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Journal articles on the topic 'SoP Automotive Radar Applications'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Gadringer, Michael Ernst, Franz Michael Maier, Helmut Schreiber, Vamsi Prakash Makkapati, Andreas Gruber, Michael Vorderderfler, Dominik Amschl, et al. "Radar target stimulation for automotive applications." IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 12, no. 10 (September 4, 2018): 1096–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2018.5126.

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2

Fischer, Gerhard G., and Srdjan Glisic. "SiGe:C BiCMOS Technologies for Automotive Radar Applications." ECS Transactions 16, no. 10 (December 18, 2019): 1041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2986867.

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3

Tsang, S. H., P. S. Hall, E. G. Hoare, and N. J. Clarke. "Advance Path Measurement for Automotive Radar Applications." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 7, no. 3 (September 2006): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2006.880614.

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4

Grubert, J., J. Heyen, C. Metz, L. C. Stange, and A. F. Jacob. "Planar millimeter wave radar frontend for automotive applications." Advances in Radio Science 1 (May 5, 2003): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-1-125-2003.

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Abstract. A fully integrated planar sensor for 77 GHz automotive applications is presented. The frontend consists of a transceiver multichip module and an electronically steerable microstrip patch array. The antenna feed network is based on a modified Rotman-lens and connected to the array in a multilayer approach offering higher integration. Furthermore, the frontend comprises a phase lock loop to allow proper frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar operation. The latest experimental results verify the functionality of this advanced frontend design featuring automatic cruise control, precrash sensing and cut-in detection. These promising radar measurements give reason to a detailed theoretical investigation of system performance. Employing commercially available MMIC various circuit topologies are compared based on signal-tonoise considerations. Different scenarios for both sequential and parallel lobing hint to more advanced sensor designs and better performance. These improvements strongly depend on the availability of suitable MMIC and reliable packaging technologies. Within our present approach possible future MMIC developments are already considered and, thus, can be easily adapted by the flexible frontend design. Es wird ein integrierter planarer Sensor für 77 GHz Radaranwendungen vorgestellt. Das Frontend besteht aus einem Sende- und Empfangs-Multi-Chip-Modul und einer elektronisch schwenkbaren Antenne. Das Speisenetzwerk der Antenne basiert auf einer modifizierten Rotman- Linse. Für eine kompakte Bauweise sind Antenne und Speisenetzwerk mehrlagig integriert. Weiterhin umfasst das Frontend eine Phasenregelschleife für eine präzise Steuerung des frequenzmodulierten Dauerstrichradars. Die aktuellen Messergebnisse bestätigen die Funktionalit¨at dieses neuartigen Frontend-Designs, das automatische Geschwindigkeitsregelung, Kollisionswarnung sowie Nahbereichsüberwachung ermöglicht. Die Qualität der Messergebnisse hat weiterführende theoretische Untersuchungen über die potenzielle Systemleistungsfähigkeit motiviert. Unter Berücksichtigung von kommerziell erhältlichenMMICs werden verschiedene Schaltungstopologien auf der Grundlage des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses verglichen. Sowohl für sequenzielle als auch für parallele Ansteuerung der Antennenkeulen wird eine deutliche Leistungssteigerung ermittelt. Diese Verbesserungen hängen maßgeblich von der Verfügbarkeit geeigneter MMICs und einer zuverlässigen Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik ab. Das vorliegende Frontend-Konzept kann auf Grund seiner Flexibilität leicht an derlei zukünftige Entwicklungen angepasst werden.

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5

Tak, Jinpil, Eun Jeong, and Jaehoon Choi. "Metamaterial absorbers for 24-GHz automotive radar applications." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 31, no. 6 (March 10, 2017): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2017.1297257.

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6

Santos, Luís Carlos, Filipe Neves dos Santos, Raul Morais, and Cândido Duarte. "Potential Non-Invasive Technique for Accessing Plant Water Contents Using a Radar System." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020279.

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Sap flow measurements of trees are today the most common method to determine evapotranspiration at the tree and the forest/crop canopy level. They provide independent measurements for flux comparisons and model validation. The most common approach to measure the sap flow is based on intrusive solutions with heaters and thermal sensors. This sap flow sensor technology is not very reliable for more than one season crop; it is intrusive and not adequate for low diameter trunk trees. The non-invasive methods comprise mostly Radio-frequency (RF) technologies, typically using satellite or air-born sources. This system can monitor large fields but cannot measure sap levels of a single plant (precision agriculture). This article studies the hypothesis to use of RF signals attenuation principle to detect variations in the quantity of water present in a single plant. This article presents a well-defined experience to measure water content in leaves, by means of high gains RF antennas, spectrometer, and a robotic arm. Moreover, a similar concept is studied with an off-the-shelf radar solution—for the automotive industry—to detect changes in the water presence in a single plant and leaf. The conclusions indicate a novel potential application of this technology to precision agriculture as the experiments data is directly related to the sap flow variations in plant.

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7

Hyodo, Akihiko, Shigeru Oho, and Toshiyuki Nagasaku. "Single-Chip 77GHz Radar Sensor and its Automotive Applications." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 5, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0937.

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8

Abdallah, Meriem Ben, and Jamal Bel Hadj Tahar. "Dual Band Slotted Antenna for Radar and Automotive Applications." Procedia Computer Science 73 (2015): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.011.

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9

Hu, Chenxi, Yimin Liu, Huadong Meng, and Xiqin Wang. "Randomized Switched Antenna Array FMCW Radar for Automotive Applications." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 63, no. 8 (October 2014): 3624–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2308895.

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10

Cavarra, Andrea, Giuseppe Papotto, Alessandro Parisi, Alessandro Finocchiaro, Claudio Nocera, and Giuseppe Palmisano. "Transformer-Based VCO for W-Band Automotive Radar Applications." Electronics 10, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050531.

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A transformer-based voltage-controlled oscillator for a W-band frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) automotive radar application is presented. The design challenges imposed by the millimeter-wave frequency operation were faced through a circuit and layout co-design approach, supported by extensive electromagnetic simulations and accurate analysis of both the start-up condition and the tank quality factor. The oscillator was implemented in a 28-nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. It provided a 37 GHz oscillation frequency with a variation of around 4 GHz, thus achieving a tuning range of 11%. Moreover, a 77 GHz output signal was also delivered, which was extracted as a second harmonic from the input-pair common-mode node. The circuit exhibited low phase noises, whose average performances were −97 dBc/Hz and −121 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and 10 MHz offset frequencies, respectively. It delivered a 77-GHz output power of −10.5 dBm and dissipated 26 mW with a 1 V power supply. The silicon area occupation was 300 × 135 µm.

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11

Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Myoung Yeol Park, Young Su Kim, and Franklin Bien. "A 24 GHz dual FMCW radar to improve target detection for automotive radar applications." International Journal of Information and Communication Technology 13, no. 2 (2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijict.2018.090561.

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12

Bien, Franklin, Myoung Yeol Park, Young Su Kim, and Quang Ngoc Nguyen. "A 24 GHz dual FMCW radar to improve target detection for automotive radar applications." International Journal of Information and Communication Technology 13, no. 2 (2018): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijict.2018.10011705.

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13

Blöecher, H. L., M. Andres, C. Fischer, A. Sailer, M. Goppelt, and J. Dickmann. "Impact of system parameter selection on radar sensor performance in automotive applications." Advances in Radio Science 10 (September 18, 2012): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-10-33-2012.

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Abstract. The paper deals with the investigation of relevant boundary conditions to be considered in order to operate 77/79 GHz narrow and ultra wide band automotive radar sensors in the automotive platform and the automotive environment.

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14

Wang, Xin, Sebastian Brunner, Manfred Stadler, Andreas Stelzer, and Klaus Aichholzer. "LTCC SOLUTION FOR MILLIMETER-WAVE AUTOMOTIVE SHORT-RANGE RADAR APPLICATIONS." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, CICMT (September 1, 2015): 000058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tp12.

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In this paper we present the usage of low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology for 79-GHz automotive short-range radar application. Normally, for a radar system the size of the RF-frontend is mainly determined by the antenna aperture. As the working frequency shifts from 24 GHz to 79 GHz, the antenna aperture reduces enormously (as well as the overall-size of the RF-frontend), which also reduces the price difference between the RF-frontends realized on LTCC and on the traditional organic substrate. Further, LTCC offers an extra degree of freedom for designing vertical parallel-feeds for wideband applications. Complex structures like laminated waveguide can be used for a highly integrated RF-frontend solution. In this work, special attention was paid on the material properties, the antenna, the design concept, the process for the outside metallization layers, the solder mask, and the integration possibility. To showcase the result, a 79-GHz LTCC RF-frontend combined with a monolithic microwave integrated circuits is demonstrated with measurement results.

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15

ITOH, Y. "77-GHz MMIC Module Design Techniques for Automotive Radar Applications." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E88-C, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietele/e88-c.10.1939.

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16

Hong-Yeh Chang, Huei Wang, M. Yu, and Yonghui Shu. "A 77-GHz MMIC power amplifier for automotive radar applications." IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 13, no. 4 (April 2003): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmwc.2003.811059.

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17

Yeap, Siew Bee, Xianming Qing, and Zhi Ning Chen. "77-GHz Dual-Layer Transmit-Array for Automotive Radar Applications." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 63, no. 6 (June 2015): 2833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2015.2419691.

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18

Teshirogi, T., S. Saito, M. Uchino, M. Ejima, K. Hamaguchi, H. Ogawa, and R. Kohno. "Residual-carrier-free burst oscillator for automotive UWB radar applications." Electronics Letters 41, no. 9 (2005): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20050604.

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19

Olbrich, M. O., A. Grübl, R. H. Raßhofer, and E. M. Biebl. "A planar hybrid transceiving mixer at 76.5GHz for automotive radar applications." Advances in Radio Science 1 (May 5, 2003): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-1-207-2003.

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Abstract. A growing number of applications for radar systems in automobiles demands for low-cost radar front-ends. A planar monostatic radar front-end is particularly suited for low cost applications as it uses only one antenna for transmission and reception and, thus, minimizes the needed chip area. Generally, in a standard homodyne radar a radio-frequency (RF) signal generated by an oscillator is used for both, the transmitted signal and the local oscillator (LO). Well controlled distribution of the input power between antenna and mixer is crucial. A transceiving mixer at 76.5GHz is presented, where this distribution is done by use of a rat-race coupler. In a conventional transceiver the oscillator signal is split into the transmitted and in the LO signal by a directional coupler. A second directional coupler is needed in order to merge the received and the LO signal at the mixer. In our design the purpose of splitting and merging the signals is realized with only one coupler. Elimination of the second coupler reduces losses significantly. The received signal is down-converted to the intermediate frequency (IF) by use of a balanced mixer. For small relative speed in a CW-Doppler-radar or short distance in a FMCWradar the IF is very small. Therefore 1/f noise is a significant value. In order to achieve good 1/f noise characteristics, Schottky diodes were used. The diodes were flip-chip bonded onto a microstrip circuit on a Al2O3 substrate. \\ The assembled transceiver was measured on-waver. An input power of 7 dBm was applied. The measured output power was 3 dBm and the conversion loss 9 dB. A noise figure of 15.3 dB was measured at 100 kHz.

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20

Linz, Sarah, Gabor Vinci, Sebastian Mann, Stefan Lindner, Francesco Barbon, R. Weigel, and Alexander Koelpin. "A Compact, Versatile Six-Port Radar Module for Industrial and Medical Applications." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/382913.

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The Six-port receiver has been intensively investigated in the last decade to be implemented as an alternative radar architecture. Plenty of current scientific publications demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the Six-port radar for special industrial, automotive, and medical applications, ranging from accurate contactless vibration analysis, through automotive radar calibration, to remote breath and heartbeat monitoring. Its highlights, such as excellent phase discrimination, trivial signal processing, low circuit complexity, and cost, have lately drawn the attention of companies working with radar technology. A joint project involving the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and InnoSenT GmbH (Innovative Sensor Technology) led to the development of a highly accurate, compact, and versatile Six-port radar module aiming at a reliable high-integration of all subcomponents such as antenna, Six-port front-end, baseband circuitry, and digital signal processing in one single package. Innovative aspects in the RF front-end design as well as in the integration strategy are hereby presented, together with a system overview and measurement results.

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21

Viikari, V. V., T. Varpula, and M. Kantanen. "Road-Condition Recognition Using 24-GHz Automotive Radar." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 10, no. 4 (December 2009): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2009.2026307.

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22

Folster, F., and H. Rohling. "Data Association and Tracking for Automotive Radar Networks." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 6, no. 4 (December 2005): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2005.858784.

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23

Baselice, Fabio, Giampaolo Ferraioli, Sergyi Lukin, Gianfranco Matuozzo, Vito Pascazio, and Gilda Schirinzi. "A New Methodology for 3D Target Detection in Automotive Radar Applications." Sensors 16, no. 5 (April 29, 2016): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16050614.

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24

Massen, Joachim, Michael Frei, Wolfgang Menzel, and Ulrich Möller. "A 79 GHz SiGe short-range radar sensor for automotive applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2013): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000669.

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The field of short- and mid-range radar sensors for automotive comfort and safety systems is a fast-growing market. The frequency regulation provides a new 76–81 GHz frequency band, which will be mandatory in the EU for ultra-wideband sensors from 2018. In the “radar-on-chip for cars” (RoCC) project funded by the German Ministry of Research (BMBF), a new technology was developed based on SiGe components with the objective to make the sensors affordable for all car platforms. This paper reports on the contribution of Continental A.D.C. GmbH to the joint “RoCC” project. The aim of the project was to exploit the cost-reduction potential of the SiGe technology by a further integration of the individual components and to show that the reliability and the functionality of the new sensors can meet the current requirements of the market. For this purpose, we evaluated the new eWLB package technology of Infineon. The Institute of Microwave Techniques of the University of Ulm supported us in designing a substrate integrated slotted waveguide antenna array. Demonstration sensors for short- and mid-range applications were built up and tested in the laboratory. To show the ability of the sensors to deal with real scenarios on the road, they were integrated into an experimental vehicle.

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25

Yi, Xiang, Guangyin Feng, Zhipeng Liang, Cheng Wang, Bei Liu, Chenyang Li, Kaituo Yang, Chirn Chye Boon, and Quan Xue. "A 24/77 GHz Dual-Band Receiver for Automotive Radar Applications." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 48053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2904493.

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26

Mosalanejad, Mohammad, Ilja Ocket, Charlotte Soens, and Guy A. E. Vandenbosch. "Multilayer Compact Grid Antenna Array for 79 GHz Automotive Radar Applications." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, no. 9 (September 2018): 1677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2018.2862946.

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27

Ameri, H., A. Attaran, and M. Moghavvemi. "Planning of low-cost 77-GHz radar transceivers for automotive applications." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 27, no. 4 (April 2012): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2012.6203715.

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28

Laribi, Amir, Markus Hahn, Jürgen Dickmann, and Christian Waldschmidt. "A Novel Target-Height Estimation Approach Using Radar-Wave Multipath Propagation for Automotive Applications." Advances in Radio Science 15 (September 21, 2017): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-61-2017.

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Abstract. This paper introduces a novel target height estimation approach using a Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave (FMCW) automotive radar. The presented algorithm takes advantage of radar wave multipath propagation to measure the height of objects in the vehicle surroundings. A multipath propagation model is presented first, then a target height is formulated using geometry, based on the presented propagation model. It is then shown from Sensor-Target geometry that height estimation of targets is highly dependent on the radar range resolution, target range and target height. The high resolution algorithm RELAX is discussed and applied to collected raw data to enhance the radar range resolution capability. This enables a more accurate height estimation especially for low targets. Finally, the results of a measurement campaign using corner reflectors at different heights are discussed to show that target heights can be very accurately resolved by the proposed algorithm and that for low targets an average mean height estimation error of 0.03 m has been achieved by the proposed height finding algorithm.

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29

Lee, Young Pyo, Jong Min Lee, Jae Sik Bang, Tae Yong Jung, Jong Seon Lee, Dong Hwan Lee, Hyun Sang Lyu, and Keum Cheol Hwang. "Gap-Coupled Series-Fed Millimeter-Wave Array Antenna for Automotive Radar Applications." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 31, no. 4 (April 2020): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2020.31.4.394.

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30

Schoepfel, Jan, Simon Kueppers, Klaus Aufinger, and Nils Pohl. "A SiGe transceiver chipset for automotive radar applications using wideband modulation sequences." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 7 (May 31, 2019): 676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000849.

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AbstractThis paper presents a W-band MIMO radar transceiver chipset for automotive applications, based on a Silicon Germanium technology. It consists of a reference VCO, operating at a center frequency of 38 GHz and a companion IC that comprises a complete millimeter-wave transceiver at 76 GHz. This chipset enables building multipurpose MIMO radar systems that can be scaled in terms of transmitter and receiver count. What makes this system innovative is the fact that it is able to handle more broadband signals than systems presented in current literature and is furthermore not limited to one modulation scheme. The chipset is capable of transmitting and receiving any signal waveform. The main goal of this work was to create a functional version of a VCO and a one-channel transceiver MMIC. Furthermore a demonstrator for a proof of concept was designed to test the MMICs on a system level. The realized VCO MMIC achieves a tuning frequency range of 6 GHz with a center frequency of 38 GHz and consumes 152 mW from a 3.3 V supply. The transceiver MMIC is fully functional and achieves a saturated output power of 11.5 dBm while drawing 670 mW from a 3.3 V supply.

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31

Mosalanejad, Mohammad, Ilja Ocket, Charlotte Soens, and Guy A. E. Vandenbosch. "Wideband Compact Comb-Line Antenna Array for 79 GHz Automotive Radar Applications." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, no. 9 (September 2018): 1580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2018.2853804.

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32

Steinhauer, Matthias, Hans-Oliver Ruoss, Hans Irion, and Wolfgang Menzel. "Millimeter-Wave-Radar Sensor Based on a Transceiver Array for Automotive Applications." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 56, no. 2 (February 2008): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2007.914635.

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33

Böck, J., M. Wojnowski, C. Wagner, H. Knapp, W. Hartner, M. Treml, F. J. Schmückle, S. Sinha, and R. Lachner. "Low-cost eWLB packaging for automotive radar MMICs in the 76–81 GHz range." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 1 (January 23, 2013): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000621.

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Embedded wafer-level ball grid array (eWLB) is investigated as a low-cost plastic package for automotive radar applications in the 76–81 GHz range. Low transmission losses from chip to package and board are achieved by appropriate circuit and package design. Special measures are taken to effectively remove the heat from the package and to optimize the package process to achieve automotive quality targets. A 77 GHz radar chip set in eWLB package is developed, which can be applied on the system board using standard solder reflow assembly. These radar MMICs provide excellent radio frequency (RF) performance for the next generation automotive radar sensors. The potential for even higher system integration is shown by a radar transceiver with antennas integrated in the eWLB package. These results demonstrate that eWLB technology is an attractive candidate to realize low-cost radar systems and to enable radar safety affordable for everyone in the near future.

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34

Ciattaglia, Gianluca, Adelmo De Santis, Deivis Disha, Susanna Spinsante, Paolo Castellini, and Ennio Gambi. "Performance Evaluation of Vibrational Measurements through mmWave Automotive Radars." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010098.

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Thanks to the availability of a significant amount of inexpensive commercial Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar sensors, designed primarily for the automotive domain, it is interesting to understand if they can be used in alternative applications. It is well known that with a radar system it is possible to identify the micro-Doppler feature of a target, to detect the nature of the target itself (what the target is) or how it is vibrating. In fact, thanks to their high transmission frequency, large bandwidth and very short chirp signals, radars designed for automotive applications are able to provide sub-millimeter resolution and a large detection bandwidth, to the point that it is here proposed to exploit them in the vibrational analysis of a target. The aim is to evaluate what information on the vibrations can be extracted, and what are the performance obtainable. In the present work, the use of a commercial Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar is described, and the performances achieved in terms of displacement and vibration frequency measurement of the target are compared with the measurement results obtained through a laser vibrometer, considered as the reference instrument. The attained experimental results show that the radar under test and the reference laser vibrometer achieve comparable outcomes, even in a cluttered scenario.

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35

Rajamani, R. "Radar Health Monitoring for Highway Vehicle Applications." Vehicle System Dynamics 38, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 23–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/vesd.38.1.23.3518.

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36

Abdullah, Haythem, Mohamed Mabrouk, Ahmed Abd-Elnaby Kabeel, and Amr Hussein. "High-Resolution and Large-Detection-Range Virtual Antenna Array for Automotive Radar Applications." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051702.

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Collision avoidance and autonomous control of vehicles have become essential needs for providing a high-quality and safe life. This paper introduces a new generic scheme for a virtual antenna array (VAA) and its application in a train collision-avoidance system (TCAS). The proposed TCAS shall have the capability of identifying the range and angle of an object in front of a moving train and provide the required alerts. Thereby, a new virtual array distribution for both the transmitting and the receiving antenna arrays is introduced to get a long-range object detection and high-resolution multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system. This can be accomplished because the VAA radiation pattern is the multiplication of the radiation patterns for both the transmitting and receiving antenna arrays, which is different than each one of them alone. In this work, the VAA is utilized in radar systems in which the radar range depends on the multiplication of the gain of the transmitting and receiving antennas. So, we introduce a new scheme for the general design of VAA-based radars. A prototype for the antenna system was fixed on a of Texas Instruments platform for the cascading radar. One of the main problems of the VAA is the loss of radiated power in undesired directions, which affects the maximum detection range in beamforming systems and degrades the diversity gain in MIMO applications. These issues have been solved by the introduction of the practical implementation of a proposed high-gain, low side lobe level VAA system for automotive radar that is based on the integration of four AWR1243 RF chips operating in a frequency range of 76 GHz to 81 GHz. It was implemented using low-power 45 nm (TI) RFCMOS technology. The measured gain of the realized VAA was 47.2 dBi, which was 1.815 times higher than that of the Texas instrumentation linear frequency modulated continuous wave (TI’ LFMCW) radar, which was 26 dBi. The proposed VAA saved 45% of the required implementation area compared to the TI’ LFMCW antenna array. The VAA system was fabricated and tested in an anechoic chamber, and it was found that the simulated and measured patterns of the proposed VAA were highly matched in terms of half-power beamwidth and side lobe level.

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37

Harter, Marlene, Jurgen Hildebrandt, Andreas Ziroff, and Thomas Zwick. "Self-Calibration of a 3-D-Digital Beamforming Radar System for Automotive Applications With Installation Behind Automotive Covers." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 64, no. 9 (September 2016): 2994–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2016.2593731.

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38

Patwari, Ashish, and Ramachandra Reddy Gudheti. "NOVEL MRA-BASED SPARSE MIMO AND SIMO ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE RADAR APPLICATIONS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 86 (2020): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierb19121602.

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39

Striano, Pasquale, Christos V. Ilioudis, Carmine Clemente, and John J. Soraghan. "Communicating radar using frequency-shift keying and fractional Fourier transform for automotive applications." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 19 (October 1, 2019): 6016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2019.0141.

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Wahl, Martine, Didier Georges, and Michel Dang. "A Microwave Radar Data Analysis Algorithm for Obstacle Detection in Automotive Applications 1." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 3 (March 1998): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)44131-0.

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Wang, Hsiao-Ning, Ying-Wei Huang, and Shyh-Jong Chung. "Spatial Diversity 24-GHz FMCW Radar With Ground Effect Compensation for Automotive Applications." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 66, no. 2 (February 2017): 965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2565608.

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Nanda Kumar, M., and T. Shanmuganantham. "Division shaped substrate integrated waveguide slot antenna for millimeter wireless/automotive radar applications." Computers & Electrical Engineering 71 (October 2018): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.08.011.

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Liao, Xin, Xing Jiang, Xue-Long Zhu, Lin Peng, Kai-Fa Wang, Ji-Heng Wang, and Li-Mei Huang. "SUBSTRATE INTEGRATED WAVEGUIDE SLOT ARRAY ANTENNA FOR 77 GHZ AUTOMOTIVE ANGULAR RADAR APPLICATIONS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 112 (2021): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc21032404.

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Schnabel, Raik, Raphael Hellinger, Dirk Steinbuch, Joachim Selinger, Michael Klar, and Bernhard Lucas. "Development of a mid range automotive radar sensor for future driver assistance systems." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000724.

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Abstract:

Radar sensors are key components of modern driver assistance systems. The application of such systems in urban environments for safety applications is the primary goal of the project “Radar on Chip for Cars” (RoCC). Major outcomes of this project will be presented and discussed in this contribution. These outcomes include the specification of radar sensors for future driver assistance systems, radar concepts, and integration technologies for silicon-germanium (SiGe) MMICs, as well as the development and evaluation of a system demonstrator. A radar architecture utilizing planar antennas and highly integrated components will be proposed and discussed with respect to system specifications. The developed system demonstrator will be evaluated in terms of key parameters such as field of view, distance, and angular separability. Finally, as an outlook a new mid range radar (MRR) will be introduced incorporating several concepts and technologies developed in this project.

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Kim, Woosuk, Hyunwoong Cho, Jongseok Kim, Byungkwan Kim, and Seongwook Lee. "YOLO-Based Simultaneous Target Detection and Classification in Automotive FMCW Radar Systems." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102897.

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This paper proposes a method to simultaneously detect and classify objects by using a deep learning model, specifically you only look once (YOLO), with pre-processed automotive radar signals. In conventional methods, the detection and classification in automotive radar systems are conducted in two successive stages; however, in the proposed method, the two stages are combined into one. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we applied it to the actual radar data measured using our automotive radar sensor. According to the results, our proposed method can simultaneously detect targets and classify them with over 90% accuracy. In addition, it shows better performance in terms of detection and classification, compared with conventional methods such as density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise or the support vector machine. Moreover, the proposed method especially exhibits better performance when detecting and classifying a vehicle with a long body.

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Belgiovane, Domenic J., Chi-Chih Chen, Stanley Y. P. Chien, and Rini Sherony. "Surrogate Bicycle Design for Millimeter-Wave Automotive Radar Pre-Collision Testing." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 18, no. 9 (September 2017): 2413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tits.2016.2642889.

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Rao, Shengyu, Chunqi Shi, and Runxi Zhang. "A 76–81 GHz CMOS mmW quadrature down-conversion mixer for automotive radar applications." IEICE Electronics Express 17, no. 4 (2020): 20190740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.17.20190740.

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Aqlan, Basem, Hamsakutty Vettikalladi, and Majeed A. S. Alkanhal. "Millimeter wave antenna with frequency selective surface (FSS) for 79 GHz automotive radar applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2016): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000027.

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Abstract:

In this paper a high gain aperture-coupled membrane antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) on a superstrate layer has been investigated. The base membrane antenna consists of a microstrip patch on the top of Roger RT-5580 substrate, supported by FR4 and is excited through an aperture fed by substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW). The CST Microwave Studio simulation results show that the proposed membrane structure has an impedance bandwidth (BW) of 8.85% from 75.97 to 82.96 GHz with a gain of 6.29 dBi at 79 GHz. To improve the gain, a superstrate layer is loaded above the membrane antenna, which increases the gain by 9.11 dB at 79 GHz. Furthermore by using FSS under superstrate layer, the gain is again increased by 2.5 dB. The total antenna structure provides a gain of 17.9 dBi at 79 GHz by keeping the same BW. The measured results are provided for the input matching (S11) only, the simulated results for the antenna gain and radiation patterns are obtained with the use of CST and are validated by using HFSS. The measured S11BW of the total antenna is from 75.57 to 84.18 GHz (10.89%), which is in agreement with the simulated results.

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Chartier, S., B. Schleicher, T. Feger, T. Purtova, G. Fischer, and H. Schumacher. "79 GHz fully integrated fully differential Si/SiGe HBT amplifier for automotive radar applications." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 55, no. 1 (February 21, 2008): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-008-9149-x.

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Lee, Jae-Min, Hong-Kyun Ryu, Jong-Myung Woo, and Bon-Hee Koo. "Design of a Rectangular Waveguide Antenna for Automotive Side and Rear Radar Sensor Applications." Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12815/kits.2012.11.1.042.

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