Struktural terhadap Etnis Kenya-Somali di Kenya." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 10, no. 1 (September 28, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v10i1.3300.
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Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh warisan kolonisasi Inggris di perbatasan antara Kenya dan Somalia yang mengakibatkan keberadaan kelompok etnis Somali di North Eastern Province. Aktor yang terlibat adalah Pemerintah Kolonial, Pemerintah Kenya dan Etnis Kenya-Somali. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan kekerasan struktural terhadap kelompok Etnis Kenya-Somali pasca kolonisasi di Kenya. Peneliti menggunakan structural violence dari Johan Galtung dan pendekatan Post-Colonialism dari Frantz Fanon untuk dapat menerapkan teori tersebut ke dalam fenomena kekerasan struktural yang terjadi pada etnis Kenya-Somali. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menerapkan pendekatan structural violence sebagai pisauanalisis pengidentifikasian permasalahan kesenjangan sistem yang kerap terjadi di negara dunia ketiga akibat warisan sistem kolonisasi.
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Jalloh, Alusine. "Divine Madness." American Journal of Islam and Society 12, no. 1 (April 1, 1995): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v12i1.2396.
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This book is a welcome addition to the few book-length biographiesof important African historical figures. The study, which consists of anintroduction and six chapters, offers a fresh and balanced perspective onone of Africa's most controversial nationalists: Mohammed AbdulleHassan, the mullah of present-day Somalia. Not only is he relevant tounderstanding modem Somali nationalism, but he also occupies a significantrole in the wider context of African resistance to western imperialism.In brief, he represents the clash between Islamic and western values incolonial Africa.Divine Madness begins with an examination of the early, colonial,and contemporary literature on the subject in various languages. In fact,one of its strengths is the author's use of a variety of foreign and indigenoussources. Sheik-Abdi draws extensively on archival and documentarydata in Italian, Arabic, English, French, and Somali. Moreover, heincorporates oral accounts from Somalis to complement his archivaland documentary research, a method that enhances the indigenous perspectiveon Mohammed Abdulle Hassan and his activities in the Hornof Africa.In addition, the author presents, in the first and second chapters, anoverview of Somaliland in its historical context. This serves as the backgroundin recounting Hassan’s life and times. Along with a detailedexamination of the Cushitic inhabitants of Somaliland, Sheik- Abdi discussesthe background to the mullah-led Dervish uprising by focusing onthe European colonization of Somaliland and its attendant problems.Perhaps the main response of the colonized Cushitic people to westernimperialism was a deeper and more intense commitment to Islam andpan-Islamic unity, which brought about religious militancy and revivalism ...
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Charmarkeh, Houssein. "Le rôle d’internet et de la télévision dans l’adaptation des réfugiés en France." ALTERNATIVE FRANCOPHONE 1, no. 6 (May 30, 2013): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/af19642.
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Le nombre de réfugiés dans le monde ne cesse d’augmenter. Le Haut commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés estime le nombre record de déplacés forcés en 2011 à 43,7 millions. En France, plus de 57 000 ont introduit une demande de protection à l’Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides. Les Somaliens constituent en France l’un des groupes en constante augmentation en raison de la crise humanitaire, politique et sécuritaire qui secoue leur pays. De nombreuses études ont été menées dans le cadre de l’accueil des réfugiés en France et de la fragilisation du droit d’asile. Les recherches s’intéressant à analyser les usages des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) tels que internet et la télévision par les réfugiés restent embryonnaires. Cette présente recherche tente de combler cet écart en contribuant à l’analyse des usages d’internet et de la télévision par les réfugiés Somaliens pendant leur installation en France.
Abstract
The number of refugees on a global scale is increasing. In fact, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates that in 2011 there were 43.7 million forcibly displaced persons reaching a worldwide record. In France, more than 57 thousand persons applied for protection to the French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons. Somalis are among the refugee groups on the rise in France due to the humanitarian, political and security crises that shook their country. Numerous studies have been conducted in the context of the reception of refugees in France and the weakening of the right to asylum. This study aims to analyze the uses of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), in particular Internet and television, by refugees as such studies remains limited. This research study strives to fill this gap by contributing to the analysis of the usage of the Internet and television by Somali refugees during their settlement in France.
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PAJĄK, Krzysztof. "Współpraca państw UE w realizacji polityki akwenowej na przykładzie pierwszej, morskiej, militarnej operacji EUNAVFOR ATALANTA." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.4.4.
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The uncontrollable outbreak of piracy attacks off the Somali coast has lately made the East African coast the area where the majority of all global maritime crimes occur. Located in East Africa, Somalia borders one of the most important maritime communication routes on Earth: the Suez Canal – the Red Sea – the Gulf of Aden. EU states could be acutely affected by the disruption of sea trade in this area, therefore they have become actively involved in fighting piracy off the Somali coast. As a result of political, organizational and legal activity, the Council of the EU established the first maritime military operation under the auspices of the European Union – EUNAVFOR Somalia – Operation Atalanta. The efficient operation of EU naval forces, hundreds of miles from European shores would not have been possible had it not been for an extensive and comprehensive maritime policy. Not only has its implementation enabled the EU to chase pirates in the Somali basin, or helped bring any criminals detained before the courts, but is has also influenced countries outside the European Union.
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Sunni, Muna, Carol Brunzell, Jennifer Kyllo, Loren Purcell, Phillip Plager, and Antoinette Moran. "A picture-based carbohydrate-counting resource for Somalis." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517718732.
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Objective Carbohydrate counting is essential for effective management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Somali diet-specific carbohydrate-counting references are lacking, creating an additional barrier to effective diabetes control. We developed a picture-based carbohydrate-counting resource for Somalis with T1D. Methods Traditional Somali foods were selected using a variety of methods. Serving sizes and carbohydrate calculations were tabulated using the United States Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Carbohydrate contents of home-prepared foods were calculated by measuring the total yield and total carbohydrates of ingredients in the recipe divided by the number of servings to be consumed. When available, recipes were used for food preparation and analysis for more accurate carbohydrate estimation. Results Photographs of prepared Somali foods were compiled into a PDF file. While introductions are written in text, the resource is primarily picture-based to bypass limited literacy. The resource is shared free of charge via the following link: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0300060517718732 . The link will be updated annually with new information. Conclusion There is a necessity to tailor educational materials to address the needs of Somalis with diabetes. We have created a picture-based nutrition resource for carbohydrate counting of traditional Somali foods and have made this freely available to individuals worldwide.
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Heritage, Steven, Houssein Rayaleh, Djama G. Awaleh, and Galen B. Rathbun. "New records of a lost species and a geographic range expansion for sengis in the Horn of Africa." PeerJ 8 (August 18, 2020): e9652. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9652.
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The Somali Sengi or Somali Elephant-shrew (‘Elephantulus’ revoilii, Macroscelidea, Mammalia) has been considered a “lost species” and is primarily known from about 39 museum specimens, with no new vouchered occurrence records since the early 1970s. The scientific literature contains no data concerning living Somali Sengi individuals and the species’ current Data Deficient conservation status is attributable to an absence of modern information. Almost everything that has been published about the species is derived from anatomical examinations of historic specimens, gleaned from museum collection notes, or inferred from the known habits and ecology of other sengi taxa. Here we report new evidence that the Somali Sengi is currently extant. These data include voucher specimens, georeferenced occurrence localities, body measurements, habitat parameters, and DNA sequences. While the species is historically documented as endemic to Somalia, these new records are from the neighboring Republic of Djibouti and thus expand the Somali Sengi’s known range in the Horn of Africa. Furthermore, Djiboutian locality data near international borders suggests that the Somali Sengi is also a current inhabitant of both Somalia and Ethiopia. Criteria that inform conservation status assessments (e.g., suitable habitat contiguity and occurrence in wildlife protected areas) can be positively characterized in Djibouti and therefore bode well for the survival of the Somali Sengi species. New data also inform previously undocumented substrate and sheltering affiliations. DNA analyses indicate that the Somali Sengi is a descendant of the Macroscelidini lineage and therefore reveal that the species’ referral to the genus Elephantulus is incompatible with sengi phylogeny. This taxonomic issue is resolved by recognizing a new genus replacement and recombinant binomial that redesignates the Somali Sengi as Galegeeska revoilii (gen. nov., nov. comb). An analysis of ancestral biogeography suggests that the Somali Sengi has inhabited the Horn of Africa for more than 5.4 million years—and the recognition of the species’ phylogenetic ancestry appends the already remarkable biogeographic story of the Macroscelidini tribe.
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Ali, Muhanad Ahmed, Farah Ahmad, and Marina Morrow. "Somali’s perceptions, beliefs and barriers toward breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening: a socioecological scoping review." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-06-2020-0059.
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Purpose While there is literature that examines factors associated with low participation in cancer screening among Canadian ethnic groups, there is limited understanding of black visible minorities, particularly Somalis. Thus, the purpose of this study is to synthesize knowledge pertaining to the perceptions, beliefs and barriers of Somali women and men toward screening for breast, cervical and colorectal cancers in countries such as Canada. Design/methodology/approach The scoping review methodology was used to search for peer-reviewed articles that explicitly examined perceptions, beliefs and barriers among Somalis toward screening for breast, cervical and colorectal cancers in developed countries. The following electronic databases were searched without time frame restrictions, namely, OVID Medline, Embase, CINHAL, PubMed, Scopes and ProQuest. A total of 402 peer-reviewed articles were identified and screened. Three articles were identified through reference list screening (one eligible) and consultation with experts in the networks (two eligible). In total, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for synthesis. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the selected articles for key themes and the synthesis was informed by the socio-ecological model. Findings The majority of studies originated from the USA and focused primarily on Somali women and cervical cancer screening. Themes that emerged from the literature include individual-level negative experiences and socio-cultural perceptions/beliefs; community-level barriers in cancer screening; and systemic challenges in navigating the health-care system. Many of the studies focused on individual and community-level determinants of cancer screening, with little attention to systemic level determinants. Other gaps identified include factors influencing Somali men’s low participation in cancer screening; limited studies on colorectal cancer and Somali women; and specific cancer-screening barriers faced by Somalis within the Canadian context. Originality/value The findings of the review reveal multiple cancer screening challenges for Somali communities and the gained insights should inform both health and social care practitioners and policymakers.
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URBANO, ANNALISA. "‘THAT IS WHY WE HAVE TROUBLES’: THE PRO-ITALIA MOVEMENT'S CHALLENGE TO NATIONALISM IN BRITISH-OCCUPIED SOMALIA(1946–9)." Journal of African History 57, no. 3 (November 2016): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000311.
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AbstractPostwar politics in British-occupied Somalia is usually reduced to the activities of the Somali Youth League, the foremost anticolonial nationalist movement. However, by 1947, smaller associations, pejoratively nicknamed the pro-Italia, came together in an effort to return Somalia to Italy under international mandate. Drawing upon new archival sources, the article argues that this movement did not stem from arguments supporting colonial rule, but rather from objections to the nationalist agenda and military occupation. Closer attention to these voices sheds light on the deeper meanings of political alignment during the change of regime and enhances our understanding of political developments in postwar Somalia.
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Mohamud, Maimuna. "Women, Piety and Political Representation." Hawwa 14, no. 2 (September 8, 2016): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341297.
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The aftermath of violent conflict provides opportunities for fresh debates about gender politics. In sub-Saharan Africa, several post-conflict states have introduced constitutional reforms and quotas to promote women’s participation in government. Yet, women’s political representation in Somalia is a matter that goes beyond the hotly-debated gender quotas which are often championed by international donors and other peacebuilding actors. In post-war Somalia, women believe that the question of political representation is closely linked to the recognition of women’s ongoing contributions to society. For many women, the contemporary post-war Islamic discourses in Somalia have eroded some rights previously guaranteed—if imperfectly—by the pre-war state. Such discourses today have also constructed a new ideal version of Somali women in an Islamic society which largely dispossesses them from public life. In this article, I highlight Somali women’s forms of activism which are centered on engaging Islamic discourses in an attempt to change current perceptions about women’s roles in politics and public life. I examine women’s narratives for insights into the root causes of women’s exclusion and the strategies used to resist, counter, and challenge oppositional Islamic discourses. I conclude by considering how women’s ‘unorganized’ movements across Somalia—premised on working within a framework of Islam, are suggestive of multifaceted expressions of women’s agency in patriarchal and non-liberal contexts.