Academic literature on the topic 'Sonchus oleraceus'

Sonchus asper and S. oleraceus are among the most problematic broadleaf weeds in eastern cropping systems of Australia. This study investigated the seed germination ecology of S. asper and S. oleraceus. The study hypothesized that S. asper may have greater ecological advantages under adverse environmental conditions compared to S. oleraceus. Results showed that S. asper consistently outperformed S. oleraceus across different light regimes and stress conditions. At a lower temperature regime of 15/5 °C, seed germination of S. oleraceus decreased by 19% compared to S. asper. Germination of S. oleraceus significantly declined under dark conditions, while over 90% of S. asper seeds germinated under both light/dark and dark conditions. Under water stress (osmotic potential of −0.4 MPa), S. oleraceus germination dropped by 74% compared to S. asper, indicating S. asper’s superior drought tolerance. Both species exhibited moderate salinity tolerance (40 mM NaCl) to germinate, highlighting their potential to invade saline cropping environments. The burial study revealed that S. oleraceus had higher germination at the soil surface, but no germination occurred from 4 cm, while 23% of S. asper seeds still emerged from that depth. The burial depth required to inhibit 50% emergence of S. asper and S. oleraceus was 3.3 cm and 0.3 cm, respectively. These findings highlight S. asper’s greater adaptability to low temperatures, burial depth, and stress conditions than S. oleraceus. The insights from this study can inform agronomic strategies, including tillage depth and mulching, to mitigate the impact of these invasive species on Australian cropping systems.

Three species of the genus Sonchus L. (Sonchus asper, S. oleraceus and S. wightianus) were collected from the Malwa region of Punjab during 2019 to 2020. These species were studied for cytomorphological variations. The species under investigation were identified based on their morphological descriptions. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and Sonchus wightianus DC. possess the same number of chromosomes (2n=2x=18) whereas Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. is tetraploid with 2n=4x=32 chromosomes. Chromosome number of S. wightianus (2n=2x=18) was worked out for the first time from the state of Punjab. Sonchus olereceus has larger pollens than S. asper and S. wightianus. This study will be useful for researchers, taxonomists and cytologists for accurate identification of these three species.

Background: Sonchus oleraceus is a large and widespread plant in the world. It is edible to humans as a leaf vegetable and is also used as a folklore medicinal herb in the treatment of infections and inflammatory disease, but limited research on its chemical constituents has been done. Objective: To isolate and identify the bioactive ingredients from S. oleraceus. Methods: 20kg of S. oleraceus was extracted twice with 75% alcohol. The concentrated extract was suspended in H2O and partitioned with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, respectively. The ethyl acetate phase was subjected to repeated normal chromatography on a silica gel column chromatography and eluted with a gradient of CH2Cl2-MeOH to give 12 crude fractions. Fraction 6 was subjected to ODS silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC to yield 1 and 2. Cell viability of 1 and 2 on A549, H292 and Caco2 cell lines were assayed by MTT method. Apoptosis analysis and apoptosis related proteins were detected subsequently. Results: Two new sesquiterpenes were isolated from S. oleraceus and identified by NMR spectra and HR-ESIMS. 1 selectively suppressed the viability of A549 and H292 cells with IC50 values of 14.2, and 19.5μM respectively, while possessing no cytotoxicity against Caco2 cells (IC50 > 100μM). 2 did not exhibit cytotoxicity against A549, H292 and Caco2 cells (IC50 > 100μM). 1 significantly decreased the density of live cells and could cause cell apoptosis at 10 and 20μM in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment of 1 for 24h, the level of cleaved caspase-3 was increased accompanied by the reduction in procaspase-3 expression, and the downregulation of Bcl-2 was associated with the enhancement of Bax expression. 1 could lead to the up-regulation of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9. Conclusion: 1 and 2 are new sesquiterpenes from S. oleraceus. 1 could induce apoptosis in A549 and H292 cells through Bax/caspase-9 pathway.

The present work investigates the nutritional and bioactive composition, as well as the organoleptic and sensory properties, of S. oleraceus and S. tenerrimus, two wild plant species traditionally used in the gastronomy of the Mediterranean area. Additionally, the effect of cultivation on leaf composition was assessed to explore their potential for large-scale production and commercialization from the point of view of possible losses or gains in quality. Both species were characterized as a good source of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, pro-vitamins and carotenoids, with health-promoting and antioxidant properties that are highly appreciated. The sensory profile revealed a good general acceptance of S. oleraceus and S. tenerrimus, indicating that they could be included in the diet. Although the cultivation of S. oleraceus resulted in a decrease in the concentration of phenolic compounds when compared to wild-harvested plants, the opposite occurred for vitamin C. In S. tenerrimus, cultivation also increased the concentration of other compounds with important nutritional and healthy properties, such as sugars, organic acids and β-carotene. The results of the composition, organoleptic and sensory properties of S. oleraceus and S. tenerrimus support the idea of their potential to be used as edible leafy vegetables and as promising assets for functional foods.

Prickly sow thistle, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, and common sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L., are noxious weeds. Probably originating from the Mediterranean region, they have become widespread species. They share similar morphology and are closely related. However, they differ in their chromosome numbers and the precise relationship between them remains uncertain. Understanding their chloroplast genome structure and evolution is an important initial step toward determining their phylogenetic relationships and analyzing accelerating plant invasion processes on a global scale. We assembled four accessions of chloroplast genomes (two S. asper and two S. oleraceus) by the next generation sequencing approach and conducted comparative genomic analyses. All the chloroplast genomes were highly conserved. Their sizes ranged from 151,808 to 151,849 bp, containing 130 genes including 87 coding genes, 6 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole chloroplast genome sequences showed that S. asper shares a recent common ancestor with S. oleraceus and suggested its likely involvement in a possible amphidiploid origin of S. oleraceus. In total, 79 simple sequence repeats and highly variable regions were identified as the potential chloroplast markers to determine genetic variation and colonization patterns of Sonchus species.

A new species of eriophyoid mite from Australia is described and illustrated. Aceria thalgi sp. n. causes severe curling and rolling of leaves of common introduced sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus L. It also affects introduced Sonchus asper (L.) Hill and native Sonchus hydrophilus Boulos. The native species may be the original host for this mite. Aceria thalgi sp. n. is shown to be a separate species to Aceria sonchi (Nalepa), which forms distinctive leaf galls on Sonchus spp. in southern Europe. English translations of past descriptions of A. sonchi are included for comparison. Historical observations and records from New South Wales suggest that A. thalgi sp. n. has been known for at least 80 years prior to its recent rediscovery in Western Australia. This implies that the newly described species may be widespread across the continent. There is also a past record of similar damage symptoms occurring on sowthistles in New Zealand. Aceria thalgi sp. n. has the potential to be a useful biological control agent in Australia and Canada, where sowthistles are major weeds of agriculture.

Objetivo: Descrever o resultado do uso da infusão de folhas de Sonchus oleraceus para o tratamento de vitiligo. Método: Estudo qualitativo, realizado em um município de fronteira do Estado do Paraná, no segundo semestre de 2019 e início de 2020, com indivíduos que faziam uso da infusão da Sonchus oleraceus. Utilizou-se um instrumento semiestruturado com questões referentes à utilização da referida planta. Realizaram-se entrevistas, com análise temática dos resultados. Resultados: Foram participantes 11 indivíduos portadores de vitiligo, dos quais sete mulheres e quatro homens, com idade entre 25 a 61 anos (média de 42 anos), apresentando despigmentação em várias regiões do corpo. Faziam uso da infusão das folhas da Sonchus oleraceus no período de 3 a 13 meses (média de 9 meses), e preparavam o chá com 5 folhas em um litro de água, consumindo em média 700 mL ao dia. A maioria dos indivíduos observou pigmentação das áreas despigmentadas. A pigmentação das áreas foi observada no período entre 3 e 6 meses após o início do uso da infusão (média de 4 meses). Relacionada a doença os participantes expressaram tristeza, aborrecimento e diferença, com impacto direto na vida cotidiana, mas com a melhora após o uso da planta, felicidade e satisfação abriram espaço para uma nova vida. Conclusão: A infusão da Sonchus oleraceus ocasionou a pigmentação das manchas brancas de portadores de vitiligo, e os resultados da terapia fitoterápica proferiu sentimentos positivos aos participantes.

This study was designed to explore the effect of the ethanolic extract of Sonchus oleraceus on Escherichia coli infection in mice. The LD50 of the orally dosage ethanolic extract of Sonchus oleraceus was found to be 800gm/kg B.W for two weeks. Twenty five mice were randomly divided into five groups. The first group was given orally the ethanolic extract with dose 800 mg/kg B.W for two weeks, then infected with Escherichia coli bacteria with dose 1×108 cfu for ten days. Second group was infected with Escherichia coli bacteria with dose 1×108 cfu for ten days then treated with ethanolic extract of Sonchus oleraceus for two weeks. The third group was infected only with Escherichia coli bacteria with a dose 1×108 cfu for ten days. Fourth group was given orally the ethanolic extract with a dose 800 mg/kg B.W orally for two weeks. Fifth group was given normal saline solution and serived as control The histopathological study showed pathological lesions in most of internal organs of the third group that infected with Escherichia coli bacteria specially liver, kidney and intestine. First group revealed lesions less than the third group, while the second group showed just aggregation of inflammatory cells in some internal organs and this refers that the ethanolic extract of Sonchus oleraceus have obvious inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli bacteria when compared with the infected group.

Understanding the responses of seeds to the detriment of the interaction of external factors is one of the challenges of research, especially with little explored species such as Sonchus oleraceus L. Thus, the objective was to investigate the effect of the cultivation system, storage time and temperature on the physiological potential of seeds of Sonchus oleraceus L. Seeds were used of two cultivation systems (organic and conventional) in three storage times (0, 90 and 180 days) and submitted at two temperatures (20 and 30 ºC). For the evaluation of germination, the first count, germination percentage and germination speed index were determined, while root length and hypocotyl growth were determined for the evaluation of seedling growth. The first count was statistically higher than 180 days in both crops and temperatures. The seeds of conventional cultivation obtained higher germination percentage and germination speed index at 30 ºC. There was a reduction in root and hypocotyl growth at 180 days, especially at 20 °C. The cultivation environment influences the seed quality of Sonchus oleraceus L. during storage.

Sonchus oleraceus é usada na medicina popular brasileira para aliviar dores em geral e na culinária. Entretanto, faltam informações científicas sobre esta espécie e não há relatos de seu possível efeito no sistema nervoso central. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos antinociceptivo, ansiolítico e antidepressivo dos extratos hidroetanólico e diclorometânico de S. oleraceus. Os testes da formalina, placa quente, imersão da cauda e contorções induzidas por ácido acético foram usados para investigar a atividade antinociceptiva em camundongos. O efeito ansiolítico de S. oleraceus foi avaliado em camundongos submetidos aos testes labirinto em cruz elevado e campo aberto. O efeito antidepressivo dos extratos foi avaliado no desempenho de camundongos machos no nado forçado e no teste de suspensão pela cauda que são modelos preditivos de fármacos antidepressivos. Os extratos nas doses de 30-300 mg/kg, v.o. demonstraram atividade antinociceptiva nos testes da formalina, placa quente, imersão da cauda e contorções induzidas por ácido acético. Os extratos administrados na dose de 300 mg/kg, v.o. tiveram um efeito maior que a indometacina (5 mg/kg, v.o.) e a morfina (10 mg/kg, v.o.). No teste do labirinto em cruz elevado, os extratos de S. oleraceus aumentaram a porcentagem de entradas e tempo nos braços abertos. Os extratos induziram um efeito antitigmotático evidenciado por um aumento da atividade locomotora dos animais na parte central do campo aberto. Os extratos administrados nas doses de 30-300 mg/kg, v.o. exerceram um efeito ansiolítico similar ao clonazepam (0,5 mg/kg, v.o.). O tempo de imobilidade em ambos os testes nado forçado e suspensão pela cauda foi reduzido significativamente com a administração dos extratos nas doses 100–300 mg/kg, v.o., sem mudanças na atividade locomotora, como foi mostrado pelo teste do campo aberto. Isso exclui a possibilidade de que o efeito do extrato possa ser devido a uma ativação locomotora. A eficácia dos extratos foi comparada a amitriptilina (10 mg/kg, v.o.). Os extratos de Sonchus oleraceus demonstram atividade antinociceptiva, ansiolítica e antidepressiva em camundongos<br>Sonchus oleraceus has been used to relieve pain in Brazilian folk medicine and in culinary. Nevertheless, available scientific information regarding this species is scarce; there are no reports related to its possible effect on the central nervous system. This study evaluated the antinociceptive, anxyolitic and antidepressant-like of hydroethanolic and dichloromethane extracts of S. oleraceus .The formalin, hot plate, and tail immersion tests as well as acetic acid-induced writhing were used to investigate the antinociceptive activity in mice. The anxyolitic effect of S. oleraceusi was evaluated n mice submitted to the elevated plus-maze and open-field tests. The putative antidepressant-like effects of extracts was evaluated on the performance of male mice in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) models predictive of antidepressive drugs. The extracts at test doses of 30-300 mg/kg, p.o. clearly demonstrated antinociceptive activity in formalin, hot plate, tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing tests. The extracts administered at 300 mg/kg, p.o. had a stronger antinociceptive effect than indomethacin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and morphine (10 mg/kg, p.o.). In the elevated plus-maze test, the S. oleraceus extracts increased the percentage of open arm entries and time spent in the open-arm portions of the maze. The extracts induce an antithigmotactic effect, evidenced by increased locomotor activity into the central part of the open field set-up. The extracts administered at 30- 300 mg/kg, p.o. had a similar anxiolytic effect to clonazepam (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.). The immobility time in both FST and TST was significantly reduced by acute oral treatment with the extracts (dose range 100–300 mg/kg), without accompanying changes in ambulation, as assessed in an open-field test. This excluded the possibility that the effect of the extracts is due to an activation of locomotion. The efficacy of the extracts was found to be comparable to that of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg, p.o.). The extracts of Sonchus oleraceus markedly demonstrated antinociceptive, anxyolitic and antidepressantlike action in mice.<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Les invasions biologiques sont un des facteurs majeurs de perte de la biodiversité. Face à cette menace, plusieurs approches sont utilisées pour contrôler l’expansion des populations d’espèces invasives. La lutte biologique par introduction s’appuie sur la sélection et l’introduction des ennemis naturels spécialistes de l’espèce invasive, appelés agents de lutte biologique, depuis l’aire d’origine vers l’aire d’invasion pour limiter les populations invasives sous un seuil de nuisibilité écologiquement et économiquement acceptable. Ces travaux de thèse se place dans un contexte de lutte biologique par introduction contre le laiteron maraîcher, Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae) en Australie. Dans une visée appliquée de gestion de S. oleraceus, nous avons alors adopté une démarche multidisciplinaire pour adresser plusieurs étapes critiques inhérentes au programme de lutte biologique, concernant 1) l’identification de la cible, 2) la compréhension du processus d’invasion et 3) l’anticipation des risques associés aux lâchers des agents via l’étude des réseaux écologiques. L’identification correcte de la cible étant un prérequis pour la recherche des agents de lutte, nous avons défini un caractère diagnostic fiable et pratique à utiliser lors des prospections, à savoir l’ornementation des akènes. Ensuite, nous avons évalué si l’évolution rapide des traits chez S. oleraceus était un mécanisme qui pouvait avoir contribué au succès d’invasion. Nous avons montré que les populations invasives étaient plus performantes que les natives, et que le compromis qui existe entre l’allocation des ressources à la croissance et la reproduction avait évolué, conduisant les populations invasives à investir davantage dans les fonctions de croissance pour un investissement équivalent aux populations natives dans les fonctions de reproduction. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à d’autres études utiles pour déterminer les conséquences de ces changements pour les futures populations d’agents de lutte. De plus, nous avons abordé de façon préliminaire le rôle du relâchement de la pression d’herbivorie dans le succès d’invasion. Par des inventaires réalisés en Europe et en Australie, nous avons mis en avant un déficit d’ennemis naturels spécialistes dans l’aire d’introduction. Les introductions délibérées d’agents de lutte ne sont cependant pas anodines et un des challenges en lutte biologique réside dans la capacité à anticiper les risques pour la communauté indigène de l’aire d’introduction. Dans le dernier axe de cette thèse, nous avons exploré l’intérêt de l’analyse des réseaux d’interactions écologiques pour aider à la sélection d’agents de lutte. Pour cela une approche solide et transposable combinant technologies moléculaires et données d’observations a été développée pour reconstruire avec fiabilité et une résolution élevée les interactions trophiques entre plantes, herbivores et ennemis naturels. L’analyse de réseau, nous a permis d’identifier 37 espèces utilisant S. oleraceus en aire native et d’apporter des précisions sur la gamme d’hôte écologique de ces herbivores conduisant à 1) cibler ou exclure certains agents de lutte candidats et 2) questionner l’existence de complexes d’espèces lié à la plante hôte, nécessitant confirmation. Par ailleurs, nous avons révélé l’utilisation de ces herbivores par une large gamme d’ennemis naturels, ce qui présente des implications pour l’évaluation des risques indirects. En somme, cette thèse a participé à renforcer les connaissances quant aux processus d’invasion impliqués dans la colonisation du laiteron maraîcher en Australie, justifiant en partie la stratégie de lutte adoptée, et a montré le potentiel de l’analyse des réseaux écologiques pour complémenter les démarches classiques de sélection d’agents présentant un minium de risque<br>Biological invasions are one of the main driver of biodiversity loss. Several strategies are employed to tackle the expansion of invasive species populations. Among them, introduction biological control is based on selection and release of specialist natural enemies, called biological control agents, from native range to introduced range to decrease the invasive population densities below an ecological and economical acceptable threshold. This PhD thesis is part of a biological control program targeting the common sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus (Asteracae), an invasive species in Australia. We employed a multidisciplinary approach to address several critical steps of the program, directed towards applied management perspectives, regarding 1) the identification of the target plant, 2) the understanding of the invasion process, and 3) the prediction of risks associated to biocontrol agents release through ecological networks analysis. The accurate identification of the target plant is a prerequisite for the survey of biocontrol agent candidates. As a first step, we thus defined a reliable and convenient diagnostic character to be used in the field, which is the achene ornamentation. Then, we assessed whether rapid evolution could be one of the process that could have contributed to S. oleraceus invasion success. We showed that introduced plants outperformed native ones, and detected a significant shift in the relationship (trade-off) between growth and reproduction, introduced populations tended to invest more in growth that native ones for an equivalent investment into reproductive functions. More investigations would be necessary to determine whether those changes would affect future biocontrol agents. Post-introduction evolution seemed however moderated, and preliminary results obtained through filed surveys realised in Europe and Australia tended to indicate that enemy release had also probably benefited S. oleraceus in Australia. However, the deliberated introduction of biocontrol agents poses risks to the recipient community, and their anticipation is an ongoing challenge in introduction biological control. In the last part of this thesis, we explore the interest of ecological network analysis in supporting biological control selection. Therefore, a powerful and transferable approach based on the combination of molecular tools and observational data have been developed to reconstruct with high levels of taxonomic resolution and interaction recovering, trophic links between plants, herbivores and natural enemies. Network analyses, allowed to determine 37 species using S. oleraceus as food plant in the native range. We were able to detail their field host range, 1) leading to the selection and exclusion of candidate biocontrol agents, and 2) raising the question of potential cryptic host races, that needs to be confirmed. We revealed a wide range of natural enemy species using S. oleraceus herbivores, which is of particular interest for indirect risk assessment. Ecological analysis proved to be complementary to classical specificity tests and has a great potential to support biocontrol agent selection. In conclusion, this PhD thesis strengthened our knowledge on invasion processes involved in the colonisation of the common sow thistle in Australia, partly justifying the control strategy used, and demonstrated the potential offered by ecological network analysis in supporting the selection of minimal-risk agents

Bibliography: leaves 147-163.<br>ix, 164 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.<br>Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.<br>The aim of this thesis is to confirm the resistance status of three purported resistant weed species by herbicide screening of outdoor pot grown plants. Field experiments are set up to investigate changes in dormancy and seedbank life of the resistant populations over a three year period. After determining the herbicide resistance spectrum of the resistant biotypes, genetic crosses between resistant and susceptible plants are performed to follow the mode of inheritance of acetolactate synthase (ALS) resistance. "In vitro" ALS enzyme assays in the presence of various herbicides are carried out to reveal a modified ALS enzyme as the main mechanism of resistance in all cases. A molecular investigation of the ALS gene is performed to identify mutations responsible for endowing a resistant enzyme.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1996

Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from &lt; 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.