Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SORGHO'
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Grenier, Cécile. "Diversité génétique des sorghos cultivés. Gestion des ressources génétiques et contribution des marqueurs moléculaires à la constitution de core collections." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20009.
Full textBernadac, Anne. "Contribution à l'étude de la sélectivité de l'absorption des macroéléments par le sorgho (Sorghum dochna F. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00001472/.
Full textAussenac, Thierry, and Martine Goube. "Limitation de l'agressivité des champignons pathogènes par les polyphénols du sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench) lors de sa germination." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT005A.
Full textHamadou, Bakari. "Production de biomolécules vecteurs énergétiques par bioconversion des tiges de sorgho sucré (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0160.
Full textSweet sorghum stalks energy recovery is an opportunity for this agricultural by-product in a context of decreasing fossil resources and global warming. Bioethanol, biohydrogen and biomethane are energy carriers produced from the bioconversion of sweet sorghum stalks. However, taken separately, these bioconversion processes only lead to a partial conversion of this biomass. In addition, the usual ethanol production processes prove to be economically unprofitable due to the very expensive water and energy consuming juice extraction step. This study experimented with the energy vectors co-production by direct fermentation of crushed whole stems following different process flowsheets. The results revealed that the juice extraction step could be dispensed, significantly improving the efficiency and profitability of sweet sorghum stalks energy bioconversion process. These performances were reinforced by a saccharification step (Celluclast 1.5 L and Viscozyme L) of the crushed stems before their fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This approach led to a significant increase (27.50%) in energy conversion yield. Ethanol and methane fermentation processes coupling led to an energy performance of 77.63% of raw stems energy potential, compared to 40.37% and 58.40% respectively for single ethanol fermentation and methanization processes. The energy performance of single dark fermentation process using a bacterial consortium was 41.22%. The highest net energy performance (88.74%) was obtained by dark fermentation and methanization processes coupling. This sustainable approach has economic and ecological advantages for alternative energies production
Dieye, Ibrahima. "Les moisissures des grains de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) moench. ) : étiologie et pouvoir pathogène : désinfection chimique des semences." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT015A.
Full textCoulibaly, Harouna. "Rôle des organisations paysannes dans la diffusion des semences de céréales : Articulation des réseaux semenciers étatique et traditionnels des paysans pour une conservation in situ des variétés. Cas des mils de sorghos au Mali." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100001.
Full textMali, country sahelian is located in a center of diversity of species among which are listed millet and sorghum. These two species are the main staple food crops. On-farm production represents the main source of seeds for peasants. Various reasons such drought or bad production motivate farmers to look permanently for more productive varieties. For that they have recourse to two seed supply systems which coexist on same space: the peasants’ seed system (PSS) and the formal seed system (FSS). The PSS which informally organized is the principal source of seed supply for peasants and more important than the FSS. In general, none of these systems satisfies the peasants’need seeds. Thus the farmer’s organizations of Mali, after participatory in research projects in varietal selection initiated her program of production and diffusion of certified seeds by co—operatives (FOSS). The result of this work put forward the multiplicity of the actors’ networks the seed systems with different resources, approachs and means. In the FSS, the choice of the varieties is done by the national seed service and the regional agriculture managers. Because of great diversity of the environments and preferences of the peasants, the restricted number of varieties and centers of multiplication it answer only one minority of situations. The FOSS diffuses certified seed to the satisfaction of its members. The full number of seed peasants and members to farmer’s organizations increases year by year. The quality of this network shows that the peasant is not hostile with the improved varieties. The various entities of the networks concerned with their articulation were formalized to produce a generic diagram of the management of the millets and sorghums varieties within in situ conservation
Hama, Fatoumata. "Rétention et biodisponibilité du fer et du zinc au cours des procédés de préparation des plats traditionnels à base de céréales locales ou biofortifiées, consommés par les jeunes enfants au Burkina Faso." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20017/document.
Full textIn contexts where micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health concern, the improvement of the retention and bioavailability of iron and zinc in dishes frequently consumed by young children could be part of a food-based strategy to combat these deficiencies. A food consumption survey using weighing records was carried out on 630 children from 6 to 36 months in Burkina Faso. This permitted to highlight the main characteristics of the children diet. Iron and zinc intakes were far below the recommended intakes. High fibre and phytate intakes were also observed. More than 90% of the young children consumed millet, sorghum or maize in the day of the survey. A detailed monitoring of the traditional processing of the cereal dishes permitted the identification of the main unit operations that could have an effect on iron and zinc content and bioavailability. Important losses in iron content (50% in millet for 10% DM loss) and zinc (23% in sorghum for 7% DM loss) were observed after traditional dehulling, either manual or mechanical. Biofortified varieties showed similar behaviour but their phytate/zinc molar ratio was still improved. During milling in local mill with grindstones, iron contamination occurred, and tripled the initial iron content. But the bioaccessibility of this contaminant iron was very low. The acceptability of the biofortified varieties of millet, tested on various dishes, was lower than that of the local variety. The improvement of the processing methods combined with the use of biofortified varieties could be advantageously promoted to contribute to alleviate iron and zinc deficiencies
Arnaud-Richard, Marie-Claire. "Recherche des mécanismes de résistance d'une variété de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench. ) var. Framida à une angiosperme parasite Striga hermonthica (Del. ) Benth." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT2082.
Full textIn Africa, Striga hermonthica is the main pest for subsistence cultures. There, the most efficient strategy of control is obtaining resistant crops. Up to now, selection was based on the evaluation of the resistance in infested field. However, the understanding of resistance mechanisms would be useful for breeding resistant crops. We have characterized the resistance mechanisms of the sorghum Framida variety to Striga hermonthica. Comparison between the host root exudates from sorghum Framida and a sensitive one (CK-60B) supported that stimulation of the parasite germination was not a determining point in the resistance mechanism of Framida variety
Trouche, Gilles. "Analyse du progrès génétique réalisé selon trois stratégies de sélection participative décentralisée du sorgho conduites au Nicaragua." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARC132.
Full textIn the framework of a project on sorghum improvement in Nicaragua, we studied the effectiveness of three strategies of participatory breeding. By assessing a wide range of genetic diversity of African origin together with farmers, participatory varietal selection has provided high-yielding varieties for farmers' cropping systems, which possess the required traits of earliness and grain quality. In order to contribute to the debate on the effectiveness of participatory plant breeding (PPB), we compared the genetic progress obtained by two selection schemes conducted by farmers in their fields, with that achieved by a professional breeder using the same schemes conducted on-station (optimal conditions) as well as in farmer fields. The two schemes utilized the pedigree selection method from genetic variability derived from simple crosses or synthetic populations. The target selection criteria include grain yield, earliness, plant height, grain size and a composite selection index ISFA combining these variables and farmers’ appreciation for grain and fodder quality, in addition to overall phenotypic value. The breeder selection on-station was more effective than the farmers’ selection carried out in their own fields (FoF) for giving the highest-yielding lines under favorable cropping conditions. On the other hand, the FoF selection has produced lines with more stable yield performance and the highest proportion of lines preferred ex post by the farmers. The FoF selection was above all more effective than the breeder selection on-station and on-farm for generating lines of highest ISFA index values, which are closer to the ideotypes sought out by farmers. The study highlighted limitations for both PPB decentralized strategies. Ways of improving the process have been proposed
Bouchet, Sophie. "Balayage du génome et évaluation du déséquilibre de liaison chez le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor) à l’échelle mondiale et à l’échelle régionale du Mali." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20228.
Full textOllitrault, Patrick. "Évaluation génétique des Sorghos cultivés (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) par l'analyse conjointe des diversités enzymatique et morphophysiologique : relations avec les sorghos sauvages." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112041.
Full textJABRI, AZIZ. "Contribution a la connaissance des aptitudes morphogenetiques des organes de sorgho (sorghum bicolor l. Moench) cultives in vitro." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066250.
Full textChantereau, Jacques. "Etude de l'heterosis chez le sorgho (sorghum bicolor l. Moench) par l'exploitation d'ecotypes et l'analyse de leurs divergences." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112007.
Full textDieye, Ibrahima. "Les Moisissures des grains de Sorgho, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench étiologie et pouvoir pathogène, désinfection chimique des semences /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604554n.
Full textDUFOUR, PHILIPPE. "Cartographie moleculaire du genome du sorgho (sorghum bicolor l. Moench) : application en selection varietale ; cartographie comparee chez les andropogonees." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112251.
Full textSoler, Clélia. "Dynamique de la diversité génétique du sorgho repiqué (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor) au Nord Cameroun : facteurs biologiques et anthropiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20223/document.
Full textIn 1996, FAO has recognized the role of farmers in building and managing genetic resources. This work is part of the project PLANTADIV which main objective is to understand how biological and anthropogenic factors interact and shape diversity of cultivated plants in the Lake Chad Basin. In this region, people have developed an original agricultural innovation: the use in dry-season of flooded clay soils for transplanting sorghum. Transplanted sorghum varieties are able to tap into soil moisture reserves to complete their growth cycle in the dry-season without any water supply. Transplanted sorghum cultivation undertook a large development in the region since the middle of the XX century.The thesis project focuses on the estimation of the genetic diversity of planted sorghum and on biological and genetic mechanisms that may have contributed to its structuration both within and between landraces. We also undertook to trace the evolutionary history of planted sorghum by relying primarily on population genetics approaches to elaborate over geographical and historical hypotheses.This study revealed that at least two events of deseasonalization occurred from rain- sorghum pools from two different genetic groups. Differentiation of dry-season sorghum is stronger than that of rain-sorghum. This may be partially due to social practices: rainy sorghum are mainly exchanged through friends, families and neighbors as planted sorghum seeds are often obtain from markets. Extensive seed exchange between different human populations across the region may have blurred the geographical pattern of the genetic diversity, not allowing us to identify potential sites for deseasonalization.The second part of this work is devoted to the reproductive biology of dry-season sorghum. Direct and indirect estimation methods have shown that dry-season sorghum is, as rain sorghum, preferably selfing. Average level of out crossing is nevertheless lower in dry-season sorghum (1.8%) than it is in rain-sorghum (12%). Within landraces, variations are also smaller for dry-season sorghum than for rain-sorghum.The last part of the thesis is devoted to the impacts of agricultural practices on the structure of the genetic diversity of dry-season sorghum at a local scale. Genetic analyzes have shown that in both studied villages of Djongdong and Bouzar, located in the extreme north of Cameroon, each landrace named by a farmer corresponds to a genetic entity. In addition, the same morphological type among different farmers corresponds to a genetic entity. Modes of seed management and cultural practices were analyzed; they seem to have little influence on the structure of the genetic diversity of dry-season sorghum
Djimadoumngar, Kétura. "Inventaire et cycles biologiques des Lépidoptères foreurs des tiges du sorgho et de leurs principaux parasitoi͏̈des dans la région de N'Djaména (Tchad)." Lyon, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAL0020.
Full textSorghum is an important Cereal crop in sub-saharian Africa, well adapted to regions with limited water resources. Many pests thrives on this culture, and among them, stem borers are the most active pests. During the 3 years (1997 to 1999) experimental plots in ra in-fed or post-season conditions were studied in the surroundings of N'Djamena (Chad). Plant phenology was precised. The stem borers were collected raised to adult stage in the laboratory and identified. The relationships between phenological stage and pests were studied from different point ofview. The main species belong to the Noctuidae family: Sesamia calamistis Hampson, S. Cretica Lederer, S. Poephaga Tams & Bowden et S. Penniseti Tams & Bowden. A sharp analysis of the development stages allowed the characterization of the number of generations present on the culture. Parasitoids emerging in the laboratory from the field collected borers were not abundant and, the captures from light traps stayed at a low level. At last, yield lasses were estimated. In the N'Djamena area, the rain-fed sorghum presented few damages by Lepidoptera, but the post-rainy -season transplanted Sorghum revealed very sensitive to climatic conditions and suffered of heavy stem borers attacks
Sanchez, Philippe. "Procédé de production de sirop de xylose par hydrolyse acide de sorgho." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT043G.
Full textBen, Mrid Reda. "Perception, transport et assimilation de l'azote chez deux écotypes marocains de sorgho : caractérisation phénotypique, biochimique et moléculaire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066604.
Full textOur study consisted firstly, in the molecular characterization of SbNRT1.1 gene, coding for a nitrate transporter and present in three copies in sorghum plants. We report here their structure and expression patterns in different organs of sorghum. We have also conducted a comparison of their nucleotide and polypeptide sequences with orthologous sequences from other species. Our study showed that the 3 co-orthologous (SbNRT1.1A, B and C) are expressed in leaves, stems and roots of sorghum. Moreover, we have for the first time revealed the existence of 5 alternative transcripts for the SbNRT1.1B gene. In another component of our research program, biochemical and physiological traits of two sorghum ecotypes differing in sensitivity to nitrogen were investigated and have shown that these sorghum plants are able to grow at high levels of nitrogen inputs, with differential response to nitrogen sources and rates. This tolerance was manifested by accumulation of high accumulation of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein. On the other hand, the enzymatic activities of certain key enzymes of nitrogen and carbon metabolisms, seem to be related to the capacity of sorghum plants to deal with nitrogen stress. Hence, our findings could provide an initial framework for the identification of biochemical markers for the selection of genotypes using nitrogen more efficiently and giving high yield of biomass and/or grain even under nitrogen stress conditions
BAKRIM, NAIMA. "Mecanisme de phosphorylation de la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase des feuilles de sorgho." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112150.
Full textKim, Hae Koo. "Modélisation du contrôle environnemental et génétique du tallage chez le sorgho." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20074.
Full textThis thesis develops a conceptual modelling framework formalizing the environmental (E) and genetic (G) components of tillering control by carbohydrate (C) assimilate availability in sorghum (supply/demand ratio, S/D). This concept was elaborated and tested across five experiments and six contrasting genotypes in terms of tillering ability. The results showed that regulation of tillering was strongly related to its competition with main stem development and leaf morphogenesis, by influencing the appearance frequency of the lower-rank tillers. An indicator of internal competition for C, S/Dindex, was developed and allowed to explain tillering response across the range of G and E investigated. Once confirmed by analysis of sugar distribution within the plant, this indicator was applied (i) to support a genetic study, which identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with tillering ability, two of which could be specifically associated with genetic components of S/Dindex (related to leaf width and a S/D threshold for tillering); and (ii) to improve and evaluate an existing plant model (EcoMeristem). Results of this study open new opportunities to investigate the following: (i) G and E bases of the relationship between C dynamics and tillering ability, (ii) the stability of model-based QTLs and (iii) further improvement of EcoMeristem and other models such as APSIM to connect them to genetic information and help develop new sorghum ideotypes
Clerget, Benoît. "Le rôle du photopériodisme dans l'élaboration du rendement de trois variétés de sorgho cultivées en Afrique de l'Ouest." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001186.
Full textBarnaud, Adeline. "Savoirs, pratiques et dynamiques de la diversité génétique : le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor) chez les Duupa du nord Cameroun." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20103.
Full textTraore, Rénatou Bassa Larba. "Sur une approche thermodynamique de la croissance des végétaux : Application au sorgho." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0573.
Full textThe aim was to study the effects of the carbon oxidation level (Cx) of humic compounds on plant growth, notably sorghum, in hydroponic culture. The humic compounds were replaced by formic acid (Cx=+2), acetic acid (Cx=0) and heptanoic acid (Cx=-1,43). Elemental analysis of the plants was used to calculate the fictitious functional groups CH2O, CO, CH2, C"free", their ratios and the level of oxidation Cx of the carbon. The following points were apparent from the relationships between these values, the Cx of the initially added organic acids and applying the same reasoning to humic compounds: A positive Cx in the environment leads to the oxidation, hydration and slight polymerization of the C in the roots, corresponding to cellulose synthesis. So, there is an increase both in dry weight and water consumption with a relatively low N requirement. In contrast, a negative Cx in the environment induces phenomena of reduction, dehydration and polymerization of the root C, which means lignin formation. In these conditions, less dry matter is produced, the plant consumes less water and requires more N. Aerien parts of plant has different results
Sidibé-Andrieu, Marie-Dominique. "Contribution a l'etude des effets du froid sur quelques genotypes de sorgho." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA077216.
Full textLemaire, Martine. "Etude du site actif de la malate deshydrogenase a nadp de sorgho." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112447.
Full textPham, Thi Can Tho. "Cryo-extraction des cires des produits céréaliers (sorgho, blé et riz brun)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25224.
Full textWax extraction from plants is conventionally carried out by using organic solvents such as n-hexane, cyclohexane and methanol. Although, those solvents are very effective in dissolving lipids, they are flammable, toxic and highly volatile. Recent studies show that cryogenic fluids could also be used for wax extraction. For instance, cyclic immersion of whole fruits (blueberry, seabuckthorn, grapes) in liquid nitrogen has significantly reduced cuticular waxes up to 50%. So, the main aim of this work is to use liquid nitrogen as a “green method” to extract waxes from cereals. Several approaches were used to evaluate the extraction method by liquid nitrogen. Sorghum, wheat and brown rice were treated in liquid nitrogen in 1 to 3 cycles with different time intervals. The impact of rest time between cycles (1-5 minutes at room temperature) on the extraction yield was also reported by weighing waxes. The extraction efficiency of the method was compared to that of n-hexane which was referred as the control one. The surface of the grains treated by liquid nitrogen and n-hexane was visualized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, the gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detector (GC –FID) was used to determine the composition in the extracts resulted from the two methods. Our results showed that the highest extraction efficiency was 0.026% (g cire/100g grain) (rice - 11 extraction minutes), 0.032% (Sorghum - 4 minutes) and 0.025% (wheat -13 minutes). Compared to the extraction by n-hexane method, its efficiency was 0.196% (rice – 60 extraction minutes), 0.298% (sorghum - 45 minutes) and 0.126% (wheat - 30 minutes). For wheat and rice, a significant increase in yield between 3 and 5 rest minutes with respect to the one of 1 minute was observed. The results of GC-MS and GC –FID confirmed that the waxes were extracted out of the grains by both liquid nitrogen and n- hexane. The wax composition of the extract is similar in both cases. These results conclude that the wax extraction method by liquid nitrogen is feasible despite it extracts waxes less than that of n-hexane, but the method benefits for the shorter extraction time. Liquid nitrogen is not toxic and is a "green" solvent which can be easily removed from the products by spontaneously simple evaporation leading no leftover residues. Therefore, using liquid nitrogen as the extraction solvent might be a promising way for separating waxes from waxy grains. The quality of grain processed by liquid nitrogen remains unchanged, thus it may be considered a sub-step in the milling process.
Sidibé-Andrieu, Marie-Dominique. "Contribution à l'étude des effets du froid sur quelques génotypes de sorgho." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601165g.
Full textLahouar, Amani. "Mycotoxines et champignons mycotoxinogènes dans les grains de sorgho commercialisé en Tunisie: Incidence et profils écophysiologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400373.
Full textDurante esta tesis se estudió la contaminación de 64 muestras de sorgo recogidas de varios puntos de venta en la región de Sahel tunecino por aflatoxina B1, ocratoxina A y zearalenona. La extracción de las micotoxinas en las muestras se realizó con disolventes orgánicos y la determinación se realizó con HPLC. Los resultados mostraron que 59,37%, 37,5% y 32,81% de la muestras estában contaminadas por aflatoxina B1, ocratoxina A y zearalenona, respectivamente. La co-contaminación por las tres micotoxinas se detectó en el 12,5% de todas las muestras. La identificación de la micobiota presente en estas mismas muestras de sorgo se realizo en tres fases: a) Recuento cuantitativo medios de cultivo del número de hongos contenidos en cada muestra; b) Determinación/identificación de la micobiota interna de sorgo mediante observación macroscópica y microscópica de colonias de mohos comparando con guías de clasificación y finalmente, c) Confirmación de la identidad de los mohos por técnicas de biología molecular. La capacidad de producir micotoxinas de las cepas aisladas se realizó por extracción de la colonia fúngica con metanol y determinación por HPLC. Los resultados obtenidos en las muestras de sorgo estudiadas mostraron el predominio de los géneros Fusarium, Aspergillus y Alternaria. Entre las especies del género Fusarium, destacaron las pertenecientes a la sección Liseola y al complejo Fusarium incarnatumequiseti. Con respecto al género Aspergillus, A. flavus fue la especie más común en la sección Flavi, mientras que las especies del agregado de Aspergillus níger fueron los más dominantes en la sección Nigri, destacando el Aspergillus tubingensis. La evaluación de la capacidad de producción de micotoxinas de las cepas fúngicas aisladas de las muestras estudiadas mostró que 40,24% de los aislados de Aspergillus flavus, 4,61% de los aislados de Aspergillus sección Nigri y 11,09% de los aislados pertenecientes al género Fusarium fueron productores de aflatoxina B1, ocratoxina A y zearalenona, respectivamente. Alternaria tenuis destacó también por su alta incidencia en las muestras investigadas. Se estudiaron los perfiles ecofisiológicos de Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tubingensis y Fusarium incarnatum con el fin de buscar métodos para la prevención y la minimización de la contaminación del sorgo por micotoxinas. Para ello se realizaron estudios sobre la influencia de la temperatura, la actividad de agua (aw) y el tiempo de incubación sobre el crecimiento y la producción de micotoxinas en muestras de sorgo. Los resultados mostraron que Aspergillus flavus proliferó y produjó más aflatoxina B1 a 37 °C y a una aw de 0,99. El crecimiento óptimo de Aspergillus tubingensis tuvo lugar a 0,99 aw y 37 °C, mientras que la producción máxima de ocratoxina A se produjo a 0,97 aw y 25 °C. Con respesto a Fusarium incarnatum el crecimiento mayor se observó a 25 °C y 0,99 aw, pero no se pudo determinar las condiciones óptimas para la producción de la zearalenona. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar la ecofisiología de tres de las principales especies fúngicas en las muestras con el fin de prevenir y controlar su crecimiento en sorgo y evitar la bioaccumulación de aflatoxina B1, ocratoxina A y zearalenona en este cereal de gran importancia para la alimentación humana y animal en Túnez.
In this thesis, we have studied the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenon in 64 sorghum samples purchased from Tunisian market. Mycotoxins extraction was carried with organic solvents and their determination was achieved by HPLC. The results showed that 59.37%, 37.5% and 32.81% of samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone, respectively. The co-occurrence of these three mycotoxins was observed in 12.5% of total samples. The mycobiota of sorghum samples was determined in three times. The first step was the quantitative fungal count using “Direct Plating” method, later the internal mycobiota was determined by microscopic observation of colonies mold and finally, fungal identity was confirmed by molecular characterization. The mycotoxinproducing ability was verified by extraction of the mold colonies with methanol and detection by HPLC. The results showed the predominance of the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Alternaria. Aspergillus flavus was the most common species in sorghum grain among the section Flavi, while Aspergillus niger aggregates were the most dominant in the section Nigri. Among Fusarium species, Fusarium section Liseola and the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex were the most dominant in sorghum. The study of the mycotoxin-producing ability showed that 40.24% of Aspergillus flavus, 4.61% of Aspergillus section Nigri and 11.09% of Fusarium isolates produce aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenon, respectively. To develop mycotoxin minimization and prevention procedures, ecophysiological profils of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tubingensis and Fusarium incarnatum were studied. The effects of water activity, temperature and incubation time on mycelia growth and mycotoxin production were studied. According to our results, Aspergillus flavus grew and produced more aflatoxin B1 at 37 °C and 0.99 aw. Optimal conditions for Aspergillus tubingensis were 0.99 aw and 37 °C, but maximum production of ochratoxin A occurred at 0.97 aw and 25 °C, while Fusarium incarnatum grew more at 25 °C and 0.99 aw but optimal conditions for zearalenone accumulation cannot be determined. However, we did not find publications on ecophysiological profile of Fusarium incarnatum species. This study is an approach that seeks to understand the physiology of fungal species producing mycotoxins under different climatic conditions in order to set limits for the control fungal spoilage and mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
Au cours de ce travail, nous avons étudié la contamination de 64 échantillons de sorgho, prélevés de plusieurs points de vente de la région du Sahel Tunisien, par l’aflatoxine B1, l’ochratoxine A et la zéaralénone. L’extraction des mycotoxines a été effectuée par des solvants organiques et leur détermination a été réalisée par HPLC. Les résultats ont montré que 59,37%, 37,5% et 32,81% des échantillons sont contaminés respectivement par l’aflatoxine B1, l’ochratoxine A et la zéaralénone. La co-contamination par les trois mycotoxines a été détectée dans 12,5% de la totalité des échantillons. L’identification de la mycobiota (flore fongique) des mêmes échantillons de sorgho est effectuée en trois parties : énumération quantitative du nombre de champignons contenu dans chaque échantillon, détermination de la flore interne du sorgho par observation au microscope des colonies de moisissures et enfin confirmation de l’identité des moisissures par biologie moléculaire. La capacité des isolats de produire l’une des trois mycotoxines étudiées a été réalisée par extraction de la colonie avec du méthanol et détermination par HPLC. Les résultats ont montré la prédominance des genres Fusarium, Aspergillus et Alternaria. Aspergillus flavus est l’espèce la plus courante parmi la section Flavi dans les grains de sorgho, alors qu’Aspergillus niger aggregates sont les plus dominants de la section Nigri. Parmi les espèces appartenant au genre Fusarium, Fusarium section Liseola et le complexe Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti sont les plus dominants dans le sorgho. L’évaluation de la capacité de production des mycotoxines des champignons a montré que 40,24% d’Aspergillus flavus, 4,61% d’Aspergillus section Nigri et 11,09% des isolats appartenant au genre Fusarium sont producteurs de l’aflatoxine B1, l’ochratoxine A et la zéaralénone, respectivement. Afin d’établir des approches visant la prévention et la minimisation de la contamination des grains de sorgho par les mycotoxines, les profils écophysiologiques des espèces Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tubingensis et Fusarium incarnatum ont été étudiés. Des études de l’influence de la température, la disponibilité de l’eau et le temps d’incubation sur la croissance mycélienne et la production des mycotoxines ont été effectuées. Les résultats ont révélé que : Aspergillus flavus prolifère et produit plus d’aflatoxine B1 à 37°C et 0,99 aw, la croissance optimale d’Aspergillus tubingensis a lieu à 0,99 aw et 37°C alors que la production maximale de l’ochratoxine A se situe à 0,97 aw et 25°C. Fusarium incarnatum prolifère plus à 25°C et 0,99 aw et les conditions optimales à la production de la zéaralénone ne sont pas bien définies. Nous n’avons pas trouvé des publications sur le profil écophysioloque de l’espèce Fusarium incarnatum. Notre étude est une approche qui vise à comprendre la physiologie des espèces fongiques productrices de mycotoxines vis-à-vis du climat tunisien afin de fixer des niveaux limites à ne pas dépasser permettant de contrôler leur prolifération dans les céréales.
Phowchinda, Oranut. "Fermentation alcoolique par saccharomyces cerevisiae : utilisation d'un substrat carboné complexe : contamination du procédé par Brettanomyces sp." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT048G.
Full textArroyo, Julien. "Influence de l’alimentation sur les performances des oies et la durabilité du système de production du foie gras : effets de la substitution du maïs par du sorgho et de la forme de présentation de l’aliment." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0163/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a summary of five experiments which were conducted to evaluate the technical feasibility (studies 1 and 4), zootechnical inetrest (studies 2, 3 and 5) and consequences on sustainability performance of the substitution of corn by sorghum in the diet of geese in growing-finishing period and during overfeeding. The form of diet presentation (totally pelleted or in form of a mixture of cereal whole seeds and protein rich pellets) was also studied. We measured animal performance (weight gain, FCR, feed intake, body characteristics, feeding behavior) and product quality (magret and foie gras) obtained after overfeeding period. We evaluated ultimately the consequences of these innovations on the sustainability of the foie gras production system at the level of rearing unit (S + Durable? method) and over the production cycle of 1 kg of foie gras (LCA method). Our results showed that the type of cereal (corn vs. sorghum) used during the growingfinishing period (6-14 weeks) has no effect on animal performance. However, we observed that feed intake (+ 5%; P < 0.05), body weight (+ 4%; P < 0.05) and the gut development (+9%; P < 0.05) during the growing-finishing period were higher when the diet contained whole grains. The use of sorghum during the overfeeding resulted in an increased weight of fatty liver (+11%; P < 0.05) and a decreased in the intensity of its yellow color (-25%; P < 0.05). A total substitution of corn by sorghum during both growing and overfeeding periods reduced the environmental impacts of 1 kg of foie gras production and increased the economic and social performance of the rearing unit. These results suggest that the use of sorghum in the diet of geese is feasible both during the growing-finishing and overfeeding period, promising from a zootechnical point of view and interesting to improve the sustainability of production system
Hennet, Lauriane. "Identification et validation de gènes pour l’amélioration du sorgho : de l’analyse transcriptomique à la validation fonctionnelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG090.
Full textPlants Secondary Cell Walls (SCW) represent most of the renewable biomass and participate in some plant physiological functions such as nutrient transport, stress resistance and stiffness. Sorghum is a C4 grass well adapted to nutrient and water limiting conditions. Improving knowledge SCW establishment in sorghum aims at contributing to the development of varieties adapted to biomass sector including animal feed, energy production and the development of bio-materials. The objectives of the thesis presented here are to contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of SCW regulation and biosynthesis by identifying genes networks involved in this process and validating their role using reverse genetics. As a first step, a phylogenetic analysis including 9 species, allowed us to identify homologies within families of NAC and MYB TF, which are the main regulators of SCW establishment in Arabidopsis and other species. We then built gene co-expression networks of sorghum developing internode and focused on NAC and MYB networks as well as on networks with enrichment in SCW related genes Then, genes identified by these approaches were compared to those located in the chromosomal regions impacting the variability of SCW composition. In a second step we have developed genetic transformation approaches to characterize the role of identified genes by reverse genetics.We have identified 6 modules of co-expressed genes enriched with genes and gene ontologies related to cell walls and in particular 2 modules whose genes are potentially involved in the establishment of SCW. In addition, 122 NAC and 135 MYB were identified in sorghum. Among them, 14 NAC and 25 MYB are involved in the 6 co-expression networks highly enriched in cell wall genes. Of these, 19 are homologues of genes already validated in other species for their role SCW establishment and 20 have no known role. The comparison of the genes belonging to the 6 modules involved in cell wall establishment and chromosomal regions associated with the composition of the biomass revealed an intersect of 70 genes and some structural genes involved in the biosynthesis of the walls but little convergence concerning NAC and MYB TF.Although the optimization of stable genetic transformation protocols was unsuccessful, an efficient protoplast-based transient transformation protocol was optimized. This tool will be mobilized to test the roles of identified TF in networks enriched with cell wall genes
Bell, Alice. "Contribution à l'étude de l'aborption du calcium, du fer et du zinc des régimes alimentaires camerounais." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS013.
Full textAwada, Fatima. "Assesment of sorghum response to nitrogen availability." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS312/document.
Full textSeven accessions of Sorghum bicolor were grown with low (N⁻) and optimal (N⁺) nitrate supply. Growth parameters (plant height and leaf numbers), physiological parameters (nitrate, protein, total N and total C contents) and the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) were studied in leaves and roots of sorghum plants at three time points of early vegetative growth (2, 4 and, 6 weeks post emergence). Plant height and leaf number were higher with nitrate supply. Except for carbon, all studied parameters were sensitive to N availability and values were typically lower when nitrate supply was low. However, different genotypes displayed considerable variation in their response to N regimes. Variation among genotypes during early vegetative development was observed for plant height, but not for leaf number. Likewise, physiological parameters varied among accessions. A significant and strong correlation, N- and accession-dependent, was detected between plant height and nitrate content. Moreover, nitrate content and GS activity at early growth stages appeared to be good markers to discriminate between nitrate uptake and assimilation capacities of different accessions under both N conditions. In some sorghum accessions, protein and total N content were indicative of high nitrate reduction and assimilation even under N limitation. Chlorophyll content was also sensitive to N availability. Furthermore, expression studies of SbNRT1.1gene copies in leaves and roots of two accessions reflected variability in expression dependent on nitrogen condition, plant organ, plant age, and gene of interest. This study is helpful to characterize different aspects of the N metabolism in sorghum and may aid in the identification of sorghum genotypes with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, a trait that is of key interest in one of the most important crop plants in arid and semi-arid regions
Perrier, Lisa. "Analyse et modélisation de la variabilité phénotypique du sorgho biomasse pour l’exploration d’idéotypes dans un contexte de diversification des usages." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0032/document.
Full textIn the context of the energy transition, the use of ligno-cellulosic biomass for producing ‘bio-sourced’ energy and product is one of the major alternatives to oil. Sorghum bicolor is with this respect more and more studied, particularly for water limited cropping environments. Its genetic diversity is a huge opportunity for creating varieties with a high production of stem biomass, with a biochemical composition adapted to diverse end-uses and for water-limited environments. This PhD thesis takes place in the context of two projects dedicated to biomass sorghum improvement: Biomass For the Future (ANR) and BioSorg (Fondation Agropolis-Cariplo). Its objective is to understand the morphological and histochemical traits and their interactions, underlying at organ (internode) level, stem biomass production in sorghum, its genotypic variability and its plasticity in response to climatic environment, in particular water availability. For this purpose, an approach combining field experiments and eco-physiological modeling was adopted. Three experimental seasons were organized in the field (DIAPHEN platform, Mauguio, France), in order to compare genotypes under contrasted water situations (irrigated, water deficit during stem elongation). Two biomass sorghum hybrids were studied (2013-2014) to point out the traits contributing to the regulation by water availability of stem biomass accumulation. First, a common dynamics of internode development for a given genotype was highlighted for studied histochemical traits. This result will enable to use all internodes of different ages on a given plant to set up such a dynamic in a phenotyping context. Accordingly, the traits set up progressively along internode development were those with the highest drought sensitivity. Stem biomass production was reduced by drought and its biochemical composition modified. This could be explained by a reduced number of expanded internodes with a reduced length and ligno-cellulosic content. A contrario, their soluble sugar content was increased. The internodes developed after re-watering observed a remarkable recovery whereas those developed under stress did not recover. At final harvest, water deficit effect on stem biomass production was thus strongly attenuated. The same traits were studied on 8 genotypes more contrasted for stem morphology and biochemistry (2014-2015). The results confirmed those on two hybrids and showed a high genotypic variability for drought sensitivity and recovery capacity. The response to water availability of traits related to internode or stem growth and to their biochemical composition was only partially correlated. The weak correlation between biochemical and histological traits suggests that the vartiability of stem biomass quality among genotypes and environments is explained at tissue level. The stability of stem biomass production is thus a highly complex process involving trade-off among morphological and histochemical traits that may differ depending on drought pattern, targeted end-use and cycle duration.These results were used for adapting and testing the ecophysiological model Ecomeristem in its capacity to capture the traits underlying phenotypic variability in biomass sorghum, in a first time under non-limiting water conditions. Model validation was satisfying but pointed out remaining limitation in the way the model captures tillering and accordingly biomass partitioning among them. A sensitivity analysis was performed showing that the simulated genotypes with the highest stem biomass production resulted from variable trait combinations (model parameters) depending on plant density in the field. The trade-off between tillering propensity and the capacity to accumulate biomass in the individual internode was particularly influencing and the balance between these traits should be further considered in a phenotyping and ideotyping context, with respect to fluctuating environmental conditions
Dje, Yao. "Conservation des ressources génétiques des races locales de sorgho en Afrique du Nord occidentale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211888.
Full textKleiber, Didier. "Les tanins du sorgho : accumulation dans la graine et évaluation de leur pouvoir antinutritionnel." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT014A.
Full textSoontornchainaksaeng, Puangpaka. "Mise en place de la surface foliaire, accumulation et répartition de la matière sèche de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench) : effet de la température." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT050G.
Full textOuarzane, Aïcha. "Étude comparée des propriétés de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxylase foliaire de deux cultivars de sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench) pendant la sénescence et en réponse à des contraintes hydriques en conditions contrôlées." Paris 12, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA120009.
Full textKouressy, Mamoutou. "Adaptation agro-écologique et potentialité des sorghos photopériodiques à paille courte au Mali." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0024.
Full textAlami, Sophia. "Action de stress physiques (froid, obscurité) sur le développement et la viabilité du pollen de plusieurs variétés de sorgho-grain : incidence sur le métabolisme des acides nucléiques dans les méiocytes et le tapis." Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT004A.
Full textCrépeau, Marianne. "Pressage du millet perlé sucré et du sorgho sucré pour une éventuelle production de bioéthanol." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29001/29001.pdf.
Full textTrials related to the extraction of juice from sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum for bioethanol production were carried out in 2009 and 2010. In summer of 2009, preliminary investigation resulted in a better performance of a specific screw press along with using finely chopped biomass. Based on these results, experimental studies have been done in summer 2010 with a screw press in Saint-Anne-de-Bellevue (Montreal) and Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures (Quebec). The effects of various compressive forces (35, 45, and 55 psi) as well as a comparison between biomass harvested and pressed in the morning and in the afternoon have been investigated. Results showed a positive impact of a higher pressure on juice extraction. A compressive force between 45 and 55 psi was found to be optimal for juice extraction. However, the compressive force has no effect on juice sugar concentration. Juice of sweet sorghum has higher sugar concentration than that of sweet pearl millet and was also extracted more easily and in a higher volume. Also, pressing in the afternoon was found to be better in terms of sugar concentration of the extracted juice. The results show that sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum represent an interesting alternative for bioethanol production.
Llorens, Jean-Marc. "Validation d'un modèle d'absorption des cations par des plantes entières de concombre et de sorgho." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT002A.
Full textAlix, Hugo. "Le sorgho et le millet perlé sucrés comme substituts potentiels au maïs fourrager au Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35021.
Full textSweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and sweet pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum(L.) R. BR.) are two drought-resistant annual grasses that are suitable for ethanol production.However, their potential for animals feeding was only observed through the by-product of ethanol industries : the bagasse. The objective of this study was to determine if sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet are sustainable alternatives to corn forage in terms of yield, nutritive value, and ensilability in the Canadian dairy context. Two sweet sorghum hybrids BMR, one sweet pearl millet hybrid, and one forage corn hybrid were compared for two years in five Canadian ecozones. Overall, at the recommended forage corn’s harvesting stage, sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet had equivalent yields than forage corn in three ecozones. In the five ecozones, the average dry matter (DM) of sweet pearl millet (290 g kg-1) was higher than sweet sorghum hybrids (250g kg-1) and lower than corn (330g kg-1). The in vitrodigestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDFd) was higher for sweet sorghum (710 g kg-1 NDF) than forage corn (590g kg-1 NDF), while total digestible nutrient (TDN) concentration was similar for sweet sorghum (530g kg-1 DM) and forage corn (550 g kg-1 DM). Across all ecozones, sweet pearl millet had lower TDN concentration and lower NDFd than forage corn. The fermentation process of forage to silage was successfully completed for all hybrids after 90 days in mini laboratory-silos. Sweet sorghum hybrids would represent viable substitutes to forage corn, as long as their DM concentration reaches at least 300 g kg-1 at harvest.
Philippe, Romain. "Diversité et évolution des Asr, gènes candidats pour la tolérance à la sécheresse, chez le riz (Oryza sativa) et le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Bicolor)." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20037.
Full textSambakhé, Diariétou. "Recherche de carte d'idéotypes de sorgho d'après un modèle de culture : optimisation conditionnelle à l'aide d'un métamodèle de krigeage." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS022/document.
Full textIn the Sahel region, the irregular rainfall distribution in time and space generates variety x year and variety x location interactions. Therefore, determining variety with the best expected yield would take many years of experimentation in each location.Alternatively, the best variety could be identified by maximizing the predicted yield using a crop simulation model that describes growth and development of a crop in interaction with agro-environmental conditions.The average yield depends on the probability distribution of environmental inputs, which is location specific, while the cultivar parameters that maximizethis yield define the ideotype, i.e. the selection target.In this work, we want to draw the map of sorghum ideotypes in Sub Saharan Africa. To face the problem of optimizing a complex model, an algorithm conventionally used in this context is the Efficient Global Optimization method (EGO), based on kriging as a surrogate model. Here, the distribution of meteorological inputs follows a stochastic model whose parameters varycontinuously in space along a North-South gradient. Consequently, the optimization of varietal parameters is conditional on these climate parameters. Moreover, the function to maximize is noisy, because expectation and quantilesare merely estimated with a limited number of simulations. We aimed at adapting the EGO algorithm to the conditional optimization of a noisy function. Extensions exist either for the optimization of noisy functions or for the conditional optimization of deterministic functions, ie the search for the values of a subset of parameters that optimize the function conditionally to the values taken by another subset, which are fixed. A metaphor for conditional optimization is the search for a crest line. No method has yet been developed for the conditional optimization of noisy functions: this is what we propose in this thesis. Testing this new method on test functions shows that, in case of a high level of noise on the function, the PEQI criterion that we propose is better than the PEI criterion usually implemented in such a situation.The application of this new optimization method sorghum ideotypes parameters mapping has been tested in the area covered by Senegal, southern Mali and Burkina Faso. It consisted in maximizing the expected yield with respect to 4 parameters of Samara model: vegetative phase length, maximum root length, stem reserve potential, and leaf mortality. The results of this optimization partly coincide with the sensitivity analysis conducted on these same parameters
Labeyrie, Vanesse. "L'organisation sociale des plantes cultivées : influence des échanges, représentations et pratiques sur la diversité du sorgho ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) chez les peuples du mont Kenya." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0041/document.
Full textCrop genetic resources are elaborated by multiple environmental factors in situ, among whichthe human action plays a major role. Seed diffusion and selection are the main humanpractices that influence crop evolution on farm. In addition, in most small-scale farmingsystems, farmers’ practices of seed exchanges and selection are not independent. Indeed, theindividual practices are considerably influenced by the organization of societies that shapesseed and knowledge diffusion.This thesis addresses the mechanisms through which the organization of societies shapes cropdiversity in situ. We combined populations’ biology with social and cultural anthropologyapproaches to analyze the relationship between the organization of Chuka, Tharaka andMbeere societies and the patterns of sorghum diversity (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) on theeastern slope of Mont Kenya.This study first describes the patterns of sorghum diversity with regards to the organization ofsocieties. We show that ethnolinguistic organization shapes the distribution of sorghumdiversity as perceived by farmers (the varieties they name), and as characterized by us usingneutral genetic markers and phenotypic descriptors. Nevertheless, these approaches ofdiversity have evidenced some divergence, notably because the local varieties were notdistinct and uniform genetic units. This observation raised questions concerning thecorrespondence between farmers’ taxonomy and the structure of genetic and phenotypicdiversity.This led us to test whether farmers belonging to a same ethnolinguistic group identify, nameand classify varieties consistently regarding their phenotypic characteristics, and whetherthese local taxonomies differ among groups. These analyses showed that the organization ofsocieties impacts the diffusion of local taxonomy.Examination of seed exchange networks finally helped to understand this latter relationshipby showing that seed, and the knowledge probably associated, are exchanged mainly betweenpeople from the same ethnolinguistic group.We further discuss the effect of differences in the way farmers represent sorghum diversity tothemselves, reflected by their taxonomies, on their seed selection practices.This study showed that the organization of societies shapes seed and knowledge exchanges,hence influencing farmers’ individual practices of diversity management. Thispluridisciplinary approach hence gives new perspectives for the characterization, theconservation and the improvement of crop genetic resources
Belayachi, Larbi. "Pâtes à papiers chimiques blanchies de plantes annuelles sans chlore ni soufre : cas de l'orge et du sorgho sucrier." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT006A.
Full textRYDZ, SZECHEREZADA. "Mecanisme de photoregulation de l'expression du gene svc4 codant pour la phosphoenolpyruvate photosynthetique chez le sorgho." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112377.
Full textThomas, Hélène. "Etude de l'impact des pré-traitements alcalins sur la digestion anaérobie du sorgho et du miscanthus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NSAM0011.
Full textIn the context of global warming and declining fossil fuel reserves, lignocellulosic biomass can provide a renewable source of energy, materials and chemicals. In particular, biogas production by anaerobic digestion is facing a fast development. This thesis project takes place in this biorefinery concept. Two different lignocellulosic biomasses, which present the advantage of combining high biomass production potential with minimal environmental impact, were studied. For this kind of biomass, it is well known that lignin acts as a barrier to the accessibility of compounds. The objective of this thesis was to study the impact of alkaline pre-treatments, known be efficient in biomass delignification and thus improve its bioaccessibility and its degradation by anaerobic digestion. The study of the impact of these pre-treatments on the biochemical composition of biomasses and their methane production showed that these impacts were different according the biomass and the operating conditions of the applied pre-treatments (reagent, duration, temperature, water content). With the aim of applying it in agricultural anaerobic co-digestion context, the impact of some of these pre-treatments of sorghum and miscanthus was studied in leach bed reactors. Sorghum was found to be an adequate co-substrate for manure. Finally, the original study of the mechanisms of action of these pre-treatments at the biomass anatomical structure scale showed that the pre-treatments act differently depending on the location and type of lignin. This thesis work therefore allows a better understanding of the impact of pre-treatments on different lignocellulosic biomasses