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Journal articles on the topic 'Song selection'
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Torberg, Emma. "The Natural Selection Song." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.2.78.
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Kagawa, Hiroko, Hiroko Yamada, Ruey-shing Lin, Taku Mizuta, Toshikazu Hasegawa, and Kazuo Okanoya. "Ecological correlates of song complexity in white-rumped munias." Interaction Studies 13, no. 2 (May 7, 2012): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.13.2.05kag.
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Male white-rumped munias sing syntactically simpler songs than their domestic counterparts, Bengalese finches. The differences in song structure may reflect differences in natural selection pressures between wild and domestic environments. Deacon (2010) proposed song simplicity of the wild strain could be subject to natural selection. We hypothesized the selection pressure may be species identification. Thus, we compared song variations in relation to ecological factors and dispersal history of white-rumped munias to understand song evolutionary processes. We found geographic variations of song syntactical complexity. The difference of song syntactical complexity did not corresponded to genetic distance, but did to that of the proportion of mixed flocks with sympatric related species. Birds that inhabited the areas with more mixed flocks sang simpler songs. The song complexity might be constrained to intensify distinct conspecific signals from related species. Our field work provided empirical evidence supporting a proposal made by Deacon (2010). Keywords: birdsong; evolution; masking hypothesis; Bengalese finches; song geographic variation; genetic variation
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Nelson, Douglas, Hitesh Khanna, and Peter Marler. "LEARNING BY INSTRUCTION OR SELECTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR PATTERNS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN BIRD SONG." Behaviour 138, no. 9 (2001): 1137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901753287172.
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AbstractExperience can have both instructive and selective effects on vocal development in song birds. Learning by instruction occurs when one male imitates the song of another. Learning by selection occurs when a male chooses one or more songs to retain in his repertoire based on interaction with other individuals. These models of learning make different predictions about the degree of microgeographic variation in song present in wild populations of birds. If males are instructed by their immediate territory neighbors, then the songs of territory neighbors should be more similar than are the songs of non-neighbors. In contrast, if males select a song for retention that was learned elsewhere in the dialect, the songs of neighbors should be no more similar than are the songs of non-neighbors sampled from the same dialect. We compared the songs of males sampled in two sedentary populations and four migratory populations of four subspecies of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys. In the two sedentary nuttalli populations, males on neighboring territories sang very similar songs, indicating that males are instructed by their territory neighbors after they disperse short distances to their breeding territories. Learning by selection during territory establishment after natal dispersal appears to predominate in the four migratory populations: the songs of territory neighbors were no more similar than were the songs of non-neighbors. We conclude that the sedentary/migratory distinction in the annual cycle determines the form of vocal learning that occurs between territory neighbors.
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Price, J. Jordan, Scott M. Lanyon, and Kevin E. Omland. "Losses of female song with changes from tropical to temperate breeding in the New World blackbirds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1664 (March 4, 2009): 1971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1626.
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Birds in which both sexes produce complex songs are thought to be more common in the tropics than in temperate areas, where typically only males sing. Yet the role of phylogeny in this apparent relationship between female song and latitude has never been examined. Here, we reconstruct evolutionary changes in female song and breeding latitude in the New World blackbirds (Icteridae), a family with both temperate and tropical representatives. We provide strong evidence that members of this group have moved repeatedly from tropical to temperate breeding ranges and, furthermore, that these range shifts were associated with losses of female song more often than expected by chance. This historical perspective suggests that male-biased song production in many temperate species is the result not of sexual selection for complex song in males but of selection against such songs in females. Our results provide new insights into the differences we see today between tropical and temperate songbirds, and suggest that the role of sexual selection in the evolution of bird song might not be as simple as we think.
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TOYODA, Kaoru, Yuya ITO, Ryosuke YAMANISHI, and Shohei KATO. "Kansei Song Selection System Based on Music Fluctuation Features and Comparison of Song Selection Algorithm." Transactions of Japan Society of Kansei Engineering 11, no. 2 (2012): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5057/jjske.11.223.
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Labra, Antonieta, and Helene M. Lampe. "The songs of male pied flycatchers: exploring the legacy of the fathers." PeerJ 6 (August 1, 2018): e5397. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5397.
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Singing is a key element of songbirds’ behavioral repertoire, particularly for males, which sing during the breeding season to defend resources against other males and to attract females. Different song traits may convey honest information about males’ qualities or conditions, which may be used by females to select their mates. Traits under strong sexual selection have an important component of additive genetic variation (i.e., the main genetic inheritance from parents), and so relatively high heritability; therefore, it can be expected that song traits also do. Although the act of singing is an innate behavior, and thus, genetically determined, songbirds need to learn their songs and therefore the genetic contribution to song traits may be reduced by the effect of environmental factors. We tested this hypothesis in seven song traits recorded in the long-distance migratory bird, the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). From a 23-year database (1992–2015), we obtained songs for 28 father–son pairs, and for each song trait we applied parent–offspring regressions to estimate heritability. The type of syllables sung are learned from tutors, and here we also determined the cultural contribution of fathers to the song repertoires of their sons, by quantifying the percentage of syllables that sons shared with their fathers, and compared this with what sons shared with other males in the population (e.g., neighbors). The heritabilities of song traits were highly variable (ranging from −0.22 to 0.56), but most of these were around zero and none of them were significant. These results indicate that the seven song traits are most likely determined by environmental factors. Sons shared more syllables with their fathers than with neighbors (21% vs. 3%), suggesting that fathers are important song tutors during the nestling period. We conclude that there is a cultural inheritance from fathers to their sons’ syllable repertoires, but there is no strong evidence for a genetic contribution of fathers to the seven song traits studied.
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Cardoso, Gonçalo C., and Jonathan W. Atwell. "Shared songs are of lower performance in the dark-eyed junco." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 7 (July 2016): 160341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160341.
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Social learning enables the adjustment of behaviour to complex social and ecological tasks, and underlies cultural traditions. Understanding when animals use social learning versus other forms of behavioural development can help explain the dynamics of animal culture. The dark-eyed junco ( Junco hyemalis ) is a songbird with weak cultural song traditions because, in addition to learning songs socially, male juncos also invent or improvise novel songs. We compared songs shared by multiple males (i.e. socially learned) with songs recorded from only one male in the population (many of which should be novel) to gain insight into the advantages of social learning versus invention or improvisation. Song types shared by multiple males were on average of lower performance, on aspects of vocal performance that have been implicated in agonistic communication in several species. This was not explained by cultural selection among socially learned songs (e.g. selective learning) because, for shared song types, song performance did not predict how many males shared them. We discuss why social learning does not maximize song performance in juncos, and suggest that some songbirds may add novel songs to culturally inherited repertoires as a means to acquire higher-quality signals.
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Collins, Sarah A., Selvino R. de Kort, Javier Pérez-Tris, and José Luis Tellería. "Migration strategy and divergent sexual selection on bird song." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1656 (October 21, 2008): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1011.
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Migratory birds are assumed to be under stronger sexual selection pressure than sedentary populations, and the fact that their song is more complex has been taken as confirmation of this fact. However, this assumes that sexual selection pressure due to both male competition and female choice increase together. A further issue is that, in many species, songs become less complex during competitive encounters; in contrast, female choice selects for more complex song, so the two selection pressures may drive song evolution in different directions. We analysed song in two sedentary and two migratory populations of blackcaps ( Sylvia atricapilla ), a species in which different song parts are directed to males and females. We found that migratory populations produce longer, female-directed warbles, indicating sexual selection through female choice is the strongest in these populations. However, the part of the song directed towards males is shorter and more repetitive (as observed in individual competitive encounters between males) in non-migratory populations, indicating sedentary populations, are under stronger selection due to male competition. We show for the first time that the intensity of selection pressure from male competition and female choice varies independently between populations with different migratory behaviours. Rapid alterations in the migration patterns of species are thus likely to lead to unexpected consequences for the costs and benefits of sexual signals.
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Dangendorf, Daniel. "Song Selection in German Protestant Churches and Free Churches: Insights and Challenges from an Empirical Inquiry." Ecclesial Practices 6, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22144471-00601003.
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This practical-theological research paper presents the main results of a grounded theory inquiry into the criteria for song selection among pastors, musicians and liturgists in German Protestant Churches and Free Churches. It argues that, in contrast to some current practical manuals, practitioners focus less on systematic rational assessment of songs, but make decisions in the process of song selection habitually, interacting with others involved in the process and negotiating manifold social, theological and musical criteria. It is necessary to distinguish the particular capabilities of pastors, liturgists and musicians, who each approach the process of song selection from different angles. Interpreting those results in dialogue with Christopher Small’s musicking theory and James K.A. Smith’s reflections on the role of habitus in liturgy, the paper closes with a plea to reconsider current forms of practical-theological guidance on song selection.
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Harris, Phyllis B., and Don Neumann. "A Pastoral Approach to Song Selection." Liturgy 9, no. 1 (January 1990): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04580639009409173.
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Peters, Susan, Elizabeth P. Derryberry, and Stephen Nowicki. "Songbirds learn songs least degraded by environmental transmission." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (June 20, 2012): 736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0446.
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Communication depends on accurate reception of signals by receivers, and selection acts on signals to transmit efficiently through the environment. Although learnt signals, such as birdsong, vary in their transmission properties through different habitats, few studies have addressed the role of cultural selection in driving acoustic adaptation. Here, we present a test of the hypothesis that song-learning birds choose to copy songs that are less degraded by transmission through the environment, using swamp sparrows ( Melospiza georgiana ) as our study species. We found that all subjects discriminated between undegraded and naturally degraded song models, and learnt only from undegraded song models, demonstrating a role for cultural selection in acoustic adaptation of learnt signals.
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Demko, Alana D., Leonard R. Reitsma, and Cynthia A. Staicer. "Repertoire structure, song sharing, reproductive success, and territory tenure in a population of Canada Warblers (Cardellina canadensis) in central New Hampshire." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 4 (April 2016): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0213.
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Sexual selection for larger repertoires and the social advantages of sharing songs with territorial neighbours are two forces that may drive the evolution of complex song repertoires in songbirds. To evaluate the influence of these two selective pressures on repertoire evolution in a species with a complex repertoire, we examined repertoire structure, song sharing, reproductive success, and territory tenure in a Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis (L., 1766)) population in New Hampshire. Over two breeding seasons, we recorded 63 singing males, classified their song repertoires, quantified male song sharing, and determined male reproductive success and territory tenure. Male Canada Warblers had complex repertoires averaging 12 phrases (particular sequences of song elements) and 55 variants (songs composed of particular sequences of phrases). Song sharing decreased significantly with distance between territories, all of which were <1.75 km apart. Network analysis revealed clusters of male neighbours with high variant sharing, which was significantly associated with longer territory tenure. Overall pairing and fledging success were high, but were not related to repertoire size or song sharing. Our results suggest that song sharing aids in male territory acquisition and defence, and that females may therefore select mates based on their ability to retain a high-quality territory.
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Ower, Geoff, Sandra Steiger, Kyle Caron, and Scott Sakaluk. "Sexual Selection of Male Song in Free-Living Sagebrush Crickets, Cyphoderris Strepitans." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 33 (January 1, 2011): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3803.
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Measures of lifetime mating success in the sagebrush cricket, Cyphoderris strepitans, have revealed that most males succeed in obtaining only 1 mating, while many males fail to attract a female at all and a small minority mate 2 to 4 times. Relative to their abundance in the population, virgin males have a greater likelihood of obtaining a mating than non-virgin males have of securing additional matings, a phenomenon known as the virgin male mating advantage. Previous studies of sagebrush crickets have focused primarily on determining the proximate mechanisms responsible for the virgin male mating advantage, but little work has been done to identify the factors that influence male attractiveness in the first place. Because song plays a central role in mate attraction, itâs likely that variability in song parameters among males could account for the observed differences in mating success. Song is an energetically costly signal to produce and could serve as an honest indicator of male quality. Consequently, males that are able to invest greater amounts of energy into singing should be more attractive to females. In a previous field season, we recorded and analyzed the songs of virgin and non-virgin males and indeed found some evidence that females prefer males which invest greater energy into calling. In the present study, we synthesized artificial sagebrush cricket songs and directly measured female song preference with an arena playback experiment. Females were shown to consistently prefer song characteristics that would require greater energy expenditure by males. Males that sing with long pulse duration, long train duration, and at an intermediate dominant frequency were found to be highly attractive to females.
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Ower, Geoffrey, Rebecca Smith, Kyle Caron, and Scott Sakaluk. "When Love Comes Calling: Measuring Sexual Selection on Sagebrush Crickets." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 32 (January 1, 2009): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2009.3747.
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Male sagebrush crickets exhibit differential mating success based on their previous mating experience: virgin males have a higher probability of obtaining a mating than do non-virgin males. Measures of lifetime mating success in male sagebrush crickets have revealed that the median mating frequency is one, with many males failing to secure a mate at all and a small minority obtaining two to four mates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic and morphological characteristics that make male sagebrush crickets attractive to females. Male crickets were captured from Deadmanâs Bar in Grand Teton National Park and their songs were recorded on subsequent evenings. Five song characteristics were measured including pulse duration, interpulse duration, dominant frequency, train duration, and intertrain duration. Multivariate selection analysis revealed significant linear and nonlinear selection on male song, with each of the five measured song characters contributing to male attractiveness. There was significant directional selection favoring longer pulse durations and shorter interpulse durations, which could be an honest indicator of male quality because these song characters likely impose high energetic costs. Significant stabilizing selection favored males with ~ 13.2 kHz calls and intermediate intertrain durations, which may be imposed by the auditory sensitivity of females.
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Mikula, Peter, Anna Tószögyová, David Hořák, Tereza Petrusková, David Storch, and Tomáš Albrecht. "Female solo song and duetting are associated with different territoriality in songbirds." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz193.
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Abstract Recently, there has been an increased effort to unravel selective factors behind female song evolution in songbirds. Female birds which produce songs may sing either solo or in duets; although the 2 vocal performances likely evolved through different selection forces and mechanisms, the majority of large-scale studies to date have focused only on duetting or female song in general (pooling female solo song and duetting into a single category). Hence, here we estimate the effect of behavioral life-history traits (territoriality, social bonds, and cooperative breeding) and environmental productivity on the occurrence of female solo song and duetting separately in songbirds of South Africa and Lesotho. The focal region is characterized by subtropical/tropical climate, clear spatial environmental productivity gradient, and detailed knowledge on avian species distribution and behavioral life-history traits. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that species where females produce only solo songs exhibited higher levels of territoriality than species with nonsinging females (in an univariable model) but, simultaneously, lower levels than duetting species. Although both species with female solo song and duetting establish mainly long-term social bonds, the former defend their territories seasonally while the latter exhibit mainly year-round territoriality. Cooperative breeding and environmental productivity were not associated with the distribution of female solo song and duetting in any model. Our results indicate that when exploring female song ecology and evolution, female solo song and duetting are likely to be distinct song categories associated with different levels of territoriality.
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Searcy, W. A., and M. Andersson. "Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Song." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17, no. 1 (November 1986): 507–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.002451.
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Hutchinson, John M. C., John M. McNamara, and Innes C. Cuthill. "Song, sexual selection, starvation and strategic handicaps." Animal Behaviour 45, no. 6 (June 1993): 1153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1139.
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Nelson, D. A., and P. Marler. "Selection-based learning in bird song development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, no. 22 (October 25, 1994): 10498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.22.10498.
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Catchpole, Clive K. "Bird song, sexual selection and female choice." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2, no. 4 (April 1987): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(87)90165-0.
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Boxer, Laurence. "Coarse Grained Parallel Selection." Parallel Processing Letters 31, no. 01 (February 24, 2021): 2150003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626421500031.
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Several efficient, but non-optimal, solutions to the Selection Problem on coarse grained parallel computers have appeared in the literature. We consider the example of the Saukas-Song algorithm; we analyze it without expressing the running time in terms of communication rounds. This shows that while in the best case the Saukas-Song algorithm runs in asymptotically optimal time, in general it does not. We propose another algorithm for coarse grained selection that has optimal expected running time.
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Amy, Mathieu, Pauline Salvin, Marc Naguib, and Gerard Leboucher. "Female signalling to male song in the domestic canary, Serinus canaria." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 140196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140196.
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Most studies on sexual selection focus on male characteristics such as male song in songbirds. Yet female vocalizations in songbirds are growing in interest among behavioural and evolutionary biologists because these vocalizations can reveal the female's preferences for male traits and may affect male display. This study was designed to test whether male song performance influences the different female signals in the domestic canary ( Serinus canaria ). Female canaries were exposed to three types of song performance, differing in the repetition rate of sexy syllables. This experiment demonstrates that female birds are engaged in multimodal communication during sexual interaction. The results support the copulation solicitation hypothesis for female-specific trills: these trills were positively correlated and had a similar pattern to the copulation solicitation displays; responses were higher to the songs with higher performance and responses decreased with the repetition of the stimulation. Also, we observed a sensitization effect with the repetition of the song of the highest performance for the simple calls. Simple trills and other calls were more frequent during the broadcast of canary songs compared with the heterospecific control songs. The differential use of female signals in response to different song performance reveals a highly differentiated female signalling system which is discussed in light of the role of female traits to understand sexual selection in a broader perspective.
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Roper, Annabelle, and Richard Zann. "The Onset of Song Learning and Song Tutor Selection in Fledgling Zebra Finches." Ethology 112, no. 5 (May 2006): 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01169.x.
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de Kort, Selvino R., Erin R. B. Eldermire, Sandra Valderrama, Carlos A. Botero, and Sandra L. Vehrencamp. "Trill consistency is an age-related assessment signal in banded wrens." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (March 25, 2009): 2315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0127.
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Older males tend to have a competitive advantage over younger males in sexual selection. Therefore, it is expected that signals used in sexual selection change with age. Although song repertoire size in songbirds is often mentioned as an age-related trait, many species, including the banded wren ( Thryothorus pleurostictus ), do not increase their repertoires after the first year. Here, we show that banded wrens reproduce the trill notes in their songs with less variability between them (i.e. more consistently) when they grow older. In a playback experiment, we also show that banded wrens discriminate between younger and older birds based on structural aspects of their song. In a second experiment, banded wrens also respond differentially to natural songs versus songs with artificially enhanced consistency. We argue that consistency in trill note reproduction may be achieved through practice. Sexual selection in the form of male–male competition may therefore operate on a phenotypic trait, the expression of which is enhanced by practice.
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Benedict, Lauryn, and Rauri C. K. Bowie. "Macrogeographical variation in the song of a widely distributed African warbler." Biology Letters 5, no. 4 (May 14, 2009): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0244.
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The songs of oscine passerine birds vary on many spatial scales, reflecting the actions of diverse evolutionary pressures. Here we examine the songs of Cisticola erythrops , which effectively signal species identity across a geographical area spanning 6500 km in sub-Saharan Africa. Selection for species identification should promote stability in song traits, while sexual selection and geographical segregation should promote diversity. Cisticola erythrops share syllable types across the entire range of species and structure songs similarly, but individuals sing highly variable songs through improvisational recombination of syllables. Patterns of syllable use change gradually across the range of the species and do not show distinct breaks at subspecies boundaries. The acoustic properties of the most common syllable type also change gradually with distance. The results illustrate how songs can be simultaneously species-specific and highly variable at an individual level. At a larger level, patterns of variation indicate that cultural drift has generated song diversity through an isolation by distance mechanism.
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Secondi, Jean, Carel Ten Cate, and Merijn De Bakker. "FEMALE RESPONSES TO MALE COOS IN THE COLLARED DOVE STREPTOPELIA DECAOCTO." Behaviour 139, no. 10 (2002): 1287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853902321104163.
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AbstractBirdsong is one of the main models in sexual selection studies. Most investigations focused on oscines in which male song and female preference learning occur. Yet, some non-oscines are well suited for such studies as well. In Columbidae song learning does not occur. However, like in oscines, song is involved in inter- and intra-sexual interactions. Surprisingly, experimental evidence of female song-based preferences are still largely lacking in this group. We conducted playback tests on wild-caught Streptopelia decaocto females. We tested for the sexual function of song by playing decaocto songs versus songs of an unrelated species. We then investigated female responses to trill. Although they do not produce this trait, males react more strongly to artificially trilled decaocto songs, i.e. to conspecific songs in which a trill from a S. roseogrisea song has been inserted, than to normal decaocto songs. We also tested female responses to S. roseogrisea songs. Females flew more often and with a shorter latency during decaocto songs than during wren songs, suggesting that species recognition occurred, but we found no evidence of preference for trilled decaocto songs. The low activity observed during the experiment might have obscured actual preferences. Nevertheless, females consistently reacted more to normal decaocto songs than to trilled decaocto or roseogrisea songs. This contrasts with the strong responses for trilled decaocto songs and the virtual lack of reaction to S. roseogrisea songs observed in males. Thus, female collared doves, as receivers, may have different characteristics from males and impose constraints on the evolution of song.
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McLachlin, Derek T. "16. Using Content-Specific Lyrics to Familiar Tunes in a Large Lecture Setting." Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching 2 (June 13, 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/celt.v2i0.3210.
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Music can be used in lectures to increase student engagement and help students retain information. In this paper, I describe my use of biochemistry-related lyrics written to the tune of the theme to the television show, The Flintstones, in a large class setting (400-800 students). To determine student perceptions, the class was surveyed several weeks after the song was used. Students reported a high level of engagement and enjoyment during the song. Many students found the song to be a helpful study tool. To guide future song selection, the students were also asked to indicate their familiarity with 30 popular songs from the past 50+ years. The songs that were least familiar to the students were all released before 1980, but some older songs were well known. The results support the use of content-specific lyrics set to familiar tunes as an educational tool, and provides information about specific songs that would or would not be suitable for this purpose.
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Zimmerman, Hannah D., Scott M. Ramsay, Veronica Mesias, Marcelo Mora, Brent W. Murray, and Ken A. Otter. "Evolution of white-throated sparrow song: regional variation through shift in terminal strophe type and length." Behaviour 153, no. 15 (2016): 1839–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003394.
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We investigated the emergence over time of a novel song variant (doublet-ending song) in a western Canadian sub-population of white-throated sparrows; this variant differs from the species-typical, triplet-ending song. By analysing recent (1999–2014) and historic (1950/1960s) recordings, we show that populations west (British Columbia) and immediately east (Alberta) of the Rockies, and from central Canada (Ontario) initially all had triplet-ending songs. The shift to doublet-ending songs first arose west of the Rockies, and has increased immediately east of the Rockies in the last decade. The Ontario population retained predominantly triplet-ending songs. Note lengths have increased over time in all populations, while inter-strophe interval has decreased, allowing doublet-ending birds the ability to have greater strophe repeats for a given song length. We explore whether the emergence and apparent spread of the doublet-ending songs can be explained by cultural drift, or may be under selection by conveying an advantage during counter-singing.
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Mundinger, Paul C., and David C. Lahti. "Quantitative integration of genetic factors in the learning and production of canary song." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1781 (April 22, 2014): 20132631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2631.
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Learned bird song is influenced by inherited predispositions. The canary is a model system for the interaction of genes and learning on behaviour, especially because some strains have undergone artificial selection for song. In this study, roller canaries (bred for low-pitched songs) and border canaries (whose song is higher pitched, similar to the wild-type) were interbred and backcrossed to produce 58 males that sorted into seven genetically distinct groups. All males were tutored with the same set of songs, which included both low- and high-pitched syllables. Individuals were consistent within genetic groups but differed between groups in the proportion of low- versus high-pitched syllables they learned and sang. Both sex-linked and autosomal factors affected song learning and song production, in an additive manner. Dominant Z-chromosome factors facilitated high-pitched syllable learning and production, whereas the sex-linked alleles associated with the switch to low-pitched syllables under artificial selection were largely recessive. With respect to autosomal effects, the most surprising result is that males in the same genetic group had almost identical repertoires. This result challenges two common preconceptions: that genetic changes at different loci lead to distinct phenotypic changes, and that genetic predispositions affect learning in simple and general ways. Rather, different combinations of genetic changes can be associated with the same phenotypic effect; and predispositions can be remarkably specific, such as a tendency to learn and sing one song element rather than another.
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Morton, Eugene S. "Predictions From the Ranging Hypothesis for the Evolution of Long Distance Signals in Birds." Behaviour 99, no. 1-2 (1986): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00414.
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AbstractThe Ranging Hypothesis (RH) (MORTON, 1982) proposed a form of distance assessment (ranging) based upon perception of signal degradation using memorized signals as a yardstick to distance. The predictions of the RH include distance assessment mechanisms, DAMs; it is proposed that these have opened a new evolutionary process illustrated by the complicated songs and singing behaviour in the oscine passerines ("songbirds"). The RH identifies sources of selection favouring learning, multiple or single song types, song structural complexity not accounted for by species isolating mechanism ideas, and emphasizes the ecological basis for the evolution of long distance communication. New importance is given to the acoustic physical structure of songs. The RH encompasses and contrasts song evolution in warm climate regions with those in cold temperate climates. Three interrelated stages of long distance signal evolution are presented: detectability, threat, and disrupt. A singer/listener role dichotomy in selective pressures is described and the results discussed. Listeners developed distance assessment mechanisms (DAMs) resulting in an evolutionary arms race between listeners and singers. Singers developed methods to use DAMs to their best interest (threat and disrupt). Song learning in passerines developed in response to this arms race to enhance disruption, a situation most prevalent in cold temperate zone regions. The acoustic determinants of effective song distance are described and discussed in relation to the evolution of signal structures. Finally, the RH is discussed in relation to some previous hypotheses on song function and evolution.
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Medina, Iliana, and Clinton D. Francis. "Environmental variability and acoustic signals: a multi-level approach in songbirds." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (August 2012): 928–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0522.
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Among songbirds, growing evidence suggests that acoustic adaptation of song traits occurs in response to habitat features. Despite extensive study, most research supporting acoustic adaptation has only considered acoustic traits averaged for species or populations, overlooking intraindividual variation of song traits, which may facilitate effective communication in heterogeneous and variable environments. Fewer studies have explicitly incorporated sexual selection, which, if strong, may favour variation across environments. Here, we evaluate the prevalence of acoustic adaptation among 44 species of songbirds by determining how environmental variability and sexual selection intensity are associated with song variability (intraindividual and intraspecific) and short-term song complexity. We show that variability in precipitation can explain short-term song complexity among taxonomically diverse songbirds, and that precipitation seasonality and the intensity of sexual selection are related to intraindividual song variation. Our results link song complexity to environmental variability, something previously found for mockingbirds (Family Mimidae). Perhaps more importantly, our results illustrate that individual variation in song traits may be shaped by both environmental variability and strength of sexual selection.
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Stafford, K. M., C. Lydersen, Ø. Wiig, and K. M. Kovacs. "Extreme diversity in the songs of Spitsbergen's bowhead whales." Biology Letters 14, no. 4 (April 2018): 20180056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0056.
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Almost all mammals communicate using sound, but few species produce complex songs. Two baleen whales sing complex songs that change annually, though only the humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) has received much research attention. This study focuses on the other baleen whale singer, the bowhead whale ( Balaena mysticetus ). Members of the Spitsbergen bowhead whale population produced 184 different song types over a 3-year period, based on duty-cycled recordings from a site in Fram Strait in the northeast Atlantic. Distinct song types were recorded over short periods, lasting at most some months. This song diversity could be the result of population expansion, or immigration of animals from other populations that are no longer isolated from each other by heavy sea ice. However, this explanation does not account for the within season and annual shifting of song types. Other possible explanations for the extraordinary diversity in songs could be that it results either from weak selection pressure for interspecific identification or for maintenance of song characteristics or, alternatively, from strong pressure for novelty in a small population.
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Grzywaczewski, Grzegorz, Tomasz S. Osiejuk, Szymon Cios, and Piotr Marczakiewicz. "Song Post Selection in the Aquatic WarblerAcrocephalus paludicola." Annales Zoologici Fennici 51, no. 6 (December 2014): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/086.051.0604.
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Sung, Ha-Cheol, and Paul Handford. "Song characters as reliable indicators of male reproductive quality in the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 1 (January 2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0018.
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Bird song may provide female birds with signals of male quality. To investigate this potential for sexual selection via female choice, we assessed the relationships between male song variation and male mating and reproductive success of the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)) over 3 years (2001–2003) in a population of Savannah Sparrows near London, Ontario, Canada. We measured song rate, as well as temporal and frequency attributes of song structure, as possible predictors of male quality, and then related these measures to attributes of male reproductive performance (mating and breeding success and territory size of males). We found significant correlations between male reproductive performance and several song features, such that the combined effects of two trill sections could potentially play an important role: males possessing such songs arrived and paired earlier and had higher fledging success. The results suggested that the trill segments of the song may signal important aspects of male quality. Possible reasons for significant roles of such songs in open-habitat birds are discussed.
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Grabarczyk, Erin E., Monique A. Pipkin, Maarten J. Vonhof, and Sharon A. Gill. "When to change your tune? Unpaired and paired male house wrens respond differently to anthropogenic noise." Journal of Ecoacoustics 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22261/jea.lhgrvc.
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In response to anthropogenic noise, many bird species adjust their song frequency, presumably to optimize song transmission and overcome noise masking. But the costs of song adjustments may outweigh the benefits during different stages of breeding, depending on the locations of potential receivers. Selection might favor unpaired males to alter their songs because they sing to attract females that may be widely dispersed, whereas paired males might not if mates and neighbors are primary receivers of their song. We hypothesized male house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) respond differently to noise depending on their pairing status. To test our hypothesis we synthesized pink noise, which mimics anthropogenic noise, and played it at three intensities in territories of paired and unpaired focal males. We recorded their songs and analyzed whether song structure varied with pairing status and noise treatment. To validate our study design, we tested whether noise playback affected measurement of spectral song traits and changed noise levels within territories of focal males. Consistent with our predictions, unpaired males sang differently than paired males, giving longer songs at higher rates. Contrary to predictions, paired males changed their songs by increasing peak frequency during high intensity noise playback, whereas unpaired males did not. If adjusting song frequency in noise is beneficial for long-distance communication we would have expected unpaired males to change their songs in response to noise. By adjusting song frequency, paired males reduce masking and produce a song that is easier to hear. However, if females prefer low frequency song, then unpaired males may be constrained by female preference. Alternatively, if noise adjustments are learned and vary with experience or quality, unpaired males in our study population may be younger, less experienced, or lower quality males.
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Riebel, Katharina, Karan J. Odom, Naomi E. Langmore, and Michelle L. Hall. "New insights from female bird song: towards an integrated approach to studying male and female communication roles." Biology Letters 15, no. 4 (April 2019): 20190059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0059.
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Historically, bird song has been regarded as a sex-specific signalling trait; males sing to attract females and females drive the evolution of signal exaggeration by preferring males with ever more complex songs. This view provides no functional role for female song. Historic geographical research biases generalized pronounced sex differences of phylogenetically derived northern temperate zone songbirds to all songbirds. However, we now know that female song is common and that both sexes probably sang in the ancestor of modern songbirds. This calls for research on adaptive explanations and mechanisms regulating female song, and a reassessment of questions and approaches to identify selection pressures driving song elaboration in both sexes and subsequent loss of female song in some clades. In this short review and perspective we highlight newly emerging questions and propose a research framework to investigate female song and song sex differences across species. We encourage experimental tests of mechanism, ontogeny, and function integrated with comparative evolutionary analyses. Moreover, we discuss the wider implications of female bird song research for our understanding of male and female communication roles.
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Shutler, Dave. "Sexual selection: when to expect trade-offs." Biology Letters 7, no. 1 (July 21, 2010): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0531.
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Empirical evidence is mixed for interspecific trade-offs in investment among sexually selected traits. One important reason may be the way resources are allocated among species. Consider a set of species that obtains the same fitness pay-off for investment in song or plumage. Simulations where resources were normally distributed among species revealed significant trade-offs between song and plumage ( ± s.d. of r = −0.54 ± 0.06). However, simulations where resources were distributed in a negative binomial fashion usually produced positive correlations ( r = 0.11 ± 0.09). Repeating simulations on three published studies that concomitantly quantified elaboration of song and plumage indicated that trade-offs are likely, although these analyses make assumptions that require further evaluation. Moreover, there are currently too few empirical distributions to make generalizations about the likelihood of interspecific trade-offs in sexually selected traits.
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Trofimenko, O. A., and Z. Yu. "Song as an effective method of studying Korean." Язык и текст 5, no. 4 (2018): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2018050409.
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This article deals with research of the methods of teaching Korean through the learning of authentic songs. The article includes various exercises for developing of pronunciation, speaking and listening skills, for learning grammar and developing sociocultural competence. The criteria of materials selection, and rules of work with the song are demonstrated in this article.
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Sasahara, Kazutoshi, and Takashi Ikegami. "Evolution of Birdsong Syntax by Interjection Communication." Artificial Life 13, no. 3 (July 2007): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.2007.13.3.259.
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Animals use diverse forms of communication, from sound signals to body postures. Recent ethological studies have reported a unique syntactic communication of a songbird, the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica). Male Bengalese finches sing complex courtship songs, which can be reconstructed by finite automata, and female Bengalese finches prefer complex songs, as opposed to monotonous or random ones. These facts suggest that the song syntaxes of male birds may have evolved as a result of sexual selection by female birds. Inspired by this hypothesis, we developed a communication model that is a system coupling different types of automaton, one for song production by males and another for song evaluation by females. We applied this model to study the evolution of syntactic animal communication in terms of the self-organization of coevolving automata. Three types of courting strategies as well as a relationship between the song syntax and female preference emerged. We argue that despite the simple communication involved, the complexity and diversity of song syntaxes can evolve via diverse female preferences.
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Tawlai, Galina. "The principle of laughter in Byelorussian vocal culture as a form of reflection on images of the world." Muzikologija, no. 17 (2014): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz1417107t.
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This paper considers particular ways of organizing musical material in songs connected with the culture of laughter, as well as the coordination and interaction of different artistic spheres in this group of traditional Belarus song forms. Our long standing, complex ethno-musicological research, constant documentations of our own field work, comparison of ritual songs? stylistics with their respective cognitive methods, together with observations and generalizations made by the real exponents of traditional Belarus song have given us the possibility to hear and recognize this strict, logically-adjusted selection of forms of musical expressiveness among folk melodies.
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Spencer, Karen A., Katherine L. Buchanan, Stefan Leitner, Arthur R. Goldsmith, and Clive K. Catchpole. "Parasites affect song complexity and neural development in a songbird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1576 (August 17, 2005): 2037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3188.
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There is now considerable evidence that female choice drives the evolution of song complexity in many songbird species. However, the underlying basis for such choice remains controversial. The developmental stress hypothesis suggests that early developmental conditions can mediate adult song complexity by perturbing investment in the underlying brain nuclei during their initial growth. Here, we show that adult male canaries ( Serinus canaria ), infected with malaria ( Plasmodium relictum ) as juveniles, develop simpler songs as adults compared to uninfected individuals, and exhibit reduced development of the high vocal centre (HVC) song nucleus in the brain. Our results show how developmental stress not only affects the expression of a sexually selected male trait, but also the structure of the underlying song control pathway in the brain, providing a direct link between brain and behaviour. This novel experimental evidence tests both proximate and ultimate reasons for the evolution of complex songs and supports the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection. Together, these results propose how developmental costs may help to explain the evolution of honest advertising in the complex songs of birds.
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Curry, Claire M., and Michael A. Patten. "Complex spatiotemporal variation in processes shaping song variation." Behaviour 156, no. 10 (2019): 1057–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003556.
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Abstract Understanding factors that contribute to song divergence bolsters our understanding of signal evolution and reproductive isolation. Hybrid zones often occur across environmental gradients; as such, they are excellent places to examine how signals diverge and how differentiation is maintained. We studied song variation across two hybrid zones, one old and one recent, of Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) and Black-crested Titmouse (B. atricristatus), across an environmental gradient where the two titmouse populations meet. In the recent zone, noise and vegetation structure were correlated with several song characteristics, but in the older zone, these features did not correlate despite similar gradients in song features. Our data, combined with previous studies, suggest that despite overall similarities in characteristics, songs in the older zone may be more shaped by sexual selection, whereas songs in the young zone are shaped by environment. Thus, even within the same species, processes shaping signal structure can vary spatially and temporally.
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Slade, J. W. G., M. J. Watson, and E. A. MacDougall-Shackleton. "Birdsong signals individual diversity at the major histocompatibility complex." Biology Letters 13, no. 11 (November 2017): 20170430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0430.
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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in vertebrate immunity, and pathogen-mediated selection often favours certain allelic combinations. Assessing potential mates' MHC profiles may provide receivers with genetic benefits (identifying MHC-compatible mates and producing optimally diverse offspring) and/or material benefits (identifying optimally diverse mates capable of high parental investment). Oscine songbirds learn songs during early life, such that song repertoire content can reflect population of origin while song complexity can reflect early life condition. Thus birdsong may advertise the singer's genetic dissimilarity to others in the population (and, presumably, compatibility with potential mates), or individual genetic diversity (and thus condition-dependent material benefits). We tested whether song repertoire content and/or complexity signal MHC class IIβ dissimilarity and/or diversity in male song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ). Pairwise dissimilarity in repertoire content did not predict MHC dissimilarity between males, suggesting that locally rare songs do not signal rare MHC profiles. Thus, geographical variation in song may not facilitate MHC-mediated inbreeding or outbreeding. Larger repertoires were associated with intermediate MHC diversity, suggesting intermediate rather than maximal MHC diversity is optimal. This could reflect trade-offs between resisting infection and autoimmune disorders. Song complexity may advertise optimal MHC diversity, a trait affecting disease resistance and capacity for parental care.
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NOWICKI, STEPHEN, SUSAN PETERS, and JEFFREY PODOS. "Song Learning, Early Nutrition and Sexual Selection in Songbirds." American Zoologist 38, no. 1 (February 1998): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/38.1.179.
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Cowlishaw, Guy. "Sexual Selection and Information Content in Gibbon Song Bouts." Ethology 102, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01125.x.
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Slabbekoorn, Hans, and Thomas B. Smith. "Bird song, ecology and speciation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1420 (April 29, 2002): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.1056.
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The study of bird song dialects was once considered the most promising approach for investigating the role of behaviour in reproductive divergence and speciation. However, after a series of studies yielding conflicting results, research in the field slowed significantly. Recent findings, on how ecological factors may lead to divergence in both song and morphology, necessitate a re–examination. We focus primarily on species with learned song, examine conflicting results in the literature and propose some potential new directions for future studies. We believe an integrative approach, including an examination of the role of ecology in divergent selection, is essential for gaining insight into the role of song in the evolution of assortative mating. Habitat–dependent selection on both song and fitness–related characteristics can lead to parallel divergence in these traits. Song may, therefore, provide females with acoustic cues to find males that are most fit for a particular habitat. In analysing the role of song learning in reproductive divergence, we focus on post–dispersal plasticity in a conceptual framework. We argue that song learning may initially constrain reproductive divergence, while in the later stages of population divergence it may promote speciation.
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Robinson, Tara R., W. Douglas Robinson, and E. Ceinwen Edwards. "Breeding Ecology and Nest-Site Selection of Song Wrens in Central Panama." Auk 117, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.2.345.
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Abstract We describe nest-site selection and report measures of breeding productivity from a population of Song Wrens (Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus) in central Panama. We studied 31 pairs from 1995 to 1998 and collected data on nest predation from 1996 to 1998. Song Wrens are year-round residents that build breeding nests for reproduction and dormitory nests for roosting. Twenty-five of 50 Song Wren breeding nests produced fledglings (daily nest survival rate = 0.968). Song Wrens usually (78%) placed their breeding nests in ant-defended acacias (Acacia melanoceras). However, nests placed in acacias did not experience lower rates of nest predation than nests placed in sites not defended by ants. The population-wide breeding season was seven months long, but individual pairs often bred within a span of only 2.5 months. Modal clutch size was two (n = 42), but the frequency of three-egg clutches was high (≥27%). Pairs that lost eggs or chicks renested more quickly than pairs that fledged young and attempted a second brood. Observed annual production of young was 1.4 fledglings per pair. Compared with other wrens, Song Wrens had a much longer breeding season and longer intervals between broods. The annual productivity of Song Wrens was the lowest recorded for any wren, which may have been due to smaller clutch sizes, long intervals between broods, and the correspondingly low number of nesting attempts per pair per year.
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Airey, David C., Katherine L. Buchanan, Tamas Szekely, Clive K. Catchpole, and Timothy J. DeVoogd. "Song, sexual selection, and a song control nucleus (HVc) in the brains of European sedge warblers." Journal of Neurobiology 44, no. 1 (2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4695(200007)44:1<1::aid-neu1>3.0.co;2-v.
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Grabarczyk, Erin E., Maarten J. Vonhof, and Sharon A. Gill. "Social context and noise affect within and between male song adjustments in a common passerine." Behavioral Ecology 31, no. 5 (July 14, 2020): 1150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa066.
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Abstract Across populations, animals that inhabit areas with high anthropogenic noise produce vocalizations that differ from those inhabiting less noisy environments. Such patterns may be due to individuals rapidly adjusting their songs in response to changing noise, but individual variation is seldom explored. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that male house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) immediately adjust their songs according to changing noise and that social context further modifies responses. We recorded songs, quantified noise, and defined social context within pairs as female fertile status and between males as number of conspecific neighbors. We used a reaction-norm approach to compare song trait intercepts (between-male effects) and slopes (within-male effects) as a function of noise. Individuals immediately adjusted song duration in response to changing noise. How they achieved adjustments varied: some sang shorter and others longer songs with greater noise, and individuals varied in the extent to which they adjusted song duration. Variation in song duration could be affected by competition as between-male noise levels interacted with number of neighbors to affect syllable duration. Neither within- nor between-male noise effects were detected for frequency traits. Rather, males with fertile mates sang lower-frequency songs and increased peak frequency with more neighbors. Among males, social context but not noise affected song frequency, whereas temporal structure varied between and within individuals depending on noise and social factors. Not all males adjusted signals the same way in response to noise, and selection could favor different levels of variation according to noise.
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Price, Trevor. "Sexual selection and natural selection in bird speciation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1366 (February 28, 1998): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0207.
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The role of sexual selection in speciation is investigated, addressing two main issues. First, how do sexually selected traits become species recognition traits? Theory and empirical evidence suggest that female preferences often do not evolve as a correlated response to evolution of male traits. This implies that, contrary to runaway (Fisherian) models of sexual selection, premating isolation will not arise as an automatic side effect of divergence between populations in sexually selected traits. I evaluate premating isolating mechanisms in one group, the birds. In this group premating isolation is often a consequence of sexual imprinting, whereby young birds learn features of their parents and use these features in mate choice. Song, morphology and plumage are known recognition cues. I conclude that perhaps the main role for sexual selection in speciation is in generating differences between populations in traits. Sexual imprinting then leads to these traits being used as species recognition mechanisms. The second issue addressed in this paper is the role of sexual selection in adaptive radiation, again concentrating on birds. Ecological differences between species include large differences in size, which may in themselves be sufficient for species recognition, and differences in habitat, which seem to evolve frequently and at all stages of an adaptive radiation. Differences in habitat often cause song and plumage patterns to evolve as a result of sexual selection for efficient communication. Therefore sexual selection is likely to have an important role in generating premating isolating mechanisms throughout an adaptive radiation. It is also possible that sexual selection, by creating more allopatric species, creates more opportunity for ecological divergence to occur. The limited available evidence does not support this idea. A role for sexual selection in accelerating ecological diversification has yet to be demonstrated.
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Thiesen, Felix Christian, Reinhard Kopiez, Christoph Reuter, and Isabella Czedik-Eysenberg. "A snippet in a snippet: Development of the Matryoshka principle for the construction of very short musical stimuli (plinks)." Musicae Scientiae 24, no. 4 (January 4, 2019): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864918820212.
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For the past 140 years, numerous studies have been conducted to examine minimum durations of samples needed for the recognition of acoustic parameters such as pitch, timbre or vocal phonemes. Recent studies in this field are often based on short clips (plinks) of popular songs, using target variables such as titles and interpreters. These studies provide strong evidence that a wide range of intra- and extramusical information can be identified above chance level for stimuli lasting much shorter than a second. Nevertheless, a review of precedent studies revealed a heterogeneity in stimulus generation processes that could have influenced overall recognition rates. As a piece of music unfolds in time, its timbral structure is subject to a variety of changes. We assume that the position of stimulus extraction, therefore, could influence the outcomes of a subsequent recognition task, for instance. In this study, we offer a systematic and objective stimulus extraction procedure that might help to control for (a) a possible confounding of stimulus duration and timbre (caused by the extraction of stimulus sets of various length from different song positions), (b) possible confoundings of song section and timbre (caused by the comparison of stimulus sets from divergent song sections), and (c) the suspected influence of subjective criteria on extract selection (caused by the non-randomized selection of extract positions). As an alternative approach, the suggested Matryoshka principle produces randomized sets of nested stimuli controlled for song position and objective selection. Each set represents an individual section and consists of five short excerpts, cut from each other in decreasing duration. Correlation analyses confirmed that these sets prove to be stable in terms of their mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients, the so-called “psycho-acoustic fingerprint” of a sound. Based on the software Random Plink Generator, the suggested procedure can help to contribute to an objective selection of stimuli in future plink research.