Journal articles: 'Sonodynamic photodynamic therapy'

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Zhu, Shuang, De-Qiang Wang, Xue-Hua Sun, Xin-Yu Li, Hui-Fang Xiao, Wan-Ru Sun, Xing-Tao Wang, et al. "Mitochondria-Targeted Degradable Nanocomposite Combined with Laser and Ultrasound for Synergistic Tumor Therapies." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2022.3287.

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Although the development of safe and efficient cancer therapeutic agents is essential, this process remains challenging. In this study, a mitochondria-targeted degradable nanoplatform (PDA–MnO2-IR780) for synergistic photothermal, photodynamic, and sonodynamic tumor treatment was investigated. PDA–MnO2-IR780 exhibits superior photothermal properties owing to the integration of polydopamine, MnO2, and IR780. IR780, a photosensitizer and sonosensitizer, was used for photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy. When PDA–MnO2-IR780 was delivered to the tumor site, MnO2 was decomposed by hydrogen peroxide, producing Mn2+ and oxygen. Meanwhile, alleviating tumor hypoxia promoted the production of reactive oxygen species during photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy. Moreover, large amounts of reactive oxygen species could reduce the expression of heat shock proteins and increase the heat sensitivity of tumor cells, thereby improving the photothermal treatment effect. In turn, hyperthermia caused by photothermal therapy accelerated the production of reactive oxygen species in photodynamic therapy. IR780 selectively accumulation in mitochondria also promoted tumor apoptosis. In this system, the mutual promotion of photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy/sonodynamic therapy had an enhanced therapeutic effect. Moreover, the responsive degradable characteristic of PDA–MnO2-IR780 in the tumor microenvironment ensured excellent biological safety. These results reveal a great potential of PDA–MnO2-IR780 for safe and highly-efficiency synergistic therapy for cancer.

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Son, Subin, Ji Hyeon Kim, Xianwen Wang, Chuangli Zhang, Shin A. Yoon, Jinwoo Shin, Amit Sharma, et al. "Multifunctional sonosensitizers in sonodynamic cancer therapy." Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 11 (2020): 3244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00648f.

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Rengeng, Liu, Zhang Qianyu, Lang Yuehong, Peng Zhongzhong, and Li Libo. "Sonodynamic therapy, a treatment developing from photodynamic therapy." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 19 (September 2017): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.06.003.

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Tzerkovsky, D. A., E. L. Protopovich, and D. S. Stupak. "Sonodynamic and sono-photodynamic therapy in oncology." Biomedical Photonics 8, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24931/2413-9432-2019-8-2-31-46.

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In the present publication, authors have analyzed the results of using sonodynamic and sono-photodynamic therapy with photosensitizing agents of various classes (hematoporphyrin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, chlorin derivatives, etc.) in experimental oncology. In a number of in vitro and in vivo studies, the high antitumor efficacy of the above treatment methods has been proven. Ultrasonic treatment with a pulse frequency of 1–3 MHz and an intensity of 0.7 to 5 W/cm2 , independently and in combination with photo-irradiation of experimental tumors, can significantly improve the cytotoxic properties of photosensitizers. This became the basisfor testing the methodsin patients with malignant neoplasms of various localizations. Scientists fromSouth-East Asia presented the preliminary results of the use of sonodynamic and sono-photodynamic therapy with photosensitizers in the treatment of malignant pathology of the mammary gland, stomach, esophagus, prostate, lung and brain. Analysis of the obtained data indicates the absence of serious adverse events and an increase in the antitumor efficacy of treatment, which included these treatment methods with chlorin-type photosensitizers.

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Luo, Hongyu, Wenmei Yu, Si Chen, Zhenyu Wang, Zejie Tian, Jun He, and Yunmei Liu. "Application of metalloporphyrin sensitizers for the treatment or diagnosis of tumors." Journal of Chemical Research 46, no. 2 (March 2022): 174751982210909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17475198221090914.

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At present, metalloporphyrin compounds demonstrate three main uses as anticancer sensitizers: (1) photosensitizers, (2) photothermal conversion agents, and (3) ultrasound sensitizers. Developing efficient sensitizers for cancer with excellent controllability and biocompatibility is an important goal of oncology medicine. Because of the different structural diversity of anticancer sensitizers, such sensitizers are used for treating cancers by employing a variety of tumor treatment methods such as mature photodynamic therapy, commonly used clinically photothermal therapy and promising sonodynamic therapy. Among the many sensitizers, metalloporphyrin-complex sensitizers attract wide attention due to their excellent performance in tumor treatment and diagnosis. This review briefly describes some metalloporphyrin anticancer drugs and diagnostic agents related to photodynamic, photothermal and sonodynamic therapy, and discusses the roles of metal atoms in these drugs.

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Songca, Sandile Phinda, and Yaw Adjei. "Applications of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Bacterial Biofilms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23063209.

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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and allied photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy have shown remarkable activity against bacterial pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm forms. There has been little or no resistance development against antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Furthermore, recent developments in therapies that involve antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in combination with photothermal hyperthermia therapy, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, antibiotic chemotherapy and cold atmospheric pressure plasma therapy have shown additive and synergistic enhancement of its efficacy. This paper reviews applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and non-invasive combination therapies often used with it, including sonodynamic therapy and nanozyme enhanced photodynamic therapy. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm mechanisms are discussed. This review proposes that these technologies have a great potential to overcome the bacterial resistance associated with bacterial biofilm formation.

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Weber, M. "New Developments in Photodynamic and Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 222s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.89900.

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Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is already widely used for the treatment of superficial tumors. Due to technological developments in the field of low-level laser therapy it can now also be used to treat various kinds of internal cancers, including breast, lung, prostate, bladder, rectal and other cancers. The principle is the photoactivation of a light sensitive substance (photosensitizer) which is injected into the bloodstream or directly into the tumor. After a certain amount of time the photosensitizer will be taken up by cancer cells by endocytosis. The cancerous area is then irradiated by laser light of appropriate wavelength, according to the absorption spectra of the photosensitizer. The emitted photons are absorbed by the photosensitizer which is thereby shifted to a highly reactive state. As a consequent, it interacts with tissue oxygen, leading to the development of reactive singlet oxygen radicals which are cytotoxic for cancer cells. Additional sonodynamic cancer therapy (SDT) improves the clinical outcomes. Aim: We describe a broad number of case studies to demonstrate the outstanding potential of the treatment protocols. Methods: We used indocyanine green, curcumin and hypericin as photosensitizing agents. Upon light activation, the agents react with oxygen, leading to the development of oxygen radicals which induce irreparable damage on cancer cells. Results: In the vast majority of all cases, significant reductions of tumor mass up to complete remissions could be achieved. Conclusion: Protocols consisting of photodynamic and sonodynamic cancer therapies have the potential to become mainstream cancer therapies in the next couple of years.

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Norman Kenyon, Julian, and Richard James Fuller. "Outcome Measures Following Sonodynamic Photodynamic Therapy – A Case Series." Current Drug Therapy 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157488511794079059.

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Wang, Xiaohuai, Lucy Qing Li, Weimin Zhang, Yifan Luo, and Douglas Graham Mitchell. "Sonodynamic and photodynamic therapy in advanced refractory breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2012): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.27_suppl.118.

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118 Background: Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), a procedure related with photodynamic therapy, is a promising new modality for treating deep-seated cancer. Two new chlorophyll derived sono-photo-sensitizing agents, along with equipment for systemic SDT, have been developed by EEC Biotech and all approved by regulator for safety on human. Animal studies demonstrate that the sensitizers are specifically absorbed into tumor cells and SDT does inhibit growth of mouse S-180 sarcoma. An in vitro experiment with human breast cancer cell-line showed that SDT was strongly synergetic with chemotherapy. Using sono-photo-dynamic therapy (SPDT) as a supplementary or salvage treatment, we have got some positive results in advanced refractory breast cancers. Methods: Twelve patients were pathologically proven advanced breast carcinoma. Eleven had metastases in viscera including brain, and nine in bones. Ten had chemotherapy before, nine failed at least second lines of conventional chemotherapy. With SPDT, Patients took the sensitizers sublingually on days 1 and 2, red light and multiple ultrasound transducers irradiate tumor area and whole body on days 4 to 6. The treatment was repeated. Nine patients had concurrent chemo with range from moderate to ¼ conventional dosages selected to keep side effects at grade II or better. Results: The twelve patients achieved CR 3(25%), PR 6 (50%), MR 1, SD 2, with an overall response rate of 75%.Median overall survival exceeded 14.5 months. SPDT as sole therapy was effective in three cases. Four treated repeatly with SPDT also achieved positive result after tumor relapsed. One patient with brain metastases showed much reduced. The two SD were TNBC with inflammation-like metastases on the chest surface. The main SPDT side effects were easily reversible mild pain in tumor areas, tiredness and weakness.There was no skin sensitivity.SPDT/dose controlled chemo was well tolerated, even a terminally ill patient was treated safely and effectively. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that SPDT has almost no toxicity, and may dramatically enhance chemo efficacy in some refractory advanced breast cancer cases. SPDT has a good trend to be a new systemic, low toxicity tumor therapy and merit for further investigation.

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Stride, Eleanor P. "Probing the mechanisms of sonodynamic therapy." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010585.

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Drugs that can be activated by a physical stimulus at a target site offer great potential for limiting toxic side effects, e.g., in cancer therapy. In photodynamic therapy, light is used as the stimulus, but clinical applications are limited due to the poor penetration of light in tissue. Multiple studies have demonstrated that ultrasound can also be used to activate some light-responsive drugs. This potentially extends the range of therapeutic applications considerably, but the mechanisms underpinning drug activation, dubbed sonodynamic therapy (SDT), remain unclear. It was recently demonstrated that multi-bubble sonoluminescence could be detected from a suspension of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents when exposed to ultrasound under conditions similar to those used in SDT. Moreover, the addition of an SDT drug produced a reduction in optical emissions at the wavelength corresponding to its activation. Numerous questions, however, remain and the aim of this talk is to review recent studies of SDT and new evidence for the roles of sonoluminescence, sonoporation, and other phenomena hypothesized to play a role in its mechanism of action.

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Nakonechny, Faina, Michael Nisnevitch, Yeshayahu Nitzan, and Marina Nisnevitch. "Sonodynamic Excitation of Rose Bengal for Eradication of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/684930.

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Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy based on photosensitizers activated by illumination is limited by poor penetration of visible light through skin and tissues. In order to overcome this problem, Rose Bengal was excited in the dark by 28 kHz ultrasound and was applied for inactivation of bacteria. It is demonstrated, for the first time, that the sonodynamic technique is effective for eradication of Gram-positiveStaphylococcus aureusand Gram-negativeEscherichia coli. The net sonodynamic effect was calculated as a 3-4 log10reduction in bacteria concentration, depending on the cell and the Rose Bengal concentration and the treatment time. Sonodynamic treatment may become a novel and effective form of antimicrobial therapy and can be used for low-temperature sterilization of medical instruments and surgical accessories.

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Liu, Han-Qing, Ya-Wen An, Zhi-Wen Li, Wei-Xin Li, Bo Yuan, Jian-Chun Wang, Hong-Tao Jin, and Cheng Wang. "Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy." Open Chemistry 18, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0127.

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AbstractSinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) is a novel sensitizer discovered by Professor Fang Qi-Cheng and widely used in photodynamic (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). We searched databases including PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, etc. for system review of its progress. We found that, both DVDMS-PDT and -SDT had been proven effective for inhibiting tumor growth and mechanisms involved reactive oxygen species, autophagy, and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. Material advances enhanced antitumor effects and expanded its application. The safety of DVDMS in animals was evaluated, and metabolic parameters were uncovered. Additionally, DVDMS-PDT also exhibited therapeutic effects on non-neoplastic diseases like psoriasis and bacterial infections. Two phase I clinical trials of DVDMS have been documented, but recruitments had still not been completed. In conclusion, DVDMS is a promising sensitizer for both PDT and SDT; however, there are some shortcomings in previous studies like inconsistent treatment parameters, which need systematic assessments in future. Moreover, more mechanisms such as the role of autophagy need to be discovered. Further evidence of the safety and effectiveness of new materials are needed, and the application in non-neoplastic diseases like actinic keratosis and fungal infection deserves further development. Above all, promoting its clinical applications is the most important goal.

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Polat, Ece, and Kyungsu Kang. "Natural Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy." Biomedicines 9, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9060584.

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Health problems and reduced treatment effectiveness due to antimicrobial resistance have become important global problems and are important factors that negatively affect life expectancy. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is constantly evolving and can minimize this antimicrobial resistance problem. Reactive oxygen species produced when nontoxic photosensitizers are exposed to light are the main functional components of APDT responsible for microbial destruction; therefore, APDT has a broad spectrum of target pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Various photosensitizers, including natural extracts, compounds, and their synthetic derivatives, are being investigated. The main limitations, such as weak antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, solubility, specificity, and cost, encourage the exploration of new photosensitizer candidates. Many additional methods, such as cell surface engineering, cotreatment with membrane-damaging agents, nanotechnology, computational simulation, and sonodynamic therapy, are also being investigated to develop novel APDT methods with improved properties. In this review, we summarize APDT research, focusing on natural photosensitizers used in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In addition, we describe the limitations observed for natural photosensitizers and the methods developed to counter those limitations with emerging technologies.

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Serpe, Loredana, Federica Foglietta, and Roberto Canaparo. "Nanosonotechnology: the next challenge in cancer sonodynamic therapy." Nanotechnology Reviews 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2011-0009.

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AbstractSonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a newly developed anticancer treatment where ultrasound is used to trigger the cytotoxic effect of chemical compounds, known as sonosensitizers. Although SDT is similar to photodynamic therapy (PDT), SDT activates the chemical compounds through energy transfer using ultrasound rather than light. Moreover, SDT can focus the ultrasound energy onto malignant sites situa\xadted deeply within tissues, thus overcoming the main drawback linked to the use of PDT. Several physical and chemical mechanisms underlying ultrasound bioeffects and anticancer SDT take advantage of the non-thermal effect of acoustic cavitation generated by selected pulsed or continuous ultrasound. As the physical-chemical structure of the sonosentizer is essential for the success of SDT, we believe that the different aspects related to nanotechnology in medicine might well be able to improve the triggering effect ultrasound has on sonosensitizing agents. Therefore, the aim of this review is to focus on how nanotechnology might improve this innovative anticancer therapeutic approach.

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Abrahamse, Heidi, and Michael R. Hamblin. "New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy." Biochemical Journal 473, no. 4 (February 9, 2016): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20150942.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has since become a well-studied therapy for cancer and various non-malignant diseases including infections. PDT uses photosensitizers (PSs, non-toxic dyes) that are activated by absorption of visible light to initially form the excited singlet state, followed by transition to the long-lived excited triplet state. This triplet state can undergo photochemical reactions in the presence of oxygen to form reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) that can destroy cancer cells, pathogenic microbes and unwanted tissue. The dual-specificity of PDT relies on accumulation of the PS in diseased tissue and also on localized light delivery. Tetrapyrrole structures such as porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins and phthalocyanines with appropriate functionalization have been widely investigated in PDT, and several compounds have received clinical approval. Other molecular structures including the synthetic dyes classes as phenothiazinium, squaraine and BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene), transition metal complexes, and natural products such as hypericin, riboflavin and curcumin have been investigated. Targeted PDT uses PSs conjugated to antibodies, peptides, proteins and other ligands with specific cellular receptors. Nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to PDT, giving rise to approaches such as nanoparticle delivery, fullerene-based PSs, titania photocatalysis, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles to increase light penetration into tissue. Future directions include photochemical internalization, genetically encoded protein PSs, theranostics, two-photon absorption PDT, and sonodynamic therapy using ultrasound.

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Kim, Mingyun, Doyeon Kim, Yongho Jang, Hyounkoo Han, Seonock Lee, Hyungwon Moon, Jungho Kim, and Hyuncheol Kim. "Development of a Polymersome-Based Nanomedicine for Chemotherapeutic and Sonodynamic Combination Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021194.

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In anticancer therapy, combination therapy has been suggested as an alternative to the insufficient therapeutic efficacy of single therapy. Among combination therapies, combination chemo- and photodynamic therapy are actively investigated. However, photodynamic therapy shows a limitation in the penetration depth of the laser. Therefore, sonodynamic therapy (SDT), using ultrasound instead of a laser as a trigger, is an upcoming strategy for deep tumors. Additionally, free drugs are easily degraded by enzymes, have difficulty in reaching the target site, and show side effects after systemic administration; therefore, the development of drug delivery systems is desirable for sufficient drug efficacy for combination therapy. However, nanocarriers, such as microbubbles, and albumin nanoparticles, are unstable in the body and show low drug-loading efficiency. Here, we propose polylactide (PLA)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymersomes (PLs) with a high drug loading rate of doxorubicin (DOX) and verteporfin (VP) for effective combination therapy in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The cellular uptake efficiency and cytotoxicity test results of VP-DOX-PLs were higher than that of single therapy. Moreover, in vivo biodistribution showed the accumulation of the VP-DOX-PLs in tumor regions. Therefore, VP-DOX-PLs showed more effective anticancer efficacy than either single therapy in vivo. These results suggest that the combination therapy of SDT and chemotherapy could show novel anticancer effects using VP-DOX-PLs.

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Tzerkovsky, D., E. Alexandrova, V. Chalau, and Y. Istomin. "Sonodynamic therapy enhance Photolon-mediated photodynamic therapy of rat brain tumor model glioma C6." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 8, no. 2 (June 2011): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.03.135.

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Cao, Yifeng, Chuyang Chen, Yi Tao, Weifeng Lin, and Ping Wang. "Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122003.

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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by extensive tumor heterogeneity at both the pathologic and molecular levels, particularly accelerated aggressiveness, and terrible metastasis. It is responsible for the increased mortality of breast cancer patients. Due to the negative expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, the progress of targeted therapy has been hindered. Higher immune response in TNBCs than for other breast cancer types makes immunotherapy suitable for TNBC therapy. At present, promising treatments in immunotherapy of TNBC include immune checkpoints (ICs) blockade therapy, adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, and tumor vaccine immunotherapy. In addition, nanomedicines exhibit great potential in cancer therapy through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Immunotherapy-involved combination therapy may exert synergistic effects by combining with other treatments, such as traditional chemotherapy and new treatments, including photodynamic therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). This review focuses on introducing the principles and latest development as well as progress in using nanocarriers as drug-delivery systems for the immunotherapy of TNBC.

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Lin, Kecan, Ziguo Lin, Yujie Li, Youshi Zheng, and Da Zhang. "Ultrasound-induced reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondria-specific damage by sonodynamic agent/metal ion-doped mesoporous silica." RSC Advances 9, no. 68 (2019): 39924–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08142a.

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Yang, Yu-Ling, Ke Lin, and Li Yang. "Progress in Nanocarriers Codelivery System to Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Photodynamic Therapy." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111951.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising anticancer noninvasive method and has great potential for clinical applications. Unfortunately, PDT still has many limitations, such as metastatic tumor at unknown sites, inadequate light delivery and a lack of sufficient oxygen. Recent studies have demonstrated that photodynamic therapy in combination with other therapies can enhance anticancer effects. The development of new nanomaterials provides a platform for the codelivery of two or more therapeutic drugs, which is a promising cancer treatment method. The use of multifunctional nanocarriers for the codelivery of two or more drugs can improve physical and chemical properties, increase tumor site aggregation, and enhance the antitumor effect through synergistic actions, which is worthy of further study. This review focuses on the latest research progress on the synergistic enhancement of PDT by simultaneous multidrug administration using codelivery nanocarriers. We introduce the design of codelivery nanocarriers and discuss the mechanism of PDT combined with other antitumor methods. The combination of PDT and chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photothermal therapy, hyperthermia, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy and even multidrug therapy are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding.

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Ponce Ayala, Erika Toneth, Fernanda Alves Dias de Sousa, José Dirceu Vollet-Filho, Marlon Rodrigues Garcia, Leonardo de Boni, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, and Sebastião Pratavieira. "Photodynamic and Sonodynamic Therapy with Protoporphyrin IX: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 47, no. 4 (April 2021): 1032–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.12.006.

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Hong, Liang, Artem M. Pliss, Ye Zhan, Wenhan Zheng, Jun Xia, Liwei Liu, Junle Qu, and Paras N. Prasad. "Perfluoropolyether Nanoemulsion Encapsulating Chlorin e6 for Sonodynamic and Photodynamic Therapy of Hypoxic Tumor." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102058.

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Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as an important modality for cancer treatment. SDT utilizes ultrasound excitation, which overcomes the limitations of light penetration in deep tumors, as encountered by photodynamic therapy (PDT) which uses optical excitations. A comparative study of these modalities using the same sensitizer drug can provide an assessment of their effects. However, the efficiency of SDT and PDT is low in a hypoxic tumor environment, which limits their applications. In this study, we report a hierarchical nanoformulation which contains a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sensitizer chlorin, e6, and a uniquely stable high loading capacity oxygen carrier, perfluoropolyether. This oxygen carrier possesses no measurable cytotoxicity. It delivers oxygen to overcome hypoxia, and at the same time, boosts the efficiency of both SDT and PDT. Moreover, we comparatively analyzed the efficiency of SDT and PDT for tumor treatment throughout the depth of the tissue. Our study demonstrates that the strengths of PDT and SDT could be combined into a single multifunctional nanoplatform, which works well in the hypoxia environment and overcomes the limitations of each modality. The combination of deep tissue penetration by ultrasound and high spatial activation by light for selective treatment of single cells will significantly enhance the scope for therapeutic applications.

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Wang, Xiaohuai, Weimin Zhang, Zhiyong Xu, Yifan Luo, Doug Mitchell, and Ralph W. Moss. "Sonodynamic and Photodynamic Therapy in Advanced Breast Carcinoma: A Report of 3 Cases." Integrative Cancer Therapies 8, no. 3 (September 2009): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735409343693.

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Xu, Feiya, Min Hu, Chengcheng Liu, and Seok Ki Choi. "Yolk-structured multifunctional up-conversion nanoparticles for synergistic photodynamic–sonodynamic antibacterial resistance therapy." Biomaterials Science 5, no. 4 (2017): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7bm00030h.

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The PDT and SDT combination in bacterial killing is better than a single strategy. NIR of UCNPs shows deeper tissue penetration than visible and UV light. Yolk-structured UCNPs show abundant loading space and better water solubility.

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Baldea, Ioana, Lorin Giurgiu, Ioana Diana Teacoe, Diana Elena Olteanu, Florin Catalin Olteanu, Simona Clichici, and Gabriela Adriana Filip. "Photodynamic Therapy in Melanoma - Where do we Stand?" Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 40 (January 21, 2019): 5540–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171226115626.

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Background: Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors, with unpredictable evolution. Despite numerous therapeutic options, like chemotherapy, BRAF inhibitors and immunotherapy, advanced melanoma prognosis remains severe. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been successfully used as the first line or palliative therapy for the treatment of lung, esophageal, bladder, non melanoma skin and head and neck cancers. However, classical PDT has shown some drawbacks that limit its clinical application in melanoma. Objective: The most important challenge is to overcome melanoma resistance, due to melanosomal trapping, presence of melanin, enhanced oxidative stress defense, defects in the apoptotic pathways, immune evasion, neoangiogenesis stimulation. Method: In this review we considered: (1) main signaling molecular pathways deregulated in melanoma as potential targets for personalized therapy, including PDT, (2) results of the clinical studies regarding PDT of melanoma, especially advanced metastatic stage, (3) progresses made in the design of anti-melanoma photosensitizers (4) inhibition of tumor neoangiogenesis, as well as (5) advantages of the derived therapies like photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy. Results: PDT represents a promising alternative palliative treatment for advanced melanoma patients, mainly due to its minimal invasive character and low side effects. Efficient melanoma PDT requires: (1) improved, tumor targeted, NIR absorbing photosensitizers, capable of inducing high amounts of different ROS inside tumor and vasculature cells, possibly allowing a theranostic approach; (2) an efficient adjuvant immune therapy. Conclusion: Combination of PDT with immune stimulation might be the key to overcome the melanoma resistance and to obtain better, sustainable clinical results.

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Foglietta, Federica, Patrizia Panzanelli, Loredana Serpe, and Roberto Canaparo. "Exploiting Shock Waves to Trigger the Anticancer Sonodynamic Activity of 5-Aminolevulinc Acid-Derived Protoporphyrin IX on In Vitro 2D and 3D Cancer Models." Biomedicines 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2022): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10030615.

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Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a noninvasive method for cancer treatment based on selective activation of a sonosensitiser by ultrasound (US), which results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cancer cell death. SDT uses a similar approach to photodynamic therapy (PDT), but can overcome the main drawback of PDT, i.e., poor tissue penetration of light. This research work investigated the anticancer effect of SDT on various two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) in vitro tumour models, using PDT as a reference treatment. Sonodynamic experiments were performed with pulsed US, specifically with shock waves (SW) and the prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (Ala), which is converted—at the mitochondrial level—into the sonosensitiser protoporphyrin IX (PPIX). SW-mediated PPIX sonodynamic activation resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation, especially on human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) cells, where PPIX accumulation was higher compared to human melanoma (A2058) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5 Y) cells. Moreover, SW-mediated SDT showed significant ROS generation, cell line-dependent in its amount, probably due to differences in Ala-induced PPIX synthesis. In all cancer cell lines, apoptosis was highlighted as the main cancer cell death pathway determined by SW-mediated SDT, along with significant cytochrome c release, and a consequent increase in DNA damage. The efficacy of SDT with SW and Ala in halting cancer cell proliferation was also confirmed in 3D cancer spheroids. The present study suggests that SW-mediated SDT is a valuable approach to slow down tumour proliferation, thus opening an innovative scenario in cancer treatment.

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Kipshidze, Nicholas, Nicholas Yeo, and Nodar Kipshidze. "Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 31 (September 2020): 101961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101961.

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Wu, Jiasheng, Jie Sha, Chuangli Zhang, Weimin Liu, Xiuli Zheng, and Pengfei Wang. "Recent advances in theranostic agents based on natural products for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy." View 1, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 20200090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/viw.20200090.

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Jiao, Junna, Zhuang Qian, Yurong Wang, Mei Liu, Liye Fan, Mengqing Liu, Zichen Hao, Junrong Jiao, and Zhuangwei Lv. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of PEGylated MWO4 Nanoparticles as Sonodynamic AID Inhibitors in Treating Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma." Molecules 27, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 7143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217143.

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Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) triggered by ultrasound (US) has attracted increasing attention owing to its ability to overcome critical limitations, including low tissue-penetration depth and phototoxicity in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Biogenic metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been used as anti-cancer drugs due to their biocompatibility properties with most biological systems. Here, sonosensitizer MWO4-PEG NPs (M = Fe Mn Co Ni) were synthesized as inhibitors to activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), thus neutralizing the extensive carcinogenesis of AID in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The physiological properties of these nanomaterials were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The inhibition of NPs to AID was primarily identified by the affinity interaction prediction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and AID through molecular dynamics and molecular docking technology. The cell apoptosis and ROS generation in US-triggered NPs treated DLBCL cells (with high levels of AID) were also detected to indicate the sonosensitivity and toxicity of MWO4-PEG NPs to DLBCL cells. The anti-lymphoma studies using DLBCL and AID-deficient DLBCL cell lines indicated a concentration-dependent profile. The synthesized MWO4-PEG NPs in this study manifested good sonodynamic inhibitory effects to AID and well treatment for AID-positive hematopoietic cancers.

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Bilmin, Krzysztof, Tamara Kujawska, and Paweł Grieb. "Sonodynamic Therapy for Gliomas. Perspectives and Prospects of Selective Sonosensitization of Glioma Cells." Cells 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8111428.

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Malignant glial tumors (gliomas) are the second (after cerebral stroke) cause of death from diseases of the central nervous system. The current routine therapy, involving a combination of tumor resection, radio-, and chemo-therapy, only modestly improves survival. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has been broadly defined as a synergistic effect of sonication applied in combination with substances referred to as “sonosensitizers”. The current review focuses on the possibility of the use of tumor-seeking sonosensitizers, in particular 5-aminolevulinic acid, to control recurring gliomas. In this application, SDT employs a principle similar to that of the more widely-known photodynamic therapy of superficially located cancers, the difference being the use of ultrasound instead of light to deliver the energy necessary to eliminate the sensitized malignant cells. The ability of ultrasound to penetrate brain tissues makes it possible to reach deeply localized intracranial tumors such as gliomas. The major potential advantage of this variant of SDT is its relative non-invasiveness and possibility of repeated application. Until now, there have been no clinical data regarding the efficacy and safety of such treatment for malignant gliomas, but the preclinical data are encouraging.

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McEwan, Conor, Heather Nesbitt, Dean Nicholas, Oisin N. Kavanagh, Kevin McKenna, Philip Loan, Iain G. Jack, Anthony P. McHale, and John F. Callan. "Comparing the efficacy of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy in non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 24, no. 13 (July 2016): 3023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.015.

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Kim, Yong-Wan, Hwan Suk Lee, Kwang Hee Son, Jeong Whan Lee, and Yang Gu Lee. "Combinational anti-tumor effects of photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy in breast cancer cells using in vivo studies." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 17 (March 2017): A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.01.126.

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Jin, Weiqiu, Changzi Dong, Dengtian Yang, Ruotong Zhang, Tianshu Jiang, and Daocheng Wu. "Nano-Carriers of Combination Tumor Physical Stimuli-Responsive Therapies." Current Drug Delivery 17, no. 7 (September 15, 2020): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201817666200525004225.

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With the development of nanotechnology, Tumor Physical Stimuli-Responsive Therapies (TPSRTs) have reached a new stage because of the remarkable characteristics of nanocarriers. The nanocarriers enable such therapies to overcome the drawbacks of traditional therapies, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy. To further explore the possibility of the nanocarrier-assisted TPSRTs, scientists have combined different TPSRTs <i>via</i> the platform of nanocarriers into combination TPSRTs, which include Photothermal Therapy (PTT) with Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy (MHT), PTT with Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT), MHT with Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), and PDT with PTT. To achieve such therapies, it requires to fully utilize the versatile functions of a specific nanocarrier, which depend on a pellucid understanding of the traits of those nanocarriers. This review covers the principles of different TPSRTs and their combinations, summarizes various types of combination TPSRTs nanocarriers and their therapeutic effects on tumors, and discusses the current disadvantages and future developments of these nanocarriers in the application of combination TPSRTs.

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Marcus, Stuart, and Nader Sanai. "DDRE-10. METABOLIC TARGETING OF HUMAN GLIOBLASTOMA USING 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID (ALA)-MEDIATED SONODYNAMIC THERAPY: A FIRST-IN-HUMAN STUDY." Neuro-Oncology Advances 3, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): i8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdab024.032.

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Abstract Heme biosynthesis is altered in glioblastoma (GBM). Systemic dosing with ALA, the first committed molecule in the heme pathway, results in accumulation of the fluorescent intermediate, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) only within tumor tissue (Gleolan label, 2019). PpIX is a photosensitizer that is effective in photodynamic therapy (PDT); in recurrent GBM patients, the safety and feasibility of ALA PDT has been demonstrated (Johansson A, et al. Lasers Surg Med 2013;45:225), although the practicality of this strategy in clinical care remains uncertain. Importantly, preclinical models of GBM show that PpIX is also a sonosensitizer and, in combination with transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), leads to non-ablative cytotoxic effects in vivo (Jeong EJ et al, Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 2013:38;2143, Suehiro S et al, J Neurosurg 2018: 1377, Wu et al Nature Sci Reports 2019: 9;10465). The Ivy Brain Tumor Center is conducting a first-in-human study of 5-ALA sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for recurrent GBM (NCT 04559685). In this Phase 0/1 clinical trial, nontherapeutic, single-treatment SDT is administered prior to planned tumor resection. A Dose-Escalation Arm varies the power/energy of the MRgFUS while using a fixed time-interval from exposure to surgery. A subsequent Time-Escalation Arm varies the interval between MRgFUS and surgical resection, but fixes the power/energy of the delivered ultrasound. In both Arms, patient tumor tissue is assessed for sonodynamic and pharmacodynamic effects. In each patient, half of the tumor volume is not targeted with SDT and serves as an internal control. This first-in-human study will demonstrate the safety and feasibility of ALA sonodynamic therapy in GBM and may provide the first-ever biological evidence of sonosensitization in a brain tumor patient. If successful, this Phase 0 trial will introduce a new, metabolically-driven, GBM treatment modality that may be applicable to any brain tumor that selectively accumulates PpIX after ALA administration.

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Yamaguchi, Shigeru, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Takuhito Narita, Koki Kanehira, Shuji Sonezaki, Nobuki Kudo, Yoshinobu Kubota, Shunsuke Terasaka, and Kiyohiro Houkin. "Sonodynamic therapy using water-dispersed TiO2-polyethylene glycol compound on glioma cells: Comparison of cytotoxic mechanism with photodynamic therapy." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 18, no. 5 (September 2011): 1197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.12.017.

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Dong, Wenjuan, Hu Wang, Hailin Liu, Chunqiao Zhou, Xuelin Zhang, Song Wang, and Lin He. "Potential of Black Phosphorus in Immune-Based Therapeutic Strategies." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3790097.

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Black phosphorus (BP) consists of phosphorus atoms, an essential element of bone and nucleic acid, which covalently bonds to three adjacent phosphorus atoms to form a puckered bilayer structure. With its anisotropy, band gap, biodegradability, and biocompatibility properties, BP is considered promising for cancer therapy. For example, BP under irradiation can convert near-infrared (NIR) light into heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage cancer cells, called photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Compared with PTT and PDT, the novel techniques of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photoacoustic therapy (PAT) exhibit amplified ROS generation and precise photoacoustic-shockwaves to enhance anticancer effect when BP receives ultrasound or NIR irradiation. Based on the prospective phototherapy, BP with irradiation can cause a “double-kill” to tumor cells, involving tumor-structure damage induced by heat, ROS, and shockwaves and a subsequent anticancer immune response induced by in situ vaccines construction in tumor site, which is referred to as photoimmunotherapy (PIT). In conclusion, BP shows promise in natural antitumor biological activity, biological imaging, drug delivery, PTT/PDT/SDT/PAT/PIT, nanovaccines, nanoadjuvants, and combination immunotherapy regimens.

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Nomikou, N., K. Curtis, C. McEwan, B. M. G. O’Hagan, B. Callan, J. F. Callan, and A. P. McHale. "A versatile, stimulus-responsive nanoparticle-based platform for use in both sonodynamic and photodynamic cancer therapy." Acta Biomaterialia 49 (February 2017): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.031.

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Pavlíčková, Vladimíra, Jan Škubník, Michal Jurášek, and Silvie Rimpelová. "Advances in Purpurin 18 Research: On Cancer Therapy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052254.

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How to make cancer treatment more efficient and enhance the patient’s outcome? By multimodal therapy, theranostics, or personalized medicine? These are questions asked by scientists and doctors worldwide. However, finding new unique approaches and options for cancer treatment as well as new selective therapeutics is very challenging. More frequently, researchers “go back in time” and use already known and well-described compounds/drugs, the structure of which further derivatize to “improve” their properties, extend the use of existing drugs to new indications, or even to obtain a completely novel drug. Natural substances, especially marine products, are a great inspiration in the discovery and development of novel anticancer drugs. These can be used in many modern approaches, either as photo- and sonosensitizers in photodynamic and sonodynamic cancer therapy, respectively, or in tumor imaging and diagnosis. This review is focused on a very potent natural product, the chlorophyll metabolite purpurin 18, and its derivatives, which is well suitable for all the mentioned applications. Purpurin 18 can be easily isolated from green plants of all kinds ranging from seaweed to spinach leaves and, thus, it presents an economically feasible source for a very promising anticancer drug.

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Foglietta, Federica, Vanessa Pinnelli, Francesca Giuntini, Nadia Barbero, Patrizia Panzanelli, Gianni Durando, Enzo Terreno, Loredana Serpe, and Roberto Canaparo. "Sonodynamic Treatment Induces Selective Killing of Cancer Cells in an In Vitro Co-Culture Model." Cancers 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13153852.

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Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) is a new anticancer strategy based on ultrasound (US) technique and is derived from photodynamic therapy (PDT); SDT is still, however, far from clinical application. In order to move this therapy forward from bench to bedside, investigations have been focused on treatment selectivity between cancer cells and normal cells. As a result, the effects of the porphyrin activation by SDT on cancer (HT-29) and normal (HDF 106-05) cells were studied in a co-culture evaluating cell cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial function and plasma membrane fluidity according to the bilayer sonophore (BLS) theory. While PDT induced similar effects on both HT-29 and HDF 106-05 cells in co-culture, SDT elicited significant cytotoxicity, ROS production and mitochondrial impairment on HT-29 cells only, whereas HDF 106-05 cells were unaffected. Notably, HT-29 and HDF 106-05 showed different cell membrane fluidity during US exposure. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a marked difference between cancer cells and normal cells in co-culture in term of responsiveness to SDT, suggesting that this different behavior can be ascribed to diversity in plasma membrane properties, such as membrane fluidity, according to the BLS theory.

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Yang, Yanye, Juan Tu, Dongxin Yang, Jason L. Raymond, Ronald A. Roy, and Dong Zhang. "Photo- and Sono-Dynamic Therapy: A Review of Mechanisms and Considerations for Pharmacological Agents Used in Therapy Incorporating Light and Sound." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190123114107.

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As irreplaceable energy sources of minimally invasive treatment, light and sound have, separately, laid solid foundations in their clinic applications. Constrained by the relatively shallow penetration depth of light, photodynamic therapy (PDT) typically involves involves superficial targets such as shallow seated skin conditions, head and neck cancers, eye disorders, early-stage cancer of esophagus, etc. For ultrasound-driven sonodynamic therapy (SDT), however, to various organs is facilitated by the superior... transmission and focusing ability of ultrasound in biological tissues, enabling multiple therapeutic applications including treating glioma, breast cancer, hematologic tumor and opening blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Considering the emergence of theranostics and precision therapy, these two classic energy sources and corresponding sensitizers are worth reevaluating. In this review, three typical therapies using light and sound as a trigger, PDT, SDT, and combined PDT and SDT are introduced. The therapeutic dynamics and current designs of pharmacological sensitizers involved in these therapies are presented. By introducing both the history of the field and the most up-to-date design strategies, this review provides a systemic summary on the development of PDT and SDT and fosters inspiration for researchers working on ‘multi-modal’ therapies involving light and sound.

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Lafond, Maxime, Thomas Lambin, Robert Andrew Drainville, Aurélien Dupré, Mathieu Pioche, David Melodelima, and Cyril Lafon. "Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Emerging Therapeutic Uses of Focused Ultrasound." Cancers 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14112577.

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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) diagnosis accompanies a somber prognosis for the patient, with dismal survival odds: 5% at 5 years. Despite extensive research, PDAC is expected to become the second leading cause of mortality by cancer by 2030. Ultrasound (US) has been used successfully in treating other types of cancer and evidence is flourishing that it could benefit PDAC patients. High-intensity focused US (HIFU) is currently used for pain management in palliative care. In addition, clinical work is being performed to use US to downstage borderline resectable tumors and increase the proportion of patients eligible for surgical ablation. Focused US (FUS) can also induce mechanical effects, which may elicit an anti-tumor response through disruption of the stroma and can be used for targeted drug delivery. More recently, sonodynamic therapy (akin to photodynamic therapy) and immunomodulation have brought new perspectives in treating PDAC. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of those techniques and share our opinion on their future and challenges.

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Liu, Jinqiang, Shiying Fu, Jiaxuan Xie, Jianzhong Zhang, Jintao Pan, Chengchao Chu, Gang Liu, and Shenghong Ju. "Application of Self-Assembly Nanoparticles Based on DVDMS for Fenton-Like Ion Delivery and Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (April 18, 2022): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040255.

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Upon harnessing low-intensity ultrasound to activate sonosensitizers, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) induces cancer cell death through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated pathway. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), SDT possesses numerous advantages, including deeper tissue penetration, higher accuracy, fewer side effects, and better patient compliance. Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS), a sonosensitizer approved by the FDA, has drawn abundant attention in clinical research, but there are some deficiencies. In order to further improve the efficiency of DVDMS, many studies have applied self-assembly nanotechnology to modify it. Furthermore, the combined applications of SDT/chemodynamic therapy (CDT) have become a research hotspot in tumor therapy. Therefore, we explored the self-assembly of nanoparticles based on DVDMS and copper to combine SDT and CDT. A cost-effective sonosensitizer was synthesized by dropping CuCl2 into the DVDMS solution with the assistance of PVP. The results revealed that the nanostructures could exert excellent treatment effects on tumor therapy and perform well for PET imaging, indicating the potential for cancer theranostics. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the nanoparticles have outstanding biocompatibility, higher ROS production efficiency, and antitumor efficacy. We believe this design can represent a simple approach to combining SDT and CDT with potential applications in clinical treatment and PET imaging.

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Wang, Haiping, Pan Wang, Kun Zhang, Xiaobing Wang, and Quanhong Liu. "Changes in cell migration due to the combined effects of sonodynamic therapy and photodynamic therapy on MDA-MB-231 cells." Laser Physics Letters 12, no. 3 (February 11, 2015): 035603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/12/3/035603.

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Chang, Cheng-Chung, Chia-Feng Hsieh, Hsing-Ju Wu, Mohamed Ameen, and Tun-Pin Hung. "Investigation of Sonosensitizers Based on Phenothiazinium Photosensitizers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 7819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157819.

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The main advantage of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), the combining of ultrasound with a sonosensitizer, over photodynamic therapy (PDT) is that ultrasound penetrates deeper into tissues to activate the sonosensitizer, which offers noninvasive therapy for tumors in a site-oriented approach. In this study, we synthesized two symmetrical phenothiazine derivatives in which the methyl groups of MB (methylene blue) have been replaced by a hexyl and hydroxyethyl chains, named 3,7-bis(dihexylamino)-phenothiazin-5-ium iodide (MB6C) and 3,7-bis(di(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-phenothiazin-5-ium iodide (MBOH), respectively. We explore the efficiency differences between PDT and SDT induced by these phenothiazine derivatives based on the standard of methylene blue (MB). Spectral studies indicate that these MB analogs exhibit sonosensitization ability with a similar tendency to the photosensitization ability. This means that MB, MBOH, and MB6C can be potential photosensitizers and sonosensitizers. After biological evaluation, we conclude that compound MB6C is a potential PDT and SDT candidate because it exhibits higher uptake, efficient intracellular phototoxicity and sonotoxicity over MB and MBOH, with IC50 values of ~2.5 µM and ~5 µM, respectively.

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Jin, Zhao-hui, Norio Miyoshi, Kazumori Ishiguro, Shin-ichiro Umemura, Ken-ichi Kawabata, Nagahiko Yumita, Isao Sakata, et al. "Combination Effect of Photodynamic and Sonodynamic Therapy on Experimental Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma in C3H/HeN Mice." Journal of Dermatology 27, no. 5 (May 2000): 294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2000.tb02171.x.

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Koohi Moftakhari Esfahani, Maedeh Koohi Moftakhari, Seyed Ebrahim Alavi, Peter J. Cabot, Nazrul Islam, and Emad L. Izake. "Application of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Delivery of Repurposed Anthelmintics for Cancer Therapy." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081579.

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This review focuses on the biomedical application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), mainly focusing on the therapeutic application of MSNs for cancer treatment and specifically on overcoming the challenges of currently available anthelmintics (e.g., low water solubility) as repurposed drugs for cancer treatment. MSNs, due to their promising features, such as tunable pore size and volume, ability to control the drug release, and ability to convert the crystalline state of drugs to an amorphous state, are appropriate carriers for drug delivery with the improved solubility of hydrophobic drugs. The biomedical applications of MSNs can be further improved by the development of MSN-based multimodal anticancer therapeutics (e.g., photosensitizer-, photothermal-, and chemotherapeutics-modified MSNs) and chemical modifications, such as poly ethyleneglycol (PEG)ylation. In this review, various applications of MSNs (photodynamic and sonodynamic therapies, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy) and, in particular, as the carrier of anthelmintics for cancer therapy have been discussed. Additionally, the issues related to the safety of these nanoparticles have been deeply discussed. According to the findings of this literature review, the applications of MSN nanosystems for cancer therapy are a promising approach to improving the efficacy of the diagnostic and chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, the MSN systems seem to be an efficient strategy to further help to decrease treatment costs by reducing the drug dose.

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Matos, Joana C., Marco Laurenti, Veronica Vighetto, Laura C. J. Pereira, João Carlos Waerenborgh, M. Clara Gonçalves, and Valentina Cauda. "Biomimetic Amorphous Titania Nanoparticles as Ultrasound Responding Agents to Improve Cavitation and ROS Production for Sonodynamic Therapy." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 8479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238479.

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Conventional therapies to treat cancer often exhibit low specificity, reducing the efficiency of the treatment and promoting strong side effects. To overcome these drawbacks, new ways to fight cancer cells have been developed so far focusing on nanosystems. Different action mechanisms to fight cancer cells have been explored using nanomaterials, being their remote activation one of the most promising. Photo- and sonodynamic therapies are relatively new approaches that emerged following this idea. These therapies are based on the ability of specific agents to generate highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) by external stimulation with light or ultrasounds (US), respectively. Crystalline (TiO2) and amorphous titania (a-TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) present a set of very interesting characteristics, such as their photo-reactivity, photo stability, and effective bactericidal properties. Their production is inexpensive and easily scalable; they are reusable and demonstrated already to be nontoxic. Therefore, these NPs have been increasingly studied as promising photo- or sonosensitizers to be applied in photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies in the future. However, they suffer from poor colloidal stability in aqueous and biological relevant media. Therefore, various organic and polymer-based coatings have been proposed. In this work, the role of a-TiO2 based NPs synthesized through a novel, room-temperature, base-catalyzed, sol-gel protocol in the generation of ROS and as an enhancer of acoustic inertial cavitation was evaluated under ultrasound irradiation. A novel biomimetic coating based on double lipidic bilayer, self-assembled on the a-TiO2-propylamine NPs, is proposed to better stabilize them in water media. The obtained results show that the biomimetic a-TiO2-propylamine NPs are promising candidates to be US responding agents, since an improvement of the cavitation effect occurs in presence of the developed NPs. Further studies will show their efficacy against cancer cells.

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Jiang, Zheng, Xin Yang, Mailudan Ainiwaer, Fei Chen, and Jun Liu. "Recent Clinical and Preclinical Advances in External Stimuli-Responsive Therapies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010173.

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Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has long been one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide; even though treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy have been proven to benefit the patients and prolong their survival time, the overall five-year survival rate is still below 50%. Hence, the development of new therapies for better patient management is an urgent need. External stimuli-responsive therapies are emerging therapies with promising antitumor effects; therapies such as photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal therapies (PTT) have been tested clinically in late-stage HNSCC patients and have achieved promising outcomes, while the clinical translation of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), radiodynamic therapy (RDT), microwave dynamic/thermodynamic therapy, and magnetothermal/magnetodynamic therapy (MDT/MTT) still lag behind. In terms of preclinical studies, PDT and PTT are also the most extensively studied therapies. The designing of nanoparticles and combinatorial therapies of PDT and PTT can be referenced in designing other stimuli-responsive therapies in order to achieve better antitumor effects as well as less toxicity. In this review, we consolidate the advancements and limitations of various external stimuli-responsive therapies, as well as critically discuss the prospects of this type of therapies in HNSCC treatments.

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Miyoshi, N., S. K. Kundu, T. Tuziuti, K. Yasui, I. Shimada, and Y. Ito. "Combination of Sonodynamic and Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer Would Be Effective through Using a Regulated Size of Nanoparticles." Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 4, no. 1 (February 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/nn.2016.040101.

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He, Xiaoxiao, Shiyue Chen, and Xiang Mao. "Metal-Based Nanomaterials Incorporate with Ultrasound as Acceptable Approach towards Cancer Therapy." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 11 (December 2021): 1101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1354.

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Among current biological researches, there have a plenty of works related cancer therapy issues by using functional or pure-phased composites in non-invasive strategies. Especially in fabricating anticancer candidates, functional composites are divided into different sorts with different characteristics. Additionally, nanotechnology provides various approaches in utilizing composites’ functionality for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Compared with previous Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), Photo-Thermal Therapy (PTT), chemotherapy and radiotherapy, ultrasound is used to activate sonosensitizer to produce cytotoxic Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) toward target cancer cells. In recent years, the form of Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) has been making much effort to develop highly efficient metal based Nanomaterials (NMs) as sonosensitizers, which can efficiently generate ROS and has the advantages of deeper tissue penetration. However, the traditional sonosensitizers, such as porphyrins, hypericin, and curcumins suffer from complex synthesis, poor water solubility, and low tumor targeting efficacy. For contrasting this limitation, the metal based inorganic NMs show biocompatibility, controllable physicochemical properties, and ease of achieving multifunctional properties, which greatly expanded their application in SDT. In this review, we systematically summarize the metal based inorganic NMs as carrier of molecular sonosensitizers, and produce ROS under ultrasound. Moreover, the prospects of advanced metal based further materials application are also discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sonodynamic photodynamic therapy'

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