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Journal articles on the topic 'Somaliland'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Pijović, Nikola. "Seceding but not Succeeding: African International Relations and Somaliland’s lacking international recognition." Croatian International Relations Review 19, no. 68 (July 1, 2013): 73–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2013-0004.

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Abstract Somaliland, the northern region of Somalia, declared independence in 1991 and has for the past two decades functioned as an independent political entity with important state-like structures. However, notwithstanding its relatively high accomplishment (especially as compared to Somalia) in state-building, it remains without any international political recognition. This article attempts to expose the politics behind Somaliland’s (non) recognition by analysing key African players and their roles in Somaliland’s international recognition game. The main arguments made are that some continental African states and Somaliland’s neighbours seem to be content keeping the status quo, and Somaliland’s international recognition is not a pressing issue for anyone but Somaliland. The fact that no African country seems to be ready to be the first to recognize Somaliland (while many are happy to be the second) may yet prove the most considerable obstacle for Somaliland’s recognition in the foreseeable future.

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2

Pegg, Scott. "Oil to cash in Somaliland: a debate whose time has come." Journal of Modern African Studies 56, no. 4 (November 26, 2018): 619–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x18000575.

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AbstractSomaliland might start producing oil in 2019. Yet, it has done little to prepare for the arrival of oil revenues which could exceed its current annual budget. Although Somaliland has been largely peaceful for two decades and recently inaugurated its fifth president after holding a democratic election, it remains entirely unrecognised. Oil revenues could positively transform Somaliland's fragile political economy, but they also place it at significant risk for a political resource curse that could threaten its democracy, peace and political institutions. Oil to cash or the direct distribution of oil revenues to citizens has been posited as a solution to the political resource curse. Somaliland has many of the elements necessary to make oil to cash work in place. Several factors combine to make Somaliland both potentially receptive to oil to cash and uniquely positioned to benefit from it. Interviews with political elites demonstrate receptiveness to the idea. Sample revenue calculations from other African oil producers highlight just how such a system could work to benefit Somaliland.

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3

Omaar, Rakiya. "Somaliland." Current History 93, no. 583 (May 1, 1994): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1994.93.583.232.

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4

JHAZBHAY, IQBAL. "SOMALILAND." African Security Review 12, no. 4 (January 2003): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2003.9627253.

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5

Renders, Marleen. "'Traditionele' Leiders en Instellingen in Somaliland. Een Somalische Staat in Opbouw." Afrika Focus 19, no. 1-2 (February 15, 2006): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0190102006.

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'Traditional' leaders and institutions in Somaliland. A Somali state under construction. This article addresses the prominence of ‘traditional’ leaders and institutions in the Somaliland’s “success-story” of political reconstruction after a violent conflict. Can the Somaliland experience be replicated and serve as a model for other cases of problematic statehood? Through an analysis of the Somaliland case, the article shows that one can not simply ‘use’ traditional leaders and institutions. They are not a-political entities or concepts. They are adaptable and have a dynamic of their own. The 'traditional' order is profoundly connected with 'non-traditional' orders i.e. 'modem' political leaders and institutions. How both develop and interact is contingent upon an aggregate of factors which develop over a long period of time. This set of factors include so-called 'structural' ones as well as ones that are more ‘agency’-related. This aggregation of factors makes the Somali/and experience difficult to replicate. 'Traditional' leaders and institutions are not magic bullets, not a one-fits-all in cases of problematic statehood. They should not be viewed as a-political components of some 'appropriate governance technology' that will provide leaders and institutions supposedly adapted to a timeless 'African situation and culture'.

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6

Ahmed, Soheir H., Haakon E. Meyer, Marte K. Kjøllesdal, and Ahmed A. Madar. "Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity among Somalis in Norway and Somaliland: A Comparative Study." Journal of Obesity 2018 (September 3, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4539171.

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Background and Aim. The knowledge about the health status of Somalis in Norway and Somaliland is limited. This paper reports the results of a comparative study on the prevalence and predictors of overweight/obesity among Somalis in Norway and Somaliland. Method. We conducted two cross-sectional studies using the same tools and procedures, between 2015 and 2016. The study population was adults aged 20–69 years (n=1110 (Somaliland) and n=220 (Norway)). Results. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2) was 44% and 31% in women in Norway and Somaliland, respectively. In contrast, the prevalence of obesity was low in men (9% in Norway; 6% in Somaliland). Although the prevalence of high BMI was higher in Somali women in Norway than women in Somaliland, both groups had the same prevalence of central obesity (waist circumference (WC) ≥ 88 cm). In men, the prevalence of central obesity (WC ≥ 102 cm) was lower in Somaliland than in Norway. For women in Somaliland, high BMI was associated with lower educational level and being married. Conclusion. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among Somali immigrants in Norway, but also among women in Somaliland. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among women, calls for long-term prevention strategies.

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7

Walls, Michael. "Becoming Somaliland." Review of African Political Economy 36, no. 120 (June 2009): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240903086410.

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8

Shillinger, Kurt. "Recognizing Somaliland." RUSI Journal 150, no. 2 (April 2005): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840509441968.

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9

Phillips, Sarah G. "Proximities of Violence: Civil Order Beyond Governance Institutions." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 3 (June 17, 2019): 680–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz036.

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AbstractThis article is concerned with the relationship between the quality of a country's governance institutions and the degree of civil order it experiences. Using evidence from Somaliland, it argues that order and peaceful cohabitation can be sustained not only when, but even partly because, governance institutions are incapable of reliably controlling violence. It suggests that Somaliland's postconflict peace is less grounded in the constraining power of its governance institutions than in a powerful discourse about the country's structural, temporal, and physical proximity to war. Through its sensitivity to the ease with which peace gives way to war, this discourse indirectly harnesses an apparent propensity to disorder as a source of order. This case challenges the “common sense” causal relationship between institutions and order. If either the strength or the weakness of institutions can offer foundations for order, then neither quality can be assigned as its cause without also being its effect. This has important implications beyond Somaliland by suggesting that, if weak institutions can support order under certain discursive conditions, then discourse—which is inherently fluid—also mediates the relationship between robust institutions and order. This makes them more susceptible to rapid change than usually imagined.

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10

Ingiriis. "Statebuilding in Somaliland." African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 9, no. 1 (2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.9.1.06.

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11

Carcangiu, Bianca Maria. "Somaliland al femminile." Poiésis - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação 3, no. 6 (December 30, 2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/prppge.v3e62010140-153.

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Sarebbe arduo parlare del ruolo politico della donna in Somaliland, piccolo stato del Corno d’Africa autoproclamatosi indipendente nel 1991, senza riferirsi alla condizione femminile durante il período di governo di Siad Barre in tutta la Somalia. Con il suo colpo di stato dell’ottobre 1969 e l’istituzione della piattaforma politica del Partito socialista rivoluzionario somalo, cambiò, inizialmente, non solo l’eccessiva frantumazione partito-clanica, ma anche, almeno sulla carta, la situazione privata e pubblica delle donne.

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12

BRYDEN, MATT. "SOMALIA AND SOMALILAND." African Security Review 13, no. 2 (January 2004): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2004.9627282.

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13

Williams, Bear, Cara Williams, Abdiaziz Mohamed Yousuf, and Brendan M. Laurs. "Hessonite from Somaliland." Journal of Gemmology 37, no. 2 (2020): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.2020.37.2.135.

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14

Tomlinson, Sally, and Osman Ahmed Abdi. "Disability in Somaliland." Disability & Society 18, no. 7 (December 2003): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0968759032000127326.

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15

Herring, Eric. "Decolonising Development : Academics, Practitioners and Collaboration." Journal of Somali Studies 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2056-5682/2020/7n2a4.

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This article explores how academics and practitioners can collaborate to decolonise development in relation to Somalia/Somaliland. It does so through theoretical synthesis followed by an inductive thematic empirical analysis and collaborative autoethnography of the Somali First initiative to promote Somaliled development. The initiative has been run by Somali social enterprise Transparency Solutions and the University of Bristol since 2014. The article argues that underpinning the initiative with commitments to sustainable development as a global issue and to locally led, simple, complicated and complex change has been vital to ensuring that it contributes to decolonising development in Somalia/Somaliland. It argues further that the decolonisation of development in this case has been advanced through long term partnership grounded in a shared purpose and complementary capacities; maximisation of funding for and control of funding by Somali entities; decentring English and centring Somali linguistic diversity; promoting a locally led approach; and employing co-production. It concludes that scaling up or transfer of the approach set out in the article would involve reinterpretation by local actors to suit the context to be an effective contribution to decolonising development.

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16

Hastings, Justin V., and Sarah G. Phillips. "Order beyond the state: explaining Somaliland's avoidance of maritime piracy." Journal of Modern African Studies 56, no. 1 (March 2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x17000519.

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How do some places with weak institutional capacity avoid being caught in the cycles of violence and criminality so often associated with African institutions in the ‘failed states’ literature? This paper exploits in-country variation in piracy incidence across different regions of Somalia to investigate how some territories with low state capacity can nonetheless deter piracy and provide relative order. We find that the usual explanation – state ‘failure’ in Somalia, compared with a reasonably functional government in Somaliland – does not withstand scrutiny. Somaliland's lack of piracy was not due to ‘strong’ state institutions, but can be attributed to the strength of a discourse that emphasises Somaliland's ‘inherent’ capacity for order against the disorder supposedly endemic to the rest of Somalia. The exploration of the discursive underpinnings of Somaliland's supposed ‘piratelessness’ has implications for understanding the relationship between state institutions, political order and violence, particularly where the state does not exercise a monopoly on force.

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17

Keynejad, Roxanne C., Fikru Debebe Mekonnen, Aziza Qabile, Jibril Ibrahim Moussa Handuleh, Mariam Abdillahi Dahir, Mariam Mohamed Haji Rabi, Cathy Read, and Edna Adan Ismail. "Gender equality in the global health workplace: learning from a Somaliland–UK paired institutional partnership." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 6 (December 2018): e001073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001073.

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Worldwide recognition of gender inequality and discrimination following the #MeToo movement has been slow to reach the field of global health. Although international institutions have begun to address gender, the perspectives of front-line global health workers remain largely undocumented, especially in regions not captured by large-scale surveys. Long-term collaborative relationships between clinicians and educators participating in paired institutional partnerships can foster cross-cultural dialogue about potentially sensitive subjects. King’s Somaliland Partnership (KSP) has linked universities and hospitals in Somaliland and London, UK, for health education and improvement, since 2000.We collaboratively developed an anonymous, mixed methods, online survey to explore workplace experiences among Somaliland and UK-based staff and volunteers. We adapted the Workplace Prejudice/Discrimination Inventory to address gender inequality, alongside qualitative questions. Somaliland (but not UK) women reported significantly more gender prejudice and discrimination than men (medians=43 and 31, z=2.137, p=0.0326). While front-line Somaliland workers described overt gender discrimination more frequently, UK respondents reported subtler disadvantage at systemic levels. This first survey of its kind in Somaliland demonstrates the potential of global health partnerships to meaningfully explore sensitive subjects and identify solutions, involving a range of multidisciplinary stakeholders. We propose priority actions to address pervasive gender inequality and discrimination, including wider engagement of academia with gender-focused research, institutional actions to address barriers, national prioritisation and nurturing of grassroots initiatives, through institutional partnerships and international networks. Without sustained, concerted intervention across all levels, gender inequality will continue to hinder progress towards the vision of good health for all, everywhere.

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18

Bile, Mohamed S., and Paul Limbu. "Spatiotemporal Variability of Drought and its Relationships to ENSO and IOD Indices in Somaliland." Tanzania Journal of Science 48, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 816–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v48i4.9.

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Drought is one of Somaliland’s most prevalent natural hazards, causing serious socioeconomic and environmental harm. This study investigated the spatial and temporal variability of drought and its relationships with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) indices using the Standardized Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) from 1981 to 2020. The Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope estimator were used to assess the trends of annual and seasonal SPEI time series. The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) was employed to examine the dominant modes of the SPEI series, and Pearson and partial correlation analyses were performed to investigate the associations between significant modes of drought variability and ENSO and IOD indices. The results demonstrated a statistically significant downward trend of SPEI (increasing drought) at 99% confidence level. The EOF analysis indicated two spatially distinct zones of drought variability in the west and east of the country. Drought variability had a statistically significant negative correlation with ENSO in the summer and winter seasons, and with IOD in the winter season and annual time series. The findings of this study will provide important information for drought risk assessment, mitigation, and predictability in Somaliland. Keywords: Drought, Standardized Precipitation Index, ENSO, IOD, Somaliland

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19

Elder, Claire. "Somaliland's authoritarian turn: oligarchic–corporate power and the political economy of de facto states." International Affairs 97, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 1749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab174.

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Abstract Somaliland's endurance as Africa's longest de facto state has for decades preoccupied scholarship on state formation and democratization. The prevailing democratic success narrative has, however, downplayed the complex internal political dynamics and crises that have characterized Somaliland's independence since 1991. Relying on a number of robust resources, including 110 interviews and archival work conducted in Somaliland from 2015 until 2021, this article examines at close range Somaliland's political economy and provides a more cautious assessment of Somaliland's democratization trajectory. It argues that the political authority of cross-border oligarchic–corporate structures and the securitization of aid created an ‘oligopolistic state’ and ‘peaceocracy’ rather than a national, democratic government. This analysis highlights how de facto states struggle to balance political control and financial hardship generating creative and uneven governance structures. This study also raises important questions about how donors in the Gulf and in Asia provide new opportunities for recognition through Islamic finance and business that may affect de facto states' commitments to democratization. Finally, it contributes to theorizing about the ideologies of privatized governance that emerge in peripheral and developing economies and the political consequences of perennial non-recognition.

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20

Waris, Attiya. "Creating and building a post-conflict fiscal state through global wealth chains." Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-05-2017-0019.

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Purpose This paper aims to assess using a historical approach the challenges facing Somaliland and analyze how the Somalilanders are in the twenty-first century using the globalized financial architecture and system of wealth chains to finance their nascent state and move the debate forward on the calls for self-determination. Design/methodology/approach Research on this paper included not just a desk review but two research trips to Somaliland and over 20 interviews of politicians, government officials and the private sector and academia. Findings Today the global wealth chains flowing in and out of Somaliland include some complex ones which include the interactions with other members of the Somali diaspora whether they are in the USA or in Australia where money moves in and out of bank accounts in different countries finally ending up in either Dubai or Djibouti where it is finally transferred through the money transfer agencies into Hargeisa and finally withdrawn by the relative of a diaspora member. The similar wealth chains are those going between traders such as those that already maintain companies in Djibouti because of the war period and continue to live and trade there but have branches in Somaliland. There are simple direct transfers that are easily understood. Research limitations/implications Translators had to be used, as some parliamentarians only spoke Kisomali. Originality/value No papers have been written on the global banking and finance system with specific reference to Somaliland.

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21

Farah, Ahmed Y., and Ioan M. Lewis. "Making Peace in Somaliland." Cahiers d’études africaines 37, no. 146 (1997): 349–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cea.1997.3518.

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22

Petithomme, Mathieu. "Mark Bradbury, Becoming Somaliland." Afrique contemporaine 234, no. 2 (2010): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/afco.234.0192.

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23

Bruchhaus, Eva-Maria. "Weibliche Genitalbeschneidung in Somaliland." FEMINA POLITICA – Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft 23, no. 2 (November 17, 2014): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/feminapolitica.v23i2.17622.

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24

Prunier, Gérard. "Somaliland: Undtagelsen i Afrika." Udenrigs, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/udenrigs.v0i4.118971.

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25

Prunier, Gérard. "Somaliland Goes It Alone." Current History 97, no. 619 (May 1, 1998): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1998.97.619.225.

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26

Massing, Andreas. "Bradbury, Mark. – Becoming Somaliland." Cahiers d'études africaines, no. 201 (March 30, 2011): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.14226.

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27

Souza, Joanna De. "Working in partnership: Somaliland." British Journal of Nursing 26, no. 9 (May 11, 2017): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2017.26.9.505.

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28

IAZZOLINO, GIANLUCA. "Between Somaliland and Puntland." African Affairs 116, no. 462 (December 15, 2016): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adw078.

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29

Handuleh, Jibril, Victor Periera-Sanchez, and Daniel Fekadu Wolde-Giorgis. "Innovative psychiatry medical education initiative: empowering and supervising trainees for future teaching in psychiatry training program establishment in Somaliland." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.400.

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AimsSomaliland is a de facto state in the horn of Africa. It unilaterally declared independence from rest of Somalia in 1991. Medical education in Somaliland started in the year 2000.Aim of the study is to explore the feasibility of teaching program for the country by its future potential psychiatry educators. The initiative started in 2019 to seek trainees with interest in academic psychiatry and support them with medical education skills. This is intended to prepare them for leading future teaching roles in both undergraduate and residency/fellowship in psychiatryAmoud University wanted to empower junior doctors at the university to have teaching skills needed to set up residency program. The Somaliland government asked Ethiopian ministry of health to offer psychiatry residency program for general practitioners in Somaliland to have future residency and fellowship in psychiatry. Several psychiatry trainees worked with the visiting professor from the United Kingdom who joined Somaliland medical school as visiting professor in psychiatryMethodThe visiting professor supported the trainee in setting up a psychiatry undergraduate training curriculum in line with Somaliland medical school curriculum. Before the teaching methods were didactic and role play based. The faculty introduced different teaching methods including flipchart, small/large group teaching which was student centered education. Students received a online survey to reflect on psychiatry teaching they received. post course survey was conducted at the end of the teaching to evaluate the teaching initiative.ResultSurvey revealed interesting pattern that students preferred class room based teaching in comparison to online teaching. 90 percent of the attendees showed interest in flipchart teaching compared to didactic model. They expressed increasing understanding of the subject matter when they read and discuss among themselves instead of lectures. 70% of students prefer more clinical teaching compared to online sessions.52% liked the new teaching module compared to the lecturing sytle.ConclusionSupervision of early career psychiatrists to undertake future academic psychiatry roles is an important step in building psychiatry faculty in medical schools. As the case of Somaliland this retains trainees in teaching roles in the future to teach undergraduates mental health courses. The other benefit is empowering them to set up psychiatry training program to close the service delivery gap with skilled psychiatrists in the future. Somaliland plans to set up its psychiatry residency/fellowship programs soon after this initiative.

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30

Lindley, Anna. "Seeking Refuge in an Unrecognized State: Oromos in Somaliland." Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 26, no. 1 (October 9, 2010): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.30620.

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The self-declared state of Somaliland is much better known as a refugee producing territory than a refugee destination.Yet in recent years the territory has witnessed growing non-Somali immigration from the Oromo regions of Ethiopia.In the wake of marginalization and oppression in Ethiopia, these newcomers find a precarious refuge in Somaliland, demonstrating some of the challenges of in-region protection and integration in the Horn of Africa.

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31

Hoehne, Markus V. "Mimesis and Mimicry in Dynamics of State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia." Africa 79, no. 2 (May 2009): 252–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0001972009000710.

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In this article, mimesis and mimicry are used as analytical concepts to explore dynamics of state and identity formation in Somaliland and Puntland since the early 1990s. Mimesis captures endeavours to imitate well-established models of social and political organization. Mimicry involves the deceptive imitation of such models in order to reach a certain aim. In the particular setting of northern Somalia, miming and mimicking in state and identity formation are also related to conflict escalation. The article first presents relevant political and legal positions on state collapse and secession. This helps to grasp the theoretical and policy implications of the empirical material. Then, the establishment of Somaliland and Puntland through mimesis and mimicry is sketched. The outline of the repeated military confrontations between both sides, particularly the last round of fighting in and around the town of Laascaanood in late 2007, indicates the relation of state and identity formation to military conflict. These localized dynamics are embedded into the continuing conflict in southern Somalia that involves a number of internal and external actors. The article concludes that miming and mimicking underlie many of Somaliland's and Puntland's internal developments and their conflictive relationship. Moreover, since the conflict in northern Somalia concerns state formation, it might have far-reaching consequences for the future of Somalia as a whole. This finally leads to the suggestion that the international norms regarding state collapse and secession have to be re-evaluated in the light of the empirical realities at hand.

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32

Rayale, Siham. "Narrating everyday peace and (in)security: Somaliland women�s lived realities as sites of contestation." Journal of the British Academy 10s1 (2022): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s1.011.

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This article is a collection of Somali women�s narratives during Somaliland�s early peace and reconciliation conferences (1992�7) and their experience of the post-conflict reconstruction period (2000�12). Women�s experience with violence, insecurity and prevailing gender norms highlights that peace is not the absence of gendered violence and that everyday peace is mired in political stability and physical insecurity. Twenty years on, women�s narratives have helped to fill gaps by showing how women�s contributions have been sidelined but also demonstrate their unique experiences of �peace� and �security�. This has been instrumental to framing Somaliland�s political history as a region exempt from the civil strife manifest in other parts of the Horn. This article examines the sites of contestations and conflict that have emerged as a consequence of women�s narratives being marginalised and its implications on how �peace� and �security� are practised and framed in the Somaliland context.

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33

John, Samuel Otieno. "Assessment of Factors Affecting Performance of Agribusiness Enterprises in Omaliland." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation 09, no. 04 (2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2022.9403.

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In Sub-Saharan Africa, the agricultural sector remains to be the mainstay of the economies. The establishment of agribusiness opportunities offers widespread benefits in terms of food. This study aimed to examine the social, economic, technological, and environmental factors behind the deterioration of the agribusiness sector in Somaliland. The study administered semi-structured questionnaires to 96 respondents in the Gabiley district. The Linear regression results indicate that nine variables, namely; price fluctuation, prolonged drought spell, entrepreneurship training, access to extension services, capital, greenhouse technology, use of mobile money transfer, were statistically significant at 5%. However, four hypothesized variables; farm inputs, land size, education, and availability of farmers’ cooperative societies) were not statistically significant. The study recommends that Somaliland’s ministry of agriculture provide agricultural extension staff and capital to stimulate agribusiness development in the country.

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34

Cros, Jean-Paul, Xavier Gutherz, Joséphine Lesur, and Mohamed Abdi Ali. "Les monuments mégalithiques du Somaliland." Afrique : Archeologie et Arts, no. 13 (November 15, 2017): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/aaa.994.

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35

Hoehne, Markus Virgil, and Raphaël Botiveau. "L'État « de facto » du Somaliland." Politique africaine 120, no. 4 (2010): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/polaf.120.0175.

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36

Bradbury, Mark, Adan Yusuf Abokor, and Haroon Ahmed Yusuf. "Somaliland: choosing politics over violence." Review of African Political Economy 30, no. 97 (September 2003): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2003.9659778.

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37

Walls, Michael, and Steve Kibble. "Somaliland: progress, state and outsiders." Review of African Political Economy 38, no. 128 (June 2011): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2011.583125.

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38

Seth Kaplan. "The Remarkable Story of Somaliland." Journal of Democracy 19, no. 3 (2008): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0009.

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39

Harris, W. Victor. "TERMITES FROM BRITISH SOMALILAND (ISOPTERA)." Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, Taxonomy 15, no. 5-6 (March 18, 2009): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1946.tb00823.x.

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40

Fenwick, Toby. "The Seychelles–Somaliland Prisoner Transfer Agreement: A Case of Implicit Recognition?" African Journal of International and Comparative Law 27, no. 3 (August 2019): 400–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2019.0281.

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The self-declared and unrecognised ‘Republic of Somaliland’ signed a Prisoner Transfer Agreement with the Republic of Seychelles in April 2017. This article considers whether the PTA was an MoU or a treaty, and if it was a treaty, whether it constituted an act of implicit recognition. It concludes that the PTA was an international treaty of sufficient gravity to make it a possible route to confer implicit recognition, but that in this case there was not unambiguous Seychellois intent to implicitly recognise Somaliland, and that therefore implicit recognition did not occur.

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Abdi Abdillahi, Fatumo, Edna Adan Ismail, and Swaran P. Singh. "Mental Health in Somaliland: a critical situation." BJPsych International 17, no. 1 (July 8, 2019): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2019.14.

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Somaliland is experiencing an explosion of mental health problems that has received little coverage. The country has experienced devastating civil wars that have resulted in widespread trauma, and the lack of necessary mental health infrastructure is an obstacle to allowing the population to heal and recover. War trauma, poverty, unemployment and widespread substance misuse (khat) have all negatively affected the mental health of its citizens. This report provides an overview of a rapid needs assessment carried out across Somaliland that examined current service provision, gaps in services, and interviews with mental health professionals and caregivers.

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Cotache-Condor, Cesia F., Katelyn Moody, Tessa Concepcion, Mubarak Mohamed, Shukri Dahir, Edna Adan Ismail, Jonathan Cook, John Will, Henry E. Rice, and Emily R. Smith. "Geospatial analysis of pediatric surgical need and geographical access to care in Somaliland: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e042969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042969.

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BackgroundThe global burden of disease in children is large and disproportionally affects low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Geospatial analysis offers powerful tools to quantify and visualise disparities in surgical care in LMICs. Our study aims to analyse the geographical distribution of paediatric surgical conditions and to evaluate the geographical access to surgical care in Somaliland.MethodsUsing the Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need survey and a combined survey from the WHO’s (WHO) Surgical Assessment Tool—Hospital Walkthrough and the Global Initiative for Children’s Surgery Global Assessment in Paediatric Surgery, we collected data on surgical burden and access from 1503 children and 15 hospitals across Somaliland. We used several geospatial tools, including hotspot analysis, service area analysis, Voronoi diagrams, and Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation to estimate the geographical distribution of paediatric surgical conditions and access to care across Somaliland.ResultsOur analysis suggests less than 10% of children have timely access to care across Somaliland. Patients could travel up to 12 hours by public transportation and more than 2 days by foot to reach surgical care. There are wide geographical disparities in the prevalence of paediatric surgical conditions and access to surgical care across regions. Disparities are greater among children travelling by foot and living in rural areas, where the delay to receive surgery often exceeds 3 years. Overall, Sahil and Sool were the regions that combined the highest need and the poorest surgical care coverage.ConclusionOur study demonstrated wide disparities in the distribution of surgical disease and access to surgical care for children across Somaliland. Geospatial analysis offers powerful tools to identify critical areas and strategically allocate resources and interventions to efficiently scale-up surgical care for children in Somaliland.

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Cohen, Callan, Michael S. L. Mills, and Julian Francis. "Endemic and special birds of Somaliland." Bulletin of the African Bird Club 18, no. 1 (March 2011): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.309935.

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Wilson, R. Trevor. "The one-humped camel in somaliland." Journal of Camel Practice and Research 27, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-8934.2020.00001.6.

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Ali, M. Y. "Geology and coal potential of Somaliland." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 2, no. 2 (2009): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2009.024885.

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Handuleh, Jibril I. M., Abdirahman M. Gurgurte, Aidarous Elmi, Ismail M. Aye, Fadumo Abubakr, Mohamed A. Kayd, Said A. Walhad, and Yakoub Aden Abdi. "Mental health services provision in Somaliland." Lancet Psychiatry 1, no. 2 (July 2014): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70241-x.

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Hansen, Peter. "The ambiguity of khat in Somaliland." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132, no. 3 (December 2010): 590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.028.

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Mohamed, Jama. "The Political Ecology of Colonial Somaliland." Africa 74, no. 4 (November 2004): 534–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.534.

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AbstractThe social basis of ecological change in Somaliland during the colonial period was politics, especially imperial politics: the division of the Somali country into various colonial spheres, the loss of territory under the 1897 Anglo‐Ethiopian Treaty, and the pacification wars. These events, as it were, reduced the land available for use by the pastoralists, which led to overgrazing, soil erosion and ecological degradation. Moreover, the income of the population declined throughout the colonial period. Even though during the late colonial period the ‘nominal’ price of pastoral goods increased, the ‘real’ price of pastoral commodities did not increase to cover the loss of income caused by inflation and the high cost of imported goods. These two processes—on the one hand ecological degradation and on the other the decline of income—could be understood if they were read contrapuntally. Such reading is possible only if we give full attention to political ecology: why ecology had changed, the politics of that change, and the impact it had on the income and everyday life of the population.

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MacGregor, Matthew, Fawzia Yusuf H. Adam, and Saad Ali Shire. "Diaspora and development: lessons from Somaliland." International Journal of Technology and Globalisation 4, no. 3 (2008): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtg.2008.020329.

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Dahir, Shukri, Cesia F. Cotache-Condor, Tessa Concepcion, Mubarak Mohamed, Dan Poenaru, Edna Adan Ismail, Andy J. M. Leather, Henry E. Rice, and Emily R. Smith. "Interpreting the Lancet surgical indicators in Somaliland: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e042968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042968.

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BackgroundThe unmet burden of surgical care is high in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) proposed six indicators to guide the development of national plans for improving and monitoring access to essential surgical care. This study aimed to characterise the Somaliland surgical health system according to the LCoGS indicators and provide recommendations for next-step interventions.MethodsIn this cross-sectional nationwide study, the WHO’s Surgical Assessment Tool–Hospital Walkthrough and geographical mapping were used for data collection at 15 surgically capable hospitals. LCoGS indicators for preparedness was defined as access to timely surgery and specialist surgical workforce density (surgeons, anaesthesiologists and obstetricians/SAO), delivery was defined as surgical volume, and impact was defined as protection against impoverishment and catastrophic expenditure. Indicators were compared with the LCoGS goals and were stratified by region.ResultsThe healthcare system in Somaliland does not meet any of the six LCoGS targets for preparedness, delivery or impact. We estimate that only 19% of the population has timely access to essential surgery, less than the LCoGS goal of 80% coverage. The number of specialist SAO providers is 0.8 per 100 000, compared with an LCoGS goal of 20 SAO per 100 000. Surgical volume is 368 procedures per 100 000 people, while the LCoGS goal is 5000 procedures per 100 000. Protection against impoverishing expenditures was only 18% and against catastrophic expenditures 1%, both far below the LCoGS goal of 100% protection.ConclusionWe found several gaps in the surgical system in Somaliland using the LCoGS indicators and target goals. These metrics provide a broad view of current status and gaps in surgical care, and can be used as benchmarks of progress towards universal health coverage for the provision of safe, affordable, and timely surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia care in Somaliland.

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