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Journal articles on the topic 'Somme, Battle of the the, 1916'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 13 December 2022

Last updated: 27 January 2023

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1

Stojanova, Christina. "The Great War: Cinema, Propaganda, and The Emancipation of Film Language." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Film and Media Studies 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 131–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausfm-2017-0006.

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AbstractThe relation between war and cinema, propaganda and cinema is a most intriguing area, located at the intersection of media studies, history and film aesthetics. A truly tragic moment in human history, the First World War was also the first to be fought before film cameras. And while in the field, airborne reconnaissance became cinematic (Virilio), domestic propaganda occupied the screen of the newly emergent national cinemas, only to see its lucid message challenged and even subverted by the fast-evolving language of cinema. Part one of this paper looks at three non-fiction films, released in 1916:Battle of Somme, With Our Heroes at the Somme(Bei unseren Helden an der Somme) andBattle of Somme(La Bataille de la Somme), as paradigmatic propaganda takes on the eponymous historical battle from British, German and French points of view. Part two analyses two war-time Hollywood melodramas, David Wark Griffith’sHearts of the World(1918) and Allen Holubar’sThe Heart of Humanity(1919), and explains the longevity of the former with the powerful “text effect” of the authentic wartime footage included. Thus, while these WWI propaganda works do validate Virilio’s ideas of the integral connections between technology, war and cinema, and between cinema and propaganda, they also herald the emancipation of post-WWI film language.

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2

Scotland, Tom. "Henry Gray and John Fraser: Scottish surgeons of the Great War." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.2508.

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Between 1914 and 1918, the British Expeditionary Force fighting in France and Flanders sustained 2.7 million battle casualties. Just over one quarter (26.1%) were never seen by the medical services. These were men who had been killed (14.2%), were missing (5.4%), or were prisoners of war (6.5%). Most of those who were missing had been killed and their bodies never recovered. Just under three-quarters of the wounded (73.9% or 1 988 969) were seen and treated by the medical services and 151 356 died.[i] The worst single day in British military history was Saturday 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, when there were 57 470 casualties, of whom 20 000 were killed or died from their wounds. In nearly a quarter of a million admissions dealt with by the medical services, 58.5% of wounds were caused by high-explosive shellfire, 39% by bullets (mostly from machine guns), 2% were caused by grenades, and 0.5% from bayonets.

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3

Haggith, Toby. "Reconstructing the Musical Arrangement forThe Battle of the Somme(1916)." Film History: An International Journal 14, no. 1 (March 2002): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/fil.2002.14.1.11.

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4

Tennent, W. John, Stella Beavan, Huw Jones, and Geoff Martin. "A supplementary note to 'An historical note on butterfly collecting in France during The Great War (1914–1918)'." Entomologist's Gazette 70, no. 4 (October 25, 2019): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.704.1745.

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Following a short article regarding the collection of a specimen of Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) by A. A. Tullett, in France during the Battle of the Somme in 1916, further personal and entomological data regarding Tullett and others is presented.

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5

Reeves, Nicholas. "Cinema, spectatorship and propaganda: ‘Battle of the Somme’ (1916) and its contemporary audience." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 17, no. 1 (March 1997): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439689700260601.

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6

Dibbets and Groot. "Which Battle of the Somme? War and neutrality in Dutch cinemas, 1914–1918." Film History 22, no. 4 (2010): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/filmhistory.2010.22.4.440.

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7

McGaughey, Jane. "Blood-debts and Battlefields: Ulster Imperialism and Masculine Authority on the Western Front 1916–1918." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 20, no. 2 (September 15, 2010): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044397ar.

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Men’s bodies were one of the more notable sites of conflict in Northern Ireland after the 1918 armistice. Long before the war was over, Ulstermen had become part of a public legacy of blood-sacrifice and the epic mythology of warrior manliness surrounding the 36th (Ulster) Division. The predominantly Protestant north-east of Ireland revelled in heroic language and romantic sentiment about their losses and the consequences of their sacrifice. For years after their most famous battle at the Somme on the 1st of July 1916, Unionists maintained a vibrant communal memory that pointedly excluded the achievements and sacrifices of the 16th (Irish) and 10th (Irish) Divisions, to the detriment of northern Nationalist veterans. More importantly, the ramifications of northern society’s understanding of soldiering masculinities directly led to some of the more infamous physical events of The Troubles from 1920 to 1922. These episodes included the violent shipyard expulsions in Belfast, the intimidation of shell-shocked ex-servicemen, membership in vigilante paramilitary societies, and government-mandated floggings of Catholic veterans in a society that prized service in the Great War as the greatest hallmark of modern Irish masculinity. The language of sacrifice within the public sphere, witnessed in public discourse and literally imprinted upon the bodies of those deemed unworthy and unmanly, mythologized one group of men at the expense of another, making the legacy of the Great War and the actions of and upon male bodies highly significant and influential factors in Northern Ireland for the rest of the twentieth century.

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8

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. "The Experience of Fighting with Allies: The Case of the Capture of Falfemont Farm during the Battle of the Somme, 1916." War in History 10, no. 2 (April 2003): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0968344503wh267oa.

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9

Haas, Allison. "Two 1916s: Sebastian Barry’s A Long Long Way." Humanities 8, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010060.

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As Paul Fussell has shown, the First World War was a watershed moment for 20th century British history and culture. While the role of the 36th (Ulster) Division in the Battle of the Somme has become a part of unionist iconography in what is now Northern Ireland, the experience of southern or nationalist Irish soldiers in the war remains underrepresented. Sebastian Barry’s 2005 novel, A Long Long Way is one attempt to correct this historical imbalance. This article will examine how Barry represents the relationship between the First World War and the 1916 Easter Rising through the eyes of his politically-conflicted protagonist, Willie Dunne. While the novel at first seems to present a common war experience as a means of healing political divisions between Ireland and Britain, this solution ultimately proves untenable. By the end of the novel, Willie’s hybrid English–Irish identity makes him an outcast in both places, even as he increasingly begins to identify with the Irish nationalist cause. Unlike some of Barry’s other novels, A Long Long Way does not present a disillusioned version of the early 20th century Irish nationalism. Instead, Willie sympathizes with the rebels, and Barry ultimately argues for a more inclusive Irish national identity.

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10

Ellenbogen, Josh. "Review of Joe Sacco, The Great War: July 1, 1916: The First Day of the Battle of the SommeJoe Sacco. The Great War: July 1, 1916: The First Day of the Battle of the Somme. New York: W. W. Norton, 2013. 54 pp." Critical Inquiry 41, no. 3 (March 2015): 705–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/680199.

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11

Switzer, Catherine, and Brian Graham. "‘Ulster's love in letter'd gold’: the Battle of the Somme and the Ulster Memorial Tower, 1918–1935." Journal of Historical Geography 36, no. 2 (April 2010): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2009.09.002.

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12

Morgan, Kenneth O. "England, Britain and the Audit of War (The Prothero Lecture)." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 7 (December 1997): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679273.

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THE award of the Booker Prize for 1995 to Pat Barker'sGhost Roaddid more than pay tribute to the latest powerful novel in the author's ‘Regeneration Cycle’. It also emphasised once again how much the historical and cultural consciousness of twentieth-century Britain is dominated by images of war. With the obvious exception of Northern Ireland, Great Britain has been an unusually peaceful and stable country in a century marked by revolution and upheaval. Yet our national experience has been shaped, almost obsessed, by two world wars in a way true of few, if any, other countries. Memories of 1914 and 1939 tower over us like Lutyens's massive monument at Thiepval. The war leaders, David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, are commonly thought of as our two greatest prime ministers in modern times (though another, more recent, prime minister, victorious in the Falklands, still has her champions). Armistice day, Remembrance Sunday and the wearing of poppies retain their potency as all-powerful national symbols of sacrifice. The British Legion remains an influential pressure group. The eightieth anniversary of the battle of the Somme in July 1996 emphasised anew the enduring impact of the tragedies of the first world war. More generally, the fiftieth anniversaries of VE Day and VJ Day the previous year were nationwide ceremonies of remembrance for the sacrifices of the second. Almost every episode in current history, especially where Europe is involved, is commonly linked with memories of earlier conflict. Even the 1996 crisis in Anglo-German relations, such as it was, arising from ‘mad cow disease’ evoked comparison with 1939.

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13

Maciąg, Kazimierz. "W kręgu problematyki pamiętników z podróży po Europie Franciszka Salezego Gawrońskiego." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 15, no. 2 (2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2020.2.2.

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Franciszek Salezy Gawroński (1787–1871), a soldier in the Napoleonic army and a participant in the November Uprising, is the author of an extensive diary covering the period from his childhood to 1869, some of which was published in 1916, most of which remains in the original manuscripts. In the first half of the nineteenth century Gawroński was also an important figure in Polish political and cultural life in Krakow. He was a member of many societies, and was also elected to the Senate of the Republic of Cracow. Among his friends and acquaintances there were representatives of great aristocratic families. He witnessed important historical events, including the Spring of Nations. The article presents his unpublished diary from his travels around Europe in the years 1839–1841. During this period the diarist visited Italy, Switzerland, German countries, Belgium, France and England and Austria. During his journey, Franciszek Gawroński met with many of his colleagues – soldiers, politicians, writers. Among other things, he visited the site of the Battle of Waterloo, and in Paris he attended the second funeral of Emperor Napoleon. His interlocutors include Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Adam Mickiewicz and Jan Skrzynecki. Researchers highly value this diary as a source of information. This work contains important information on the life of the Polish emigration community in France and England, and has hardly been used in academic research so far. The article contains information on the biography of Franciszek Salezy Gawroński, a general characteristic of his autobiographical work, and presents several excerpts from the diary with commentary.

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Abdulvakhabova, Birlant Borz-Alievna. "SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL TENDENCIES IN GROZNY IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE XX CENTURY." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 15, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch15157-61.

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The article conveys some tendencies in the lives of the Chechen people who lived in Grozny in the first quarter of the XX century. The period of the 1900-1914 is characterized by the rapid development of the Grozny economic region, an increase in the number of Chechen workers who were engaged in crafts and trades, and in the number of urban population. The author underlines such aspects of urban socio-cultural development as features of the development of public education, the formation of librarianship, book publishing, and the local nature of cultural activities. The revolutionary events of 1905–1907, February and October of 1917, contributed to the radicalization of the urban environment. Considering military-political, economic and criminal instability, most of the urban Chechens were forced to leave Grozny. The subsequent 100-day battles of the Grozny proletariat with bicherakhists (August-November of 1918) turned the life of the townspeople into harsh trials. The Civil War left debilitating scars. The Soviet power obtained the Grozny oil industry in a ruined state. The new economic policy, in particular, the creation of syndicates, trusts, concessions, led to a revival of the Grozny oil industry.

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15

Bowen, Claire. "Inventing a Battle: The Case of the Somme." Revue LISA / LISA e-journal, Vol. IV - n°3 (September 1, 2006): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/lisa.1990.

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16

Feldman, Seth. "Battle of the Somme: What the Audience Saw." Canadian Journal of Film Studies 27, no. 2 (October 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjfs.27.2.2018-0015.

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17

Strachan, Hew. "The battle of the Somme and British strategy." Journal of Strategic Studies 21, no. 1 (March 1998): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402399808437709.

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18

Cotterrell, Roger. "The struggle for law: some dilemmas of cultural legality." International Journal of Law in Context 4, no. 4 (December 2008): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552309004042.

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My title ‘The Struggle for Law’ is that of a book by the nineteenth-century German jurist Rudolf von Jhering (1915). In fact a better translation of Jhering’s original German title (Der Kampf ums Recht) might be ‘the struggle around law’ or ‘the battle for rights’. He argued that citizens owe a moral duty to themselves and their society to assert legal rights vigorously. But law itself is above the fray, not subservient to their conflicting interests. So the struggle for law is not to control it but to invigorate it – to be involved in the legal order, an active citizen living under law. Jhering presupposed a cultural unity – ‘our whole culture’ (Jhering, 1913, pp. 59, 62). Given this unity, law can respond not only to citizens’ claims but to their feelings – feelings that are understandable in the shared culture law inhabits.

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19

Greenhalgh, E. "Why the British Were on the Somme in 1916." War in History 6, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096834499670551013.

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20

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. "Why the British Were on the Somme in 1916." War in History 6, no. 2 (April 1999): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096834459900600202.

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21

Jamsari, Ezad Azraai, Raja Muhammad Imran Raja Abdul Aziz, Ermy Azziaty Rozali, Badlihisham Mohd Nasir, Mohamad Zulfazdlee Abul Hassan Ashari, Adibah Sulaiman, and Noorsafuan Che Noh. "A NARRATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE BATTLE OF ÇANAKKALE 1915 ACCORDING TO THE REFLECTION OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 5, no. 21 (December 6, 2020): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.521008.

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This article describes the investigation of selected primary sources regarding the Battle of Çanakkale (Battle of Gallipoli) which occurred in the year 1915 in the Ottoman era, in addition to compiling a holistic annotation of the sources. Analysis of the narrative in this research gives meaning to the portrayal and description of the lesson aspect of narration from the records of the selected sources. The purpose of this research is to analyze and scrutinize the selected primary sources and the annotation to the Battle of Çanakkale 1915. The whole research used a qualitative approach through historical and content analysis design. Research data was gathered using document analysis and scrutiny of the selected primary sources. Data analysis in this research used an internal and external critique approach. Research findings conclude that in the acquisition of resources, there was a void relating to the Battle of Çanakkale 1915, especially in the Malay language as reflected from the native’s perspective. Hence, this research took the initiative to focus on the aspect of analyzing the narrative of the Battle of Çanakkale 1915 of some selected primary sources in the English language. This investigation was holistically conducted by scrutinizing the annotations of reference materials categorized as authoritative for the history of the Battle of Çanakkale 1915. Analysis of annotation was done on ten (10) materials for the category of war records (primary) randomly selected. This research can contribute to facilitating a search for sources relating to the Battle of Çanakkale 1915, especially authoritative primary sources. It can indirectly elevate the field of Muslim military history, particularly of the Ottoman era, to researchers of Islamic history and civilization corpus. In addition, a reference list in the Malay language for the Battle of Çanakkale 1915 was compiled in order to fill the void mentioned.

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22

Farrar‐Hockley, Anthony. "The shock of battle’ 1914–1916." RUSI Journal 143, no. 1 (February 1998): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071849808446232.

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23

Rhodes, Bryan. "Kendal's Stramongate Hospital and the Battle of the Somme." Morecambe Bay Medical Journal 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48037/mbmj.v7i5.147.

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24

Breeze, Andrew. "The Early Welsh Cult of Arthur: Some Points at Issue." Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scp-2016-0001.

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Abstract A recent discussion of Arthur and Wales prompts a reply, using up-to-date research. It offers these surprising conclusions. Arthur really existed: he is not a myth or a legend, but historical. He will not have been Welsh, but a North Briton, and perhaps a Strathclyder. His battles, fought against other Britons and not the English, can all be located in southern Scotland and the Borders. Camlan, where Arthur fell, can be securely dated to 537 (after the Welsh annals) and situated north of Carlisle on Hadrian’s Wall (as proposed in 1935 by O. S. G. Crawford). The battle of Mount Badon in 493 will, however, have nothing to do with Arthur or North Britain. It was a British victory over the English, fought near Swindon and perhaps at the hillfort of Ringsbury overlooking Braydon Forest. Proponents of a Northern Arthur, like Rachel Bromwich (1915-2010) and Charles Thomas (1928-2016) can thus be vindicated against those rejecting a Northern Arthur, like Professor Kenneth Jackson (1909-91) of Edinburgh.

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25

BIAGINI, EUGENIO F. "A LONG WAY TO TIPPERARY: THE IRISH IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR." Historical Journal 61, no. 2 (October 17, 2017): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000218.

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‘The Irish are out in force’: it was a rainy summer day on the fields of the Somme, and they were very young, in their early teens, in fact. However, this was not 1916, but 2016, when the centenary of one of the bloodiest battles in history attracted an international crowd, including large contingents of school children from the Republic. In contrast to the 50th anniversary, which, in 1966, had been a ‘Unionist’ commemoration – claimed by the Northern Irish loyalists as their own, while the survivors of the Southern veterans kept their heads down and suppressed this part of their past – in 2016, the conflict was widely construed as an inclusive experience, which saw men and women giving their lives ‘for Ireland’ even when fighting ‘for King and Empire’. A generation ago this would have shocked traditional nationalists, who regarded the Great War as an ‘English’ one, in contrast to the Easter Rising and the subsequent War of Independence. However, European integration and the Peace Process gradually brought about a different mindset. Among historians, it was the late Keith Jeffery who spearheaded the revision of our perception of Ireland's standing in the war. This reassessment was further developed in 2008, with John Horne's editingOur war, a volume jointly published by RTÉ (the Irish broadcasting company) and the Royal Irish Academy, in which ten of the leading historians of the period – including Keith Jeffery, Paul Bew, David Fitzpatrick, and Catriona Pennell – presented Ireland as a protagonist, rather than merely a victim of British imperialism. By 2016, this new understanding had largely reshaped both government and public perceptions, with ‘the emergence of a more tolerant and flexible sense of Irish identity’. This has been confirmed by the largely consensual nature of the war centenary commemorations. While Dublin took the initiative, Northern Ireland's Sinn Féin leaders were ready to follow suit with the then deputy first minister of Northern Ireland, Martin McGuinness, visiting the battlefield of the Western Front to honour the memory of the Irish dead, and the Speaker of the Belfast Assembly, Mitchel McLaughlin, and his party colleague, Elisha McCallion, the mayor of Derry and Strabane, laying wreaths at the local war memorials.

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26

Elmes, Simon. "Words, Words, Words." English Today 31, no. 3 (August 12, 2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078415000176.

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It's difficult to imagine the relatively civilised, slightly worn corridors of London's old Broadcasting House, headquarters of the BBC, as being the frontline in a war. No trenches; no barbed wire; not a sign of battle-fatigue to be seen … Yet here whizz-bangs are almost as frequent as they were at the Somme. For frontline this indeed is; a place where battle-royal is pitched between the opposing camps of linguistic orthodoxy and originality. The spot where, like a pair of weirdly-named opponents from Gulliver's Travels, the Descriptivists do battle with the Prescriptivists.

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27

Graham, B., and P. Shirlow. "The Battle of the Somme in Ulster memory and identity." Political Geography 21, no. 7 (September 2002): 881–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(02)00034-3.

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28

Chakraborty, Swarnendu. "The partition of Bengal in 1947 and The Role of the Hindu MahaSabha." British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History 2, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/bjpsh.2022.2.1.5.

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According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the English word “De-colonization” means liberation of colonies from their foreign overlords. After the 2nd world war, the De-colonization of the Asia African continent began due to different economic-political-strategic factors. However, in many instances, this process brings partition of an undivided country into 2\3 smaller successor States with forceful mass migration, refugee crisis, loss of monetary and human resources due to violent civil wars between different ethno-religious groups. After the battle of Plessey (1757) granting of Dewani to the English East India Company (1765), Bengal became the center of the British power in East India. The British city of Calcutta became the most prominent city in Asia as the capital of British India. Through the efforts of some European and native academicians, a mixture of Anglo-British culture happened. The Bengali thinkers taught the nation the first lessons of patriotism during the colonial period. At the beginning of the 20th century, the then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, divided Bengal into two parts in 1905. The Bengali masses protested publicly against the partition. R.Tagore and other Bengali thinkers guided the agitation. This protest movement was known as the Swadeshi movement. In 1911, the division was cancelled, but the capital of British India had been shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. After the establishment of the Muslim League. (1906), The Hindu MohaSabha (1915) and enactment of the Morle-Minto (1909), Montegu-Chamesford (1919), the communal harmony between the Bengali Hindu and Muslim community decreased. After the 2nd world war, it became clear that the British Empire in the Indian sub-continent would collapse soon. During the power transfer process, the division of the sub-continent into two different countries became inventible. My aim in this study is to point out the role of the Hindu MahaSabha in the partition of Bengal in 1947. I will try to point out whether the division of Bengal was necessary or the rise of Bengali communalism forced it. I will try both analytical and descriptive research methods to answer my questions.

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29

McCartney, Helen B. "Commemorating the centenary of the Battle of the Somme in Britain." War & Society 36, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2017.1384138.

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30

Sebag-Montefiore, H. "Seeking memoirs of vets involved in the Battle of the Somme." Veterinary Record 165, no. 21 (November 21, 2009): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.165.21.636-b.

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31

Cackov, Oliver. "FIRST BATTLE LINE ON SALONICA FRONT 1916-1918." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 5 (June 5, 2019): 1573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31051573c.

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During the First World War Macedonia in its ethnic borders was a space of bloody fights of the Great Powers and their struggle for world domination and colonial empires. The front line on the territory of Macedonia, known as the Front of Macedonia, whose length was several hundred kilometers long, stretched predominantly through the mountainous areas at an altitude of over 2,000 meters where the armed conflicts, between the forces of the Entente and the Central Powers took place. The immediate cause of the formation of the Macedonian Front was the failure of the Dardanelles Operation, when troops from Galipola were transferred to Thessaloniki. The Macedonian front was the only allied front where the only command had been operating throughout its existence. At the beginning, the main command was held by the General Moris Saraj. The paper deals with the tragedy of the cities and the population, and the mountain heights that were located on the first frontline of the Macedonian Front, with huge destruction and devastation from everyday artillery and air strikes. Bitola as an important communication point was constantly exposed to bombardment, and many of the surrounding villages disappeared forever. Only a few kilometers southeast of Bitola is the top Kajmakcalan, where there were also fierce fighting with many casualties and terrible devastation. The Battle of Kajmakcalan as part of the military operations of the Macedonian Front is one of the great battles of the First World War. In the history, the Battle of Kajmakchalan has been observed according to the great number of dead and wounded and the altitude where it took place. The breathtaking legendary city of Dojran and its surroundings, located in the center of the demarcation (front line), was completely destroyed. The residents of Dojran, on the orders of the Central Forces who were stationed there, left their homes and left in other Macedonian cities, but also in Serbia and Bulgaria, before the very beginning of the "Dojran Front".

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32

Iarocci, Andrew. "The Battle of the Somme: The Heroism and Horror of War (review)." Canadian Historical Review 88, no. 4 (2007): 657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/can.2008.0003.

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33

Hancock, Albert Joseph, and R. A. Mitchell. "Extracts from a World War 1 Diary: The Battle of the Somme." Australian Journal on Ageing 14, no. 3 (August 1995): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1995.tb00714.x.

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34

Ellis, Harold. "William Barnsley Allen: a medical hero of the Battle of the Somme." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 77, no. 7 (July 2, 2016): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2016.77.7.426.

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35

AVDYLİ, Merxhan, and Veli KRYEZİU. "Folk Songs about Canakkale in Albanian History and Literature." Rast Müzikoloji Dergisi 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12975/rastmd.20221028.

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Albanian culture coexisted for a period of over 500 years with Ottoman culture, at the turn of the new century, along with the Balkan troubles that led to the continued embrace of the transition from an old culture to the ideology of the Young Turk movement, and the continuation of joint Albanian-Turkish actions, in order to protect the Albanian Vilayets from the Serbo-Montenegrin occupiers. Early nineteenth-century Turkey emerged from bloody wars on all sides of its borders and from a weak government led by Abdul Hamid II faced a new war in 1915 now in defense of the Dardanelles in the bloodiest battle "The Battle of Canakkale". The First World War found Albanians divided and occupied in some of its territories, however, from 1912 Albania had declared Independence, but Kosovo, Skopje and Bitola, Ulcinj and Bar had remained outside the borders, while Chameria - the South of Albania had been invaded by Greece. During the First World War a large number of Albanians remained in the Turkish military service, many others joined the Turkish army, mainly Albanians who had migrated to Turkey from the violence of the Serbo-Montenegrin invaders, as well as some more from Kosovo, Skopje, Tetovo, Presevo, Shkodra, Ulcinj, etc who volunteered to help the Turkish army. According to history, oral literature and written documents, many Albanians died heroically, it is said that about 25,000 martyrs had died in this battle. In their honor, the Albanian people composed songs, it is worth mentioning the "song dedicated to the Battle of Canakkale" by the most prominent folklorists of the Albanian nation. Our research was done through a semi-structured interview with: 5 teachers of Albanian literature (at the same time master’s students at the University "Kadri Zeka" in Gjilan, Kosovo); 5 history teachers (at the same time master’s students at the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo); 2 independent researchers from the Institute of History "Ali Hadri" Prishtina, Kosovo.

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Kay, Carolyn. "German children’s art during World War I." Global Studies of Childhood 11, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20436106211015694.

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My article considers German wartime propaganda and pedagogy from 1914 to 1916, which influenced young schoolchildren (aged 5–14) to create drawings and paintings of Germany’s military in World War I. In this art, the children drew bodies of German soldiers as tough, heroic, on the move, armed with powerful weapons, and part of a superior military movement; their enemies (French, Russian, British soldiers) embodied disorder, backwardness, ineptitude, and deadly weakness. The artwork by these schoolchildren thus reveals the intense propaganda of the war years, and the children’s tendency to see the German military as the most accomplished combatant in the war. During the first two years of the war, in the primary schools of the nation, many children did such art under the supervision of teachers who passionately embraced the nation and the war cause. Within the classroom, teachers directed students to imagine the war by drawing scenes of battles, including the sinking of the Lusitania. Some of these teachers had been influenced by the Kunsterziehungsbewegung (the arts’ education movement) and thus encouraged children’s creativity in art of the war years. In this pedagogical wartime environment the young student became actively engaged in creative learning and study about the war, expressing romantic ideas of the indomitable German soldier and sailor. My research has involved analysis of over 250 school drawings done by children aged 10–14 in a school in Wilhelmsburg, near Hamburg, in 1915. I analyze the depiction of the German forces in six of these sources and also consider the history of art instruction in German schools. Furthermore, I address the ways in which historians can analyze children’s art as a historical document for understanding the child’s experience.

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Garton, Stephen. "The Last Battle: Soldier Settlement in Australia 1916–1939." Australian Historical Studies 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2017.1337484.

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Hunt, Karen. "The Politics of Food and Women's Neighborhood Activism in First World War Britain." International Labor and Working-Class History 77, no. 1 (2010): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547909990226.

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AbstractIn 1917 and 1918 violent cost-of-living protests, largely peopled by poor urban housewives, erupted across the world. Although Britain did not experience such dramatic events, a women's politics of food can be found in local neighborhoods that touched the lives of unorganized housewives on the wartime home front. The new local committees created to defend consumer interests in the face of food shortages proved to be permeable to some women, particularly those who already had some experience with women's politics. However, limits were placed on this participation and on the self-organization of housewives by the ambiguous understanding of who constituted a consumer and thus who could speak for the ordinary housewife as she battled the food queues. By exploring the women's politics of food at a local level, it is argued that working-class women's participation in Food Vigilance Committees or in local boycotts may have had longer lasting effects in Britain than the more dramatic cost-of-living actions elsewhere.

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Hamlin, David. "“Dummes Geld”: Money, Grain, and the Occupation of Romania in WWI." Central European History 42, no. 3 (August 24, 2009): 451–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909990057.

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Romania entered World War I at a difficult moment for the Central Powers. The offensive against Verdun had been an extraordinarily bloody stalemate, one that sapped the officer corps' confidence in the leadership of General Erich von Falkenhayn. In June, Russia launched its great Brusilov offensive, pushing Austria-Hungary to the verge of capitulation. Soon thereafter, the British offensive against the Somme, itself a blood-soaked disaster, nonetheless revealed an astounding Entente advantage in war material. The first part of 1916 had not been kind to the armies of the Dual Alliance.

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David, Ricardo Santos. "First World War on Europe and the War Literature in Periods of Great Difficulty." Guará 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/gua.v7i1.5565.

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Nowadays, one hundred years after the greatest sea and trench battles, a question is posed: how could this Great European War change not only the continental configurations, but also the concepts of war and war literature? Until the nineteenth century, many saw war as some heroic act through which men could prove their bravery in an open fight, facing the enemy directly. By means of new weapon technology, death comes invisibly: gas, submarines, long-range artilleries, mines, airplanes, tanks, and machine guns. War strategies are altered and the feeling of a worthy fight in order to defend one’s homeland is ended. In this article, the great disillusion with war will be exemplified in the following romances: Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet in the Western Front (1929); concerning land warfare, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez’s The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1916), as well as Reinhard Göring’s Expressionist drama Seeschlacht (1917).Primeira Guerra Mundial sobre a Europa e a Literatura de Guerra em Períodos de Grandes DificuldadesHoje, cem anos depois das maiores batalhas navais e de trincheiras, cabe a pergunta: como esta Grande Guerra Europeia mudou não somente as configurações do continente, mas também os conceitos de guerra e de literatura de guerra? Até o século XIX, a guerra era vista por muitos como um ato heroico, pelo qual os homens podiam comprovar a sua valentia numa luta aberta, encarando diretamente o inimigo. Com a nova tecnologia de armas, a morte vem de forma invisível: gás, submarinos, artilharias de longo alcance, minas, aviões, tanques e metralhadoras. Muda-se a estratégia bélica e finda o sentimento de uma luta nobre para defender a pátria. Neste artigo, a grande desilusão com a guerra será exemplificada através dos romances Nada de novo no front (1929) de Erich Maria Remarque, Os quatro cavaleiros do Apocalipse (1916) de Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, abarcando a guerra terrestre, assim como o drama expressionista Batalha naval (1917) de Reinhard Göring.

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Deverell, Christopher M. "X. Haig versus Rawlinson – Manoeuvre versus Attrition: The British Army on the Somme, 1916." Defence Studies 5, no. 1 (January 2005): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702430500097317.

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Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. ""Parade Ground Soldiers": French Army Assessments of the British on the Somme in 1916." Journal of Military History 63, no. 2 (April 1999): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120645.

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Mütter, Bernd. "Somme 1916 und Normandie 1944. Zwei Erinnerungslandschaften der Weltkriegsepoche zwischen Geschichte, Politik und Tourismus." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 68, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 293–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/mgzs.2009.0010.

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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag geht aus vom Eindruck des heutigen deutschen Besuchers der beiden Weltkriegsschlachtfelder (1). Nach einer vergleichenden analytischen Skizze der beiden Schlachten (2) wird die westalliierte Inszenierung der Erinnerung (Kriegsspuren, Soldatenfriedhöfe, Denkmäler, Museen) untersucht (3). Schließlich stellt sich die Frage, wie die Erinnerung vor Ort auf dem Hintergrund der europäischen Verständigung ehemaliger Weltkriegsgegner und des anstehenden Generationswechsels zukunftsfähig gestaltet werden kann (4).

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Leek, Michael. "36 Hours: Jutland 1916: The battle that won the war." Mariner's Mirror 104, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2018.1415846.

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Stewart, William. "‘Byng Boys’: A Profile of Senior Commanders of Canadian Combat Units on the Somme, 1916." War in History 23, no. 1 (January 2016): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344514544245.

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Soms, Henrihs. "Daugavpils – „Sarkanā Verdena”: 1919–1920." Sabiedrība un kultūra: rakstu krājums = Society and Culture: conference proceedings, no. XXII (January 6, 2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sk.2020.22.077.

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The battles near Daugavpils had an important role during the war for Latvia’s independence. Since 1918, the Soviet literature predominantly offered a version about Daugavpils as “Red Verdun” which had fought defence battles (for 129 days) against “the joint forces of Polish and Latvian white guards”. Objectively evaluating the historic events, the primary sources – Latvian press publications play an essential role. In this article, the materials from seven press editions have been employed. Regarding the press development, a new feature was the foundation of the Latvian Press Bureau (LPB) in March, 1919, and later – of Latvian Telegraph Agency (LETA). The task of the bureau was to inform the world’s news agencies and local media about the events happening in the territory of Latvia. The Soviet literature does not mention anything about the Red Terror which was carried out by so called commissioners for maintaining the order. On March 28, 98 people were shot dead near Daugavpils Fortress. This was the bloodiest crime committed by the Bolsheviks during the time of P. Stuchka’s Soviet government. These crimes became known to the wider society from the publications in the press only after Daugavpils was set free. The fight for Daugavpils took place in three phases: fights on the left bank of the river Daugava, capturing the outskirts of the town (August, 1919); the use of French tanks, Polish and Bolshevik armoured train, capturing the fortress bridgehead (September, 1919); Daugavpils occupation by Polish army and arrival of Latvian army (January 3, 1920). The press regularly published reports from the General Headquarters of Latvian, Lithuanian and Polish armies. When Daugavpils was set free, there were special correspondents of several newspapers who informed about the situation in the town. Though maintaining a lively interest in the events taking place in Daugavpils, in some cases the newspapers published unverified and false information, then trying to correct it or call it off.

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Dudek, Tomasz. "I Brygada Legionów Polskich w bitwie pod Kostiuchnówką w lipcu 1916 r." Krakowski Rocznik Archiwalny 22 (2016): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12332135kra.16.003.15049.

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W prezentowanym artykule autor starał się przedstawić walki I Brygady Legionów podczas bitwy pod Kostiuchnówką. Był to najkrwawszy bój stoczony przez polskich legionistów podczas I wojny światowej. Główny ciężar walki wzięła na siebie brygada Piłsudskiego, na którą dnia 4 lipca 1916 r. ruszyło główne uderzenie rosyjskie. Poszczególne pułki toczyły zaciekłe walki w obronie każdej pozycji. Do najtrudniejszych epizodów należała obrona Reduty Piłsudskiego przez żołnierzy 7 Pułku Piechoty, czy też zajadłe walki 5 Pułku Piechoty nad Garbachem i w rejonie Polskiego Lasku. Chociaż w efekcie morderczych walk I Brygada oraz pozostałe jednostki legionowe zostały zmuszone do wycofania się za Stochód, to jednak sama bitwa zakończyła się taktycznym zwycięstwem strony polskiej. Legioniści zadali armii rosyjskiej ogromne straty, nie dopuszczając przy tym do przerwania frontu i dając czas dowództwu C.K. armii na ściągnięcie posiłków. Krew przelana przez legionowego żołnierza w bitwie pod Kostiuchnówką nie poszła na marne. Na europejskich salonach coraz częściej zaczęto mówić o konieczności utworzenia niepodległego państwa polskiego. The I Brigade of the Polish Legions in the Battle of Kostiuchnówka in July 1916 In the article, the author tries to present the fight of the I Brigade of the Polish Legions during the Battle of Kostiuchnówka. This was the bloodiest battle entered into by the Polish legionnaires during World War I. The main burden of the fighting was taken upon itself by Piłsudski’s brigade, which, on 4 July 1916, was attacked by the Russian forces. Particular corps were engaged in fierce fighting in the defence of specific positions. The most difficult episodes included the defence of the Piłsudski Redoubt by soldiers of the 7th Infantry Division, as well as the fierce fighting of the 5th Infantry Division by the River Garbach and in the Polish Forest. Although the result of the murderous fighting of the I Brigade and other units of the legions was their forced retreat across the River Stochód, the Battle ended in a tactical victory for the Polish forces. The legionnaires inflicted huge losses on the Russian army, not allowing them to break through the front-line and buying time for the leadership of the C.K. Army to call up reinforcements. The blood lost by the soldiers in the Battle of Kostiuchnówka was not in vain. Throughout Europe, the necessity to create an independent Polish state was discussed more frequently.

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Maillot, Agnès. "Uncommon Valour – 1916 and the Battle for the South Dublin Union." Études irlandaises, no. 35-2 (December 30, 2010): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesirlandaises.2097.

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von Feilitzsch, Heribert. "Prelude to the Columbus Raid of 1916: The Battle of Naco." Journal of the Southwest 64, no. 3 (September 2022): 473–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsw.2022.0006.

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Fallaw, Ben. "Varieties of Mexican Revolutionary Anticlericalism: Radicalism, Iconoclasm, and Otherwise, 1914–1935." Americas 65, no. 4 (April 2009): 481–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.0.0106.

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Two days before Easter 1916, a teacher in the Mérida ferrocarrilleros’ school demolished a pine statue of Saint Joseph with an axe to show “it was simply a monkey on a stick (un tucho de palo)”; students then hacked up smaller icons before approving parents. During the Cristiada, General Eulogio Ortíz ate consecrated hosts with carnitas de puerco in a public market in Zacatecas. Constitutionalist military proconsuls in 1914-15, leftist regional caudillos of the 1920s, and federal educators and some provincial strongmen during the Maximato (1931-35) all believed anticlericalism would build a new nation; these three waves of attacks against the Catholic clergy proved to be decisive moments in revolutionary state formation. At no point, however, did revolutionaries agree on either means or ends. Radicals favored the destruction of the Church (if not organized religion entirely). Their reliance on iconoclasm—literal as well as metaphorical—also distinguished them. Some iconoclastic radicals hoped their attacks would help create a humanistic, post-Christian belief system. More moderate anticlericals advocated less destructive and more persuasive measures, including using education and the law to weaken and/or reform Catholicism. Some moderates promoted alternative creeds; others hoped to remake the Catholic Church in Mexico. Certainly iconoclasts and reformers did collaborate at times, but they also clashed, as in the rancorous debates over the “religious question” at the Querétaro Constitutional Convention and again when anticlerical Reds and moderate Whites battled during the early 1930s.

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